1) What was the primary cause of the Panic of 1819? a. over for land b. decrease demand for American goods in Europe after the . c. Trade imbalance… Selling less to Europe leads to shortage of species d. Decrease in prices because of surplus e. Credit easy to get from western banks (wildcat banks) f. Bank of US (BUS) worried about extending too much credit so they call loans back. When they take the state bank notes and try to get the from the states, the banks don’t have enough money to cover the notes… state banks close their doors. Depositors flood the banks trying to get money… no luck 2) What were the effects of the Panic of 1819? a. TONS OF FORECLOSURES b. Many westerners blame the Bank of the for the panic of 1819- label the bank as the devil/EVIL. c. People start looking for a better form of government; one that represents common man.

3) Reasons and purpose of the Tallmadge Amendment James Tallmadge from NY, no more slaves brought into Missouri and gradual emancipation (all children born to slaves shall be freed at age of 25 years old. Stop the expansion of slavery.

4) Provisions of the (Compromise of 1820)? Who was responsible for its creation?

Must keep the balance of slave v. free states (11 Free and 11 slave) or a bill could be introduced to make slavery illegal. People with slaves would lose a lot of money/investment and way of life. If you get rid of it in Missouri … maybe get rid of it in all of the south.

Henry Clay’s Missouri Compromise Maine is Free State Missouri is a Slave state Prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of 36 30 line

5) What are the Provisions of the Known as the Red River Basin Secretary of State John Q Adams • Sets the northern boundary of United States as the 49th parallel • 10 year joint occupation of Oregon • Share fishing in New Foundland

6) Why and how do we acquire Florida? • Revolution in Argentina(1816, Venezuela(1817), Chile(1818)-- All Spanish colonies • Spain concentrated on quelling these rebellions and did not focus on Spanish Florida • was instructed by Secretary of War John C. Calhoun to use the “necessary measures” to put a stop to the continued raids on American territory by Seminole Indians in Florida. • Jackson uses these orders and invades Florida. Exceeds orders, captures Spanish cities and deposes Spanish governor. Executes Indian chiefs • Adams uses this to push on Spain. Claims the US had right to defend itself against threats across the border. If Spain was unwilling to control there territory, the US may consider more drastic actions in the future. • Spanish minister to US: Luis de Onis did not feel they had much choice. Negotiate with John Q. Adams or lose Florida

Adams-Onis Treaty 1819 1) US get Florida 2) Gives 5 million- to pay debts 3) US give up right to Texas and up to 42 parallel… all the way to the west coast

7) What did the demand from the European powers? Why?

• New revolts in South American/Latin America could be new markets for America and Britain • America feared that if European powers (Spain, France, etc) would intervened in the New World, the US would be in harms way. • George Canning of Great Britain suggested the two countries work together to eliminates European influence from Latin America • Monroe Doctrine was included in ’s State of the Union in 1823. He warmed European powers and he called for noncolonization and nonintervention in the Western Hemisphere. In addition, the United States would not get involved in European conflicts as well (Stay out of our hemisphere and we’ll stay out of your hemisphere) Isolationism!!!

8) Why does England help to enforce the Monroe Doctrine If Britain does not help enforce it using its Navy, other European Powers would have access to these markets. Britain has no choice but to support Monroe Doctrine

9) Define Judicial Nationalism Greatly expanded the Supreme Courts powers, prestige, and independence.

10) Explain the impact of each of these cases: a. McCulloch v. Maryland McColluch v. Maryland (1819): taxing a bank/federal institution- loose interpretation in creating a bank. States "have no power, by taxation or otherwise, to retard, impede, burden or in any manner control the operations of the constitutional laws enacted by Congress.” Taxing the bank could kill it… state can not destroy an entity of the Federal Government. This increases the power of the Federal government.

b. Cohens v. An act of Congress authorized the operation of a lottery in the District of Columbia. The Cohen brothers proceeded to sell D.C. lottery tickets in the state of Virginia, violating state law. State authorities tried and convicted the Cohens, and then declared themselves to be the final arbiters of disputes between the states and the national government. Did the Supreme Court have the power under the Constitution to review the Virginia Supreme Court's ruling? The Supreme Court held that the Supreme Court had jurisdiction to review state criminal proceedings. Chief Justice Marshall wrote that the Court was bound to hear all cases that involved constitutional questions, and that this jurisdiction was not dependent on the identity of the parties in the cases. This increases the power of the Federal government.

c. Gibbons v. Ogden Gibbons v. Ogden (1821): Monopolies of trade between New York and NJ- interstate trade. In this case Thomas Gibbons -- a steamboat owner who did business between New York and New Jersey under a federal coastal license -- challenged the monopoly license granted by New York to Aaron Ogden. The New York law was invalid by virtue of the Supremacy Clause and interstate trade. This increases the power of the Federal government.

d. Fletcher v. Peck In this case, the Supreme Court had to decide whether the state repealment of the Yazoo Land Act was constitutional or not. This was the first law that the Supreme Court asserted their power to prove a state law unconstitutional. This case also asserted that the Indians had no claim of the lands that they had been living on before Georgia just claimed it as their own. This case was the beginning of where the Supreme Court would decide whether or not any state law is/was constitutional or not. e. Dartmouth College v. Woodward The case involed a law of NH that changed Dartmouth College from a private institution to a public institution. Supreme Court rules the law is unconstitutional because a contract for a private corportation could not be altered by the state. 11) John Marshall was the most important Federalist since George Washington... why?

Marshall's final judgments gave the Supreme Court the power and this greatly strengthened the federal government or the Federalist mentality.