Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (RRP CAM 51159-002)
Feasibility Study Report
November 2019
Cambodia: Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project Canal 15 Subproject
Prepared by the Pacific Rim Innovation and Management Exponents, Inc. on behalf of the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology for the Asian Development Bank (ADB).
FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Tables iii List of Figures v List of Appendixes vi List of Abbreviations vii Executive Summary X
A. Review of Current Situation 3 B. Proposal for System Modernization 7 C. Proposed System Operation 14 D. Proposed System Maintenance 15 HYDROLOGY AND WATER AVAILABILITY 16 A. Meteorological and Hydrological Data 17 B. Water Availability 20 C. Flood Occurrence in Canal 15 21 D. Need for Hydrometeorological Data 23 IV. AGRICULTURE 23 A. Introduction 23 B. Overview of the Rice Production System 24 C. Description of the Current Rice-based Farming System in Canal 15 26 D. Improvement of Dry Season Flood Recession Rice Cropping System in Canal 15 28 MANAGEMENT OF IMPROVED SYSTEM PERFORMANCE 33 A. Background 33 B. Stakeholder Analysis 34 C. Institutional Risk Assessment 41 D. Training Needs Assessment for MOWRAM/PDWRAM, PMU, and FWUC 42 E. On-farm Water Management 44 F. Climate Proofing of Canal 15 Subproject 46 SUBPROJECT COST ESTIMATES 51 A. Civil Works 51 B. Agriculture Improvement Activities 52 C. FWUC Establishment and Capacity Building 53 D. O&M Cost for First Year of Operation 54 E. Estimated Cost of Climate Proofing 55 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 55 A. Cambodian Rice Production 55 B. Economic and Financial Analysis 56 C. Major Assumptions of the Study 56 D. Project Cost Estimates 57 G. Subproject Benefits 57 F. Results of the Economic Analysis 58 G. Project Effects on Beneficiary Farm Households 58 H. Affordability Assessment of Loan Repayment and O&M 58 ENVIRONMENTAL SAFEGUARDS 59 A. Subproject Screening 59
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page iii
B. Regulatory Framework for Environmental Impact Assessment 59 C. Baseline Environment 60 D. Assessment Findings 64 E. Public Consultations 67 F. Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) 67 G. Environmental Management Plan 67 H. Conclusion 67 SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS 68 A. Socioeconomic Conditions in the Subproject Communes 68 B. Ethnic Minority Groups in the Subproject Communes 78 C. Land Acquisition and Resettlement 79 GENDER ANALYSIS 81 A. Socio-demographic Characteristics of Canal 15 Communities 81 B. Poverty 84 C. Gender and Agriculture 85 D. Gender Mainstreaming in MOWRAM 88 E. Mainstreaming Gender in IAIP 91
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page iv
LIST OF TABLES
Number Title Page
1 Proposed Modernization of Canal 15 8 2 The Proposed I&D Network for the Samput Pumping System 12 3 Summary of Irrigation Water Computation 20 4 River Basin Water Balance 21 5 Current Cultivated Area for Rice Production in the Canal 15 SP 26 6 Yield Targets and Agriculture Inputs Needed to Achieve Targets 31 7 Combined First and Second Dry Season Benefits 32 8 First Dry Season Benefit Stream 33 9 Second Dry Season Benefit Stream 33 10 Commune, Village, Household (HH), and Land Area in the Canal 15 Command Area 33 11 Summary Stakeholder Analysis Findings 34 12 PDWRAM Staff in the Provinces Involved in the Project Implementation 37 13 A Number of FWUC Department at the Central Level 39 14 Institutional Risks and Mitigation Measures During Project Implementation 41 15 Training Plan Proposed for Canal 15 42 16 Projected Changes to Climate Variables in 2050 from Baseline in Takeo 48 17 Proposed CCA Plan for the Canal 15 Subproject 50 18 Summary of Subproject Estimated Investment Cost 51 19 Detailed Cost Estimates of Civil Works for Canal 15 SP (in US$) 52 20 Estimated Cost of Proposed Agriculture Activities (US$) 53 21 Summary Table of Estimated Budget (UU$) for Canal 15 for 5 Years 53 22 Common Garden Trees in the Samput Extension Area 61 23 List of Fish Species 61 24 Summary of Project Benefits 64 25 Population in the Canal 15 Subproject Area 68 26 Age Structure 69 27 Age Bracket of People, By Commune (CDB, 2016) 69 28 Educational Attainment of People Over 15 Years Old in the Subproject Area 70 29 Main Occupation of Heads of Surveyed Households 71 30 Main Household Income Sources 72 31 Average Monthly Household Income of Surveyed Households 73 32 Average Monthly Expenditure of Surveyed Households 73 33 Types of Assets of Surveyed Households 74 34 Types of Houses in the Subproject Area 74
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page v 35 Sources of Domestic Water 75 36 Poverty Rate in the Subproject Communes 75 37 Reasons Given for the Poverty of Surveyed Households 76 38 Perceptions of the Local People on the Likely Positive Impacts of the Subproject 77 39 Perceived Potential Negative Impacts of the Subproject 78 40 Population of Ethnic Cham Group in the Command Area 78 41 Canal 15 Primary and Secondary Occupations (% Population 18+ Years) 83 42 Landless and Land-Poor Households, Canal 15 Communes 83 43 Poverty Levels, Cambodia (% Population) 84 44 Poverty Levels, Canal 15 Communes (% Population) 85 45 Land Use (ha) in C15 Communes 85 46 Wet/Dry Rice Land (ha) and % Total Rice Land, Canal 15 Communes 86 47 Area of Wet/Dry Rice Land Cultivated (ha), Canal 15 Communes 86 48 MOWRAM Management Staff 88 49 MOWRAM GMAP, 2007-2010 89 50 MOWRAM GMAP, 2014-2018 90 51 Proposed IAIP Gender Action Plan 92
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page vi LIST OF FIGURES
Number Title Page
1 Location of the Four Subprojects 2 2 Location Map of Canal 15 Irrigation System 3 3 Existing Canal 15 Layout 4 4 Overview of Canal 15 During the Early Wet Season, Before and After Flooding 5 5 Photos of the Current Samput Pumping Station 6 6 Ponley Private Pumping Station 7 7 Map of Canal 15 Command Area Showing the Locations of the Proposed System Modernization 8 8 Typical Cross-Section of Canal 15: Current Situation and Proposed Improvement 9 9 Typical Existing and Proposed Cross-Section of Canal 87 10 10 Proposed Conceptual Design for the Modernized Samput Pumping Station 11 11 Proposed Typical Cross-Section of the Samput Pumping System Main Canal 12 12 Typical Cross-Section of Proposed Secondary and Tertiary Canals of the Samput Pumping System 13 13 Conceptual Irrigation Blocks for the Samput Pumping Station System 15 14 Canal 15 Water Resources and Catchment Area 16 15 Average Monthly Rainfall, Takeo Station 17 16 Mean Evaporation (mm) at Phnom Penh Station 18 17 Mean Monthly Discharge (m3/s) at Peam Kley Station 19 18 Typical Daily Water Level Pattern at Angkor Borey Station 19 19 Flood Inundation Map for Selected Years 21 20 Daily Water Level at Angkor Borey Station 22 21 Section of Google Earth Satellite Image Showing Paddies 25 22 Proposed Cropping Patterns in Canal 15 29 23 Takeo PDWRAM Organization Chart 37 24 FWUC Organization Structure 40 25 Irrigation Practices of Farmers in the Canal 15 Subproject 45 26 Pumping Water Out of the Field to Start Cropping 45 27 Flood and Drought Hazard in Takeo Province (Baseline) 48 28 Eucalyptus and Acacia Along the Banks of the Main Canal 60 29 Nauclea and Barringtonia Trees are the Only Significant Vegetation Among the Paddy Fields Along Canal 15 60 30 Borassus flabellifera and E. tereticornis are Common Along the Paddy Dikes in the Samput Extension Area 61
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page vii 31 Acacia obliquefolia Commonly Line the Secondary Canals In the Samput Extension Area 61 32 Highest Annual Flood Level Recorded in 2011 62 33 Map Showing the Locations of the Water Quality Sampling Sites 63 34 MOE .kml files on Aerial Photography Showing No Encroachment by the Subproject on Legally Protected Areas 65 35 IBAT Identification of Areas Showing No Encroachment by the Subproject on Priority Sites for Biodiversity or Critical Habitats 65 38 Sketch of the Main Canal and Existing Row 80 39 The Samput Pumping Station 81
LIST OF APPENDIXES
Number Title Page
1 Photo Documentation of the Field Visits and System Walkthroughs 94 2 Detailed Calculation of Irrigation Water Requirement 98 3 Economic Analysis 99
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACR Australian Catholic Relief ADB Asian Development Bank CCA climate change adaptation CDB Commune Data Base CISIS Cambodia Irrigation Schemes Information System CSO Civil Society Organization CSES Cambodia Socio-economic Survey CSP core subproject DAFF Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries DED detailed engineering design DFWUC Department of Farmer Water User Communities EGDP ethnic group development plan EIA environmental impact assessment EIRR economic internal rate of return EMP environmental management plan EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FFS farmer field school FGD focus group discussion FS feasibility study FSR feasibility study report FWUC farmer water user community FWUCC farmer water user community committee FWUG farmer water user group FWUSG farmer water user subgroup GAP gender action plan GFP gender focal point GHG greenhouse gas GMAG gender mainstreaming action group GMAP gender mainstreaming action plan GRM grievance redress mechanism GWG gender working group GTWG gender technical working group ha hectare IAIP Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project IBAT international biodiversity assessment tool IBBA important bird and biodiversity area IEE initial environmental examination INGO international non-government organization IPM integrated pest management IRRI International Rice Research Institute ISC irrigation service contribution ISF irrigation service fee IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature IWRM integrated water resource management JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency JOROP Joint Reservoir Operation KBA key biodiversity area kg kilogram KR Khmer Riel km kilometer KPIS Kamping Pouy Irrigation System
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page ix LCC leaf color chart m meter MEF Ministry of Economy and Finance MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries MASL meter above sea level mcm million cubic meters MFI Micro-Finance Institution mm millimeter MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer MOE Ministry of Environment MOI Ministry of Interior MOWRAM Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NCDM National Committee for Disaster Management NGO nongovernment organization NSDP National Socio-economic Development Plan OFWM on-farm water management O&M operation and maintenance PDA Provincial Department of Agriculture PDAFF Provincial Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery PDWRAM Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology PMIC Project Management and Implementation Consultant PMU Project Management Unit PRASSAC Programme de Rehabilitation et d’Appui au Secteur Agricole du Cambodge PSA poverty and social assessment PWS private water seller RGC Royal Government of Cambodia Rice SDP Climate Resilient Rice Commercialization Sector Development Program ROW right of way RS rectangular strategy SC secondary canal SEMP site environmental management plan SERF shadow exchange rate factor SP subproject SPS Safeguard Policy Statement TA technical assistance TC tertiary canal t/ha ton per hectare TNA training needs assessment TOR terms of reference TRTA transaction technical assistance VAT value added tax WMO World Meteorological Organization WRM water resources management WRMSDP Water Resources Management Sector Development Program
CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Currency unit – Riel (KR) KR1.00 = $0.00024 $1.00 = KR4,004.00 NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page x EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. The Canal 15 irrigation system (Canal 15 SP) in Takeo Province was selected as one of four subprojects (SPs) of the Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (IAIP) proposed by the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MOWRAM) of the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) for loan funding by the Asian Development Bank (ADB).
2. Historical background. Canal 15 was constructed one year after the collapse of the Khmer Rough Regime (1980) to provide farmers with access to water supply for a dry season crop, especially rice after the recession of the seasonal Mekong flood. Upon completion of canal construction, majority of farmers shifted from long-term floating rice, which yielded less than 1 ton per hectare (t/ha), to modern short-term rice varieties. During the late 1990s, a number of lateral canals were constructed and connected to Canal 15, which facilitated the expansion of the command area from 7,180 ha to about 7,500 ha. Apart from supplying water for irrigation, Canal 15 is used by farmers for transporting agricultural inputs to their farmlands and produce from their fields to the market. It is also a key access route for traders who transport paddy and other goods from Takeo provincial town directly to Viet Nam, and vice versa. In addition, Canal 15 drains water that emanates from the northern/upstream runoff and excess irrigation water from the paddy fields.
3. Canal 87, one of the lateral/secondary canals constructed under the European Union (EU)- funded Programme de Rehabilitation et d’Appui au Secteur Agricole du Cambodge (PRASAC) and proposed to to be part of the Canal 15 SP, plays the same roles as Canal 15. This lateral canal covers a command area of about 2,200 ha, out of which 700 ha are under the management of a private water seller (PWS) pumping station (Ponley). Another secondary system, Samput pumping system, covering a command area of 1,000 ha, is also proposed to be part of the Canal 15 SP. The Samput pumping system takes water from Canal 15 through a 1.9-km long intake channel. The system was constructed by an international non-government organization (INGO)1 in 1993 without a proper distribution network. About four years after its construction, the Samput pumping system was managed by a farmer water user community (FWUC) before it was sold to a PWS in 1997. However, the system was transferred back to the community in 2014 through government intervention and is currently being managed by a newly constituted FWUC.
4. Existing situation. The Canal 15 SP, which includes Canal 15 as the main canal (MC) and Canal 87 and Samput pumping system as secondary systems, has gradually deteriorated since its completion while the demand for irrigation water has increased. As Canal 15 is heavily silted, very limited irrigation water flows through the canal during the dry season, resulting in serious water supply shortages in farms located in remote areas far from the MC compared with farms along the MC. The proposed SP has a target command area of 7,500 ha, divided into two parts: (i) a lowland area of 6,500 ha located around the MC and Canal 87; and (ii) a highland area of 1,000 ha covered by the Samput pumping system. Farmers in the lowland area grow a recession crop from November to January in the full command area. Due to limited water supply during the dry season, only 30% of the lowland command area is irrigated. Farmers in the highland area currently grow only one wet season rice crop per year using supplementary irrigation from the existing pumping station. The Samput pumping system is managed by an existing FWUC; in contrast, Canal 15 and Canal 87 open canals are under the management of the Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology (PDWRAM) of Takeo Province.
5. Water availability. The command area of the Canal 15 SP is located in a lowlying area that is part of the Bassac river estuary in Angkor Borey district of Takeo Province. This lowland area is crisscrossed by a network of tributaries and man-made channels used for navigation, irrigation, and flood control. Angkor Borey River provides significant flow to Canal 15 during the dry season along with Bassac River. Aside from surface flow, there is also groundwater discharge from the phreatic (water table) aquifer that seeps into Canal 15 during the dry months.
1 The INGO was the Australian Catholic Relief (ACR), now called Caritas Australia.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page xi 6. The water from Bassac River flows year-round into Canal 15. Thus, the canal water level follows the daily water fluctuation of Bassac River. During the dry months, the water level at Canal 15 is only 0.5 meter (m). The Bassac River commands a large catchment area and exhibits a very high discharge throughout the year and contributes significantly to the available water at Canal 15. The delivery of water to the paddy field is by overland flow from overtopping of the Canal 15 or its lateral canals (i.e., natural waterways and manmade canals). However, the smaller lateral canals dry up for three to four months when the water level in the whole system drops.
7. Proposal for modernization of the Canal 15 SP. The proposed modernization of the Canal 15 SP will include the following:
• Rehabilitation of the Canal 15 main canal. Canal 15, which serves as the main water supply channel, will be excavated to remove the silt that is obstructing the efficient flow of irrigation water and restore the canal’s hydraulic section. The entire total length of Canal 15 (about 18 km) will be excavated to lower its bed level to about 1.5-2.0 m below the current level to allow more efficient gravity flow from its major source, the Angkor Borey River, during the dry season. The canal bed is proposed to have a width of 10 m. The excavated materials will be placed and compacted on both sides of the canal to form the canal embankment. No irrigation, hydraulic, or other type of structures will be built along the canal. • Rehabilitation of Canal 87. The rehabilitation of 5.6-km long Canal 87, a secondary canal of Canal 15, will be similar to that of Canal 15. The canal will be desilted, and its bed lowered to about 1.0-2.0 m below its current level throughout its length. The proposed canal bed width is about 6 m, and the excavated materials will be placed and compacted along the canal embankment. • Modernization of Samput pumping system. This system receives its water supply from Canal 15. Its proposed modernization will require the following civil works: (i) excavation of the 1.9-km intake canal that connects Canal 15 to the pump station; (ii) upgrade of the Samput pumping station, including replacement of the existing diesel pump by three electric pumps and reconstruction of the pumping house; and (iii) concrete lining of the 21.33-km irrigation canal network. Furthermore, additional structures are required to improve the existing drainage system. However, the exact number and locations of those structures will be determined during the detailed engineering design stage of the project.
8. Agriculture activities. Lowland rice farming in the floodprone areas in Takeo has evolved from the traditional wet season floating rice or deepwater rice cultivation to dry season flood recession rice cultivation. Farmers skip the wet season rainfed lowland rice cultivation and, instead, wait for the dry season to establish the first dry season flood recession rice crop, sometimes followed by a second dry season flood recession rice crop. The Canal 15 SP will improve drainage during the flood recession period and, at the same time, improve storage and supply of floodwater to several rice paddies with spatially varying soil and hydrologic conditions. With the improvement of Canal 15, the establishment of the first dry season crop may be advanced, and the area for the second dry season crop may increase to more than 2,500 ha. The proposed training and extension services will strengthen the capacity of farmers to undertake simple on-farm improvements to control water and adopt the recommended agriculture input package. The improvement of Canal 15, together with the capacity building of farmers within the 7,500-ha subproject area, will influence the rest of the floodprone areas in Takeo. The benefit stream for the project shows US$6,000,000 from the combined first dry season and second dry season crops after five years.
9. FWUC establishment and operation. Canal 15 currently does not have an official established and organized FWUC. A new FWUC will need to be established as soon as possible to manage an improved irrigation scheme covering a command areas of 7,500. The tasks and responsibilities of the Takeo PDWRAM will be reviewed and improved to be responsive to the requirements of a modernized Canal 15 scheme. The number of provincial and district PDWRAM
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page xii staff will be assessed and an appropriate number of staff relocated, including their specific terms of reference (TOR) to enable them to provide adequate technical support to the FWUC Committee (FWUCC) during the implementation of the subproject.
10. As per guidelines of the Water Resources Management Sector Development Program (WRMSDP), the training of PDWRAM staff will include all personnel at the provincial level. This means that existing PDWRAM staff, who will be involved in the IAIP, will be also trained. Likewise, the members of the proposed FWUCC will be given training on relevant subjects such as legal documents, management and administration, operation and maintenance (O&M), water management, financial management, FWUC election process, water distribution planning, crop calendar planning, improved crop production practices, value chain, and on-farm management, among others.
11. On farm water management (OFWM). OFWM at the tertiary level for the Samput pumping system will be part of the project investment. SCs in the Samput command area are about 1 km away from each other, and within these intervals, there are existing tertiary canals (TCs) and field channels dug by the communities. Four TCs of 4.7 km will be lined. Through these TCs, field water will be conveyed to the paddy field by gravity from the pumping station. Since farmers still have no experience in water management, OFWM needs to be initiated immediately after the modernization of the system. This will be done through: (i) capacity building of farmers and FWUCC; (ii) improving O&M of tertiary canals, including identification and development of additional essential infrastructure within the tertiary command; and (iii) demonstration of high-efficiency irrigation methods.
12. Climate proofing and climate change adaptation). In anticipation of the intensification of future dry season periods due to climate change and climate variability (e.g., El Niño-Southern Oscillation [ENSO]), Canal 15, including its lateral Canal 87 and the Samput Intake Canal, will be deepened in order to: (i) secure water supply to allow two croppings in a year; (ii) increase water conveyance from the upstream catchments; and (iii) allow navigation during the dry season or when the water level in the canal drops.
13. Aside from technical solutions, the resilience of communities will be strengthened to enable them to cope with existing challenges to their livelihoods from short-term disaster risks and to adapt to long-term climate change risks. Flood management and flood early warning should also be established and implemented by appropriate government agencies, in cooperation with the communities, to reduce the risks of flood damage to agricultural production and livelihood. Better seasonal climate forecasts and their dissemination among farmers will reduce the impact of extreme weather events and variability. It is also important to provide training and conduct awareness raising activities among farmers and other relevant stakeholders on good farming practices, such as crop planning, selection of appropriate rice varieties, use of crop-weather calendar based on the seasonal forecast, and use of flood- and drought-tolerant crop varieties, among others.
14. Subproject cost. The major cost items of the subproject include civil works, capacity building of irrigation-related personnel and government officials, agricultural improvement interventions, and on-farm water management activities. The financial cost of the Canal 15 SP is estimated at US$8.0 million, with an economic cost of US$7.2 million. The lower economic cost is mainly due to the removal of value added tax (VAT) from the subproject construction costs.
15. Subproject benefits. The major benefits to be generated by the subproject are: (i) enlarged cultivation area through increased supply of water in the dry season; (ii) increased agricultural productivity per ha; and (iii) savings from reduced transportation cost. Other benefits, over and above the increases in cropping area and yields, which result in higher incomes for farmers, include lower overall use of agricultural chemicals and the adoption of water conservation practices. These benefits will accrue from the combination of civil works to rehabilitate and expand the irrigation infrastructure and capacity building through farmer field schools (FFSs), demonstrations, and direct training supported by the project.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page xiii 16. Economic viability. The results of the economic analysis showed that the Canal 15 SP is economically viable with an estimated economic internal rate of return (EIRR) of 16.7%. In case investment cost is increased by 10%, the EIRR will decrease to 16.4%, but the SP will maintain its economic viability.
17. Environment safeguards. Most of the identified environmental impacts are assessed as insignificant. The main risks that have been identified in the assessment can be addressed by mitigation and management measures and reinforced by project assurances. It is concluded that: (i) the subproject has significant potential benefits for the rural populations of these areas; and (ii) the design features, operational regimes, and construction management safeguards will address the range of potential environmental impacts identified and will be actioned through, and continuously checked in, the project’s environmental management plan (EMP). 18. The environmental assessment has confirmed that the Canal 15 subproject is environment Category B under the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 and that the design, mitigation, and monitoring measures identified in the initial environmental examination (IEE) and EMP, when effectively implemented, will reduce environmental impacts to an acceptable level.
19. Social safeguards. Subproject implementation will not cause any adverse impacts on the ethnic Cham group in the command area. Also, as canal improvement activities will only be conducted within the right of way (ROW) of the existing main canal, and the silt that will be removed from the canal bed will be deposited on the embankment, no land acquisition is required by the subproject. Moreover, as the water level in the canals will not change during the dredging of Canal 15, no impacts on farming activities of local communities are foreseen.
20. Poverty and social assessment. Since 2004, poverty in Cambodia has declined rapidly, from 53.2% to 20.5% in 2011. and in rural areas, the proportion of poor people declined by 30% from 57.9% in 2007 to 27.5% in 2009. Moreover, the poverty gap has dropped to 4.2% and 4.8%, respectively, at the national level and in rural areas, meaning that poor people have a higher level of well-being than previously. The dependency rate in the country has also dropped due to the increase in the working population. Nevertheless, 91% of rural people in Cambodia are poor. In 2012, the poverty level in Takeo Province, where the Canal 15 SP is located, was at 19.9%. In most Canal 15 communes, poverty rate has declined at more than 30%, and the poverty level is at or below the provincial average and below the national rate for rural areas.
21. Gender. A gender action plan (GAP) was developed for the subproject, which includes activities and strategies that are intended to strengthen the inclusion of women’s needs and priorities at the level of the irrigation schemes and the gender mainstreaming capacity in MOWRAM.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 1 INTRODUCTION
1. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has approved a Transaction Technical Assistance (TRTA) Grant (TA 9349-CAM) to the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC), through the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MOWRAM), for the preparation of the proposed Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (IAIP). The ensuing project will address agriculture sector constraints by modernizing and climate proofing irrigation infrastructure for dry season crops with agriculture support, establishing an organizational and financial system for sustainable O&M, build capacity for government staff and FWUCs, install hydromet stations to collect real-time river flow and climate data, and establish a national water resources data management center (data center) and a WRIS based on the water accounting framework.
2. To assist MOWRAM in preparing the design of the proposed project, ADB engaged the services of Pacific Rim Innovation and Management Exponents, Inc. (PRIMEX) (Philippines) in association with Sheladia Consultants (USA) and CamConsult (Cambodia), through a contract signed on 19 September 2017. The TRTA Team commenced services on 25 September 2017 with the mobilization of the Team Leader/Water Resources Management Specialist and four national consultants.
3. During the inception phase of the TRTA, five irrigation systems were selected for possible inclusion as subprojects (SPs) of the proposed IAIP. The selection of potential subprojects involved the following activities:
• Development of selection criteria; • Collection and review of irrigation-related data available in the Cambodia Irrigation Schemes Information System (CISIS) in MOWRAM and other sources, including the PDWRAMs in the target provinces; • Conduct of field visits to the target provinces to: (i) gather primary data/information available at the site and at the PDWRAM office; (ii) familiarize the TRTA Team with the biophysical and environmental conditions in the system; (iii) undertake a rapid technical review of existing irrigation facilities, with focus on the technical quality, materials integrity, and structural stability of the infrastructure as well as the status of the O&M arrangements; and (iv) meet with PDWRAM and local officials, farmer/water user beneficiaries, and other community representatives to ascertain their willingness to participate in the proposed project; and • Longlisting, shortlisting, and final selection of candidate subprojects.
4. The criteria that were used for the selection of subprojects were those that were adopted during the preparation of the now ongoing Upland Irrigation and Water Resources Management Sector Project (Loan 3289-CAM). These selection criteria are the following:
• The SP has low irrigation efficiency and water productivity but has scope for substantial enhancement of both irrigation efficiency and water productivity. • The SP requires only a rehabilitation of existing irrigation infrastructure and systems or related schemes, NOT the construction of new infrastructure and systems. • The SP should involve rehabilitation of both main and secondary canals to ensure that farmers and sharecroppers who work on faraway lands will be reached. • The command area of the SP should be sufficient to generate substantial economic returns. • The SP should be economically viable and technically, socially, and environmentally feasible. • Majority of beneficiaries should be sharecroppers, poor farmers, women, and other vulnerable and excluded groups. • The SP should be located away from the Tonle Sap.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 2 • The SP should not be covered by other existing or proposed development projects financed by ADB, such as the WRMSDP (Loan 2672-CAM [SF]) and the Climate-Resilient Rice Commercialization Sector Development Program (Rice SDP) (Loan 3007-CAM), or by any other development partner (DP). • The SP will, to the extent possible, not significantly require land acquisition or involuntary resettlement (including the displacement of squatters or encroachers from the rights of way, applying both permanent and temporary physical and economic displacements). Proposed subprojects assessed as Category A under the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) (2009) (i.e., considered to entail significant land acquisition impacts) during initial screening will not be eligible under the proposed project. • The SP must be maximum Category B for Environment and Category C for Indigenous Peoples under the ADB SPS (2009).
5. After a screening of candidate SPs, the Kamping Pouy Irrigation System (KPIS) in Battambang Province and the Prek Po Irrigation System in Kampong Cham were selected from among the original candidate SPs for IAIP. During the course of the assessment of the remaining candidate SPs for inclusion in IAIP, it was found that the remaining candidate SPs did not meet the selection criteria. Consequently, with the collaboration of the consulting team, MOWRAM, and ADB, two additional SPs were nominated and met the selection criteria. These are Stung Chinit South (Fig. 1).
Figure 1: Location of the Four Subprojects
Source: TRTA Consultant 6. This Feasibility Study Report (FSR) on the Canal 15 Subproject presents the findings and recommendations of the TRTA Team on the proposed modernization of the irrigation system. The report includes the results of the technical, financial, and economic due diligence, as well as the poverty and social (including gender) and environmental assessment of the proposed SP. The
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 3 feasibility study (FS) was undertaken from June to September 2018 and involved the conduct of desk research, site inspections and system walkthroughs,2 local stakeholder consultations, and socioeconomic surveys.3
7. This report is organized in 10 chapters, as shown below:
I Introduction II Subproject Assessment III Hydrology and Water Availability IV Agriculture V Management of Improved System Performance VI Subproject Cost Estimates VII Economic Analysis VIII Environmental Safeguards IX Social Safeguards X Gender Analysis
SUBPROJECT ASSESSMENT
A. Review of Current Situation
8. The Canal 15 irrigation system is located within the floodplain of the Mekong Delta, from Takeo Provincial Town (Daun Keo District) to Angkor Borey District Town of Takeo Province. The province is located in the southern part of Cambodia, bordered by Kampong Speu and Kampot to the west, Kandal to the north and east, and An Giang Province of Viet Nam to the south (Fig. 2).
Figure 2: Location Map of Canal 15 Irrigation System
Source: TRTA Consultant
9. The SP has a total area of 3,490.25 km2 and is subdivided into 10 districts. Takeo is the 6th most populated province of Cambodia, with a total population of 849,906 (Cambodian Census,
2 The photo documentation of the field visits and system walkthroughs is presented in Appendix 1. 3 The conduct of socioeconomic survey in the Canal 15 SP area was subcontracted by PRIMEX to TANCONS, a national consulting firm. The survey was conducted from 5 July to 9 August 2018.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 4 2008). Being part of the Mekong Delta floodplain in the southeastern part of the province, Takeo has fertile rice fields with good potential for an agricultural economy.
10. Before the construction of Canal 15 in 1980, farmers grew long-term floating rice during the wet season, which produced extremely low yields of less than 1 t/ha. Planting was usually done in May, with harvest activities commencing in December and ending in January, after the flood had completely receded. The flood level would normally reach to about 2 m above the ground level. There were no farming activities during the dry season as farmers did not have access to irrigation water. Canal 15 was originally constructed by the community in 1980 under the oversight of former General Pol Saroeun. Only the main canal of 18 km was constructed at that time, with no lateral canals nor a distribution network. Around 1996, two canals (Canal 87 and Canal 90) were constructed, under the EU-funded PRASAC program, across Canal 15 from one side to the other in a south-north direction. At the south end, the two canals were connected to Takeo River, which then served as another water source for the canal system. The existing layout of Canal 15 is in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Existing Canal 15 Layout
Source: TRTA Consultant
11. The canal and its command area are completely flooded during the wet season, between early August and late November. After the construction of the canal, farmers shifted from floating rice (long-term wet season variety) to short-term, modern varieties. The canal became the key water source for irrigation for two rice crops per year, i.e., early wet season rice between April and July and recession rice between December and March. Initially only a few hundred hectares of land used canal water for irrigation. However, irrigated area coverage has increased with the further expansion of the farming area by farmers.
12. There has never been a farmer water users’ community (FWUC) established in the Canal 15 system except for the Samput Pumping Station that is located on a secondary canal. The canal has been under the direct management of the Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology (PDRWAM) of Takeo Province. However, the canal has never been maintained since its first construction. At present, Canal 15 has a bottom of about 10 m with an average minimum
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 5 water depth of about 0.5-0.8 m during the dry season (between February and May). It has been used for navigation in the wet and dry seasons to transport goods by boat from Viet Nam and paddy from the project area back to Viet Nam. After the wet season flood has receded, by around December, farmers bring their farming equipment and tools to and from their paddy fields using their boat though the canal. Their harvest is also transported out of the field using boats and ferries.
13. The canal is also used for ferrying people to and from the towns of Daun Keo (Takeo Provincial Town) and Angkor Borey, a distance of about 20 km, which takes about 1 hour of travel by boat. Land travel by by car takes 2-2.5 hours to cover the 70-km distance between these two towns.
14. The depth of Canal 15 is about 2 m during the flood season (between August and early November). Average water depth in the canal during the dry season (between February to May) is only about 0.5-0.8 m. During the dry season, the MC is unable to supply water to its lateral systems (Fig. 4). Farmers’ paddy fields, located about 500 m on both sides of the canal alignment, get water by pumping. Figure 4: Overview of Canal 15 during the Early Wet Season, Before and After Flooding
(a) Canal 15 before flooding around May (b) Canal 19 during the flooding period in late July Source: TRTA Consultant
15. Current irrigation practices. Located within the floodplain area, the Canal 15 SP experiences the impact of regular seasonal flood surges of the lower Mekong River system. The MC (Canal 15) is connected to its lateral canals and natural drainage channels without any control structures or any gates. Water flows by gravity from the MC to the lateral canals (secondary canals [SCs]), as well as drainage. Farmers’ fields are irrigated by pumping water from both the MC and SCs. Farmers whose lands are located close to the MC and SCs get water by pumping. However, those located farther away from the canals must pump two to three times in series to reach their lands. In some parts of the command area, where there are private water sellers (PWSs), farmers get irrigation services from the PWSs. Farmers pay an average of US$75/ha/crop for irrigation services at the end of the harvest. Farmers normally pump one to two times from the PWS’ canal with the fee increasing to US$100 for a full irrigation service.
16. Farmers in the target command area of the Canal 15 system currently grow two crops per year, i.e., early wet season rice (April to July) and flood recession rice (December to March). All farmers grow recession crops, while only about 30-40% grow early wet season rice to avoid pests, unreliable water supply, and the risk of flooding. Farmers whose fields are located in the higher areas, and who are not affected by the seasonal flood, grow two or three crops per year (i.e., early wet season rice, recession rice, and dry season rice). (The detailed cropping patterns are described in Chapter 4 of this report.)
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 6 17. Majority of farmers whose lands are located away from the canal and on higher elevation avail of PWS’ irrigation services. A dozen PWSs provide irrigation services to farmers within the command area of Canal 15. However, three major pumping stations are currently providing services to those farmers, whose rice lands are far from the MC, by pumping water from Canal 15 through its SCs. Two of these pumping stations belong to PWSs (i.e., Ponley and Prey Pkoam), while Samput is operated by a FWUC.
18. Small-scale PWSs. PWSs play an important role in providing irrigation services to farmers within the command area, especially those whose lands are located far from the canals. Individual small pumps owned by about 85% of farmers are used to lift water onto the paddy fields from the SCs or tertiary canals (TCs) that are supplied by the PWSs. On average, small-scale PWSs manage an area of 50-200 ha. They operate in the lower part of the SP command area, while the larger PWSs provide services to farms located in the higher areas.
19. Samput pumping station. This station was constructed in 1993 with funding from the Australian Catholic Relief (ACR), an international non-government organization (INGO) now called Caritas Australia. At that time, the station had a 1.9-km long intake canal connected to Canal 15 and a main irrigation canal about 1 km long. The canal network within its command area of about 300 ha was used to distribute water from the pumping station. The system was managed by a FWUC. However, the system, especially the station, was poorly managed, and the system had been privatized between 1997 and 2014. In 2003, the Government of Cambodia provided the system with a floating pumping set (called Station 41), which temporarily replaced the existing Sapmut pumping station. Unfortunately, the floating pump station was not energy-efficient and was costly to operate, and it was eventually abandoned by the farmers. In 2014, the Government bought the Samput pumping station back and transferred it to the communities for management. Without proper maintenance, all the existing pumps broke down, and two new pump sets were installed. The system was under the management of a committee that managed a neighboring private pumping station for one year. A new FWUC was established in 2017 to managie the Samput pumping system, and the members were re-elected in June 2018. The Samput pumping system currently covers a command area of about 130 ha for early wet season rice and provides supplementary irrigation over a wet season command area of about 700 ha. Farmers pay an irrigation service fee (ISF) of US$50/ha/crop for the use of the pumping station. The current situation at the Samput Pumping Station is shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5: Photos of the Current Samput Pumping Station
(a) View of the intake channel (b) View of the existing Samput pumping station Source: TRTA Consultant
20. Since its construction, the intake channel of the Samput pumping station has never been rehabilitated, except for some minor dredging done by the Takeo PDWRAM in 2017 to provide farmers with temporary water access to the station to rescue the wet season rice crop. The system does not have a proper distribution network to deliver irrigation water to the fields. The original canal networks within the command area of the system were constructed during the Pol Pot period. Without any maintenance, the canals are now heavily silted, with some canal embankments already
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 7 eroded and collapsed. In addition, there are no proper control and conveyance structures. The Samput pumping station delivers water to the MC and its lateral canals. However, farmers must use their individual pumps to lift water from the canal onto their paddy fields. Overall, the irrigation efficiency of this system is exceptionally low at about 20-25%.
21. Ponley pumping station. This station (Fig. 6) is operated by a PWS. It is located outside the SP target area, but it pumps water from Canal 15 through one of its lateral canals (Canal 87). The station was built in 2013 and is equipped with three electricity-driven pumps. In 2015, after having experienced high pump operating costs, the pump owner converted the electrical motors (pump drivers) to diesel engines. The system covers a command area of 700 ha for up to three crops per year. The PWS only pumps water onto the canal network of the system, and farmers use their own pumps to lift water from the distribution canals to their paddy fields. The ISF varies with the cropping season. During the first crop (May-July, 700 ha area), the ISF is US$75/ha; during the second crop (September-December, 700 ha area), the ISF is US$55/ha; and for the third crop (January-March, 400 ha area), the fee is US$75/ha. During the third crop, the supply of water to the Ponley pumping station is constrained by a heavily silted section of Canal 87, which is why the coverage area is smaller.
Figure 6: Ponley Private Pumping Station
(a) Front view (b) View from the intake canal Source: TRTA Consultant
22. Canal 87, one among the few SCs connecting to Canal 15, was constructed during the late 1990s with financial support from the EU Mission in Cambodia. It has been used for irrigation, drainage, and navigation. Located within the same floodplain area as Canal 15, Canal 87 is completely flooded from early August to late November. During the driest months of the year (March-May), water level in the canal drops significantly, with an average water depth of about 0.5 m. Average canal bed width is about 4 m, with a hydraulic capacity of about 1.2 m3/s during the dry season. However, as Canal 87 supplies irrigation water to a total command area of about 3,000 ha, the current supply capacity does not meet the required hydraulic capacity of at least 5 m3/s.
B. Proposal for System Modernization
23. The proposal for modernization of Canal 15 and its associated canal system was made by the Takeo PDWRAM to the IAIP TRTA PMU. Upgrading the Canal 15 system will: (i) secure water supply for at least two crops per year over a combined target command area of 7,500 ha; (ii) increase drainage capacity to relieve flooding from the upstream catchments; and (iii) allow navigation during the dry season or when the water level in the canal drops.
24. The proposed modernization will involve: (i) deepening of Canal 15, the MC of the system with a total length of 18.12 km; (ii) deepening of one SC (Canal 87 with a length of about 5.9 km); and (iii) modernizing the existing Sampot pumping station, a secondary system taking water from Canal 15 (Table 1; Fig. 7).
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 8
Table 1: Proposed Modernization of Canal 15
No. Description Quantity Remarks 1. Improvement of Canal 15 (MC) 18.12 km No structures required 2. Improvement of Canal 87 (SC) 5.90 km No structures required 3. Upgrading of Samput pumping system 1 set The set will consist of: 1. Intake canal of 0.9 km 2. One set of electric pumping station 3. Irrigation distribution and drainage network to cover a command area of 1,000 ha Source: TRTA Consultant
Figure 7: Map of Canal 15 Command Area Showing the Locations of the Proposed System Modernization
Canal 87 end
Source: TRTA Consultant
Improvement of Canal 15 (Main Canal)
25. Canal 15 has been heavily silted to an extent that it is unable to convey enough water from the source, the Angkor Borey River, to supply its command area. Desilting the canal bed will augment the supply capacity of Canal 15. During the dry season, when the water level in Angkor Borey reaches its minimum level of 0.00 m (according to a staff gage), water depth in the canal is still about 0.5 m. With a canal bed width of 7 m, the current estimated hydraulic capacity of the Canal 15 is about 2 m3/s. However, to adequately supply irrigation water to its potential total command area, the canal must have a hydraulic capacity of at least 12 m3/s, and the canal must maintain a minimum water depth of at least 1.5-2.0 m during the driest months of the year (March- May). Water will be supplied to the lateral system of Canal 15 by either pumping or gravity. Figure 8 provides the current situation and the proposed improvements of Canal 15.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 9
Figure 8: Typical Cross-section of Canal 15: Current Situation and Proposed Improvement
(a) Current Canal Cross-section
(b) Proposed Design of Canal Cross-section
Source: TRTA Consultant
26. To upgrade its hydraulic capacity, it is proposed that Canal 15 be excavated between an additional 1.5-2.0 m depth so that the canal bed will drop to a level where water could be conveyed by gravity to the canal system. The bed width of the canal will remain at 7 m, which is the current width. Figure 8 presents the typical cross-section of Canal 15.
27. The excavated materials will be placed on both sides of the canal alignment. The embankment will not be used as an access roadway. Boats are widely used in this area, so the canal will still play a key role in providing access into and out of the command area.
28. Canal 15 is located in the floodplain of the Mekong Delta, which is flooded from late July to December. For this reason, a high embankment (created from the excavated material) is not recommended because it will be eroded and cause siltation in the canal. On the other hand, the embankment may block flow from the upstream catchment of Takeo River and Slakou River and cause inundation on the northern parts of Canal 15. The embankments will be as low as possible, if it is required, and some excavated materials will have to be hauled out and disposed at a suitable site or utilized, such as for building foundations or forming elevated sites (safe sites) for communities to avoid high water level from extreme floods. The location of these safe sites will be identified during project implementation.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 10 Improvement of Canal 87 (Secondary Canal)
29. The hydrological characteristics and role of Canal 87 are the same as those of Canal 15. Canal 87 connects to Canal 15 (MC) and supplies water for irrigation to about 2,200 ha at the northern part of the SP area, including the area served by the Ponley private pumping system. During the dry season, the supply capacity of Canal 87 is limited due to the restricted flow of water caused by the accumulation of silt on the canal bed in some sections of the canal. This has led to conflicts between individual farmers, who pump water directly from the canal using small pumps, and the PWSs, who are able to get larger quantities of water with their bigger pumps with bigger suction capacity. The proposed improvement of this canal will involve the dredging of silt from the canal bed along its entire length of 5.90 km, from Canal 15 to the former reservoir embankment. Figure 9 presents the typical cross-section of the existing canal vis-à-vis the cross-section of the proposed canal improvement. Water will be supplied to the Ponley private pumping system through an existing channel, which was dug and is under the responsibility and management of the Ponley PWS.
Figure 9: Typical Existing and Proposed Cross-section of Canal 87
(a) Typical Existing Canal Section
(b) Proposed Canal Cross-section
Source: TRTA Consultant
30. The average excavation for Canal 87 is about 2 m, and about 5-6 m overall channel depth. This will ensure that water will flow by gravity from Canal 15 and will have enough capacity to cope with peak irrigation demand during the dry season. Enlarging the section of Canal 87 will not only provide benefits for irrigation. It will also allow the canal to drain any surplus water from the paddy fields and increase canal capacity to release floodwaters caused by runoff from the upstream catchment. In addition, deepening the canal bed will allow the use of the canal for navigation.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 11 Modernizing the Samput Pumping System
31. The Samput pumping system, a secondary system taking water from Canal 15 (MC), consists of a 1.9-km shallow intake canal, a pumping station equipped with a diesel-driven pump, and a distribution canal network with a total length of about 21.33 km. These infrastructure facilities will be modernized to enable the Samput pumping system to provide irrigation services to a command area of 1,000 ha for three croppings per year.
a. Improvement of Intake Canal
32. The 1.9-km Samput intake canal connects to Canal 15 (MC) and conveys water from this canal to supply the Samput pumping station. It is proposed that the be excavated to drop the canal bed level and enlarge the canal cross-section to allow adequate inflow by gravity from Canal 15. Excavated materials from the canal excavation will be placed on both sides to form the canal embankment. However, as the embankment will not be used for transportation, its height will be kept as low as possible to avoid any landslide, bank collapse, or erosion of canal slope. The excavated materials can also be used for building temporary shelters in elevated areas, where communities can seek refuge in case of extreme flooding. The exact location/s of these shelters will be identified by the consultants and construction engineers during project implementation.
b. Modernizing Samput Pumping Station
33. The pumping station has a pump house with one diesel-driven pump. The current discharge capacity of the pumping station is about 70 l/s or 0.07 m3/s. To irrigate the target 1,000 ha command area, the pump station should supply at least 1.15 m3/s.4 Modernizing Samput pumping station aims at providing timely, effective, and efficient irrigation water of the right amount to farmers in the system command area to prevent crop damage due to drought. To achieve this, it is proposed that at least three pump sets with the same discharge capacity (0.6 m3/s) be installed in the Samput pumping station. Two pumps will run for 18.4 hrs/day during the peak season (February), while one pump will serve as a spare or back-up unit. To keep the operation and maintenance (O&M) cost low and to simplify operations, electric pumps will be used. The selection of pumps will be done during the detailed design stage of the project when additional information on the actual command area, suction and discharge head, and irrigation requirements are available. The pump house and stilling basin will be adjusted or reconstructed to accommodate the pumps. The proposed design for the improvement of the Samput pumping system is shown in Figure 10.
Figure 10: Proposed Conceptual Design for the Modernized Samput Pumping Station
Source: TRTA Consultant
4 The detailed calculation of irrigation water requirement is given in Appendix 2.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 12 c. Upgrading of the Samput Irrigation and Drainage System
34. The existing irrigation and drainage (I&D) network of the Samput system was constructed during the Khmer Rouge period, and has not undergone any major improvement since then, despite the accumulation of silt in the canal network. Although the canals are currently still functional, efficiency is very low at about 20%. The components of the proposed I&D network for the Samput system are listed in Table 2 below.
Table 2: The Proposed I&D Network for the Samput Pumping System Length Total Length No. Canal Name (km) (km) Main Canal 4.6 1 MC 4.6 Secondary Canal 11.96 11.96 1 SCL1 0.65 2 SCL2 0.89 3 SCL3 1.17 4 SCL4 0.73 5 SCL5 1.1 6 SCR1 0.76 7 SCR2 1.21 8 SCR3 1.48 9 SCR4 1.35 10 SCR5 1.22 11 SCR6 1.4 Tertiary Canal 4.77 4.77 1 SCR3-TC1 1.56 2 SCR6-TC1 0.71 3 SCR6-TC2 0.92 4 SCL3-TC1 1.58 Total irrigation canal network 21.33 Source: TRTA Consultant
35. A 4.6-km MC with two different sections was identified during the SP assessment. The first section of 1.14 km runs from the pump station towards the command area. It was enlarged in 1993 when the pump station was first installed by the Australian Catholic Relief. The MC remains undamaged; it has no control or off-take structures. Its overall width, including the embankments on both sides, is about 25 m. The remaining section of the main canal, Section 2, has a smaller width of about 10-15 m and has never been improved since its construction during the Khmer Rouge period. The entire length of the existing MC (4.6 km) is proposed to be modernized by reshaping the existing canal section within the existing canal right-of-way (ROW) and lining it with reinforced concrete. One side of the embankment will be paved with laterite and will be used as access road. The proposed cross-section of the Samput Pumping Station MC is shown in Figure 11 below.
Figure 11: Proposed Typical Cross-section of the Samput Pumping System Main Canal
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 13
Source: TRTA Consultant
36. SCs will be reconstructed within the ROW of the existing secondary canals on the external toes of the embankment. The canals are proposed to be lined with concrete and have an average bed width of 0.80 m and an average top width of 0.90 m. The canal sections, which are to be lined with concrete, are small, and land loss due to canal construction will be completely avoided. A total of 11 SC with a total length of 11.96 km are proposed for modernization. The canals will be equipped with control structures and off-take gates to ensure effective and efficient water distribution. However, the number and location of the structures will only be determined during the detailed engineering design stage of IAIP.
37. Four TCs are proposed for modernization by concrete lining. These canals are smaller than the SCs and cover a smaller command area. All the proposed TCs will be reconstructed along the existing TC alignment within existing ROW alignments. Typical cross-sections of the proposed SCs and TCs of the Samput pumping system are presented in Figure 12.
Figure 12: Typical Cross-section of Proposed Secondary and Tertiary Canals of the Samput Pumping System (a) Proposed Typical Cross-Section of a Secondary Canal
Reinforced concrete, 120mm thickness
(b) Proposed Typical Cross-section of a Tertiary Canal
Reinforced concrete, 120mm thickness
Source: TRTA Consultant
38. The existing earthen secondary and tertiary canals with a total length of about 25 km will be kept as they are and used as drainage canals for the excess rainfall water and other surplus water from the paddy fields. Additional structures, such as canal crossings, drainage siphons, drain inlets
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 14 or outlets, will be installed where required. The number and location of these structures will be determined during the detailed design stage of the project.
C. Proposed System Operation
39. Effective O&M is dependent on the formation and organization of FWUCs which have the capacity to function as community organizations. Thus, an initial task for the Project Management and Implementation Consultant (PMIC) to be engaged by PMU is to collaborate with MOWRAM, especially the Department of FWUC Strengthening (DFWUC), PDWRAM, FWUC officers, and community leaders in preparing subproject farmers for system management.
40. The Canal 15 SP consists of one MC (Canal 15), which plays a key role in supplying water to several associated sub-irrigation systems. It is proposed to enlarge the cross-section of Canal 15 (MC) and Canal 87 (SC) to increase their supply capacity. In addition, the existing Samput pumping station, with a command area of 1,000 ha, will be modernized, as described above. The SP will have a command area of 7,500 ha for at least two crops a year in the lowland area and three crops a year in the highland area. Canal 15 and Canal 87 are located in the floodplains of the Cambodia Mekong Delta, which are flooded annually. Canal 15 connects with its perennial water source, Angkor Borey River, which is part of the Lower Mekong System. After the system is modernized, the system will obtain water from its sources, by gravity, and will be able to adequately supply irrigation water to the command area the whole year. The Canal 15 SP command area is divided into two main parts: (i) the lowland area of about 6,500 ha, which is supplied with irrigation water from Canal 15; and (ii) Canal 87 and the highland area of about 1,000 ha that are served by the Samput Pumping Station System.
41. In the lowland area, farmers will grow two crops per year: an early wet season crop from late April to July and a recession crop from late November to March. With greater certainty on the availability of water in the canal system, farmers in the lowland area will be able to start their first crop as early as possible to avoid the risk of crop damage due to early flooding, which usually occurs in late July. This will allow the crops to be harvested by mid-July. The irrigation practices in the lowland area will the remain the same. Farmers whose lands are located close to the water source (canal system) use individually owned pumps to lift water to irrigate their field. However, farmers, whose lands are located far from the water source, may have to use PWS services. PWSs play an important role by providing irrigation water to farmers in the command area. They pump water and discharge this into the canal network for farmers to pump into their fields using their own pumps. Farmers pay an irrigation service fee (ISF) of about US$65-75 per ha per crop. The ISF increases to about US$80-100 if the PWSs provide full irrigation services, i.e., PWSs pump and discharge water to the canals and lift the water from the canals directly to the farmers’ fields. The canal system will be open access to farmers and PWSs for irrigation.
42. The second crop starts in late November, when the flood recedes, while harvest in done from February to March. During the early stage of crop production, especially during land preparation, farmers need to drain the remaining floodwater from their fields so they can start early planting. In some cases, the water is drained with the aid of pumps.
43. Farmers in the highland area in Samput pumping station system grow three crops a year as the system is not affected by seasonal flooding.5 The first crop commences in May, with harvest undertaken between July and August. The second crop is usually between September and December, while the third crop starts in January, with harvest taking place between March and April. The third crop requires the most irrigation as this cropping season occurs during the driest months of the year. With the modernization of the Samput Pumping Station System, it will be able to supply sufficient water even during the third cropping season. The modernized system will be managed by the existing Samput FWUC.
5 See detailed calculation of irrigation water requirement in Appendix 2 of this report.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 15 44. To maximize the benefits from the newly rehabilitated system, irrigation schedules will be done in three rotations. This will require the division of the irrigated area into three blocks with an average area of about 330 ha (Fig. 13). Each block can be subdivided further to ensure effective water management. Past experience has shown that irrigation for paddy should be every 10 days. However, the detailed operation plan for the pumping station will be prepared during project implementation.
Figure 13: Conceptual Irrigation Blocks for the Samput Pumping Station System
Source: TRTA Consultant
D. Proposed System Maintenance
45. Maintenance of the Canal 15 system will fall under three categories: routine maintenance, periodic maintenance, and emergency maintenance. Routine maintenance may not require any cost, but a budget will have to be prepared for the other two types of maintenance. The detailed budget plan for the maintenance of the Canal 15 SP will be prepared by the PMIC FWUC Specialist in coordination with the PDWRAM and FWUC officers/leaders. (The cost estimates for the O&M of this SP are in Chapter VI.)
46. Routine maintenance. The maintenance activities must be repeated throughout the lifetime of the system for all system infrastructure. Some of these activities are routinary and do not require specific skills, such as greasing of gates, removing vegetation from the embankments of irrigation
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 16 canals and drains, removing silt from canals and drains, filling potholes along canal embankments, backfilling embankment erosion, etc. All these activities should be done without cost by FWUC members and all farmers who benefit from the system.
47. Periodic maintenance. Most of the periodic maintenance activities require skilled labor and mechanized equipment, particularly for repair of gates and structures, replacement of erosion protection, painting, installation of measuring gauges, maintenance of pumps and associated mechanical and electrical systems, etc. These activities can be done at the end of each cropping season or once a year. The FWUC must have a budget prepared for periodic maintenance to ensure effective and efficient operation of all irrigation infrastructure and prevent extensive damage caused by accumulated minor issues that remain unresolved over a prolonged period.
48. Emergency maintenance. This requires immediate action by FWUC management committees to prevent or reduce the effects of unexpected events, such as breaching or overtopping of canal embankments. Non-action on the part of FWUC will result in greater system operational problems, such as flooding, severe canal slope failure, deterioration of structures, critical failure of pumps causing interruption of irrigation water supply, increasing uncontrolled seepage through the embankment, blockage of outlet channels, etc. It is recommended that the FWUC seek immediate assistance from the PDWRAM in case of emergencies.
HYDROLOGY AND WATER AVAILABILITY
A. Overview
49. The Canal 15 command area is located in a lowlying area that is part of the Bassac River estuary in Angkor Borey District in Takeo Province. This area is a natural catchment basin for several rivers including Slakou River, Takeo River, Prek Thu Lo Lork River, and Bassac River. This lowland area is criss-crossed by a network of tributary channels typical of a river delta and manmade channels constructed for navigation, irrigation, and flood control.
50. River system and catchment areas. The rivers that drain into the Canal 15 command area and the outlet channel discharging to Bassac River are shown in Figure 14. The biggest contributor to runoff at Canal 15 is the Slakou River, which originates from the slopes of the western mountains. It has a catchment area of 1,230 km2 starting at Canal 15. The other major tributary emptying into the catchment basin is the Takeo River, also originating from the western mountains, with a drainage area of 213 km2. In the north is the Prek Thu Lo Lork River, which has a catchment area of 660 km2. Other small and local tributaries are located near the Bassac River with a total catchment area of about 50 km2. Slakou and Takeo rivers are partially diverted for irrigation use. However, there is still significant runoff from these rivers during the wet season, and they also receive return flow from irrigation. Aside from surface flow, there is also groundwater discharge from the phreatic (water table) aquifer that seeps into Canal 15 during the dry months. The quantity and quality of the groundwater seepage changes seasonally.
Figure 14: Canal 15 Water Resources
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 17 and Catchment Area
Source: TRTA Consultant
51. Multipurpose functions of Canal 15. This canal has several important functions, such as irrigation, navigation, drainage, and storage. It was constructed to distribute irrigation water during the dry season and link several pockets of natural ponds and isolated lakes. Other manmade channels were connected to Canal 15, which serves as a passage for boats carrying farm products and residents to villages as far as Viet Nam. The canal also conveys water from the upstream catchment to the Bassac River and other tributaries. The canal also functions as a storage reservoir – it serves as a temporary water storage facility during the wet season and a collection facility to supplement the water requirement of the second paddy crop grown during the dry months. The collected water in the canal allows farmers to pump water onto their paddy field.
A. Meteorological and Hydrological Data
52. The primary data used in the hydrologic studies are rainfall, evaporation, and streamflow. These data were observations and measurements taken from the hydrology and meteorology stations operated and maintained by MOWRAM. Climate data available from the nearest meteorology station at Takeo are rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, sunshine hours, wind speed, and evaporation. Most of the hydrology stations have short records and have no discharge rating curves that can be used to understand the flow rate for the stream. However, reliable long- term flow data are available at Angkor Borey (Takeo) River, which lies at the intake of Canal 15.
53. Rainfall data. Monthly rainfall data for the project area show a seasonal pattern, with the wet season covering the period, May to October, and the short dry season usually occurring from late November to April. The flood season months generally occur from July to early November. The average annual rainfall observed at Takeo is estimated at 1,280 mm (over the period covering 1982-2011). The monthly rainfall series at Takeo station is presented in Figure 15.
Figure 15: Average Monthly Rainfall, Takeo Station
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 18
Monthly Rainfall Distribution at Takeo Station
450
400 Mean Rainfall
350 Prob 20 Rainfall
300 Prob 80 Rainfall
250
200
150 RainfallinMillimeters 100
50
0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
Source: TRTA Consultant
54. Evaporation data. There are no available evaporation data at Takeo. Although the potential evaporation rates can be computed from climate data, it was deemed best to use actual observed evaporation rates. The monthly mean evaporation rate was taken from the Phnom Penh station, which is in the same hydrologic area as Takeo. Evaporation rates are nearly constant over a wide area and may vary with seasonal temperature differences. The average daily evaporation rate is 5.1 mm/day, while the annual mean evaporation is 1,878 mm.
Figure 16: Mean Evaporation (mm) at Phnom Penh Station
Source: TRTA Consultant
55. Streamflow data. The location of Canal 15 (river estuary) makes it difficult to estimate the streamflow reaching this area. Streamflow comes from different water sources, including the upland catchments and distributary channels connected to the Bassac and Mekong rivers. Considering the flow condition and reliability of the available data, the streamflow data used were derived from the Peam Kley station of the Prek Thnot River. The streamflow records at Peam Kley were found to be consistent and reliable and not affected by backwater effect. The catchment area at Peam Kley station is 3,694 km2 while the annual average discharge is 53.6 m3/s. This annual inflow is
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 19 equivalent to 461 mm or 38.4% of rainfall. However, the measured flow occurs only during the wet season, mainly from July to November, when the canal system is already flooded.
56. As mentioned earlier, Canal 15 is connected to its key water supply, the Angkor Borey River. The annual average discharge of this river is 265 m3/s. The flow reaches its peak between September and November, and the river does not discharge during the driest months of the year, between March and April (Fig. 17).
Figure 17: Mean Monthly Discharge (m3/s) at Peam Kley Station
Mean monthly dischages at Stung Angkor Borey in m3/s
800900 600700 400500 200300 1000 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Mean Monthly 44 2 0 0 1 62 311 655 735 716 466 185 Flow Flow in m/s Minimum Monthly 0 0 0 0 0 0 144 470 630 633 290 78 Maximum Monthly 107 8 0 0 3 156 548 743 838 775 612 307 80% Exceedence 1 0 0 0 0 0 159 531 677 648 301 88 50% Exceedence 24 0 0 0 0 20 236 666 701 721 444 153 20% Exceedence 47 0 0 0 1 71 328 680 768 746 556 206 Monthly
Mean Monthly Minimum Monthly Maximum Monthly 80% Exceedence 50% Exceedence 20% Exceedence
Source: TRTA Consultant
57. River water level data. There are two hydrological stations located within the SP area. The nearest station is the Boray Cholasa station located at Stung Angkor Borey, which is one of the large tributary channels linked to Canal 15. The station has water level measurements from 1997- 2005. A typical daily water level plotting (year 2006) is presented in Figure 18.
Figure 18: Typical Daily Water Level Pattern at Angkor Borey Station
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5
Water Level in Meters 4 Approx.Ground Level
3
2
1 Water Levels WaterLevels inmeters
0
Daily
Source: TRTA Consultant
58. Irrigation water requirement. The irrigation water requirement was computed taking into account the contribution of groundwater seepage and canal overflow during the beginning part of the first crop (recession rice). The computation was done based on a 10-day interval, which was then summarized on a monthly basis, as shown in Table 3.
Table 3: Summary of Irrigation Water Computation
UNITS IN MM Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec LAND SOAK/FLOOD 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 EVAP/TRANS 178.2 142.8 64.3 193.9 211.9 204.4 60.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 122.6 169.8 DEEP PERCOLATION 31.0 23.5 10.5 30.0 31.0 30.0 9.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.5 31.0 CROP WATER REQT 209.2 166.3 74.8 243.9 242.9 234.4 70.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 148.1 220.8 EFF. RAINFALL 0.0 0.0 5.5 44.5 100.1 98.5 40.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 68.6 18.6 WATER TABLE INFLOW 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 135.9 29.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 79.4 202.2 CROP IRRG. REQT 209.2 166.3 69.3 199.4 142.7 135.9 29.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 OVERALL EFFICIENCY (%) 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 80.0 80.0 DIVERSION REQT. 261.5 207.9 86.6 249.3 178.4 169.8 36.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 UNIT DISCHARGE (L/S/Ha) 1.0 0.8 0.3 1.0 0.7 2.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 2.8 UNIT VOLUME (Cu.M/Ha) 2615.0 2079.3 865.9 2492.6 1784.1 1698.3 369.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Source: TRTA Consultant
B. Water Availability
59. Assessment of water availability. Water availability in the Canal 15 command area was assessed based on the volume and delivery of water. The volume of water available was evaluated by assessing the net inflow from the upstream catchment and the overflow from Bassac and Mekong rivers. The delivery of water was evaluated based on the source of pumping water and pump capacity.
60. Flow contribution of Bassac River. Canal 15 is connected to Bassac River by way of navigable channels and several natural waterways. The water from Bassac River flows year-round into Canal 15, and the water level at Canal 15 follows the daily fluctuation at Bassac River. During the dry months, from March to June, the water level at Canal 15 is only 1 m, which is mainly derived from the seepage flow from Bassac River. This river commands a large catchment area and exhibits very high discharge throughout the year, contributing significantly to the available water in Canal 15.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 21 61. Runoff from upstream catchment. There are three major rivers flowing into Canal 15, viz., Slakou, Takeo, and Prek Thu Lo Lork rivers. A study was conducted by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) on the Slakou River which was, in turn, used as a reference for the assessment of runoff and water balance analysis. The mean monthly streamflow at Canal 15 was estimated from the Peam Kley station in Prek Khnot River by proportion with the catchment area. There is, however, no inventory on the irrigated area utilizing the three rivers draining into Canal 15 for estimating irrigation demand. The area irrigated was estimated roughly from the percentage of irrigated area to the catchment area for Slakou River as indicated by the study. It was estimated that 10% of the catchment area, or about 21,000 ha, are diverting or using the water from the three rivers. The river basin water balance for Canal 15 is shown in Table 4.
Table 4: River Basin Water Balance
Months JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL Total Catchment of Canal 15 Flow (MCM), CA=2,153 sqkm 15.75 6.84 3.71 15.77 48.92 42.48 97.59 114.57 171.18 307.03 89.33 37.81 950.98 Irrigation Area, 21,000 hectares Demand (MCM), 10% of CA 0.00 0.00 3.71 15.77 48.92 52.10 34.84 48.03 18.22 11.40 53.77 29.90 316.65 Canal 15 Surplus Flow (MCM) 15.75 6.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 62.75 66.54 152.97 295.64 35.56 7.91 643.97 Source: TRTA Consultant
62. Surface water pumping. The delivery of water to the paddy field is by surface gravity flow from overtopping of the Canal 15 and its lateral canals (i.e., natural waterways and manmade canals) during the land preparation period and by pumping in later months. Based on field interviews and ocular inspection, it was observed that there is sufficient water available in Canal 15 year-round. However, the smaller lateral canals and ponds dry up for three to four months every year. It was also observed that there is significant groundwater seepage since water is still available in Canal 15 even during the dry months. Groundwater seepage depends on the hydraulic gradient and exposed wet surface. Hence, the lateral canals should be deepened and widened to increase groundwater flow. In addition, new lateral canals should be excavated to expand the irrigable area and improve the accessibility of surface water to all farmers.
C. Flood Occurrence in Canal 15
63. Flood history and inundation area. The command area of Canal 15 is subject to flooding during the wet season of each year, but the extent and size of flooded area vary from year to year. The annual depth of water and duration of inundation vary depending on the flood levels at the Bassac and Mekong rivers. The floods recorded in 2000 and 2011 were the second highest observed for the period, 1997-2017. Data on flooding were generated from MODIS/NASA satellite and obtained from the Dartmouth Flood Observatory.6 Figure 19 shows the extent of flooding. The daily water level plotting at Angkor Borey in Figure 20 shows the seasonal frequency and annual maximum flooding at the Canal 15 SP area.
Figure 19: Flood Inundation Map for Selected Years
6 http://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/15
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 22
Source: TRTA Consultant
Figure 20: Daily Water Level at Angkor Borey Station
Source: TRTA Consultant
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 23 64. Impact of flooding. The annual pattern of flooding has a significant effect on water management and use within the Canal 15 SP area. In most agricultural areas in Cambodia, farmers plant paddy at the start of the wet season, around late June. However in the Canal 15 command area, the farmers engage in activities other than paddy production due to lack of water to cultivate a second crop. Some farmers, who are able to plant a second paddy crop, resort to digging canals to collect water from Canal 15. In order to counter the impact of flooding on farmers’ daily lives, most farmers have constructed their houses on higher ground or on stilts and use boats to navigate the command area.
D. Need for Hydrometeorological Data
65. Hydrometeorological (hydromet) stations. Hydrometeorological data is important in the planning and operation of any irrigation project or system. MOWRAM has established and currently operates several meterological and hydrological stations within Takeo and surrounding provinces. The nearest meteorological station is Takeo station, which is included in the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) global weather station network. Aside from the Takeo station, MOWRAM operates other rainfall stations in the catchments draining into Canal 15. Some of these stations were installed during the water resources study funded by JICA and other international funding agencies. Hydrological stations were also established by MOWRAM at Angkor Borey and others along the Bassac and Mekong rivers. There are also hydrological stations located in the upstream catchment areas, particularly those of the Slakou and Takeo rivers.
66. Operational needs. It is noted that although there are already several hydromet stations established in Takeo, these encounter difficulties in operating continuously due to frequent breakdown of equipment and lack of trained staff. Training of MOWRAM staff will, therefore, be included in the IAIP. The training required by MOWRAM and PDWRAM operations staff will be determined by PMIC jointly with MOWRAM during project implementation.
IV. AGRICULTURE
A. Introduction
Rationale
67. In a rainfed rice cropping system, farmers wait for the wet season rains to accumulate before establishing their rice crop. In contrast, in the floodprone areas in Takeo, farmers skip the wet season and grow their rice crop when flooding recedes. For many years, farmers in floodprone areas in Takeo have learned to cope with annual deep flooding by planting special deepwater or floating rice varieties, which can grow under water and follow the floor level. When farmers in Takeo were able to access early maturing lowland rice varieties through the government’s promotional program, dry season flood receding rice culture soon replaced the deepwater rice cultivation. As an entirely different system of rice culture, dry season flood recession rice production in Takeo has unique environmental and biological limitations that need to be addressed. In addition to the inherent soil problems associated with prolonged submergence, there is a variability in the flooding regime across the landscape, depending on the location in terms of (i) elevation and proximity to the canal, (ii) interior drainage channels, and (iii) access to pumps for drainage of paddies prior to mechanical harvesting. There are also pest problems associated with the regular flooding and draining cycle. Therefore, the improvement of rice production in the floodprone areas in Takeo will rely on the improvement of the main canal and drainage channels as well as improved practices to overcome soil-related constraints and pest problems. In anticipation of a water supply deficit during abnormal (dry) years, the shallow groundwater or open sources should be sufficient to support two dry season crops. Canal 15 and the smaller canals and interconnected drainage channels could serve for water storage to support rice cropping for a longer period after flood recession.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 24 Description of the Rice-growing Environment in the Canal 15 Subproject Area
68. Located in the eastern floodprone areas of Takeo Province, Canal 15 drains water from the eastern source in Angkor Borei District (10o 58’ 30.37” N, 104o 58’ 30.37” E) towards the western end in Krong Doun Kaev (10o 59’ 14.62” N, 104o 47’ 15.19” E). Canal 15 is 18 km long and serves mainly as a drainage canal. Water flowing into Canal 15 and the rest of the flooded areas in Takeo comes from the upwelling of the Mekong and Bassac river complex together with runoff water from the surrounding areas on the western side. Canal 15 also serves to supply water for the irrigation of adjacent rice fields along its entire length during the early wet season in some parts of the area and also serves as drainage during the flood receding stage. Rainfall in Takeo shows a bimodal pattern. The period and height of the peaks differ only from the rainfall pattern in other locations in Cambodia only in the first early rainfall peak and the duration of a relatively dry period before the onset of the next more intense rainfall period that reaches its peak in October. Despite the relatively dry months of March and April, the flow from the Mekong-Bassac river system is expected to increase continuously in addition to runoff and groundwater flow of local origin.
B. Overview of the Rice Production System
1. Description of the Canal 15 System
69. Based on the FAO definition, Canal 15 could be defined as a flood-recession cropping area that is not equipped with infrastructure (www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/irrigationmap/glossary.pdf). At present, Canal 15 and its network of drainage channels is not equipped to retain receding floodwater for irrigation. Canal 15 brings floodwater from the Mekong-Bassac river system at the eastern end to the western end and distributes it to areas along its 20-km length. It also serves as drainage for runoff water and for the transport of people, agricultural supplies, and products to and from nearby commercial centers in Takeo and to Vietnam through Takeo River. Shorter and narrower man-made canals oriented northward and southward were built for the rice-growing communities outside the 7,500 ha covered by Canal 15. Canal 87 is oriented northward, conveying water for irrigation along its path and to the Ponley Commune, where a pumping station is located for the villages at a higher ground level. The other shorter canal conveys water from Canal 15 towards another slightly elevated area occupied by 17 villages of three communes, namely: Srangae (8 villages), Thlork (2 villages), and Sambour (7 villages). The canal system also serves as a drainage canal.
70. The heterogeneous soil surface condition of the rice paddies within the nearly level landscape of the Canal 15 subproject area is arbitrarily grouped as follows: (i) low-lying (depressed) areas <2 m elevation; and (ii) slightly elevated areas with elevation >2 m, both with an apparently small degree of undulation of about 0.5–1 m every 500 m horizontal distance. The total cultivated area of 5,000 ha has interconnected natural drainage channels connected to a larger drainage system including Takeo River. The channels serve as natural flood regulators by draining excessive floodwater and as drainage for the receding floodwater. Some paddies are found within a slightly lower elevation where receding water stays for a considerably longer time, while other paddies would have been drained at least one month earlier. The differences in receding floodwater condition among farms determine when and how many dry season, flood-recession rice crops could be established. Figure 21 is a section of the Google Earth satellite image showing rice paddies of irregular shapes, varying sizes and orientation, and drainage channels. Darkened areas are wet areas in depressions closer to the groundwater.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 25 Figure 21: Section of Google Earth Satellite Image Showing Paddies
Source: Google Earth
2. Soil Type and Inherent Fertility of Soil in Canal 15 Subproject Area
71. The soil in the Canal 15 subproject area is classified as Kbal Po. This soil type occurs on the active floodplains of the Mekong-Bassac river system (White, Oberthur, and Sovuthy, 1997) and constitutes the whole area on both sides of the canal. It is extensive in the floodprone areas along the Mekong-Bassac river complex, formed through accumulation of sediments. The clayey soil is dark in color owing to the accumulation of organic matter. The consistency is very plastic when wet and difficult to puddle. Because of a long period of submergence, the soil undergoes chemical changes brought about by microbial action of soil mineral constituents in the presence of organic matter. Under certain conditions, some toxicity to plants may occur when the subsoil is exposed to aeration.
72. Kbal Po has a clayey texture on the surface layer and is mottled in the subsoil layer due to the chemical reduction of soil minerals. The clay minerals consisting largely of eroded and suspended materials are generally from the highly weathered soils and denuded escarpments including riverbanks. The highly weathered soils are dominated by low activity clays including oxides and hydroxides of iron and aluminum and silicate clay minerals with poor nutrient-holding property.
Cropped Area of Dry Season Flood Recession Rice
73. Based on the period from flood recession to the next flooding regime, two dry season flood recession rice crops are possible within the subproject area. A close examination of the area using Google Earth satellite images reveals the network of smaller drainage channels and large rice paddies of different sizes, shapes, and orientations, presumably following the original natural microrelief where the farms are located. The bunded paddies all seem to be on a level surface but, in reality, vary in elevation even within less than 1 ha. The paddies are oriented in various directions, depending on the microrelief and position relative to the drainage channel. The 20-km long canal with rice areas within the red line covers rice paddies between Krong Daun Kaev and Angkor Borei. In reality, areas served by the canal, in terms of water supply and drainage, exceed 7,500 ha, but disaggregation of the rice areas by commune and village will be difficult without the use of a detailed map. The areas covered in each commune are summarized in Table 5. Less than 20% of the farms are currently planted to a second dry season crop, primarily due to the relative distance and elevation from the nearest open channel. Some farmers use pumps, but other limitations limit their planting of a second dry season rice crop. Other limitations include limited
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 26 supply of seeds since the available seeds are reserved for the more dependable first dry season flood recession rice crop.
Table 5: Current Cultivated Area for Rice Production in the Canal 15 SP2 1st Dry Season Recession 2nd Dry Season District Commune Rice Crop (ha) Recession Rice Crop (ha) Angkor Borei Angkor Borei 645 129 Prey Phkam 2276 455 Ponley 1657 165 Treang Sambour 1454 290 Srangea 774 154 Don Keo Rooka Knung 378 75 Total 7,184(2) 1,268 Source: TRTA Consultant 2 Project improvements will benefit more areas.
74. Current rice production in the Canal 15 area is referred to as flood recession rice, which is basically dependent on floodwater. To some extent, however, it is also rainfall dependent because the water in soil moisture in certain locations may not be enough to sustain two rice crops. Farmers in the subproject area are highly familiar with the predictable behavior of floodwaters at the onset of the wet season and of flood recession towards the dry season. The condition of the paddies relative to the remaining floodwater for the second dry season crop provides the basis for farmers’ decision on when to plant vis-à-vis the rate of subsidence of floodwater for the dry season crop. Farmers planning to grow an early dry season flood recession crop conduct the necessary tillage operation in July before excessive flooding begins, depending on the location of their farms.
75. Of the 7,500-ha flood recession rice growing area in Canal 15, there are an estimated 2,500 ha that could be planted to a second dry season crop. The area is an estimated aggregate of the paddies within the depressions with <2 m elevation and closer to the drainage channels with water towards the tailend of the dry season from April to May.
C. Description of the Current Rice-based Farming System in Canal 15
76. The Canal 15 subproject has a total physical area of 7,500 ha of low-lying, generally level paddy ricelands in three districts, seven communes, and 27 villages with 6,925 households having landholdings ranging from 0.54–2.77 ha per family or an average of 1.48 ha per family. 77. Rice farming is mechanized, from land preparation to harvesting, and rice farmers are capable of adopting improved production practices, which are believed to contribute to higher yields, lower production costs, lesser risk of losses due to abnormal climate, particularly excessive flooding and drought and damage due to pests, particularly rats.
78. Rat infestation occurs, arising from the normal cycle of flooding and drainage, allowing rats to survive by finding shelters in existing dry areas (in bunds and levees) during the long flooding period. The dry season flood recession rice cropping, which follows the flooding period, provides rats with an almost unlimited supply of food. Rat infestation becomes exceedingly high when natural control of the rat population is inadequate. (Rats are collected by the local population for food.)
79. Some losses of potential yield occurs as a result of harvesting of the crop when the depressed areas are still partially flooded due to the limited flow of water to the drainage channels. Some farmers spend additional cost for pumping excess water from one paddy to the other for rapid removal of water from the paddies prior to harvesting using combined harvester-thresher. Portable centrifugal pumps are also used for supplemental irrigation when necessary, particularly in the second dry season recession rice crop.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 27 80. Net income from rice farming is limited by the low selling price of newly harvested rough rice at the local market, although some farmers are able to carry out post-harvest processing and marketing of rice at a higher price in the local market when storage and processing facilities are available.
81. In the elevated homestead area of the villages, bananas and a variety of tree crops are grown for home consumption. A variety of livestock animals (including water buffalo, cattle, goats, hogs, and chicken) are also produced in small numbers within the homestead for home use or for sale when necessary. Large herds of cattle are seen open grazing in the paddies. Fishing in Canal 15 is also a major source of livelihood.
1. Current Cropping Pattern
82. Farmers generally practice two successive dry season flood recession rice crops. The timing and actual number of crops vary according to the location of their farms and the small differences in elevation and flooding regime. The small difference in elevations determines the flooding regime in terms of when a specific location will start to be flooded, the depth of flooding, and when the flood will recede. Access to portable pumps for supplemental irrigation allows farmers to grow a second dry season flood recession rice crop without fear of drought. Based on these conditions, the following dry season flood recession rice cropping patterns are practiced in the Canal 15 subproject area:
• One dry season flood recession rice crop of early maturing variety planted in December to January and harvested in March to April in areas where floodwater recedes in November. • One dry season flood recession rice crop of early maturing variety, with the first crop from December to January and harvested in March to April, and a second dry season flood recession rice crop planted in April to May and harvested in July to August before flooding.
2. Current Practices, Costs, and Yields
83. The village survey conducted from 26-29 June 2018, covering 16 villages in three districts and seven communes, revealed the following:
• Land preparation. Rotovation, harrowing, and levelling are all conducted by machine, with 70% using self-operated or hired hand tractors and 30% using hired services of four- wheel tractor operators. Mechanized plowing costs US$75/ha, and paddy field levelling costs US$40/ha. Plowing in the floodprone areas is done in August before the high flooding regime occurs, and the field is harrowed when the floodwater level has subsided to a level that will allow planting in December.
• Seeding. All farmers plant by direct seeding, ranging from 200-250 kg, depending on the availability of seeds of generally unknown seed germination percentage and purity. Seeds are either purchased from previous harvests of individual farmers or exchanged with other farmers. A small quantity of newly purchased seeds, only 40 kg, is used for seed production. Water level at sowing time could be controlled only in the slightly elevated areas. In the receding rice areas, sowing is carried out as early as possible without waiting for paddies to completely drain. • Rice seeds that are popularly planted are IR 66, IR 504, Sen Kro Ob, and traditional medium maturing photoperiod sensitive varieties (Pkha Rumduol, CAR-1, and Raing Chey). The early maturing varieties (IR 66, IR 504, and Sen Kro Ob) are used for early wet season rice by planting between April and May or “receding” rice is planted in December. Traditional varieties are sown in August and harvested in November and December.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 28 • Other inputs. Complete fertilizer (20-20-15 or 18-46-0), 100 kg/ha, together with 50 kg of urea are applied beginning one to two weeks after seeds have germinated, usually by spreading over the wet field at the rate of 100-250 kg/ha, followed by applications of 50 kg/ha of urea at the maximum tiller production stage, panicle initiation stage, and early flowering stage, together with 50 kg/ha muriate of potash. Pesticides, including herbicides and insecticides, are used as needed. Hand weeding is also carried out when excessive weeds are encountered. • Harvesting. The services of combined thresher-harvester operators are usually hired in the locality, often regardless of the submergence status of the paddy and the maturity status of the crop. Hence, many farmers lose yields due to poor recovery from machine harvesting. The cost of harvesting by combined thresher-harvester (excluding transport from the field) is US$100/ha. Harvested paddies are sold directly to local traders who either sell the product to local rice mills or to the Viet Nam market, at prices ranging from US$0.23–0.30/kg. Yields vary from one season to another, ranging from 2.5 t/ha during the wet season and 3.5 t/ha during the dry season.
D. Improvement of Dry Season Flood Recession Rice Cropping System in Canal 15
84. An increased productivity of rice paddies in Canal 15 is expected from the improvement of the physical infrastructure and the adoption of improved farming practices. Individual farms must be able to drain the paddies, particularly before mechanized harvesting, for a higher recovery and yield. The physical infrastructure has to be improved to increase the volume of water stored in the network of canals or drainage channels. Submergence is only essential for land preparation, direct seeding, weed control, but the rice crop could succeed even with saturated soils sustained by capillary movement. Hence, any improvement of the interconnected drainage channels must consider the extent of water availability to the root system through capillary rise.
85. The improvement of Canal 15 and the associated larger drainage system is needed for quicker lateral drainage of unwanted water at the start of the first dry season cropping for most of the area. About 50% of the area is between 1-2 m above average sea level (masl) (based on the Google Earth map), and another 50% is at 2-4 masl. Drainage of the paddies in the depressed areas will be essential at the beginning of the dry season cropping. It is for this purpose that accelerating the drainage may be needed in some years with unusually high rainfall and longer period of flooding in Takeo.
86. Improving the smaller natural drainage channels to increase the temporary storage of larger volumes of water is necessary to assure adequate supply for the early wet season and dry season rice crops. This will enable more farmers to follow the two rice dry season flood recession cropping pattern, possibly even including a non-rice crop for the second dry season crop.
1. Cropping Patterns and Cropping Intensity
87. Improvement of drainage and the capacity of canals for temporary storage of irrigation water will allow farmers to adopt the existing cropping pattern but will increase overall cropping intensity to 1.5 from the existing 1.2. The existing pattern for the dry season flood recession rice crops is depicted in Figure 22 together with the following proposed improvements:
• Sustain production of the first dry season flood recession rice of the early maturing variety at the present production capacity of 7,500 ha; • Increase the area for the production of a second dry season flood recession rice from the present 0.20 ha to 0.50 ha by increasing the availability of residual water in the canals for pump irrigation; and • Improve off-farm and on-farm drainage and flood water control structures to permit the earlier establishment of the first dry season crop in November until the middle of
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 29 December and their harvest in February to March. This will allow more paddies to be planted for the second dry season crop. Although water will not be enough for the submergence of the second dry season crop, the fields will be moist enough for non-rice crops or aerobic rice.
Figure 22: Proposed Cropping Patterns in Canal 15
Source: TRTA Consultant
2. Recommended Climate-Resilient Dry-Season Rice Cropping Practices
88. The limitations imposed by excessive and longer period of flooding and possible drought, among other biological stresses (such as rat infestation), make rice farming households in communities around Canal 15 extremely vulnerable to food insecurity and temporary loss of livelihood activities. The dry season flood recession rice cropping system has evolved while replacing the former deepwater rice cropping system. The former deepwater rice farmers learned to cope with their adverse environment by skipping the usual wet season cropping and engaging in the dry season rice production, realizing that floodwaters would recede quickly if given sufficient passage within the ecosystem.
89. The following physical infrastructure improvements will address the limitations imposed by the flooding regime and improve crop performance:
• Improve the in-farm drainage system in depressed paddies with <2 m elevation by reducing the size of paddies and constructing taller bunds with interconnection to larger and deeper drainage canals for the faster two-way flow of water, either during flood recession or during the tailend of the dry season; • Increase the storage of floodwater in the interconnected channels by constructing smaller in-field channels and small on-farm water reservoirs; and • During abnormally dry years, prepare for pumping of water to supplement the remaining water in the paddies during the first and second dry season cropping; use PVC tubes to monitor the depth of soil saturation and make sure that the saturated zone will not exceed 10 cm below the surface.
90. To complement the above civil works improvements, farmers will be supported in adopting improved farming practices, which will include the following:
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 30 • Ensure effective tillage, particularly plowing and harrowing, to ensure adequate depth (>10 cm) and soft mud for easy establishment of seedlings and development of deep root system for effective use of soil nutrients and water during droughts; • Use high quality seeds of the recommended variety, with at least 85% germination (training for germination test will be provided) and uniform seed characteristics associated with the variety. Replace seeds with a new batch of certified seeds from official sources every two years or undertake own seed purification program, which will be part of the farmer field school (FFS) training. • Use drought-resistant aerobic rice varieties for the second dry season flood recession rice crop, especially In areas where there is no floodwater; • Improve fertilizer management towards a lower cost and effective formulation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). Adopt an appropriate fertilizer rate and timing of application based on soil and recorded yield response of the variety in the locality;7 • Use a single element source of phosphorus fertilizer (e.g., superphosphate) for application before the last harrowing (before sowing) at the rate of 100 kg superphosphate per ha; • Apply 50 kg urea 10 days after sowing and subsequently at maximum tiller production, and panicle initiation (approximately at 30 and 45 days after sowing, respectively), depending on the leaf color using a leaf color chart (LCC); • Apply muriate of potash at 50 kg/ha 45 days after sowing together with the last application of urea if ever required; • Two weeks prior to harvesting, drain paddies and harvest when 85% of the grains are mature (orange-brown color), using a portable pump if necessary; • Adopt integrated pest management (IPM) for control of insect pests, rats, golden apple snail and leaf diseases; • Conduct shallow plowing in lowlying areas to avoid exposure of subsoil; • For quality maintenance of certified seeds, allocate at least a 100 m2 area for seed production where rouging should be carried out. Rouging involves eliminating off-types from the field, which are noticeable during maximum tiller production stage flowering. Off- types are either too tall or too short compared to the general population of plants while at flowering; off-types will flower either early or late. Removal of off-types will render the plant population within the paddy area more uniform and produce more uniform seeds at harvest.
3. Support Services and Capacity Building
91. During project implementation, technical services related to the farmers’ adoption of the recommended agriculture input package will be facilitated by contracting a local NGO in coordination with the District Agriculture Office (DAO) of Angkor Borey, Treang, and Don Keo. Timely delivery of support services is essential since the target area must be covered within one year, with two crops during the first year dry season flood recession. Demonstration of various on- farm activities will be facilitated by the contracted NGO, including in-farm improvements related to flood control and practices to improve rice yield and adoption of the agriculture input package. Technical support services will be essential in testing seed quality, on-farm seed purification, seed storage for the next dry season crop, and IPM focusing on control of infestation by rats and golden apple snails.
92. FFS type of training will be adopted for the training of farmers. FFS employs participatory and learning-by-doing methods. The participatory approach will be effective for farmers to acquire skills in seed purification in their own farms. A further elaboration of the FFS is given below.
7 Location-specific fertilizer recommendations will be provided using the Nutrient Manager software of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and the leaf color chart (LCC) for guiding when and how much supplementary nitrogen fertilizer to apply during cropping. Initial assessment of soil fertility status using quick soil test kits will be conducted at the start of project implementation.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 31 • Each FFS will have about 30 members and will be guided by a facilitator who will either be a DOA extension officer or one national agronomist employed by the project. • A staggered eight-week training program will be conducted. The training cycle will be timed to include the first four weeks of the dry season crop and another four weeks of the second dry season crop. • Farmers will be trained on selected topics focusing on the practices which the recommended agriculture input package intends to improve with regards to the observed limitations. • The FFS will include minor on-farm improvements to control submergence, proper land preparation, seed quality testing, direct seeding, nutrient management, rat control, weed control, and pre-harvest activities.
93. The conduct of participatory on-farm demonstration will complement the FFS. The FFS group will cooperate in all activities related to the demonstration plot since the demonstration will also facilitate learning. The design of on-farm demonstration will follow the recommended on-farm improvements related to flood control, drainage, and conservation of water when adverse climatic condition is anticipated, and implementation of the agriculture input package. Demonstration plots will be established in sites representative of the problems to be managed. These plots will be used to demonstrate improvement of paddies for better control of water and various aspects of rice production requiring improvement including appropriate seeding rate and use of alternative methods of direct seeding.
94. Training and demonstration activities will cover a wide range of topics addressing yield constraints, but will also cover other topics that the farmers may identify or choose by way of the training needs assessment (TNA) that will be conducted at the beginning of the project.
4. Economic Benefits
95. Various assumptions, yield targets, and doable practices/agriculture inputs to achieve yield targets provided the basis for the simple cost-benefit analysis. Since the project aims to increase rice yield and cropping intensity, agricultural inputs will be lumped together in the form of practices – from seed quality testing to seed sowing, land preparation, fertilizer management, IPM, and reducing harvesting losses, among others. On-farm improvements will contribute to the effectiveness of the improved production practices. On-farm improvements include reformation of paddies, improvement of bunds, improvement of drainage, construction of small on-farm water storage facilities, and control of paddy floodwater during seed sowing and before machine harvesting.
96. Table 6 presents the expected effects of the interventions on yields of wet season and dry season crops. Two dry season flood recession croppings are presented in the said table. The first dry season and second dry season average baseline yield (without project) is set at 3.5 t/ha. There is no expected difference between the first and second dry season simply because there is hardly any difference in climatic condition that will affect yield, and the dry season condition is favorable to the expression of the genetic potential of the variety given the same inputs.
Table 6: Yield Targets and Agriculture Inputs Needed to Achieve Targets
Agronomic Without Controlled With All Agri-Inputs Parameters and Cropping Unit Project Drainage (Year 5) Inputs Support Only Cropping intensity 1st DS % of target1 60 80 100 2nd DS % of target1 20 50 100 Yield 1st DS t/ha 3.5 4.5 6.0 2nd DS t/ha 3.5 4.5 6.0 Fertilizer 1st DS Adopting, % 100 100 100
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 32
Agronomic Without Controlled With All Agri-Inputs Parameters and Cropping Unit Project Drainage (Year 5) Inputs Support Only 2nd DS Adopting, % 100 100 100 Pesticides 1st DS Adopting, % 50 30 20 2nd DS Adopting, % 50 40 20 Quality land Deep and Adopting, % 25 50 100 preparation puddled Direct seeding 1st DS Broadcast 100 100 100 2nd DS Broadcast 100 100 100 Seed quality Poor quality Adopting, % 80 30 0 Certified Adopting, % 20 70 100 seed quality Submergence 1st DS % (poor control) 100 25 25 during harvest 2nd DS % (poor control) 5 0 0 1 First DS target is ha and 2nd DS suitable area is 2,500 ha Source: TRTA Consultant
97. The Canal 15 improvement subproject will target ricelands that are cultivated during the first dry season cropping of 5,000 ha and 2,500 ha in the second dry season cropping (presently first dry season crop area is 5,000 ha and second dry season area is 1,000 ha). The adoption of the recommended agriculture input package, together with adequate on-farm improvements, are expected to increase the first and second dry season average yield equally to 6.0 t/ha after seven years.
98. The benefit stream for Canal 15 is shown in Table 7 using $250/t as value of product. The first dry season benefit amounts to US$3,125,000 at the end of five years, and the second dry season benefit amounts to US$2,875,000. The combined benefit amounts to US$6,000,000. The benefit stream assumes that application of agricultural inputs addressing the technological constraints will be in place progressively from Year 1 to Year 5. The implementation will depend on the promotion of improved practices through FFS and demonstration of agri-input package progressively covering the whole service area.
Table 7: Combined First and Second Dry Season Benefits First Dry Season Second Dry Season Year Total Benefit ($) Benefit ($) Benefit ($) 1 312,500 625,000 375,000 2 750,000 687,500 1,437,500 3 1,312,500 1,000,000 2,312,500 4 2,000,000 1,875,000 3,875,000 5 3,125,000 2,875,000 6,000,000 Source: TRTA Consultant
99. The adequate and timely supply of nutrients and protection of the crop against pests and diseases, as well as other improvements in the growing conditions (deeper and uniform plowing, ideal plant population density, control of floodwater during fertilizer application and harvesting) are expected to increase the average wet season crop yield to 4.5 t/ha and dry season crop yield to 5 t/ha after seven years, as shown in Tables 8 and 9, respectively.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 33 Table 8: First Dry Season Benefit Stream
Without Project With Project Year Gross Product Net Area, Yield, Area, Yield, Production Product Net MT product, (n=1 to Ha t/ha Ha t/ha t Value Value (V = (Vn-Vyn-1) 5) (1) (2) wo (1) (2) (V = 1x2) (Vw-Vwo ) ($) 1x2) w 0 5,000 3.5 17,500 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2,500 3.5 8,750 2,500 4 10,000 18,750 1,250 312,500 2 2,000 3.5 7,000 3,000 4.5 13,500 20,500 3,000 750,000 3 1,500 3.5 6,250 3,500 5 17,500 22,750 5,250 1,312,500 4 1,000 3.5 3,500 4,000 5.5 22,000 25,500 8,000 2,000,000 5 0 0 5,000 6 30,000 30,000 12,500 3,125,000 Source: TRTA Consultant Table 9: Second Dry Season Benefit Stream
Without Project With Project Year Gross Product Net Area, Yield, Area, Yield, Production, Product MT product, Net Value (n=1 to Ha t/ha Ha t/ha t Value (Vwo = (Vn-Vyn-1) ($) 5) (1) (2) (1) (2) (Vw = 1x2) (Vw-Vwo ) 1x2) 0 1,000 3.5 3,500 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 500 3.5 1,750 500 4.0 2,000 3,750 250 62,500 2 500 3.5 1,750 1,000 4.5 4,500 6,250 2,750 687,500 3 0 1,500 5.0 7,500 7,500 4,000 1,000,000 4 0 2,000 5.5 11,000 11,000 7,500 1,875,000 5 0 2,500 6.0 15,000 15,000 11,500 2,875,000 Source: TRTA Consultant
MANAGEMENT OF IMPROVED SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
A. Background
100. The Main Canal 15 Irrigation System, with a total length of about 18 km, was originally constructed during the People’s Republic of Kampuchea in the 1980s after the end of the Pol Pot regime. The main canal and its two other associated canal systems (Canal 87 and Samput pumping system) will be modernized and will open up a combined command area of 7,500 ha for 2-3 crops per year. The Canal 15 system lies within three districts: (i) Angkor Borey with three communes and nine villages; (ii) Don Keo with one commune and one village; and (iii) Traing has three communes and 17 villages (Table 10). Canal 15 is also used for transportation purposes. Canal 15 and Canal 87 are open systems that do not have any control structures. The system is open to individual irrigation and irrigation through PWS services. However, the Samput pump system requires proper irrigation management to ensure the sustainability of effective and efficient irrigation services to the farmers for them to maximize the benefits from high water productivity.
Table 10: Commune, Village, Household (HH), and Land Area in the Canal 15 Command Area Average No. of No. of Total No. of Total No. District Female Land Communes Villages HHs Beneficiaries Area Area/Family 1 Angkor 3 9 3,386 16,205 8,337 5,608 1.66 Borei Angkor 2 1,152 5,213 2,630 660 0.57
Borei Prey Phkam 3 1,268 5,941 2,980 2,276 1.79
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 34 Average No. of No. of Total No. of Total No. District Female Land Communes Villages HHs Beneficiaries Area Area/Family Ponley 4 966 5,051 2,727 2,672 2.77 2 Don Keo 1 1 286 1,557 894 480 1.68 Roka Krau 1 286 1,557 894 480 1.68 3 Treang 3 17 3,253 26,085 8,464 4,163 1.28 Sambour 7 1,765 8,961 4,710 2,716 1.54 Thlork 2 337 1,709 892 508 1.51 Srangae 8 1,151 15,415 2,862 939 0.82 Total 7 27 6,925 43,847 17,695 10,251 1.48 Source: District Agriculture Office
101. Despite the lack of funding from PDWRAM/MOWRAM, the absence of support from any development partner, and the absence of a FWUC in the system, some sections of the Canal 15 system have been gradually rehabilitated and improved by private sector groups.
102. All the farmer beneficiaries reside in highland areas in various villages, communes, and districts, and they only have temporary farm shelters during the dry cropping season. Currently, all the farmers (100%) engage in a first dry cropping (or recession crop) on the 7,500 ha of paddy rice fields from November to March, and about 20% of them do second crops (early wet season crop) on about 1,000-2,000 ha from April to July. The latter group have paddy fields that have access to available water sources and existing secondary and tertiary canals. The proposed rehabilitation/ improvement of Canal 15 wil enable all the farmer-beneficiaries to grow a second crop on the entire subproject command area of 7,500 ha.
B. Stakeholder Analysis
103. Table 11 summarizes the findings of the stakeholder analysis conducted by the TRTA Team based on the field visits and meetings with Takeo PDWRAM officers, the six commune councils, and selected farmers in June 2018. To ensure smooth, effective, and efficient project implementation, the full support and assistance of key stakeholders is necessary. These key stakeholders are MOWRAM, FWUC Department, PDWRAMs, Project Management Unit (PMU), and the FWUCs in the subproject area. Their functions are described below.
Table 11: Summary Stakeholder Analysis Findings
Stakeholder Group Interest Mandate Government MOWRAM • Executing and Implementing • Leads the management of the FWUC Department Agency water resources and meteorology PDWRAM in the country. • Supervises and monitors project implementation. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, • Provides guidance and support • Responsible for agriculture and Forestry (MAFF) to farmers in the subproject development, product safety, use Provincial Department of area on agriculture production of chemicals in agriculture, Agriculture (PDA) and in developing the cropping fisheries policy and industry District Agriculture Office (DAO) calendar in line with the water development, fishing regulations, distribution plan. forestry policy, forestry development, and regulations. Ministry of Interior (MOI) • Supports irrigation and • Responsible for public District agriculture development within administration throughout Commune the districts, communes, and Cambodia’s 24 provinces and Village villages within the subproject 186 districts and governs the command area. national police and administration • Provides support in community of law enforcement.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 35
Stakeholder Group Interest Mandate mobilization for meetings and • Delivers community-level on conflict resolution to ensure infrastructure and public services law enforcement. within their respective jurisdictions. Beneficiaries and Project Affected Persons (APs) or Groups Farmers • Main project beneficiary • Represents their own interest to • Interested to increase the improve their condition. productivity of their land through irrigation and improvements in water management and crop production. Water user groups (WUGs) • Functional and efficient • Legal autonomous entity serving have not yet been established irrigation system that will the common interest of people as FWUCs. benefit its farmer-members. through the use of an irrigation • Represents the interest and system in an effective and welfare of its members. sustainable manner aimed at • Maximum benefit for their farms enhancing economic and social that use water from the development and poverty irrigation scheme and better reduction. (Art. 7, FWUC Sub- service delivery from PDWRAM decree) with the improved irrigation • To operate as a business scheme. enterprise for profit. Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and NGOs CAVAC • Service provider to FWUCs in • Provides long-term service to need of organizational, financial FWUCs on training and capacity management, and operation building. and maintenance assistance. Microfinance Institutions (MFI) ACLEDA, PRASAC, AMET, • Private banks and microfinance • Provides loans to group Vision Fund, AMK, CREDIT, institutions. members. KHL, SHILANITIH, TPC, Hatha Kaksikor Private Sector Construction companies • Performs contractual work on • Contractual arrangements for construction of irrigation construction services for irrigation scheme infrastructure. scheme improvement. Equipment companies • Provides equipment for project • Provides equipment through sale construction either on sale or or rental. rental basis. International Development Partners ADB • Supports irrigation and • Development assistance agriculture improvement through loans and grants. FAO • Supports agriculture projects • Development assistance through the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF)
1. MOWRAM
104. Created in 1999 based on Proclamation NS/RKM/0699108 dated 23 June 1999, MOWRAM is mandated to lead the management of the country’s water resources and meteorology. Its main objectives are the following8:
8 MOWRAM’s website at www.cambodiameteo.com
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 36 • To carry out scientific research on the potential of underground and surface water resources to establish scientific knowledge; • To set directions and roadmap on short, medium, and long-term plans with respect to water consumption in order to fulfil the needs of the country’s development and preserve those of the urban and rural populations; • To control and monitor all activities related to water consumption to mitigate the risks; • To prepare and draft laws and regulations linked to the use of water and control procedures; • To gather documents and build technical data on climate, hydrology, and water use within the country and abroad and find scientific return of investment for scientific research; • To raise awareness of industries, NGOs, civilian communities, and the population about the development and exploitation of water resources and provide technical advice; and • To collaborate in the management of the Mekong Basin considering both the management of water resources and meteorology.
105. MOWRAM is responsible for monitoring and managing all activities related to water resources and meteorology. It is headed by a Minister and assisted by seven Secretaries of State and seven Under Secretaries of State. There are 12 Departments at the central level and 24 Provincial Departments and District Water Resources Offices. MOWRAM has 1,258 personnel, of whom 633 are based at the central level and 625 (54 females + 571 males) are based in Phnom Penh municipality and the 24 provinces.
2. PDWRAM
106. There are 25 PDWRAMs with 625 personnel including 54 females. The duties and responsibilities of the PDWRAMs are the following9:
• Planning and organizing development programs of the Ministry at the subnational level; • Operating and maintaining major irrigation works; • Managing FWUCs and other farmer mechanisms responsible for supporting the operation and maintenance (O&M) of irrigation schemes; • Managing the collection of irrigation service contribution (ISC) by FWUCs and controlling expenditures from ISF responsible focal points/persons; • Overseeing construction works of irrigation and flood protection at provincial level; and • Conducting small procurements and disbursements related to construction projects.
107. Every PDWRAM is headed by a Director supported by two or three Deputy Directors. In general, each PDWRAM has five offices: (i) Office of Administration and Staffing; (ii) Office of Water Resource Management and Conservation; (iii) Office of Irrigated Agriculture; (iv) Office of Water Supply and Sanitation; and (v) Office of Hydrology and Meteorology (Fig. 23). In total, there are 625 number of PDWRAM staff, of whom women comprise 9%. The Takeo PDWRAM has 73 staff and only five females (6.84%), which is lower than the average (Table 12).
9 MOWRAM’s website at www.cambodiameteo.com; Report on Institutional Arrangements for the Management of Water Resources in Cambodia, WRMSDP, Feb 2015.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 37 Figure 23: Takeo PDWRAM Organization Chart
Source: Takeo PDWRAM
Table 12: PDWRAM staff in the provinces involved in the project implementation
Number of Staff Province Female Male Total Cambodia (24 provinces) 54 (9%) 571 625 • Takeo Province 5 (6.84%) 68 73 Source: http://mowram.gov.kh/index.php/en/ministry/statistics-of-civil-servants
3. PMU
108. The PMU was established by virtue of Ministerial Letter No. 034 DM-WRM dated 8 January 2014. It is headed by a Project Director, who is an Under Secretary of State, and a Project Manager who is the Director of the FWUC Department. It is composed of 13 designated personnel responsible for overall project implementation, planning, organization, monitoring, and coordination of various project activities. It coordinates with relevant departments of MOWRAM and with other government ministries at the central, provincial, district, and commune levels, and with relevant CSOs and NGOs. It also coordinates closely with the Project Management and Implementation Consultant (PMIC).
109. The PMU is based at the FWUC Department in MOWRAM. Its overall function is to oversee the implementation of the project and supervise the implementation of the construction packages based on the project schedule. The composition of the PMU is as follows:
• H.E. Chann Sinath, Under Secretary of State, MOWRAM, and Project Director; • Mr. Huy Vantha, Director of FWUC Department and Project Manager; • Mr. Mao Hak, Deputy Director General for Technical Affairs and Hydrology and River Officer; • Mr. Um Rina, Director of Department of Meteorology and Meteorology Officer; • Mr. Keo Sovathapheap, Deputy Director of DFWUC and Technical Officer; • Mr. Tan Naren, Chief, Office of FWUC Management and FWUC Officer;
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 38 • Ms. Bun Sida, Vice Chief, Office of Training and Research of DFWUC and PMU Administration and Finance Officer; • Ms. Laing Sokim, Vice Chief, Office of Training and Research of DFWUC and PMU Procurement Officer; • Mr. Im Soursdey, Vice Chief, Office of FWUC Management and Assistant to Technical Officer; • Mr. Sok Boren, Staff of DFWUC and Assistant to Procurement Officer; • Mr. Kim Vann, Staff of DFWUC and Assistant to Financial Officer; • Mr. Phan Sophy, Chief, Office of Instrument Management and Assistant to Meteorology Officer; and • Mr. Sren Sotha, Staff of Department of Hydrology and River Works and Assistant to Hydrology Officer.
110. The FWUC Department was created. based on Sub-Decree 73 on the Establishment of FWUCs, on 30 June 2008. On 12 March 2015, the Sub-Decree on the Procedures for the Establishment, Dissolution, Roles and Duties of FWUC was signed by the Prime Minister. Article 5 of the FWUC Sub-decree gave MOWRAM the full responsibility for the overall management of FWUCs and vested it with the following roles and responsibilities:
• Administer the FWUCs and all irrigation schemes; • Endorse the application for the registration of FWUCs; • Refuse to establish or dissolve the FWUCs; • Provide guidance of the FWUC Statute and its internal regulations; • Facilitate with concerned institutional stakeholders on the implementation and development of FWUC management; • Coordinate and facilitate the election of FWUC committees; and • Settle disputes within the FWUC context.
111. Under the Law on Water Resources Management of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2007, MOWRAM is responsible for:
• Water resources planning, development, and regulation of use; and • Establishing FWUCs to facilitate the sustainability of schemes, share the cost of irrigation system management and O&M with government, and ensure efficient and sustainable utilization and management of irrigation.
112. The same law bestowed on farmers using water from an irrigation system, or part of a system, the right to establish a FWUC:
• The statute of a FWUC shall be registered with PDWRAM; and • After registration, the FWUC shall be officially recognized and be in charge of its statute.
113. Irrigation systems, or part of a system (e.g., reservoir, headworks) not under the management of a registered FWUC, remain under the responsibility of MOWRAM.
114. MOWRAM, PDWRAM, and FWUCs must therefore work in a unified manner under the law to achieve the desired results.
115. Based on Article 5 of the FWUC Sub-decree, MOWRAM and PDWRAM must field qualified staffmembers to provide technical support in the establishment and strengthening of FWUCs. To enable the FWUCs to be actively involved in the project implementation process and to have ownership and accountability for the irrigation system, a certain number of skilled and qualified staff members are needed, especially community development workers. In order to sustain FWUC operations, more specific capacity building should be considered to provide the FWUC members with the basic skills via refresher training sessions/workshops, relevant field practices, and so on, in the future.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 39 116. Interviews with DFWUC and with the Takeo PDWRAM revealed that they have a limited number of personnel to implement activities within the project areas, particularly at the scheme level. The DFWUC has some 33 staff members at the central level, while there is neither specific staff nor offices at the provincial down to the district levels. However, the PDWRAM has assigned and appointed existing staff to share the additional responsibility of FWUC management under a temporary arrangement with the Office of Irrigated Agriculture. Hence, TNA should be considered more in terms of capacity development of staff and other stakeholders at national and subnational levels. Table 13 below shows the number of DFWUC staff and gender percentage.
Table 13: A number of FWUC Department at the central level MOWRAM Number of Staff Female Male Total Total at central level 54 (9%) 571 625 • FWUC Department 5 (13.15%) 28 33 Source: MOWRAM
4. FWUC
117. By June 29, 2007, the Law on the Management of Water Resources in Cambodia was issued. Sub-decree No. 31 on the Procedures for the Establishment, Dissolution, Roles, and Duties of the FWUC was issued on 12 March 2015. It defines the FWUC as a legal autonomous entity aimed at using the irrigation system for its agriculture production, as well as for its sustainable use, maintenance, and development. MOWRAM was assigned the overall management of FWUCs.
118. Article 5 of FWUC Sub-decree No. 31 specifies the tasks of MOWRAM in overall FWUC management (see para. 111), while Article 7 lists the following criteria for FWUC establishment:
• Farmers using water within the same irrigation scheme, or part thereof, will compose the FWUC members. • They must comply with the technical standards of MOWRAM. • They must participate in the election of those who use the irrigation system under the FWUC’s competence, with support of two thirds (2/3) of the voters. • FWUC operation must be based on concerned laws, regulations, and legal documents.
119. Article 16 provides the FWUC organizational structure, as shown in Figure 24 below. The FWUC shall be led by a FWUC Committee (FWUCC) to be elected by the vote of the FWUC members. The FWUCC shall be divided into two levels: Management Committee Members and Farmer Water User Groups (FWUGs.) In general, the FWUCC shall have the following composition:
• Chairperson (1): overall leadership and accountability; • 1st Vice-Chairperson (1): responsible for O&M; • 2nd Vice-Chairperson (1): responsible for water sharing; • Accountant (1): responsible for all financial matters; • Chairpersons of the FWUGs.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 40 Figure 24: FWUC Organization Structure
Source: PDWRAM Takeo
120. For a large irrigation system, the chairperson of the FWUC may submit a request to MOWRAM for a co-chairpersonship to suit the local situation. The FWUG and FWUG shall have the following composition: Chairperson (1) and Assistants (as needed). Article 16 of the FWUC Sub- decree also states that the Chairperson of the FWUG and farmer water user subgroup (FWUSG) shall be elected by their respective members.
121. The FWUC Sub-decree recommends the establishment of only one FWUC per scheme, with the organizational and management structure of the FWUC in three levels as shown below.
• 1st Level: Management Team (4 persons, male and female); o Chief-FWUC (1); o 1st Deputy Chief, FWUC (1); o 2nd Deputy Chief, FWUC (1); o Cashier (1); • 2nd Level: FWUG (the number of FWUG members depends on the number of secondary canals [SCs], number of members per SC); and • 3rd Level: FWUSG (the number of FWUSGs depends on the number of tertiary canals [TCs] and the number of members per TC).
122. At present, there at no organized FWUCs in Canal 15 and Canal 87, but the Samput pumping system is under the management of a separate FWUC. It is proposed that a FWUC be newly established to manage an improved canal system covering 7,500 ha of the total command area, which will benefit 6,925 farmer families and a total of 43,847 beneficiaries including 17,695 females.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 41 C. Institutional Risk Assessment
123. The institutional risk assessment and mitigation measures for project implementation are summarized in Table 14.
Table 14: Institutional Risks and Mitigation Measures during Project Implementation Particulars Risks Mitigation Measures Institutions MOWRAM/ • MOWRAM/PDWRAM have limited number of • Recruit additional personnel with the right PDWRAM personnel to implement the project. qualification and experience for DFWUC at • DFWUC has personnel at the central level but the central, provincial, and district levels. no office and personnel at the province and • Propose to create a new FWUC Office district levels. under PDWRAM and assign existing staff with FWUC experience. • Existing personnel at DFWUC have limited • Provide necessary capacity building to capacity to fully implement FWUC existing DFWUC personnel and for establishment and strengthening. additional personnel to be recruited later. • The process of organizing a FWUC is • Develop the FWUC Organizing Framework explained in Prakas 306 issued in July 2000, for the project, identifying the activities to Chapter 5: 10 steps for Creation of FWUCs, be implemented within the project cycle. and Circular 151. However, it does not clearly state how this will be done. An organizing framework and process, from establishment to strengthening, should explain how the FWUC will be able to efficiently manage the O&M of the irrigation system and with accountability. FWUC • FWUC will remain as “paper organizations” that • Provide a well-defined FWUC Organizing are weak, inefficient, and inactive. Farmers are Framework within MOWRAM/PDWRAM. not interested to join the FWUC because they • Provide training to FWUC personnel. do not see the immediate benefits of the • Previously trained FWUC personnel can be project. designated as FWUC organizers. • Farmers’ farmlands have not been previously • Extend technical advice and guidance to irrigated and will need a build-up period before farmers on the appropriate agriculture they become productive by following the production techniques. recommended advice on improved agriculture • Synchronize the cropping calendar with the production, cropping calendar, and water water distribution schedule to be be agreed distribution plan. upon withing the FWUC and disseminate it to all farmer-water users within the Irrigation scheme. Other agencies • Lack of coordination between PDWRAM and • Synchronize the planning of the water PAO to develop synchronized water distribution distribution and crop production plan with and cropping calendars that will be planned the involvement of MOWRAM/PDWRAM together with the FWUCs, the PDWRAM, and and FWUC. The plan should be reviewed the Provincial Department of Agriculture, at the end of the year and updated, then Forestry, and Fishery (PDAFF). disseminated to all farmers and farmer water groups and sub-groups at the tertiary and secondary levels of the command area (Refer to Strategy for Agriculture and Water, 2010-2013, Output B on Institutional Capacity Building and Human Resource Development and the Implementing Pillars of the Strategy on Food Security, Water Resource Management and Agricultural Land Management and Agriculture Business and Marketing.) Irrigation • Some SCs are still not rehabilitated. • The subproject will rehabilitate and Infrastructure • Many TCs have been decommissioned by the improve the remaining the SCs and TCs farmers. until the tertiary gates. The FWUC will • FWUCs are unable to mobilize resources for manage and operate the SCs and TCs in
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 42
Particulars Risks Mitigation Measures the development of tertiary and quaternary an efficient and effective manner. canals. • The FWUC will mobilize resources and continue the construction until the farmers’ farm. Private • Some farmers will continue to sell their lands • MOWRAM, in close collaboration with Landlords because of the difficulty in supporting their involved ministries, especially with MOI families when they have debts with MFIs and a and MEF, will review the impact of loans family member becomes seriously ill. and propose a regulation/policy to protect small farmers and ensure that these private landlords will not charge high interest rates on loans to the small farmers. Source: TRTA Consultant
D. Training Needs Assessment for MOWRAM/PDWRAM, PMU, and FWUC
124. Based on the TNA conducted in the Water Resources Management Sector Development Project (WRMSDP), it is proposed that training for MOWRAM and PDWRAM include all personnel at the central and provincial levels. This means that the existing staff who will be involved in this Canal 15 subproject will be also trained. It is suggested that the training modules in Table 15 be developed and conducted during project implementation.
Table 15: Training Plan Proposed for Canal 15 No. Training Module Participants A. For MOWRAM, PDWRAM, and other Institutions 1 Project orientation and presentation PMU (13) of project plan 1 PDWRAM in Takeo (2) 3 District WRAMs (6) MAFF/PDA, MOWA/PDWA and Local Government at District, Communes and Villages = 36 participants 2 FWUC formation and strengthening PMU (13) PDWRAM in Takeo (2) 3 District WRAMs (6) = 21 participants 3 Gender Awareness and Action Plan PMU (13) PDWRAM in Takeo (2) 3 District WRAMs (6) = 21 participants 4 Financial Management, Accounting MOWRAM System, and Procurement - PMU Finance (2) Procedures - Finance Department (3) - PDWRAM (4) = 9 participants 5 Environmental Awareness PMU (13) PDWRAM in Takeo (2) 3 District WRAMs (6) = 21 participants 6 Management and Supervision MOWRAM (2) PMU (2) PDWRAM (2) 3 District WRAMs (6) = 12 participants 7 On-farm Water Management PMU (13) PDWRAM (2) 3 District WRAMs (6) = 21 participants 8 O&M PMU (2) IAD (2) 1 PDWRAM (2) 3 District WRAMs (6) = 12 participants
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No. Training Module Participants 9 Field monitoring visit PMU (2) IAD (2) 1 PDWRAM (2) 3 District WRAMs (6) = 12 participants 10 Office stationery/equipment, phone, Involved PMU and PDWRAM Offices computer & printer, digital camera 11 Motorbike for field work to support 2 units for PDWRAM FWUC 3 units for 3 District WRAMs B. For FWUC in Canal 15 Irrigation Scheme 12 Project Orientation and Information 1 Irrigation Schemes: KP in Takeo Campaign 3 Districts; 7 Communes; 45 Villages; 6,927 Families; 43,847 Beneficiaries (Source: District Offices of Agriculture 2018) 13 Legal Documents 1 FWUC = 20 participants 14 FWUC General Management & 1 FWUC = 20 participants Admin 15 O&M 1 FWUC = 20 participants 16 Water Management 1 FWUC = 20 participants 17 Irrigation Service Fee 1 FWUC = 20 participants 18 Financial Management 1 FWUC = 20 participants 19 FWUC Election (Procedures, 1 FWUC = 20 participants Preparations, Requirements) 20 Gender and Environment 1 FWUC = 20 participants 21 Gender and Environment (Climate 100 farmers/village x 27 vill. = 43,847 farmers Change) Campaign and Awareness Raising in the 27 villages 22 Construction Management (Work 1 FWUC = 20 participants Arrangements) 23 O&M managed by FWUC FWUC Committee 24 Computer and printer FWUC Committee 25 Construction of office building for a FWUC Committee new FWUC Source: TRTA Consultant
125. Two options are suggested for the conduct of all the above proposed training courses, namely:
• If PMU has enough capacity and qualified human resources, then PMU will be able to manage and implement all the training courses among MOWARM involved departments in collaboration with other stakeholders; and • If PMU has limited capacity and qualified human resources, it is recommended that PMU could contract the services of training providers, such as experienced and qualified NGOs.
126. Conclusion. The field study visits and various meetings of the TRTA consultants with four FWUC members in the six communes and with PDWRAM officers revealed that the above institutions have limited capacity to take over scheme management and operation in a number of completed structures, and many incomplete structures have not been yet rehabilitated. There is no organized FWUC in the irrigation system. Thus, the Canal 15 irrigation scheme has been managed and operated by private groups, which charge the farmers a very high irrigation service fee (ISF) of US$50/crop. The private groups collaborate with the local authorities and are provided with technical support by PDWRAM staff. However, PDWRAM personnel, including those at the district level, lack personnel, budget, and means of transportation.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 44 127. Recommendations. The following practical interventions and mitigation measures are made to address the above conclusions:
• Personnel with the right qualifications and experience should be recruited and assigned to the PDWRAM at the provincial and district levels and provided with an increased budget, office stationery and supplies, as well as means of transportation, for them to able to make field visits and provide technical support to FWUC committee members at the scheme level. • Additional personnel should be recruited for the PDWRAM and provided with the necessary capacity building. • A common FWUC must be established for the Canal 15 subproject area at the time Canal 15 rehabilitation commences so that the FWUC will be able to manage and operate the entire scheme after the completion of civil works improvement. • The proposed Canal 15 FWUCC should comply with, and follow the provisions of, Sub- decree No. 31 with respect to the FWUC organizational and management structure. • The FWUCC committee should call all farmer water users to an important review meeting to discuss and reach a common agreement on the appropriate ISF charge that will ensure the sustainable operations of Canal 15. • The FWUCC must organize regular meetings of its members to review the water schedule and distribution plan to avoid conflicts among FWUC members. • PDWRAM staff should regularly meet and discuss with the newly created FWUCC to provide technical support to the new FWUC members and discuss how they can effectively manage and operate the scheme. • Farmers should be given advice and guidance on appropriate agriculture production techniques, through Farmer Field School (FFS) training including cropping calendar and climate change, and on-farm water management should be synchronized with the water distribution schedule and should be agreed within the FWUC and disseminated to all farmer water users within the irrigation scheme. • As gender mainstreaming is a core ADB concept, DFWUC Department, in close collaboration with the MOWRAM Gender Working Group, should organize a gender orientation session for all PDWRAM staff and FWUC officers to encourage more women to participate as FWUCC members in future FWUC establishment for Canal 15.
E. On-farm Water Management (OFWM)
128. OFWM refers to the management of water within a tertiary command with the objective of enhancing irrigation efficiency. Depending on the existing landscape, a tertiary canal in the Canal 15 system command area is divided into two categories: (i) OFWM in the floodplain area of about 6,500 ha around Canal 15 and Canal 87; and (ii) OFWM in the highland area of about 1,000 ha of the Samput pumping station.
129. OFWM in the floodplain area. Water management at the farm level in the lowland area considers not only the management of water for irrigation, but also how to drain water out of the field to avoid crop water lodging. On the other hand, crop scheduling is one of the key issues affected by OFWM in the lowland area. During the early wet season crop, farmers have to start cropping in the second half of April so that they will be able to harvest before the arrival of the flood. To irrigate their field, they use their individual pumps and they buy irrigation services from PWS. Farmers whose fields are located close to the canal use their own pumps to lift water from the canal and irrigate the paddy, while most of the farmers located far from the water sources have to buy water from PWS. However, most farmers who use PWS services still need to use their own pumps to lift water from the PWS’ canal into their field. Figure 25 shows an example of the current practice.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 45 Figure 25: Irrigation Practices of Farmers in the Canal 15 Subproject
Source: Google Earth
130. However, during the flood recession period, individual farmers pump water out of their paddy field to drain into the existing drainage line, as can be seen in Figure 26. This practice is applied not only within the target command area of Canal 15, but also in other parts of the floodplain area of the Mekong Delta in Cambodia. Farmers are familiar with the current OFWM practices. No new OFWM facility is proposed for the lowland command area of the Canal 15 Subproject.
Figure 26: Pumping Water out of the Field to Start Cropping
Source: TRTA Consultant
131. OFWM in the highland area of Samput pumping system. Upgrading of the Samput system distribution networks will extend from the main canal down to the tertiary canals. This means that the OFWM facility for this part of the subproject command area will be covered by the investment in civil works, as shown in Chapter II of this report.
132. As the proposed Canal 15 Subproject aims to modernize the system to provide water during the dry season, making it possible to grow two additional crops, the following broad options are
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 46 proposed for improving OFWM with a focus on dry season irrigation in Samput pumping system:
• Capacity building for farmers and water managers (FWUC); and • Improving system operation at the TCs commanding 100 ha or less in order to increase irrigation efficiency and, thus, water productivity. This objective is to be achieved by also adopting equitable distribution of irrigation water among farmers within the tertiary command.
133. Capacity building on OFWM for water users and FWUCCs. It has been well recognized that the management of irrigation at the farm level is a complex socio-technical phenomenon. It involves collective action by water users and includes multiple activities like routine maintenance of irrigation facilities, organizing local communities, and getting agreement on irrigation scheduling and water delivery. Varying demand and supply of water over time and space has further increased the complexity of managing irrigation at the farm level. Despite recognizing the need for a socio- technical approach to irrigation management, regular interdisciplinary training for water users and FWUCCs will be organized.
134. Improving O&M of tertiary canals. The operation of a tertiary canal involves a complex process of actual delivery of water to the end-users, which is shaped by human, institutional, and ecological from space to space. This means that a single prescription for the O&M of a tertiary canal may not work in a different segment of the command area. Hence, the need for a site-specific O&M plan for each tertiary canal. Considering a site-specific plan and recognizing that O&M of tertiary canals is the responsibility of the FWUC and water users, the project will support the FWUC in the preparation and implementation of the O&M plan. The plan will be prepared to cover all cropping cycles of a complete calendar year. This activity will be implemented in two phases: pre- implementation and full implementation. During the preparatory phase, a series of meetings will be conducted with the different communities located at different hierarchies of the TCs to arrive at a FWUC-agreed O&M plan. The actual implementation of the O&M plan will be closely monitored to enable its further improvement in the succeeding year. The O&M program will be implemented at the block level, enclosed by a grid of SCs covering an average area of 100 ha.
135. In the Samput system area covering 1,000 ha, the OFWM will be roughly divided into 10 blocks of 100 ha. The existing FWUC structure may have to be revised to make sure there are leaders for each irrigation block.
136. High-efficiency irrigation method. In each tertiary canal supplying 10 blocks, the Samput pumping system of the Canal 15 Subproject will demonstrate high-efficiency irrigation methods in farmers’ fields. The demonstration will involve the following activities: (i) identification of suitable representative land plots with the tertiary command for demonstration; (ii) design and construction of required field channels; (iii) monitoring irrigation performance and water delivery; and (iv) informing the FWUC, farmers, PDWRAM officers, and related stakeholders about the efficiency achieved.
137. Conclusion. The Samput system of the Canal 15 Subproject is a well-developed command area, with a grid of existing canal system every 500 m, and in between are field channels dug by community people. The following OFWM measures are recommended for the Canal 15 Subproject: (i) capacity building of farmers and FWUCCs; (ii) improving O&M at the TCs including identification and development of additional essential infrastructure like field channels within the tertiary command; and (iii) demonstration of a high-efficiency irrigation method. The IAIP PMIC will be responsible for the capacity building on OFWM, while FWUC officers of DFWUC and PDWRAM will be mobilized to support the O&M of TCs and to demonstrate efficient irrigation methods.
F. Climate Proofing of Canal 15 Subproject
138. In Cambodia, climate change manifests itself in either more rain due to enhanced monsoon activity and intense storms or prolonged periods of less or no rainfall at all. The physical impacts of
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 47 these events are either floods that could destroy crops and facilities or droughts that cause premature drying out of crops, both resulting in productivity losses.
139. Current climate profile in Takeo and canal system temperature and rainfall. Canal 15 is located between Angkor Borey (10.9920oN, 104.9769oE) and Daun Kaev (10.9877oN, 104.7871oE). Historical seasonal temperatures from 1901–2015 in the project area, between these two locations at coordinates 10.99oN, 104.9oE, range from 26.06oC in December (coolest) and 29.06oC in April (warmest).10
140. Monthly rainfall data in the project area show a seasonal pattern, with the wet season occurring from April to November, while the short dry season of four months begins in December and ends in March. The flood season months generally occur from July to November. The average annual rainfall observed at Takeo for the period, 1982-2011, is estimated at 1,280 mm.
141. Climate disaster risks in Canal 15. The command area of Canal 15 is subject to annual flooding from the Lower Mekong River system in the wet season, with the extent and size of the flooded area differing from year to year. The annual depth of water and duration of inundation varies depending on the Bassac and Mekong Rivers flood levels. The Canal 15 Subproject area is in an area of high flood susceptibility.
142. The floods of 2000 and 2011 are, so far, the two highest annual flood-years observed for the period, 1997–2017, while 2015 was the lowest annual-flood year. These conditions are attributable to several factors. During the annual Mekong floods, cumulative rainfall in the upper catchments throughout the rainy season causes a slow but steady rise in water levels lasting for several days. The most severe floods occur when heavy rains coincide with the arrival of tropical depressions and storms, affecting southern provinces that include Takeo. Between 2015 and 2016, there was a strong El Niño11 period, with very dry/low rainfall conditions during the latter half of 2015 to the first half of 2016, leading to the lowest annual flood year in the lower Mekong delta.
143. A very strong El Niño occurred between 2015 and 2016 and resulted in severe droughts in Cambodia. According to the Cambodian National Committee for Disaster Management,12 an estimated 2.5 million people throughout the country were affected and left with no access to safe drinking water and water shortages for farming. As shown in Figure 27b below, Takeo belongs to those provinces prone to 4.76–5.00 drought-months13 in a year.
10 The Climatic Research Unit (CRU) of University of East Anglia (UEA) produced the data for the chart showing the mean historical monthly temperature and rainfall from 1901-2015 for Cambodia at coordinates 10.99 N 104.9 E. http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm?page=country_historical_climate&ThisRegion=Asia&ThisCCode=K HM 11 El Niño is the warm phase of the natural climate variability known as El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affecting large parts of the world. 12 http://www.actionaid.org/cambodia/2016/09/el-nino-drought-2015-2016, accessed on 10 August 2018. 13 The drought-month being referred to here is meteorological drought, where there is less rainfall received compared to the usual average values. Hydrological drought happens when there is low water supply, particularly in rivers, reservoirs, and groundwater levels, usually after many months of meteorological drought. Agricultural drought happens when crops become affected.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 48 Figure 27: Flood and Drought Hazard in Takeo Province (Baseline)
(a) Baseline flood hazard in Takeo Province (b) Baseline drought hazard in Takeo Province Source: Mekong River Commission, 2010
144. Projected climate change in Takeo. The baseline and projected climate presented in this report is reflective of the whole Takeo Province. Since the area is a floodplain, the representativeness of these data for the Canal system is valid. In Table 16, Takeo is expected to be: (i) significantly hotter and wetter in the wet season; (ii) significantly hotter and slightly drier in the dry season; and (iii) will have a slightly greater number of drought months.
Table 16: Projected Changes to Climate Variables in 2050 from Baseline in Takeo14
Climate Change Variables Baseline 2050 Change Average annual rainfall: 1,24615 mm 1,333 mm +7.0 % Total rainfall in wet season: 993 mm 1,089 mm +9.6 % Total rainfall in dry season (Nov-Apr) 253 mm 244 mm -3.9% Average annual number of drought months 4.9 months 5.0 months +0.1 months Average daily maximum temperature (annual) 31.25C 33.9C +2.65C Average maximum temperature in wet season 30.8C 33.8C +3.0C Average maximum temperature in dry season 31.7C 34.0C +2.4C Source: TRTA Consultant
145. The frequency, intensity, and peak flood height and increased occurrence and length of drought conditions are expected to increase in the subproject site. These could damage irrigation infrastructure, disrupt access to water, reduce agricultural productivity, and reduce the conveyance ability of Canal 15. Of particular concern is the projection that climate change will make the onset of the wet season more erratic and possibly also increase the length of ‘the little dry season” in July, which often follows the onset of the wet season in May-June. By 2050, it is projected that the average maximum temperature during the dry season will warm by 2.4oC (from 31.7oC to 34.0oC). The wet season average maximum temperature will have a larger increase of 3oC (from 30.8oC to 33.8oC). Dry season rainfall will decrease slightly from 253.50 mm to 244 mm (-3.9%), while the wet season will see an increase of 9.6% (from 993 mm to 1,089 mm). Overall, the average annual
14 This report used the projections developed by the International Centre for Environmental Management (ICEM) and the Climate Change Department of Cambodia’s Ministry of Environment, under the ADB-funded Technical Assistance project, ‘Mainstreaming Climate Resilience into Development Planning’ (TA 8179-CAM). The projections were based on 2012 climate change data downscaled to the region by the Mekong Adaptation and Resilience to Climate Change Project (http://icem.com.au/portfolio-items/mekong-arcc/) 15 In Chapter 3, the cited annual average rainfall for Takeo is 1,280 mm while in the ICEM dataset, it is 1,246 mm. The discrepancy could be due to the difference in actual locations where the rainfall was observed, nature of the dataset (observed or derived from models), and the period of the dataset, among others.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 49 rainfall will increase by 7% from 1,246 mm to 1,333 mm. The average annual number of drought months will increase slightly.
146. In general, the climate change data indicate that there would be an increase in the average annual rainfall in the project location. However, natural cycles of warm phase (dry conditions) of ENSO aggravated by increased warming, will continue to affect the global climate and will result in irregular and varying degrees of drought events at the local level. Together with increasing warming, extreme dry conditions are highly probable. The water level in the canal system may drop lower than the average minimum level, and irrigation demand may increase during the dry season.
147. Climate proofing. To minimize the likelihood of climate change undermining or negating the effectiveness and sustainability of the Canal 15 system, the Canal and its laterals will be climate- proofed, and relevant stakeholders will be trained and supported to adopt good practices and techniques that will minimize the impacts of climate change.
148. Excavating Canal 15, the lateral Canal 87 and Samput Intake Canal will mean a greater water holding capacity, an assurance of continued water conveyance capability of Canal 15 even during the dry season. As described in Chapter II of this report, the proposed excavation depth of Canal 15 is about 1.5 m; however, an additional depth of about 0.5 m is proposed to accommodate the climate change effect on the drop of water level. This means that about 30% of the excavation cost will be invested in climate proofing of the system. Aside from conveying water to lateral canals, it will also allow navigation and increased mobility of communities, in general, and farmers, in particular, to transport their products to the market and agricultural inputs from the market to the farms even in the low flow period. Dredging the canals will allow them to hold more water during the flooding season, ensuring water availability for the dry season cropping.
149. Climate change adaptation (CCA). It is difficult to completely rely on climate projections as the basis for CCA in Cambodia as meteorological and climatological data are inadequate. It is also important to strengthen the resilience of communities for them to cope with existing challenges to their livelihoods from short-term disaster risks and to adapt to long-term climate change risks. Identifying appropriate CCA options, which are ‘win–win’ in nature, will enhance capacities not only of Canal 15 communities but also in the whole of Cambodia. Climatic extremes will still occur, but they need not result in disasters – that is, loss of life and serious socioeconomic damages – if the right measures are in place.
150. In the past, the Government addressed the impacts of drought with a number of programs16 aiming to improve the irrigation system, rehabilitation of pumping stations and water pumps, water supply and sanitation, and the establishment of FWUCs. However, more recent information on losses and damages from floods or droughts still show a deficiency in adaptation actions as global temperature continues to increase and rainfall becomes more erratic. According to the National Committee for Disaster Management of Cambodia (NCDM), in 2011, one of the highest annual floods on record caused losses and damages in the agriculture sector alone of US$179.6 million or 29% of the total (22% damage, 88% loss).17 Droughts are given less attention, most probably because these are slow onset disasters. They do not cause the loss of lives immediately, but the impacts on livelihoods, particularly on agricultural production, are quite significant. There were 197 reported drought events in Cambodia between the years 1996 and 2013.18 Many provinces were affected, with Kampot (153), Takeo (124), and Seam Reap (102) coming out as the top three on the list. The prolonged drought from early 2015 to mid-2016 increased the level of food and water
16 MOWRAM. 2012. Climate Change Strategic Plan for Water and Meteorology (2013 -2017). 17 ADB. 2012. Flood Damage Emergency Reconstruction Project: Preliminary Damage and Loss Assessment. 18 UNDP, n.d. Cambodia disaster loss and damage: Understand the past, save the future. UNDP-Cambodia in cooperation with the Cambodia National Committee for Disaster Management, accessed at: https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/documents/files/Cambodia-Disaster- Loss-and-Damage-Analysis-Report_1996-2013_0.pdf
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 50 insecurity in Cambodia's affected areas. From official sources, about 2.5 million people and 18 out of 25 provinces were affected by the drought.19
151. Of particular interest to communities are the losses of income and higher levels of disease associated with drought. Droughts are damaging to agriculture, especially rice, and can result in a total loss of crops, livestock. and fisheries. Given the relatively high frequency of severe drought in the Lower Mekong Basin, its associated costs are, and will continue to be, greater than those of flooding.
152. To reduce the impacts of droughts on water availability, policies on water management and water conservation practices will be formulated and discussed by appropriate government agencies with communities, such as pre-season planning and consultation, use of reservoir rule curve in setting the dry season crop area, suspension of irrigation after heavy rainfall, alternate wetting and drying practices, and proper maintenance of paddy dikes and tertiary canals, among others.
153. Better seasonal climate forecasts and dissemination to farmers could also reduce the impacts of extreme events and variability. However, this can only be done if the number of observing stations is increased or the existing ones are strengthened in terms of equipment outlay and staff complement.
154. Farmers will be trained on growing low water demand and high-value crops and on the selection of appropriate rice varieties (e.g., flood-tolerant and drought-resistant varieties or short- stemmed rice varieties that can withstand being ‘knocked out’ by strong winds accompanying rain storms). Of particular interest is the use of a crop weather calendar, based on the seasonal forecast. This will be coupled by raising awareness on how climate and disaster risks affect their livelihoods and what could be done to reduce the risks and increase their resilience. This training can be done back-to-back with FFS training.
155. The financing of these climate-proofing and CCA activities, the estimated costs are provided in Chapter VI. Not all activities could be funded by the IAIP, but there could be some funding opportunities where some of the ensuing projects could be linked, e.g., the rehabilitation of hydrology and meteorology equipment and training of staff on the technical side, and training and awareness raising on the community side.
156. The proposed CCA plan for the Canal 15 Subproject is in Table 17.
Table 17: Proposed CCA Plan for the Canal 15 Subproject Adaptation Activity Target Climate Risk Adaptation Finance Justification 1. Excavation to remove siltation from In anticipation of More water holding capacity means Canal 15 to increase its hydraulic increased variability in assurance of continued water conveyance section. rainfall and flooding, capability of Canal 15 even during dry 2. Excavation to remove siltation from increased erosion and season to allow mobility of communities in Canal 87 to increase its hydraulic sedimentation. general and for farmers in particular, to section. transport their products to the market and purchased goods necessary for 3. Excavation to remove siltation from agricultural production. To assure water Samput Intake Canal to increase its availability for the dry season cropping, hydraulic section. and to hold more water during flooding season. 4. Installation/repair of To have a more solid, quantified basis for hydrometeorological (hydromet) improved forecasting and early warning of equipment and automatic weather changes in weather and climate, including stations (AWSs) flood or drought conditions. Training of MOWRAM staff
19 https://reliefweb.int/node/1818394
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Adaptation Activity Target Climate Risk Adaptation Finance Justification 5. Awareness raising on climate Increased warming To reduce the governance risk of change, gender and environment: and rainfall variability community leaders and increase the - Current and future climate, the in the subproject area communities’ capacity to adapt to climate difference, causes and effects; and impacts on the change, particularly the FWUC. - Effects on people (e.g., health), farming and FWUC’s livelihood, and resources livelihoods and well- Expenses include payment for a facilitator, (particularly water) and local being. transportation allowance, supplies (such solutions; as stationery, pen/pencils, pen markers, - Basic information on solid waste etc.), communications, printing, etc. management (link to climate
change, causes and effects, good practices);
- Discussion of safety measures
against disaster risks, including use of local knowledge; - Discussion and documentation of good practices in farming, solid waste management, and disaster/climate risk reduction. 6. Climate/FFS: To improve the adaptive capacity of - Changes in climate and effects on farmers. productivity - Crop/weather relationships and Expenses include payment for a facilitator, use for increased productivity transportation allowance, supplies (such - Climate and disaster information as stationery, pen/pencils, pen markers, needs and how/where to get them etc.) - Basic weather observations
- Recording observed changes in the field
SUBPROJECT COST ESTIMATES
157. This chapter presents the costs that will be incurred in the modernization of the Canal 15 SP, namely: (i) civil works; (ii) agricultural improvement activities; (iii) FWUC establishment and capacity building; and (iv) an O&M budget for the first year of SP operation. A contingency of 10% (i.e., 5% physical contingency and 5% price contingency) is applied to all cost components of the subproject investment. The overall investiment cost for modernizing the Canal 15 SP is estimated at US$8.66 million, out of which about US$1.08 million will cover climate-proofing measures.
Table 18: Summary of Subproject Estimated Investment Cost Cost of Climate No. Description Amount ($) Proofing 1. Civil works 7,224,250 1,032,075 2. Agriculture improvement activities 397,100 26,400 3. FWUC establishment and capacity building 769,890 18,810 4. O&M for first year of operation 270,000 - Total 8,661,240 1,077,285 Source: TRTA Consultant
A. Civil Works
158. The cost of civil works includes all construction costs for the SP irrigation and drainage infrastructure, such as excavation and backfill of Canal 15 and Canal 87 and the modernization of the Samput Pumping Station System comprising improvement of the intake canal, replacement of the pumping station, and upgrade of the irrigation and drainage network. The total estimated cost of the civil works is about US$7.22 million (Table 19).
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 52 Table 19: Detailed Cost Estimates of Civil Works for Canal 15 SP (in US$) Climate No. Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount Proofing Cost 1. Excavation to remove silt km 20 126,000 2,520,000 756,000 from Canal 15 and increase its hydraulic section. Excavated materials will be placed on both sides of the canal embankment. 2. Excavation to remove silt km 5.6 81,000 453,600 136,000 from Canal 87 to increase its hydraulic section. Excavated materials will be placed on both sides of the canal embankment. 3. Modernization of Samput Pumping System 3.1 Excavation to remove silt km 1.9 81,000 153,900 16,170 from Samput intake canal and increase its hydraulic section. Excavated materials will be placed on both sides of the canal embankment. 3.2 Replacement of Samput set 1 800,000 800,000 pumping houses and reinstallation of 3 electric pump sets with required associated facilities 3.3 Reconstruction of irrigation km 21.33 109,705 2,340,000 distribution network of 21.33 km (including MC, SCs, and TCs), and improvement of drainage networks and associated structures 4. Project management cost Lump 1 300,000 300,000 sum Subtotal 6,567,500 938,250 Contingency (10%) 656,750 93,825 Total Estimated Cost for Civil Works 7,224,250 1,032,075 Source: TRTA Consultant
B. Agriculture Improvement Activities
159. A set of minimum recommendations for the floodprone areas in Takeo was formulated to maximize the cropping period after flood recession and improve yields of the flood recession paddy crop. The results of village surveys and a study of soil and hydrological conditions during the recession period provide both agronomic and engineering solutions, which can be implemented by individual farmers to address and resolve issues/problems they encounter in the field. The package of agriculture inputs consists of recommendations to correct existing agronomic limitations and improve drainage and localized structures to keep water longer for the second dry season rice crop. Major issues that need to be addressed include: (i) poor quality and excessive use of seeds; (ii) poor management of water in the paddies during seed sowing, fertilizer application, and harvesting; and (iii) inappropriate combination and timing of application of fertilizers to meet the nutritional
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 53 requirements of the first and second dry season crops in specific locations in Canal 15. The proposed agricultural input package will be demonstrated, with farmers planning and conducting the demonstration themselves, through the farmer field school (FFS) approach. Methods to improve on- farm drainage and extend the supply of receding floodwaters within the command area (such as construction of high levees and small on-farm reservoirs in anticipation of abnormal rainfall due to climate change) will be included in the demonstration.
160. The proposed budget will support the conduct of FFSs for 970 farmer groups together with the installation of 970 demonstration plots. In addition, there will be 102 field demonstrations on vegetable production in selected communes and villages. The FFSs and demonstrations will be contracted out to an NGO, which has been trained and organized to provide FFS facilitators who will guide farmer groups (including women) in season-long activities through the “learning-by-doing” approach. The private contractor will provide all the necessary materials needed for undertaking the guided exercises, such as the portable soil test kit, leaf color chart, meter sticks and other simple measuring devices or tools, supplies for data keeping and marking and keeping collected specimen samples, and pesticide use safety materials, among others. The contractor will also provide materials for demonstration such as seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides, among others. Table 20 presents the estimated cost of the proposed agriculture activities.
Table 20: Estimated Cost of Proposed Agriculture Activities (US$) Number of No. Description Unit Cost Amount Climate Proofing Sites/Lessons 1. Rice agro-input package 200 600 120,000 demonstration 2. Farmer field schools using IPM 200 400 80,000 method 3. Seed production training for 10 community seed producers in 4 10,000 40,000 Angkor Borey and Treang 4. Professional services (NGO facilitator and technical support 50 1,940 97,000 of national agronomist) 5. Training provided to farmers on crop planning in the context of climate change and climate 60 400 24,000 24,000 change effects on crop productivity Subtotal 36,100 24,000 Contingency (10%) 3,610 2,400 Total 397,100 26,400 Source: TRTA Consultant
C. FWUC Establishment and Capacity Building
161. Technical and financial support will be provided to the FWUC that will manage the operation of Canal 15 to ensure that system O&M is conducted in an effective and a sustainable manner. The estimated budget summary is shown in Table 21. The cost of FWUC establishment and capacity building for O&M is estimated at about US$769,890.
Table 21: Summary Table of Estimated Budget (US$) for Canal 15 for 5 Years Unit Cost No. of Amount Climate No. Item (US$) Yrs/Units (US$) Proofing (US$) For MOWRAM, PDWRAM, and other A. 126,500 Institutions Project orientation and presentation of 2,500 2 5,000 1. Project plan
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 54
Unit Cost No. of Amount Climate No. Item (US$) Yrs/Units (US$) Proofing (US$) 2. FWUC formation and strengthening 20,000 1 20,000 3. Gender Awareness and Action plan 2,500 2 5,000 Financial Management & Accounting 2,000 2 4,000 4. System and Procurement Procedures 5. Environmental Awareness 2,500 3 7,500 Construction Management and 2,000 5 10,000 6. Supervision On-farm Water Management in a climate 2,000 7 14,000 4,000 7. change context 8. O&M 2,500 5 12,500 9. Field monitoring visit 4,000 5 20,000 Office stationery/equipment, phone, 20,000 1 20,000 10. computer & printer, digital camera Motorbike for field work to support 2,500 5 12,500 11. FWUC B. For FWUC 284,700 Project Orientation and Information 300 27 8,100 12. Campaign (27 villages) 13. Legal Documents 2,500 2 5,000 14. FWUC Management and Admin 2,500 2 5,000 15. O&M 2,500 2 5,000 Water Management in a climate change 2,500 4 10,000 5,000 16. context 17. Irrigation Service Fee 2,500 2 5,000 FWUC Election (Procedures, 2,500 2 5,000 18. Preparations, Requirements) 19. Gender and Environment 3,500 2 7,000 Gender and Environmental (Climate 300 27 8,100 8,100 20. Change) Campaigns in 27 target villages 21. Management (work arrangements) 2,500 2 5,000 22. O&M managed by FWUC 40,000 5 200,000 23. Computer and printer 1,500 1 1,500 24. Construction of office building for FWUC 20,000 1 20,000 Subtotal, A+B 699,900 17,100 C. Contingency 69,990 1,710 Total (A+B+C) 769,890 18,810 Source: TRTA Consultant
D. O&M Cost for First Year of Operation
162. The O&M cost for the subproject is estimated based on two separate budgets. The first pertains to the O&M estimate for Canal 15 and Canal 87, which are located in the lowland area covering 6,500 ha; the second refers to the Samput Pumping System which is located in the highland area and covering 1,000 ha. The maintenance cost for the lowland area is estimated at US$15/ha/yr. In this area, irrigation is done by either individual farmers or through private water sellers (PWSs). The O&M cost for the pumping station is higher when the farmers receive full irrigation service from the PWS, which can cost more than US$100/ha/yr. Based on the experience of other pumping systems in Takeo Province, the O&M cost for the Samput Pumping Station System is estimated at US$80/ha/crop. This cost is based on water delivered by gravity flow directly
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 55 to the farmers’ fields. In other words, farmers do not need to use a second pumping lift to irrigate their paddies.
163. The annual cost of O&M for the Canal 15 SP is estimated at US$270,000 per year. The project will support the O&M cost only in the first year of system operation after the completion of construction of irrigation and drainage infrastructure facilities.
E. Estimated Cost of Climate Proofing
164. The ADB Guidance Note on climate finance20 states that while mitigation finance is reported based solely on the type of approved mitigation activities, adaptation finance is more context and location specific. ADB further states that adaptation finance should be justified by the documented presence of climate risks that the activity seeks to manage and that these intentions are clearly articulated through activities that will manage the risks, or that the linkages between the identified risks and the proposed measures are well established. The costs related to climate proofing interventions have been integrated in the subproject cost tables.
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
A. Cambodian Rice Production
165. Rice production in Cambodia has remarkably increased since 2000. Rice paddy area increased by 62% from 1.9 million ha in 2000 to 3.1 million ha in 2014. Rice paddy yields increased by 42% during the same period, from an average of 2.12 t/ha to 3.01 t/ha. The increase in yields is largely attributed to improvements in access to fertilizers and other agricultural inputs. Dry season crops contributed significantly to the annual average yield since paddy yields during the season are much higher than those realized in the wet season, mainly due to the use of higher-yielding seeds and better water management. The proportion of paddy area under irrigation increased from 15% in 2006 to 25% in 2010. As a result, total paddy production rose by 131% from 4.0 million t to 9.3 million t during the same period. Rice exports, therefore, skyrocketed from 6,000 t to 361,000 t. The quality of rice has also improved through the introduction of improved rice seeds.
166. These accomplishments do not imply that no further investment is required for rice production. Cambodia has attained self-sufficiency in rice since the 1990s. Consumption of milled rice reached 160 kg/person/yr in 2009. It is now time to invest in production and export of rice for foreign currency and income generation.
167. Cambodia has great potential for rice production and export as it has sufficient land and water resources. Investment in irrigation infrastructure can further increase cropping intensity and crop yields. Cambodia also has favorable climate conditions for rice production. More than two crops are possible in most farm areas as long as water is available and adequately distributed with certainty and in a timely manner. Rice yield per ha can, thus, be increased to more than three times the present level.
168. Investment in rice production is also in accordance with the Cambodian Government’s policy. The Rectangular Strategy in the National Strategic Development Plan stresses the promotion of agriculture as one of four pillars of political commitment for socioeconomic development. Major components of the Promotion of Agriculture include improved productivity (or yield) and diversification and commercialization of agriculture.
169. Cambodian rice farming also faces a couple of challenges that need to be addressed and resolved. First, farming is experiencing labor shortages due to the limited number of persons seeking employment in farming or agriculture in general, coupled with out-migration of rural youth to urban areas and foreign countries to find work opportunities. Presently, most land preparation and
20 ADB. 2016. 1612 - Guidance Note on Counting Climate Finance in Urban and Water. Manila, Philippines.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 56 harvesting activities in rice farming are mechanized, except for seeding, which is mostly done manually. Transplanting by machine is limited due to the uneven topography and small, irregular shape of land plots. Land consolidation is urgent for more accelerated mechanization of rice farming.
170. The second challenge is the low competitiveness of Cambodia in the international market. Cambodia continues to lose out in rice auctions in international markets to neighboring Viet Nam and Thailand due to the high production cost resulting from high transportation and electricity costs. Low competitiveness is also attributed to the lack of facilities for drying, milling, storage, and transportation of rice. Except for paddy that is retained for self-consumption, about 100% of paddy produced in the project site is sold as fresh wet paddy to traders from Viet Nam due to the lack of facilities. Investment in these facilities is required to improve the competitiveness of Cambodian rice in the international market. Cambodia has also some advantage in rice export. It has duty free access to the European market under the Everything But Arms (EBA) Agreement.
171. No tax is imposed on farmland ownership and on trading of rice and agricultural inputs such as fertilizer, seed, livestock medicine, feed, live animals, tractors, hand tractors, and parts. No tax is imposed on import and export of agricultural produce.
172. The project area is characterized as a rice monoculture area. Farmlands under temporary crop (mostly rice) account for 98.5%, with an average farm size of 0.91 ha. No wet season farming is possible in the project area as the total area is inundated from August to December. Flood starts to recede in December and farmers begin land preparation for paddy seed planting consisting of the flood receding rice variety. A second wet season crop is limited as it is difficult to predict the harvest date due to the uncertainty of inundation. At present, only about 10% of the command area is cultivated for a second wet season crop.
B. Economic and Financial Analysis
173. Both economic and financial analyses were carried out for the subproject. The economic analysis assessed the net effect of the subproject on the national economy as a whole, offsetting transfer payments between economic units. Economic analysis was carried out to evaluate the economic viability of the subproject following ADB criteria.
174. The financial analysis evaluated changes in costs and benefits from the economic unit’s point of view concerned with the project. There are three groups of economic units in the project: (i) central government, which obtains the loan and invests in the project; (ii) farmers as direct beneficiaries of the project; suppliers of agricultural inputs such as seed, machinery, fertilizer, water pumping, and agro-chemicals; and service providers for agricultural produce such as processing, transportation, and storage; and (iii) consumers of agricultural produces. The effects of the project on income and poverty level of beneficiary farm households in the project area were analyzed. Beneficiary farmers’ affordability of loan repayment was analyzed assuming that the government will collect water service fees from the beneficiary farm households.
C. Major Assumptions of the Study
175. The major objective of the project is to provide increased amounts of irrigation water through rehabilitation and upgrading of canals and associated structures of the beneficiary farmers in the project area. It is assumed that the increase in rice production by the subproject will be exported to the international market.
176. For the benefits of the projects to be fully realized, rice quality is assumed to be improved, and more processing, storage, and transportation facilities for paddy are set up in the future to enhance the competitiveness of Cambodian rice in the international market.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 57 177. Following ADB’s Guidelines for the Economic Analysis of Projects (2017), 9% is adopted as the minimum required economic internal rate of return (EIRR).
178. Project life is the period during which the project generates benefits intended at the time of construction with a reasonable level of maintenance. Project life is assumed to be 25 years before another major renovation is required. Renovation every 10 years is also included in the project cash flow. No residual value is assumed, although, in reality, the system will retain substantial value, particularly based on the major work planned in 2042, only two years before the assumed end-of- life.
179. A conversion factor of 1.0 is applied on tradable, non-tradable materials, and skilled labor, while 0.9 is applied on unskilled labor. A 10% value added tax (VAT) is applied in the estimation of economic price of agricultural inputs and output and economic capital cost. Cambodia applies a 35% excise tax on the value of imported gasoline and a tax of US$0.02/liter of petroleum as of June 2018.
D. Project Cost Estimates
180. The capital cost for each item is estimated separately.
181. Operation and maintenance cost is also included in the project cost and is estimated at US$270,000/year. This amount includes the cost of repair and rehabilitation of irrigation facilities.
182. A 10% contingency (i.e., 5% for physical contingency and 5% for price contingency) is added to the subproject’s base capital cost. 183. Transfer payments (such as VAT, import tariff, government subsidy, and interest payments) are excluded from the cost. Prices are adjusted to reflect opportunity cost of goods and services procured for the project.
184. The financial cost of the Canal 15 SP is estimated at US$8.0 million with an economic cost of US$7.2 million. The lower economic cost is mainly due to the removal of VAT from the subproject construction costs.
G. Subproject Benefits
185. Three major benefits are identified from the Canal 15 Subproject: (i) enlarged cultivation area as a result of the increased supply of water in the dry season; (ii) increased agricultural productivity per ha;21 and (iii) savings in transportation cost.
186. Wet season cropping is not possible in Canal 15 as inundation expands into the project area from August and recedes only starting in December. Dry season cropping starts from January to July. The cultivation area for the dry season first crop of white rice, from January to March, is 5,000 ha. It covers the whole project area and will not change with the project. The second crop of white rice, from April to July, covers 20% of the project area, which will increase to 40% with the project. Cropping intensity, as a whole, will increase from 120% to 140% with the project.
187. Rice productivity of the dry season crop will increase by 29% from 3.5 to 4.5 t/ha. Through the increases in cropping area and productivity, total rice production is expected to increase by 10,500 t/yr. Total output will, thus, increase by US$2.1 million. The total cost of agricultural input will increase by US$10,000 resulting in an increase of US$2.0 million of economic net margin annually.
188. Villagers in the Angkor Borey, Prey Phkam, and Ponley communes of Angkor Borey district, comprising a total 3,386 households in the Canal 15 SP area, can use the canal for transportation. In the wet season, travel distance by road from the villages to Takeo downtown increases to 60 km
21 Crop diversification is not expected with the project since cropping is possible only in the dry season.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 58 due to inundation. If the canal is used for transportation, the distance is reduced to 15~20 km. However, boat travel at present is difficult because of the heavy siltation of the canal. Savings in transportation cost by using the canal is estimated at US$108,000 per year.
F. Results of the Economic Analysis
189. The results of the economic analysis, carried out from the point of view of Cambodia’s national economy, showed that the Canal 15 SP is economically viable with an estimated EIRR of 16.7%. In case investment cost increases by 10%, the EIRR will decrease to 16.4%, but the subproject will remain economically viable. Details are provided in Appendix 3.
G. Project Effects on Beneficiary Farm Households
190. It is estimated that the annual income from agriculture in the project area will increase by US$2,056,000 as a whole with the project. This is equal to an increase in household income of about US$297/year, based on the total number of households of 6,925. As the number of family members per household is 4.78, the project will increase income by US$0.17/person/day.
191. According to the Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES) (2016), monthly household income in the rural area is KR1,517,000 or about US$380. Assuming household income in the project area is the same as that in the average rural area, and considering that the average household size is 4.78, per capita income is US$2.65/day. As the project will add US$0.17, per capita income is estimated to increase to US$2.82 per day. In other words, the project will increase per capita income in the project area by around 6%.
192. As of April 2016, the percentage of Cambodians living below the national poverty line of US$0.93/person/day was 13.5%, compared with 18.9% in 2012. This represented a dramatic fall in poverty incidence from 47.8% in 2007.
193. The World Bank reported in 2018 that the vast majority of families who escaped poverty in Cambodia were only able to do so by a small margin, and around 4.5 million people remain near- poor and are vulnerable to falling back into poverty. About 90% of the poor live in the countryside. The CSES 2014 estimated that an income shock of just 20% will more than double the headcount rate. In this sense, the 6% increase in per capita income with the project will contribute to keeping project beneficiaries above the national poverty line.
H. Affordability Assessment of Loan Repayment and O&M
194. The affordability of beneficiary farmers in the project area was assessed and simulated for repayment of principal and interest of ADB loan, O&M, and cost of repair of the irrigation facilities assuming that an irrigation service fee (ISF) is collected. A 10-year grace period and a 1% interest rate is assumed for the ADB loan. It is assumed that US$0.3 million of principal will be repaid annually from the 11th year for 27 years after the project investment is completed.
195. It is estimated that US$100/ha of planted area will have to be collected to pay all the costs until the entire principal of the ADB loan is repaid. After repayment of the ADB loan, water fee collection can be reduced to US$35/ha mainly for annual O&M and major repair.
196. Presently, private pumping stations charge the farmers a fee of KR300,000/ha for pumping water from the source to the tertiary canals, and farmers pump water from the tertiary canals to their fields using their own pumps, costing them an additional KR150,000. With the project, water will be provided to the tertiary canals and farmers will need not avail of the services of PWSs, thus saving KR300,000 or US$75 per year.
197. With the project, a total of 7,000 ha will be planted and the net margin of US$2.1 million is expected to increase, that is, US$267 of net margin is expected to increase from every 1 ha of planted area. The ISF of US$75 to be paid by beneficiary farmers is equal to 28% of the incremental
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 59 net margin per ha. Farmers can afford to pay the principal and interest on the ADB loan as well as the costs incurred for O&M and major repair of the irrigation facilities.
ENVIRONMENTAL SAFEGUARDS
A. Subproject Screening
198. The following selection criteria were applied to long-listed irrigation investment subprojects. They are based on avoiding impacts which, taken individually or in combination, are likely to cause the subproject to be classified “A” for environment under the ADB Safeguards Policy Statement (2009).
• The proposed subprojects will not be subject to water use conflict or other water security issues. • The proposed subprojects will not encroach upon or cause impacts on protected areas or critical habitats. • The proposed subprojects will not be undertaken where significant soil contamination occurs. • The proposed subprojects will avoid monuments of cultural or historical importance. • No groundwater will be used as primary water source for proposed subprojects. • Additions to irrigation command areas should not be immediately upstream of ecologically sensitive areas.
199. The Canal 15 Subproject was found to comply with all the environmental selection criteria and is indicated to be Category B for environment under SPS, 2009. The subproject was approved to proceed through the due diligence and feasibility process.
200. The following findings are taken from the environment team’s data collection and preliminary assessment activities.
B. Regulatory Framework for Environmental Impact Assessment
201. ADB projects are assigned to an environment category depending on the significance of the potential environmental impacts and risks. For Category B projects, which are judged to have minimal site-specific environmental impacts, mostly occurring during the construction phase, an initial environmental examination (IEE), including an environmental management plan (EMP) is required.
202. An IEE for the Canal 15 Subproject is under preparation following the format in the ADB SPS (2009). The objectives of the IEE are to:
• describe the existing natural and socioeconomic resources in and surrounding the subproject area; • identify and assess potential significant impacts based on existing environmental conditions including during project pre-construction, construction, and O&M stages; • identify and recommend mitigation measures to minimize any potential impacts caused by subproject activities; • undertake public consultations to present subproject environmental issues to project stakeholders and local people in the subproject area and to collect community concerns; and • develop an EMP with cost estimates and monitoring plan for the construction and operation stages to guide subproject implementation.
203. Since the subproject involves the refurbishment of existing irrigation infrastructure providing a command area in excess of 5,000 ha, an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is also required under Royal Government of Cambodia Sub-decree No. 72 ANRK.BK. The IEE for this subproject,
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 60 with a Khmer language summary, will form the basis of MOWRAM’s submission to the Ministry of Environment (MOE) for project approval as required by the Government.
C. Baseline Environment
204. Geology and soils. Most of the Canal 15 Subproject area is on a combination of recent and quaternary floodplain deposits, which have weathered in situ to a dystic plinthosol under the FAO soil classification. This is a clayey soil, dark in color owing to the accumulation of organic matter. It is very plastic when wet and difficult to puddle. Because of long periods of submergence, the soil undergoes chemical changes in its mineral constituents, giving it poor nutrient-holding property. The more elevated southern extension of the subproject area is on alluvial plain deposits, weathering to a gleyic acrisol, a clay-rich soil associated with humid, tropical climates.
205. Land use and natural resources. Before the construction of Canal 15 in 1980, farmers in the area grew low-yielding floating rice using the annual flood pulse from the Mekong and Bassac river complex. The construction of the major secondary canals in the mid-1990s completed the change from one floating rice crop per year to recession rice cropping and the possibility of two crops per year.
206. Farmers in the main command area of the Canal 15 system currently grow two crops per year: flood recession rice (December to March) and dry season/early wet season rice (April to July). These are basically dry season crops, which make use of residual water left over from the previous wet season floods. All the farmers grow the recession crop, while only about 30-40% grow a second crop due to unreliable water supply and risk of early flooding. However, farmers located in the higher areas, which are not affected by the seasonal flood, can grow two or three crops per year (early wet season rice, recession rice, and dry season rice).
207. The lowlying areas along Canal 15 are fully flooded for five months of the year, and there are no villages or village gardens in this area. Vegetation along the main canal comprises Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Acacia acutangula trees with Mimosa scrub (Fig. 28). Occasional trees along the paddy dikes are Nauclea orientalis (yellow cheesewood) and Barringtonia acutanula (freshwater mangrove) (Fig. 29). All these species can stand long periods of inundation.
Figure 28: Eucalyptus and Acacia along the Figure 29: Nauclea and Barringtonia trees are banks of the main canal. the only significant vegetation among the paddy fields along Canal 15.
208. In the southern (Samput) extension of the command area, the elevation is higher and inundation is only occasional. Thus, vegetation along the canals and paddy dikes is distinctly different and comprises Borassus flabellifera (sugar palm), Eucalyptus tereticornis (forest red gum), and Acacia obliquefolia (Madras thorn) (Figs. 30 and 31). None of the vegetation species recorded is listed as rare or endangered nationally or on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List.
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Figure 30: Borassus flabellifera and E. Figure 31: Acacia obliquefolia commonly line tereticornis are common along the paddy the secondary canals in the Samput extension area. dikes in the Samput extension area. 209. Villages exist only in the southern extension, where the gardens commonly comprise the tree species listed in Table 22. Table 22: Common Garden Trees in the Samput Extension Area
Limonia acidissia Wood apple Albizia lebbeck Siris tree Samanea saman Raintree Mangifera indica Mango Cocos nucifera Coconut Ceiba pentandra Kapok Garcinia mangostana Mangosteen Terminalia chebula Tropical almond Bambusa vulgaris Narrow leaf bamboo
210. Fisheries. Informal fisheries are undertaken in the main secondary canals (the main canal is not fished with the same intensity due to continuous water transport traffic). At the time of the field survey, water levels were too high for fishing. Previous surveys in Takeo and eastern Kampot in canals, which are similarly subjected to overland flooding from the Bassac/Mekong Basin, recorded the fish species caught by local fishers (Table 23). It is expected that these species reflect those species in Canal 15 and its secondaries.
Table 23: List of Fish Species Common Name Scientific Name Whisker sheatfish Kryptopterus limpok Blue danio or long-barbel danio Danio regina or Danio pulcher Grey featherback Notopterus notopterus Iridescent Mystus Mystus villatus Batrachian walking catfish Clarias batrachus Striped tiger nandid or Pristolepis fasciatus or Temminck's kissing gourami Hetostoma temmincki Spotted spiny eel Macrognathus siamensis Three spot gourami Trichogaster trichopterus
211. Hydrology. Water flowing into Canal 15 and the rest of the flooded areas in Takeo comes from upwelling of the Mekong and Bassac river complex together with the runoff water from the surrounding areas on the western side. The pattern of rainfall in Takeo is common to the region, with the year divided into distinct dry and wet seasons. The wet season is from May to October, while the short dry season is from late November to April. The flood season months generally
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 62 occur from July to early November. The average annual rainfall observed at Takeo is estimated at 1,280 mm (1982-2011 average).
212. The rivers that drain into the Canal 15 command area and the outlet channel discharging to the Bassac River are shown in Figure 14. The biggest contributor to runoff is the Slakou River, which originates from the slopes of the western mountains. The next major tributary emptying into the catchment basin is the Takeo River, also originating from the western mountains, and on the north is the Prek Thu Lo Lork River. Although Slakou and Takeo rivers are partially diverted for irrigation use, there is still significant runoff from these rivers during the wet season.
213. However, the major annual contribution of water to the Canal 15 command area is from the Angkor Borey River at the eastern end of the main canal. The river is part of the Mekong/Bassac River Basin. Its flow peaks between September and November, but it hardly flows during the driest part of the year, between March and April.
214. Floods. The command area of Canal 15 is subject to annual flooding in the wet season, mainly from overland flow from the Bassac River. The extent and size of the flooded area differs yearly. The annual depth of water and duration of inundation varies depending on the Bassac and Mekong river flood levels. The floods of 2011 were among the highest annual floods recorded and are shown in Figure 32.
Figure 32: Highest Annual Flood Level Recorded in 2011
215. Water availability. Water is available in Canal 15 all year round. Water for irrigation is constrained by water delivery problems rather than lack of water. The delivery of water to the paddy fields is by overland flow from overtopping of Canal 15 and its lateral canals when the level is high and by pumping when the water level in the canals gets too low. Irrigation is performed by pumping from both main canal and secondary canals. Farmers whose lands are located close to the main canal and lateral canals get water by pumping. However, the ones located away from the canals must pump two to three times in series to reach their lands.
216. Under the project, the main and lateral canals will be deepened and widened to increase storage. In addition, new lateral canals will be excavated to expand the irrigable area and improve the accessibility of surface water to all farmers.
217. Water quality. Surface water quality was sampled at two points in August 2018: (i) one along the main canal at the junction with Canal 87 (the north-flowing secondary canal); and (ii) one in the canal though the southern extension of the command area, south of the Samput pump house.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 63 These locations are shown in Figure 33. Only one sample was taken within the main command area because it was fully inundated and no locational inferences relating to sources or flow direction of any pollutants would be made from the analysis results. Instead, the results represent a snapshot of the general water quality.
Figure 33: Map Showing the Locations of the Water Quality Sampling Sites
218. Groundwater in the command area is multi-layered. Wells around the command area (there are none in the center) range in depth from 17-52 m. Their locations are shown in Figure 33. Three samples were collected in August 2018: (i) one at a 30-m depth next to the Samput pump house; (ii) one at a 17-m depth south of the Pon Ley pump house; and (iii) one at a 52-m depth at Angkor Borey Primary School. In all cases, residents reported that the well water was only used for washing and cleaning and not for drinking or cooking. The samples will be tested for total nitrogen, phosphorus, and E. coli bacteria to check for wastewater pollution, heavy metals to check for industrial pollution, and pesticide residues to check for the persistence of agricultural chemicals. The results will be examined in the IEE and appropriate management measures recommended where pollution is indicated.
219. Acoustic environment. Site ambient noise levels are typical for an isolated rural setting in Cambodia. The noise monitoring locations are shown in Figure 33. Typical recorded daytime noise levels on the periphery of the command area are one hour averages of 32.6, 37.0, 32.4, and 42.2 decibels (dB), with maximum peaks of 56-63.4 dB due to vehicles.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 64 D. Assessment Findings
1. Project Benefits
220. Project benefits, over and above the increases in cropping area and yields, which result in higher incomes for farmers, include lower overall use of agricultural chemicals and the adoption of water conservation practices (Table 24). These benefits will accrue from the combination of civil works to rehabilitate and expand the irrigation infrastructure and capacity building through FFSs, demonstrations, and direct training supported by the project.
Table 24: Summary of Project Benefits Agronomic Parameters Without With Project Cropping Unit and Inputs Project (Year 5) Cropping intensity 1st RC % of target 60 100 2nd EWSC % of target 20 100 1st RC ha 5,000 5,000 2nd EWSC ha 1,000 2,500 Yield 1st RC t/ha 3.5 6.0 2nd EWSC t/ha 3.5 6.0 Fertilizers 1st RC Adopting, % 100 100 2nd EWSC Adopting, % 100 100 Pesticides 1st RC Adopting, % 50 20 2nd EWSC Adopting, % 50 20 Quality land preparation Deep and puddled Adopting, % 25 100 Seed quality, 1st RC Poor quality Adopting, % 80 0 Certified seed quality Adopting, % 20 100 Seed quality, 2nd EWSC Poor quality Adopting, % 80 25 Certified seed quality Adopting, % 20 0 RC = recession crop; EWSC = early wet season crop
2. Pre-construction Impacts
221. Screening and design issues for the subproject focused on: (i) no encroachment on protected areas and no impact on critical habitats; and (ii) matching the total planned irrigation area for one recession rice crop and a second dry season rice crop (or for higher elevations of the Samput extension, up to three crops since there is minimal flooding constraint) with water availability.
222. Protected areas and critical habitats. The location of the Canal 15 Subproject was checked against MOE maps and data in the International Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT). These checks showed that the subproject does not encroach upon any legally protected areas, international conservation agreement areas, or key biodiversity areas (KBAs) (Figs. 34 and 35).
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 65 Figure 34: MOE .kml Files on Aerial Photography Showing No Encroachment by the Subproject on Legally Protected Areas
Source: Ministry of Environment
Figure 35: IBAT identification of Areas Showing No Encroachment by the Subproject on Priority Sites for Biodiversity or Critical Habitats
223. The nearest legally protected area is the Boeung Prek Lapouv Protected Landscape, which is 23 km south of the Canal 15 command area boundary. Similarly, the nearest priority site for biodiversity identified in IBAT is the Boeung Prek Lapouv Protected Landscape, with the Bassac
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 66 Marsh Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBBA) a similar distance from the command area to the northeast.
224. Water availability. The question of water availability relates to the amount of the water resource and the delivery of that water. The hydrological analysis undertaken for the feasibility study on the Canal 15 Subproject concluded that there is sufficient water available at Canal 15 all year round from a combination of inflow from the upstream catchment and overflow from Bassac and Mekong Rivers. However, the delivery of water to the paddy field is by overland flow from overtopping of the Canal 15 and its lateral canals during periods of high flow and by pumping in the dry months. In this latter period, the water in the main canal is only about 0.5-0.8 m deep and the smaller lateral canals and ponds annually dry up. Delivery is, therefore, constrained and correcting this delivery problem will be the prime focus of the project’s investments. 225. Under the project, the main and lateral canals will be deepened and widened to increase storage. In addition, new lateral canals will be excavated to expand the irrigable area and improve the accessibility to surface water to all farmers.
3. Construction impacts
226. During construction of the subproject, the main issues will be air and water pollution, soil erosion, and damage to adjoining lands, all of which can be managed by strict control of construction contractors and effective implementation of EMP mitigation and monitoring measures. The preparation and approval of work schedules and method statements for key construction activities is required as part of each Site Environmental Management Plan (SEMP). The work plan and scheduling will be approved by the commune councils, taking into account the need for access during harvesting and planting periods. Special measures to minimize impacts on residents, including agreed working hours and access, will be developed in consultation with residents.
227. The absence of villages within the floodprone command area means that there are few sensitive receptors who will be impacted by noise and dust from works along the main canal and secondary canals. However, the southern Samput command area is more closely settled, and sensitive receptors will require adequate protection from construction impacts in this area.
228. Dredge spoil from canal deepening and widening cannot be piled high on embankments because it will be eroded by floodwaters and cause siltation in the canal, and overtopping and overland flow should not be significantly impeded, causing unintended flood afflux in other areas. The embankments shall be retained as low as possible and surplus excavated materials will be removed and reused only in locations defined in the SEMP. The construction easement, including stockpile sites and access ways, will be clearly delineated in the plan and marked on the ground to ensure that equipment operators stay within these boundaries. Any temporary damage that is not covered in the marked and agreed construction easement will be compensated promptly by the Contractor in line with the project entitlement matrix.
229. The limited access roads into the command area will mean that traffic impacts at choke points can cause environmental and safety issues. Traffic management will include: (i) sequential work scheduling to ensure that only short stretches are worked on at a time; and (ii) provision of access to existing residences and services is maintained and any damage is repaired to pre-project condition.
4. Post-construction and Operation
230. Agricultural chemicals. The main concerns for an irrigation subproject are local increases in the levels of agricultural fertilizer and pesticide residues and their effects on water quality and people. Significant fertilizer and agricultural pesticide residues are not indicated by the baseline sampling. To safeguard against increases in these factors due to increases in cropping, post- construction mitigation will focus on capacity building and training, under the project, on the efficient
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 67 and responsible use of fertilizers and pesticides. This will involve the promotion of IPM practices and the application of fertilizers based on soil nutrition needs and environmental circumstances, rather than as routine operations.
231. Pump station. It is proposed to install three pumps and operate two at the same time to achieve a discharge capacity of 1.2 m3/s at the Samput pumping station. When the specifications of the pumps are confirmed, noise modelling will be undertaken to determine the level of noise impact on nearby residences (the nearest is 20 m). Previous work on other pump stations indicate that noise attenuation from a properly insulated pump house is in the order of 35% noise reduction at a distance of 20 m. Noise levels within similar pump houses are commonly in the range of 80-85 dB, depending on the size of pumps, which at 20 m would reduce to 50-55 dB. These levels of noise mitigation should be targeted by the pump house design. Operational guidelines will also include limitations on the maximum pump running hours per day during daytime.
232. Greenhouse gas. GHG emissions from the increased area of paddy sown, as a result of the subproject, will come from paddy gas production and the additional use of pumps (powered by internal combustion engines) for water movement. GHG emissions will be calculated in the IEE when areas and water demand are finalized. Preliminary estimates of GHG production are approximately 5,035 t/yr (1,427 t/yr from paddy gas and 3,508 t/yr from pumps).
233. The rehabilitation and modernization of canals will increase water delivery to farm fields through gravity and will reduce the use of small pumps, which account for more than 60% of the total GHG generation. This will further reduce GHG generation from this source. Additionally, the replacement of inefficient diesel pumps at the Samput pumping station with higher-capacity electric pumps will result in significant savings in GHG emissions.
E. Public Consultations
234. Public consultations on environmental issues were undertaken in the Canal 15 communes in conjunction with the subproject household survey. The areas covered include present experience and perceptions of environmental problems and anticipated environmental issues during subproject construction and operation. These will be addressed in the IEE mitigation measures. Readiness to complain if things go wrong and the avenues of complaint/redress will also be examined.
F. Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM)
235. A project-specific GRM has been designed to receive and manage any public environmental issues that may arise due to the subproject. PMU will coordinate the GRM. All stakeholder project agencies and staff will be initiated into the GRM procedures by the project implementation team and will take an active role in supporting the GRM when necessary.
G. Environmental Management Plan
236. The IEE will include an EMP, where the identified environmental impacts and mitigation measures are transformed into an action plan for their implementation. The plan will include methods of mitigation, responsibilities, indicators of progress, and frequency and nature of monitoring activities with cost estimates. The EMP will be a critical document for the subproject. The provisions of the EMP will be incorporated in the tender documents and construction contracts and monitored by the project implementation team for compliance.
H. Conclusion
237. Most of the identified environmental impacts are assessed as not significant. The main risks that have been identified in the assessment can be addressed by mitigation and management measures and reinforced by project assurances. It is concluded that: (i) the infrastructure subproject
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 68 planned for the Canal 15 Subproject has significant potential benefits for the rural populations of these areas; and (ii) the design features, operational regimes and construction management safeguards will address the range of potential environmental impacts identified and will be actioned through the Project EMP and continuously checked in the EMP. The environmental assessment confirmed that the Canal 15 SP is environment Category B under the ADB SPS and that the design, mitigation, and monitoring measures identified in the IEE and EMP, when effectively implemented, will reduce environmental impacts to an acceptable level.
SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS
A. Socioeconomic Conditions in the Subproject Communes
238. This section provides an overview of the socioeconomic conditions of the 26 villages in nine communes where the Canal 15 Subproject is located. The findings were taken from secondary information mostly available in the Commune Database (CDB, 2016) and the socioeconomic survey (SES) conducted by the TRTA survey consultant in 477 households in the SP area in June-July 2018, supplemented by primary data obtained by the social safeguard team.
239. The 26 villages in the subproject communes have a total population of 86,783 in 19,239 households, with females accounting for 50.5% equivalent to 43,841 persons (Table 25). The average household has 4.51 persons, and female-headed households account for 17.4% of the total households.
Table 25: Population in the Canal 15 Subproject Area
Population (No. of persons) Female- No. of Household HH headed District Commune Villages Total Male Female (HH) Size Households (FHH) Angkor Angkor Borey 2 13,288 6,621 6,667 2,873 4.63 283 Borey Prey Phkoam 2 10,700 5,305 5,395 2,241 4.77 188 Ponley 2 2,363 1,211 1,152 410 5.76 37 Samraong Treang 1 7,785 4,366 3,419 2,521 3.09 298 Doun Kaev Roka Krau 1 17,057 8,150 8,907 3,741 4.56 1,242 Baray 3 4,304 2,312 1,992 888 4.85 68 Treang Sambuor 5 12,570 6,098 6,472 2,484 5.06 616 Srangae 8 9,718 4,757 4,961 1,972 4.93 337 Thlok 2 8,998 4,122 4,876 2,109 4.27 278 Total 26 86,783 42,942 43,841 19,239 4.51 3,347 Source: CDB, 2016
240. In the subproject villages, people of working age (15-60 years) account for 61% of the population, with similar numbers of men and women of working age (Tables 26 and 27). One-third of the population is comprised of young people under 15 years old, and girls account for 50.4% of the youth. The proportion of youth to working-age adults results in a child dependency ratio of 0.52, that is, approximately every two working adults must support one child. While the elderly comprise a small proportion of the population (7%), there are significantly more women in this group (55.2%) compared to men.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 69 Table 26: Age Structure Age (Years) Male Female Total % Total 0-14 13,646 13,857 27,503 32 15-60 26,604 26,665 53,269 61 61+ 2,692 3,319 6,011 7 42,942 43,841 86,783 % M/F 49% 51% Source: CDB, 2016
Table 27: Age Bracket of People, by Commune (CDB, 2016)
Under 15 15-35 years 36-45 years 46-60 years Over 61 years Com- District years old old old old old Total mune M F M F M F M F M F M F Angkor Angkor 2,023 2,206 2,724 2,429 973 918 576 700 325 414 6,621 6,667 Borey Borey Prey 2,319 2,398 1,802 1,818 611 628 358 355 215 196 5,305 5,395 Phkoam
Ponley 410 398 465 435 156 125 106 97 74 97 1,211 1,152 Sam- Treang 1,748 1,431 1,370 1,022 622 415 459 377 167 174 4,366 3,419 raong Roka Doun 2,286 2,340 3,142 3,352 1,078 1,179 1,003 1,194 641 842 8,150 8,907 Krau Kaev Baray 515 498 856 680 423 378 247 204 271 232 2,312 1,992 Treang Sambuor 1,535 1,572 2,899 2,788 610 720 663 773 391 619 6,098 6,472 Srangae 1,341 1,293 1,736 1,804 633 624 590 652 457 588 4,757 4,961 Thlok 1,469 1,721 1,744 1,955 643 799 115 244 151 157 4,122 4,876 Total 13,646 13,857 16,738 16,283 5,749 5,786 4,117 4,596 2,692 3,319 42,942 43,841
241. Of people over 15 years old, 7.93% are illiterate, 28.9% completed primary school, while 21.55% graduated from secondary school. Only 10.87% graduated from high school and 5.26% graduated from universities and higher level (Table 28).
242. In the subproject communes, most of the households are engaged in agriculture, such as farming, fishing, and raising livestock. The SES results show that 44.17% of the total surveyed household heads is a farmer or a fisherman. Running a business is the main occupation of 18.5% of the surveyed household heads. The percentage of employees in the public and private agencies is 18.53%. A small percentage (4.62%) of the surveyed household heads are unemployed. Women are also engaged in occupations like the men. There is no significant difference between men and women within most of the occupation groups, where there are significant numbers of employed people, except for employees of public or private agencies where men were mostly engaged and casual labor, where women represent a higher percentage. The main occupations of the surveyed household heads are shown in Table 29.
243. According to the CDB (2016), the most common main household income source is agriculture (farming and fishing) at 68.18%, followed by trading (12.32%), remittances from relatives (6.61%), wages from daily hired labor (5.48%), and salaries from working as an employee (5.49%). A few households (1.92%) depend on an allowance from the Government. Detailed information on main income sources of households in the subproject communes is given in Table 30.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 70 Table 28: Educational Attainment of People over 15 years old in the Subproject Area Secondary University and Illiterate Pre-School Primary School High School Total District Communes School Higher M F M F M F M F M F M F M F Angkor Angkor 253 285 676 788 1,587 1,698 982 861 877 553 223 276 4,598 4,461 Borey Borey Prey Phkoam 249 289 508 633 1,098 1,119 683 623 269 199 179 134 2,986 2,997 Ponley 113 131 247 271 254 185 98 84 64 54 25 29 801 754 Samraong Treang 302 297 566 511 513 484 589 310 461 262 187 124 2,618 1,988 Doun Kaev Roka Krau 302 696 1,788 1,993 1,246 1,448 1,671 1,695 589 519 268 216 5,864 6,567 Baray 110 154 508 498 436 402 366 207 274 156 103 77 1,797 1,494 Sambuor 179 237 1,147 1,577 1,308 1,652 1,029 837 517 357 383 240 4,563 4,900 Treang Srangae 198 224 929 1,099 926 1,068 770 823 379 289 214 165 3,416 3,668
Thlok 254 429 730 1,068 642 1,068 558 588 324 301 145 130 2,653 3,155 Total 1,960 2,742 7,099 8,438 8,010 9,124 6,746 6,028 3,754 2,690 1,727 1,391 29,296 29,984 Total 4,702 15,537 17,134 12,774 6,444 3,118 59,280 % 7.93 26.21 28.9 21.55 10.87 5.26 100 Source: CDB, 2016
TA 9349-CAM: PREPARING THE IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE IMPROVEMENT PROJECT (IAIP), CAMBODIA FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 71 Table 29: Main Occupation of Heads of Surveyed Households Public/private Sector Farmer/fisherman Businessman Casual laborer Unemployed Total Employee District Communes Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Angkor Angkor Borey 22 24.44 15 16.67 13 14.44 8 8.89 8 8.89 11 12.22 6 6.67 4 4.44 2 2.22 1 1.11 51 56.67 39 43.33 Borey Prey Phkoam 16 25.81 12 19.35 7 11.29 4 6.45 8 12.90 5 8.06 6 9.68 3 4.84 0 0.00 1 1.61 37 59.68 25 40.32
Ponley 5 22.73 6 27.27 1 4.55 1 4.55 2 9.09 3 13.64 1 4.55 1 4.55 1 4.55 1 4.55 10 45.45 12 54.55 Samraong Treang 28 27.18 29 28.16 8 7.77 7 6.80 3 2.91 12 11.65 7 6.80 4 3.88 2 1.94 3 2.91 48 46.60 55 53.40 Doun Kaev Roka Krau 5 21.74 6 26.09 2 8.70 1 4.35 1 4.35 2 8.70 3 13.04 1 4.35 1 4.35 1 4.35 12 52.17 11 47.83 Baray 6 15.00 10 25.00 4 10.00 3 7.50 4 10.00 7 17.50 2 5.00 2 5.00 0.00 2 5.00 16 40.00 24 60.00 Sambuor 13 20.97 18 29.03 7 11.29 6 9.68 4 6.45 7 11.29 4 6.45 1 1.61 2 3.23 0.00 30 48.39 32 51.61 Treang Srangae 4 23.53 3 17.65 2 11.76 2 11.76 1 5.88 1 5.88 1 5.88 1 5.88 1 5.88 1 5.88 9 52.94 8 47.06 Thlok 10 17.24 17 29.31 3 5.17 9 15.52 4 6.90 4 6.90 5 8.62 3 5.17 0.00 3 5.17 22 37.93 36 62.07 Total 109 22.85 116 24.32 47 9.85 41 8.60 35 7.34 52 10.90 35 7.34 20 4.19 9 1.89 13 2.73 235 49.27 242 50.73 Source: SES, July 2018
TA 9349-CAM: PREPARING THE IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE IMPROVEMENT PROJECT (IAIP), CAMBODIA FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 72 Table 30: Main Household Income Sources
Main Source of Household Income
Wage from Allowance Remittance District Communes Households Salary as Farming Fishing Trading Daily Hired from the from Employee Labor Government Relatives Angkor Angkor Borey 2,873 1,488 549 311 144 76 35 270 Borey Prey Phkoam 2,241 1,280 287 168 143 142 32 189 Ponley 410 97 63 79 75 46 13 37 Samraong Treang 2,521 1,251 633 370 99 68 52 48 Doun Kaev Roka Krau 3,741 1,923 478 715 165 225 48 187 Baray 888 375 113 67 93 89 57 94 Treang Sambuor 2,484 1,347 521 101 154 114 35 212 Srangae 1,972 972 327 262 92 133 49 137 Thlok 2,109 1,212 201 297 90 164 48 97 N 19,239 9,945 3,172 2,370 1,055 1,057 369 1,271 Total % 100 51.69 16.49 12.32 5.48 5.49 1.92 6.61 Source: CDB, 2016
TA 9349-CAM: PREPARING THE IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE IMPROVEMENT PROJECT (IAIP), CAMBODIA FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 73 244. The majority of the surveyed households (66.45%) reported earning an average monthly income in the range of US$50-200. Only 11.95% of the surveyed households earn US$200-300 per month, and 5.45% have income over US$300 per month. About 16.14% of the households earn less than US$50 a month. The average monthly household income of the SES respondents is shown in Table 31.
Table 31: Average Monthly Household Income of Surveyed Households >$200- $300 to Under $50 >$50-$100 >100-$150 >$150-200$ Total District Communes $300 Over N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Angkor 13 14.44 18 20.00 22 24.44 26 28.89 7 7.78 4 4.44 90 18.87 Angkor Borey Borey Prey 9 14.52 21 33.87 12 19.35 8 12.90 8 12.90 4 6.45 62 13.00 Phkoam Ponley 5 22.73 3 13.64 5 22.73 5 22.73 2 9.09 2 9.09 22 4.61 Samraong Treang 18 17.48 26 25.24 21 20.39 23 22.33 9 8.74 6 5.83 103 21.59 Roka Krau 5 21.74 4 17.39 5 21.74 6 26.09 3 13.04 0.00 23 4.82 Doun Kaev Baray 7 17.50 9 22.50 11 27.50 6 15.00 5 12.50 2 5.00 40 8.39 Sambuor 9 14.52 13 20.97 11 17.74 15 24.19 9 14.52 5 8.06 62 13.00 Treang Srangae 3 17.65 5 29.41 5 29.41 3 17.65 1 5.88 0.00 17 3.56 Thlok 8 13.79 8 13.79 14 24.14 12 20.69 13 22.41 3 5.17 58 12.16 Total 77 16.14 107 22.43 106 22.22 104 21.80 57 11.95 26 5.45 477 100.00 Source: SES, July 2018
245. The SES results showed that over two-thirds of the surveyed households (77.36%) reported household expenditures ranging from US$30-180 per month. Only 11.95% of the surveyed households spend more than $180 a month, and about 10.69% of the households spend less than US$30 a month (Table 32).
Table 32: Average Monthly Expenditure of Surveyed Households Under $30 >$30-$80 >$80-$130 >$130-180$ >$180-250 Total District Communes N % N % N % N % N % N % Angkor 11 12.22 20 22.22 24 26.67 28 31.11 7 7.78 90 18.87 Angkor Borey Borey Prey Phkoam 6 9.68 24 38.71 15 24.19 8 12.90 9 14.52 62 13.00 Ponley 3 13.64 5 22.73 7 31.82 6 27.27 1 4.55 22 4.61 Samraong Treang 14 13.59 27 26.21 25 24.27 26 25.24 11 10.68 103 21.59 Roka Krau 3 13.04 5 21.74 6 26.09 8 34.78 1 4.35 23 4.82 Doun Kaev Baray 4 10.00 10 25.00 13 32.50 6 15.00 7 17.50 40 8.39 Sambuor 5 8.06 15 24.19 16 25.81 15 24.19 11 17.74 62 13.00 Treang Srangae 1 5.88 5 29.41 6 35.29 4 23.53 1 5.88 17 3.56 Thlok 4 6.90 8 13.79 16 27.59 21 36.21 9 15.52 58 12.16 Total 51 10.69 119 24.95 128 26.83 122 25.58 57 11.95 477 100.00 Source: SES, July 2018
246. The SES results revealed that mobile phones, motorcycles, televisions, electric fans, bicycles, and water pumps are the most popular assets owne by the surveyed households. Only 2% of the households own a car or motorized tricycle or camera. Table 33 shows the assets owned by the surveyed households.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 74 Table 33: Types of Assets of Surveyed Households
Household Takeo Province Appliances Angkor Borei Samroang Doun Kaev Treang Total and Angkor Prey Roka Ponley Treang Baray Sambuor Srangae Thlok Equipment Borei Phkoam Krau Water pump 48 39 20 54 9 28 31 3 55 287 Bicycle 103 56 36 125 24 49 74 21 67 555 Camera 4 . . . . 4 Car 1 1 4 . . . 6 DVD 1 1 . 1 3 . 6 Electric fan 103 90 16 145 31 62 77 17 61 602 Farm tractor 2 . 12 . 3 1 1 5 24 Fishing boat 5 1 1 1 . . 3 11 (without motor) Harrow 2 1 2 5 . 8 1 . 3 22 Mobile phone 152 78 35 216 35 67 107 23 71 784 Motor boat for 3 . . . . 1 4 transport Motor fishing 2 4 1 25 . 16 . . 16 64 boat Motor tricycle . . 2 1 1 . 4 (Tuktuk) Motorcycle 128 69 14 89 31 22 87 27 43 510 Ox/buffalo cart 1 1 3 5 1 3 . 1 3 18 Plow 13 8 22 96 3 12 6 1 16 177 Radio 14 13 13 57 1 32 4 . 41 175 Refrigerator 2 1 5 69 . 15 2 1 26 121 Television 70 52 22 102 22 37 55 13 47 420 (color TV set) Thresher 2 1 14 . 5 4 . 4 30 Truck 1 . 4 15 . 5 . 1 12 38 Total 657 416 194 1033 160 366 453 109 474 3862 Source: SES, July 2018
247. The SES results showed that 209 households or 43.82% live in simple houses with corrugated walls or wood and aluminum roof. Another 111 households (23.27%) live in permanent houses with one or more floors, while 101 households have semi-permanent houses (Table 34). All of the surveyed households use grid electricity as their lighting energy source, while they use wood or coal for cooking. All of the surveyed households have water-sealed latrine toilets.
Table 34: Types of Houses in the Subproject Area Wooden/Iron Semi- Simple House walls Permanent permanent (corrugated (corrugated House with one House (roof wall/wood Total iron roof/ District Commune or more floors of bricks or and roofing cement tiles) sheet) roofing) N % N % N % N % N % Angkor 18 20.00 18 20.00 48 53.33 6 6.67 90 18.87 Angkor Borey Borey Prey 17 27.42 12 19.35 26 41.94 7 11.29 62 13.00 Phkoam
Ponley 5 22.73 5 22.73 10 45.45 2 9.09 22 4.61 Samraong Treang 24 23.30 22 21.36 42 40.78 15 14.56 103 21.59 Doun Kaev Roka Krau 6 26.09 4 17.39 11 47.83 2 8.70 23 4.82
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 75
Wooden/Iron Semi- Simple House walls Permanent permanent (corrugated (corrugated House with one House (roof wall/wood Total iron roof/ District Commune or more floors of bricks or and roofing cement tiles) sheet) roofing) N % N % N % N % N % Baray 7 17.50 11 27.50 17 42.50 5 12.50 40 8.39 Treang Sambuor 23 37.10 10 16.13 24 38.71 5 8.06 62 13.00 Srangae 5 29.41 4 23.53 7 41.18 1 5.88 17 3.56 Thlok 6 10.34 15 25.86 24 41.38 13 22.41 58 12.16 Total 111 23.27 101 21.17 209 43.82 56 11.74 477 100.00 Source: SES, July 2018
248. As shown in Table 35, 52.83% of the surveyed households use piped water as their main source of domestic water, while the other households use rain water for their daily activities such as cooking, washing, and bathing. In terms of access to public services, high schools are located in the district centers. Private physicians are available in the villages for medical check-ups; for further treatment, villagers go to the provincial hospital at the Takeo provincial center.
Table 35: Sources of Domestic Water
Piped Water Rainwater Total District Commune N % N % N % Angkor Borey 42 46.67 48 53.33 90 18.87 Angkor Borey Prey Phkoam 27 43.55 35 56.45 62 13.00 Ponley 14 63.64 8 36.36 22 4.61 Samraong Treang 67 65.05 36 34.95 103 21.59 Roka Krau 19 82.61 4 17.39 23 4.82 Doun Kaev Baray 29 72.50 11 27.50 40 8.39 Sambuor 23 37.10 39 62.90 62 13.00 Treang Srangae 5 29.41 12 70.59 17 3.56 Thlok 26 44.83 32 55.17 58 12.16 Total 252 52.83 225 47.17 477 100.00 Source: SES, July 2018
249. Poverty. According to the CDB (2016), poverty rate in the subproject communes varies from 7.3-27.7%. Angkor Borey Commune has the highest poverty rate, while Ponley Commune has the lowest (Table 36).
Table 36: Poverty Rate in the Subproject Communes District Commune Poverty Rate (%) Angkor Borey 27.7 Angkor Borey Prey Phkoam 25.6 Ponley 7.3 Samraong Trea 10.23 Roka Krau 19 Doun Kaev Baray 11.2 Sambuor 24.2 Treang Srangae 22.3 Thlok 13.4 Source: CDB, 2016
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 76 250. The SES results indicate that 77 out of the 477 (16.14%) surveyed households are categorized as poor. Poverty in these households was attributed to: (i) lack of productive land (31 ouseholds or 40.26%); (ii) lack of labor opportunities (24 households, 31.17%); (iii) large family size (14 households, 18.18%); and (iv) sick household members (8 households, 10.39%) (Table 37).
Table 37: Reasons Given for the Poverty of Surveyed Households
Reasons for Poverty Total Number of Lack of Sick District Commune Lack of Labor Large Poor Productive Household Opportunities Family Surveyed Land Members Households Angkor 6 2 4 1 13 Angkor Borey Borey Prey Phkoam 3 1 4 1 9
Ponley 1 4 5 Samraong Treang 6 3 7 2 18 Doun Kaev Roka Krau 2 1 2 5 Baray 2 2 2 1 7 Treang Sambuor 2 3 2 2 9 Srangae 3 3 Thlok 2 2 3 1 8 Total N 24 14 31 8 77 % 31.17 18.18 40.26 10.39 100.00 Source: SES, 2018
251. Perceptions of the Canal 15 Subproject. The SES results also showed that the local communities have favorable perceptions of the proposed subproject. As shown in Table 38, 123 households (25.79%) indicated that the subproject will stabilize water availability for farming. Another 97 households (20.34%) said that the improvement of the canal system will make travel safer and more convenient. Other anticipated positive impacts include: (i) reduced flooding and drought; (ii) increased agricultural productivity; (iii) improvement of public infrastructure in the subproject communes; and (iv) job creation for local farmers.
252. On the other hand, the respondents named some potentially negative impacts of the subproject (Table 39). Some 233 households (48.85%) said that their travel could be disrupted during the construction phase. Another 23.69% of the surveyed households predicted that social evils (such as drug trafficking, prostitution, transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections [STIs] could occur. About 13% of the households believe that blocking off the canal by sections during the construction phase could result in lower rice yields due to the lack of water for irrigation. Some 14.5% of the respondents cited noise pollution as another negative impact of the subproject.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 77 Table 38: Perceptions of the Local People on the Likely Positive Impacts of the Subproject Safer and Increased Job Creation Improvement of Stable Water Reduced Convenient Agricutlural for Local Public Supply for flooding and Total District Commune Travel Productivity Farmers Infrastructure Farming drought N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Angkor Borey 30 33.33 8 8.89 3 3.33 3 3.33 31 34.44 15 16.67 90 18.87 Angkor Prey Phkoam 11 18.33 9 15.00 4 6.67 11 18.33 17 28.33 8 13.33 60 12.58 Borey Ponley 6 30.00 5 25.00 0.00 1 5.00 5 25.00 3 15.00 20 4.19 Samraong Treang 27 25.47 20 18.87 4 3.77 11 10.38 23 21.70 21 19.81 106 22.22 Roka Krau 5 21.74 5 21.74 3 13.04 2 8.70 5 21.74 3 13.04 23 4.82 Doun Kaev Baray 11 26.83 9 21.95 3 7.32 4 9.76 9 21.95 5 12.20 41 8.60 Sambuor 16 25.81 10 16.13 6 9.68 7 11.29 14 22.58 9 14.52 62 13.00 Treang Srangae 4 23.53 4 23.53 1 5.88 2 11.76 4 23.53 2 11.76 17 3.56 Thlok 13 22.41 15 25.86 2 3.45 4 6.90 13 22.41 11 18.97 58 12.16 Total 123 25.79 85 17.82 26 5.45 45 9.43 121 25.37 77 16.14 477 100.00 Source: SES, July 2018
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Noise Decreased Disruption to Social Evils Total District Communes Pollution Rice Yield Travel N % N % N % N % N % Angkor 13 14.44 19 21.11 28 31.11 30 33.33 90 18.87 Borey Angkor Prey Borey 10 16.13 9 14.52 15 24.19 28 45.16 62 13.00 Phkoam Ponley 4 18.18 2 9.09 5 22.73 11 50.00 22 4.61 Samraong Treang 11 10.68 12 11.65 21 20.39 59 57.28 103 21.59 Doun Roka Krau 5 21.74 2 8.70 6 26.09 10 43.48 23 4.82 Kaev Baray 1 2.50 3 7.50 11 27.50 25 62.50 40 8.39 Sambuor 12 19.35 7 11.29 8 12.90 35 56.45 62 13.00 Treang Srangae 2 11.76 3 17.65 5 29.41 7 41.18 17 3.56 Thlok 11 18.97 5 8.62 14 24.14 28 48.28 58 12.16 Total 69 14.47 62 13.00 113 23.69 233 48.85 477 100.00 Source: SES, July 2018
253. Poverty and social assessment. A poverty and social assessment (PSA) for the IAIP (including the four subprojects of Prek Po in Kampong Cham, Kamping Pouy in Battambang, Stung Chinit South in Kampong Thom, and Canal 15 in Takeo) is under preparation. The objectives of the PSA are to: (i) assess the current socioeconomic conditions and poverty in the subproject communities; (ii) identify expected benefits as well potential negative impacts and risks posed by the subproject to the local people, particularly to the poor, women, and other socially disadvantaged groups; and (iii) propose mitigation measures to address the potential negative impacts and enhance the distribution of subproject benefits in the area. The impacts and associated mitigation/ enhancement measures will be provided in a Social Action Plan (SAP).
B. Ethnic Minority Groups in the Subproject Communes
254. There are 256 ethnic Cham households (of 996 persons) in the command area of the Canal 15 Subproject (Kampong Luong and Stung Kapot villages of Angkor Borei commune and Chong Thnal village of Baray commune) (Table 40).
Table 40: Population of Ethnic Cham Group in the Command Area No. of No. of Ethnic People Ethnic Household District Commune Village households Total Male Female Size Doun Kaev Baray Chong Thnal 117 342 135 207 2.9 Angkor Angkor Kampong Luong 4 15 8 7 3.8 Borei Borei Stung Kampot 135 639 342 297 4.7 Total 256 996 485 511 3.9
255. The Cham people in the subproject area are traditional Muslims along the lines of Arab Muslims. Their dedication to their religion has helped them survive as an ethnic group. The Cham worship in their own mosques and pray five times a day. While the women pray at home, men go to the village mosque. The Cham and the Khmer in the command area have a good relationship but little intermarriage has occurred because of their religious differences. Except for their religion and distinctive clothing, the local Cham are similar to the Khmer ethnic majority. The Cham in the subproject command area uses the Khmer language when communicating outside their home, but
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 79 use the Cham language at home and in praying. The local Cham are represented in the communal, district, and provincial councils.
256. The Cham ethnic group in the command area use Canal 15 mainly for transportation, although infrequently. In Baray Sangkat, fishermen pass through the canal to go fishing in Canal 4 and Canal 5, which takes three hours of travel; Canal 15 is not their fishing area. Furthermore, their fishing depends on the season, and they only travel about 5-7 times a month during the fishing season. In Angkor Borey Commune, only few households who sell goods in the district center pass through the canal to the market everyday, while most of the households pass through the canal to go to their fishing areas in Borey River 1-2 times a month or 1-3 times a year. Villagers sometimes pass through the canal to go to the market or to visit their relatives in the province/district center or their agriculture land. In the subproject secondary canals and pumping station, where the Khmer people reside (about 5 km from the Cham villages), there are no Cham people using the canals and pumping station directly or indirectly. Therefore, the subproject has no impact on the local Cham group.
257. During the public consultations and FGDs with 256 local Cham people in June-July 2018, they said that subproject implementation will provide them with easier and safer travel (47.7% of Cham households use Canal 15 for transportation). As discussed in the public consultations, dredging will increase the depth of the canal and make travel safer as the bottom of the boats will no longer hit the canal bed in some areas where the canal is shallow or silted in the dry season. (Twelve percent of these households had experienced this situation.)
258. Subproject implementation will not cause any adverse impacts on the Cham group in the command area. Canal improvement activities will only be conducted within the right of way (ROW) of the existing main canal, and the silt that will be removed from the canal bed will be deposited on the embankment. Therefore, no land acquisition is required by the subproject. During the meetings, Cham villagers wondered whether the dredging of Canal 15 might cause water in the secondary canals to be sucked into the main canal during the dry season. The TRTA consultants informed the villagers that, as Canal 15 connects to two rivers (Borei and Takeo) supplying water to the canal, the water level in the main and secondary canals would not change during the dry season. As a result, there will be no impacts on the water level in the canals during the dredging of Canal 15. All the villagers agreed that there would be no disruption to their travel during the construction phase since the canal is very wide, and the civil works will be conducted section by section. None of the Cham households have agricultural land adjacent to Canal 15 – their agricultural land is located about 3-4 km from the canal. About 15.4% of total Cham households have agricultural land that is indirectly irrigated by Canal 15 as they get water from tertiary and secondary canals connected to the main canal. As the water level in the canals will not change during the dredging of Canal 15, no impacts on their farming are foreseen.
259. Ethnic group development plan. An EGDP for Canal 15 is under preparation in accordance with the requirements of ADB’s SPS (2009). The EGDP will assist the subproject in meeting the following safeguard objectives: (i) to design and implement the subproject in a way that fosters full respect for ethnic minority peoples’ identity, dignity, human rights, livelihood systems, and cultural uniqueness, as defined by the ethnic minority peoples themselves; and (ii) so that ethnic minority peoples receive culturally appropriate social and economic benefits and do not suffer adverse impacts as a result of the subproject and can participate actively in subprojectd that affect them.
C. Land Acquisition and Resettlement
260. Land acquisition is not required by the Canal 15 Subproject as rehabilitation activities will only be carried out within the ROW of the canals and in the area of the existing pumping station (Fig. 38).
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 80 Figure 38: Sketch of the Main Canal and Existing ROW
The basic design of the main canal: the proposed interventions will be conducted within 60 m of the existing 80-m ROW of the main canal.
The existing embankment is 22 m wide, with no trees/assets of individuals or households. 261. Canal 15, the main canal. The subproject will involve dredging the main canal to reduce the siltation and bring the canal bed down to 1.5–2 m from the existing level. The proposed interventions will be conducted within 60 m of the existing 80 m ROW of the main canal. Therefore, no land acquisition is required due to the excavation of the main canal.
262. Canal 87, the secondary canal. The secondary canal will be improved by removing the siltation along the whole length of the canal. The average excavation for Canal 87 will be about 2 m deep, and the overall channel depth will be about 5-6 m to ensure that water will flow by gravity from Canal 15 and with enough capacity to cope with peak irrigation demand during the dry season. There is no land acquisition anticipated due to the rehabilitation of the secondary canal.
263. The pumping station system. The pumping station will be upgraded by: (i) reconstructing the pump house and stilling basin; and (ii) equipping it with new pumps. These interventions will be made within the existing land area of the pumping station (Fig. 39). The rehabilitation of the system will include 11 secondary canals and 4 tertiary canals. The 11 secondary canals will be rehabilitated within the ROW of the existing secondary canals (concrete lining with an average bed width of 0.80 m). All the proposed tertiary canals will be improved along the existing tertiary canal alignment
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 81 within the existing ROW alignments. Land acquisition is not required by these secondary and tertiary canal improvements.
Fig. 39: The Samput Pumping Station
Existing pumping station Intake canal 264. During the construction phase, before using the land for temporary site installation (for concentration of construction materials, labor camps, and others), the construction contractors will be responsible for propose the sites to the MOWRAM PMU for review and approval. If the occupied lands are owned by individuals or households, the PMU, together with the PDWRAM, will consult with village leaders and villagers. The site visit showed that the width of the canal embankment is large enough for the temporary storage of construction materials, and there is sufficient public land available in the locality for temporary use during the rehabilitation of the pumping station. It is, therefore, anticipated that the temporary impacts on land, if any, will only be within the public land that is adjacent to the pumping station.
265. Preparation of resettlement due diligence report. Resettlement due diligence was conducted in July 2018 to examine if land acquisition and resettlement will be required by the subproject, and a Resettlement Due Diligence Report for the subproject is under preparation in line with ADB’s SPS (2009). The report describes the due diligence activities conducted as well as the findings of the site visit and the results of the consultations with the local communities, authorities, and concerned agencies on the proposed subproject.
GENDER ANALYSIS
A. Socio-demographic Characteristics of Canal 15 Communities
266. Cham and ethnic Vietnamese. In the Canal 15 command areas, there are communities of Cham, a Muslim religious minority in Cambodia, as well as some ethnic Vietnamese. The 290 Cham households account for slightly more than one-third of the households in each of two communities: Stung Kambot (Angkor Borei Commune) and Chong Thnal (Baray Commune). They also account for a smaller proportion of households in Kampong Luong (Angkor Borei Commune). In addition, small numbers of ethnic Vietnamese live in the Canal 15 command area, primarily in the villages of Kampong Luong and Chong Thnal.
267. The Government classifies all Cambodians who practice Islam as Cham or “Khmer Islam.”22 It is estimated that Muslims account for 4% of the 15 million population of Cambodia.23 Cham communities in the Canal 15 command area self-identify into two distinct groups: (i) ethnic Cham who trace their ancestry to the Champa Kingdom in what is now Viet Nam and who comprise about 70% of the Cham living in Cambodia; and (ii) Chvea, a group that originated in Java Indonesia, that
22 USAID. 2008. Assessing the Marginalization of Cham Muslim Communities in Cambodia. 23 www.islamcambodia,org
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 82 is not ethnically Cham and accounts for 20-25% of Muslim Cham in the country.24 These two groups share religious practices, such as praying five times a day, and distinguish themselves from a third group, Jared, that are ethnically Cham but pray only once a week. The Jared account for 5% of the Cham in Cambodia but do not appear to be living in the subproject area.
268. Cham in Cambodia tend to live in communities centered around their mosques, most often separate from Khmer communities. They share strong ties as a religious group, often prefer to see their children educated in religious and state schools, and, in recent years, have gained confidence in their distinct cultural identity.25 They have, nonetheless, integrated, with increasing success, into the mainstream of Cambodian economic and political spheres.26 Historically, Cham have been identified as and continue to practice as fishers, particularly in communities situated along rivers. In inland areas, however, Cham are farmers, market vendors, and engage in many of the same economic activities as other Cambodians. Cham are increasingly visible as local and national political leaders.
269. Cham society is matriarchal, with property inheritance passing through the female line.27 That said, there are gender biases in Cham communities, which parallel those in Khmer communities. There is a bias in favor of sons staying in school longer and getting an academic education, while daughters are more likely to receive a shorter, religious education.28 Cham women assume primary responsibilities for child care, family health, and household management. In addition, more than three-quarters of Cham women interviewed in a study stated they earned money although, in many instances, this appears to be as unpaid labor contributions to family farming and fishing activities.29 However, 26% of the female respondents said someone in their families forbade them from working outside the home, and 35% of husbands responded they did not want their wives to work outside the home.30
270. Education and literacy. Basic education in Cambodia includes primary and lower secondary levels (Grades 1-9). Overall, in Canal 15 villages, the net enrolment rate (NER) in primary school is 82%, i.e., more than 8 in 10 children of primary school age (6-11 years) are enrolled in primary school. The NER for boys (83%) is higher than for girls (81%). However, many children start school late so that there are children in primary school up through the age of 17 years. Taking all students in primary school regardless of age, there are slightly more girls than boys (F/M ratio=1.1).
271. At the lower secondary level, the overall NER drops significantly to 42%. This is similar to the situation throughout Cambodia and means that many young people discontinue their education after primary school. For children aged 12-14 years, the NER for girls is 39%, lower than for boys (46%). Considering all students enrolled in lower secondary school (ages 12-17 years), girls slightly outnumber boys (F/M ratio=1.1).
272. Literacy rates in Canal 15 communities are high, and there is gender parity: 95% of men and women between the ages of 15 years and 34 years are literate. For people aged 35-45 years, 92% of women and men are literate. There are no literacy data for older people in these communities, but it is likely that the rate of literacy trends lower as people age.
273. Primary and secondary occupations. Agriculture is the sector that accounts for the primary occupation of most people over the age of 18 years living in Canal 15 communities.31 The majority of men (64%) and women (58%) are engaged in crop cultivation on their own land. Among
24 USAID. 2008. op cit. 25 Ibid. 26 Ibid. 27 http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Vietnam/sub5_9d/entry-3400.html#chapter-10 28 USAID. 2008. op cit. 29 Ibid. 30 Ibid. 31 The available CDB data identify occupations for persons 18 years old and older.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 83 these farmers, 98% of men and 99% of women cultivate rice as a primary occupation. The service sector is the second most important source of primary occupations, including 21% of men and 16% of women. More than half of the women working in the service sector work for privately owned enterprises, and nearly one-quarter are traders.
274. In Cambodia, many people living in rural communities also have a secondary occupation. In Canal 15 communities, agriculture is the most important secondary occupation. Among the farmers, 96% of men and 94% of women cultivate rice. Fishing and raising livestock is an important secondary occupation, particularly for men (4%); similarly, 4% of men work in the service sector. In general, women have very few secondary sources of income outside of agriculture (Table 41).
Table 41: Canal 15 Primary and Secondary Occupations (% Population 18+ years)
Primary Occupation Secondary Occupation Occupations M F T M F T Agriculture 64 58 61 20 12 16 Rice cultivation 63 57 60 19 11 15 Rice as % crop cultivation 98 99 98 96 94 95 Livestock, fish, NTFPs 2 0 2 4 <1 2 Agricultural wage labor 5 3 4 2 <1 1 Service sector 21 16 18 4 2 3 Trader 2 3 2 <1 <1 <1 Private sector 5 9 7 <1 <1 <1 Craft/industry sector <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 Source: 2016 CDB
275. Ownership of vehicles and mechanized farm machinery. Among households in C15 communities in 2016, 82% owned a motorbike and 80% owned a bicycle; in both instances, the average number of motorbikes or bicycles per household was 1.1. Very few households own a family car or small pick-up truck.
276. Many rural households in Cambodia invest in a hand tractor to replace water buffaloes and cows for plowing their fields. Hand tractors can also be adapted to haul carts or wagons that facilitate transport of people, agricultural produce, and other goods on rural roads. However, in 2016, only 17% of households in Canal 15 communities owned a hand tractor. Less than 1% of households owned other mechanized farm equipment such as large tractors and machines for harvesting and threshing rice.
277. Land-poor and landless households. While most people own and cultivate agricultural land in the Canal 15 communities, there are many households with little or no rice land. In total, 41% of households have less than 1 ha of rice land, with a range of 8-67% of communities in different communes (Table 42). Overall, only 16% of the households in the Canal 15 command area have no rice land. However, in several communes, between two-thirds and three-quarters of all households are landless or land poor.
Table 42: Landless and Land-poor Households, Canal 15 Communes
<1 ha of No Rice Land Communes Rice Land No. % No. %
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<1 ha of No Rice Land Communes Rice Land No. % No. % Angkor Borey 88 7.6 57 4.9 Prey Phkoam 267 35.3 238 31.5 Ponley 175 28.7 55 9.0 Treang 87 32.5 39 14.6 Roka Krau 152 51.4 8 2.7 Baray 216 32.0 248 36.8 Sambuor 858 59.3 218 15.1 Srangae 686 58.6 156 13.3 Thlok 224 66.5 30 8.9 Total 2,753 41.0 1,049 15.6 Source: CBD 2016
278. Migration. Work-related migration and the remittances this work generates have become major factors in the livelihood of rural households throughout Cambodia. Men and women are increasingly attracted to work in Phnom Penh, as well as in neighboring countries, because they are unable to secure land for farming or they prefer wage employment. They are also attracted by regular employment with significantly higher wages for unskilled labor in construction and factories compared with the average daily income from farming. Whereas rural Cambodian men traditionally migrated seasonally to work in Phnom Penh during the dry season, work-related migration patterns have transitioned to include women and men as well as longer-term and often year-round work away from home communities.
279. Within Cambodia, the growth of the construction sector in urban areas has prompted primarily the men to migrate to work in Phnom Penh and other towns. Many rural women leave home to work for one or more years in the garment sector that has been concentrated in and around Phnom Penh. In 2016, 13% of women in Canal 15 communities in the 18-60 years age group and 10% of men migrated within Cambodia for work. In addition, 9% of women and 11% of men in the 18-60 years age group sought employment in primarily in construction and manufacturing in Vietnam, Malaysia and other nearby countries.
B. Poverty
280. Since 2004, poverty in Cambodia has declined rapidly, from 53.2% to 20.5% in 2011. The most significant drop occurred in rural areas from 2007-2009, when the proportion of poor people declined by 30% from 57.9% to 27.5% (Table 43). Increases in rice production, higher prices for rice, and higher rural wages were among the drivers of poverty reduction as were government investment in infrastructure, improvements in education and health, and the growth of salaried jobs in urban areas.32
Table 43: Poverty Levels, Cambodia (% population)
Item 2004 2007 2009 2011 National 53.2 50.1 23.9 20.5 Phnom Penh 15.8 2.7 4.3 1.5 Other Urban 39.7 35.0 12.7 16.1 Rural 59.0 57.9 27.5 23.7 Source: World Bank. 2014. Cambodia Poverty Assessment.
281. The reduction in poverty levels is reflected in the improved well-being of many including women. Poverty rates for female-headed households (22.5%) are not significantly higher than those of male-headed households (20.1%). Many rural women who migrate to urban areas to work in the
32 World Bank, 2014. Cambodia Poverty Assessment 2013
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 85 garment sector benefit as have their families from the higher wages in this sector although the gender wage gap remains high at 30%.
282. The dependency rate in Cambodia has dropped due to the increase in the working population. Nonetheless, the poverty level among Cambodia’s children (27.2% for children 0-6 years of age) is significantly higher than among working Cambodians (17.3% for people between 21 and 59 years of age). The elderly, on the other hand, have a low rate of poverty (15.4%).
283. Moreover, the poverty gap has dropped to 4.2% and 4.8%, respectively, at the national level and in rural areas, meaning that poor people have a higher level of well-being than previously. This is reflected in an annual 4.7% increase in consumption levels between 2004 and 2011, including improvements to housing and purchase of durable goods. Inequality between rich and poor Cambodians has also decreased during this period.
284. Nonetheless, 91% of rural people in Cambodia are poor. Many rural Cambodians have been able to move out of poverty by leveraging their land and labor assets to increase their return on investments. However, for most rural Cambodians, the reduction in poverty is small, with the majority of poor people living at a level just above the poverty line. It was estimated in 2011 that a reduction in income of KHR1,200 (US$0.30) per day could result in doubling the incidence of poverty.33
285. In 2012, the poverty level in Takeo Province was at 19.9%. In most communes where the C15 is located, there have been declines of more than 30% in poverty rates (Table 44). Poverty levels in most communes in the command area are at or below the provincial average and below the national rate for rural areas.
Table 44: Poverty Levels, Canal 15 Communes (% Population)
Communes 2004 2008 2012 Change (%) Angkor Borey 31.0 27.9 20.6 - 34 Prey Phkoam 37.0 34.0 24.3 - 34 Ponley 26.9 24.8 17.0 - 37 Treang 30.5 27.8 23.4 - 23 Roka Krau 26.3 23.4 18.0 - 32 Baray 29.7 23.7 18.1 - 39 Sambuor 30.2 25.7 19.9 - 34 Srangae 29.8 24.6 19.1 - 36 Thlok 34.2 31.2 22.5 - 34 Source: Ministry of Planning. 2012. Poverty Reduction by Capital, Provinces, Municipalities, Districts, Khans, Communes, Sangkats Based on Commune Data Base, 2004-2012.
C. Gender and Agriculture
1. Agriculture in the Canal 15 Communes
286. Agricultural land uses. Rice farming is a significant land use in the Canal 15 communes, representing more than 80%, on average, of non-residential land in the command area communes; there is little or no chamkar land in these communes (Table 45).
Table 45: Land Use (ha) in C15 Communes Rice as % Non- Communes Total Residential Rice Chamkar Residential Angkor Borey 4,713 215 4,115 91.5 75
33 Ibid.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 86 Rice as % Non- Communes Total Residential Rice Chamkar Residential Prey Phkoam 4,729 467 2,396 56.2 50 Ponley 5,823 244 3,326 59.6 50 Treang 2,646 234 1,994 82.7 9 Roka Krau 3,448 567 2,296 79.7 167 Baray 4,100 271 3,600 94.0 0 Sambuor 5,471 368 4,714 92.4 29 Srangae 2,792 398 2,331 97.3 65 Thlok 5,511 570 4,940 100.0 0 Total 39,233 3,332 28,712 82.8 437 Source: 2016 CDB
287. The area of wet season rice land is, on average, less than half of all rice land in communes where the Canal 15 command area is located (Table 46).
Table 46: Wet/Dry Rice Land (ha) and % Total Rice Land, Canal 15 Communes
Communes Wet % Total Dry % Total Angkor Borey 405 9.8 3,710 90.2 Prey Phkoam 1,119 46.7 1,277 53.3 Ponley 984 29.6 2,342 70.4 Treang 647 32.4 1,347 67.6 Roka Krau 1,921 83.7 375 16.3 Baray 1,000 27.8 2,600 72.2 Sambuor 2,322 49.3 2,392 50.7 Srangae 1,625 69.7 706 30.3 Thlok 3,177 64.3 1,763 35.7 Total 13,200 44.4 16,512 55.6 Source: 2016 CDB
288. Agricultural production in the Canal 15 command area. Based on 2016 CDB data, the area of cultivated wet and dry rice lands comprise 90% and 80%, respectively, of the total area of these types of rice land. The yields are 3.2 t/ha and 4.6 t/ha for wet and dry rice crops, respectively (Table 47). The farmgate price for rice in the communes in the Canal 15 command area range from KHR715-835 per kg, on average.
Table 47: Area of Wet/Dry Rice Land Cultivated (ha), Canal 15 Communes % Total % Total Wet Area Dry Area Communes Wet Rice Dry Rice Cultivated Cultivated Land Land Angkor Borey 195 48.1% 405 10.9% Prey Phkoam 1,119 100.0% 1,277 100.0% Ponley 984 100.0% 2,342 100.0% Treang 647 100.0% 1,347 100.0% Roka Krau 1,921 100.0% 375 100.0% Baray 1,000 100.0% 2,600 100.0% Sambuor 2,322 100.0% 2,392 100.0% Srangae 1,625 100.0% 706 100.0% Thlok 2,125 66.9% 1,763 100.0% Total 11,938 90.4% 13,207 80.0% Yield (t/ha) 3.2 4.6 Source: 2016 CDB
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 87 3. Gender Roles and Opportunities in Irrigated Agriculture
289. While women are active as farmers throughout Cambodia, they are not necessarily as engaged as men in the management of water resources and irrigated agriculture. This section reviews the water management structures in the Canal 15 command area, as well as recent research and experience regarding gender roles and responsibilities in irrigation schemes in Cambodia.
290. FWUCs in Canal 15 command area. In the Canal 15 command area, there is no FWUC that oversees water resources management.34 However, a FWUC was established in 2017 to oversee the O&M of Samput Pumping Station, one of the Canal 15 SP components. The members of the FWUC management committee were elected in June 2018, but there is no information available, as yet, about the structure and membership of the FWUC,
291. There are a number of PWSs in the C15 command area, supplying water to farmers with land located far from the canals or in highland areas. The PWSs supply water to secondary and tertiary canals, and farmers use their own small pumps to lift the water into their fields. In the lower part of the command area, small PWSs supply water to areas ranging from 50-200 ha. Larger PWSs operate in the higher portions of the command area.
292. Gender and FWUCs in Cambodia. FWUCs are established in accordance with Sub-decree 31 (2015), which defines a FWUC as an autonomous legal entity. The FWUC structure includes the establishment of FWUSGs that manage water resources at the TC level and FWUGs that manage water resources at the SC level. At each level, there is a management committee normally consisting of four people who are elected by FWUC members. Based on MOWRAM data, women’s membership in FWUCs was16%, on average, in 2012.35
293. While there is a significant gender gap in the membership of women and men in FWUCs, research and consultations carried out with FWUC members in three provinces clearly indicate that there are no significant differences in what men and women actually do as FWUC members.36 However, some work is reserved for men because of their physical strength, such as opening and closing water gates. Women are predominantly responsible for collecting ISFs and, once or twice a year, preparing reports on income and expenses. Many other activities may be thought of as men’s or women’s work, but in reality, there are few gender distinctions on who does the work when it is needed.
294. Conflict resolution about claims of unequal water distribution or farmers draining water into their farms without permission is a key function of the FWUC. This is often cited as men’s responsibility although there is increasing recognition that women are often better able than men to resolve conflicts through dialogue and other peaceful means.37 This is similar to the experiences of community fisheries groups in Cambodia with resolution of conflicts over the use of illegal fishing gear.
295. The absence of WUGs at the tertiary canal level (TC WUGs) means that women farmers do not have a “platform” for their involvement in local water management. When they are functioning, TC WUGs can bring together households with landholdings in the command area within a village. Experience with TC WUGs elsewhere in Cambodia supports the view that female farmers are often
34 A women’s FGD in Sambuor Commune, Treag District (July 2018) provided information about a PDWRAM-supported FWUC, Kbal Pou, established in 2011. This information has not been corroborated; moreover, the TRTA FWUC expert reports no FWUC in the C15 command area. 35 MOWRAM, 2014. MOWRAM Gender Mainstreaming Action Plan, 2014-2018. 36 MOWRAM, 2015. Report of a Pilot Study on Review of Gender Roles and Issues in the Water Sector in Kampong Thom, Siem Reap and Banteay Meanchey Provinces and to Conduct Awareness Raising and Training. 37 Ibid.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 88 in the majority among participants at subgroup meetings.38 Similarly, during community meetings conducted by the TRTA agronomists, women have comprised majority of the participants.
296. Women attend meetings to represent the household when their husbands are away from the village, for instance, working on household land. The location of the meeting in the village also facilitates women’s participation; there are fewer constraints for women related to limited time, mobility or childcare. Women farmers in Cambodia are often active participants at meetings about issues related to their agricultural activities, such as at TC WUG meetings.39
D. Gender Mainstreaming in MOWRAM
297. This section summarizes the role of women within MOWRAM and policies and strategies for gender mainstreaming.
298. MOWRAM staff. MOWRAM employs 1,258 people at the ministry and provincial levels. At the national level, there are 633 employees; at the subnational level, there are 625 staff members, of whom 9% are women. One woman currently holds the position of Deputy Director General at the national level, and, there is one female PDWRAM Director. Overall, women account for less than 10% of MOWRAM staff with management responsibilities (Table 48).
Table 48: MOWRAM Management Staff Men Women Total National Level Director General 4 0 4 Deputy Director General 16 1 16 Inspector, Director 1 0 1 Inspector, Deputy Director 2 0 2 Department, Director 20 0 20 Department, Deputy Director 48 6 54 Chief Office 53 3 56 Vice Chief 137 34 171 Provincial Level Provincial Department, Director 25 0 25 Provincial Department, Deputy Director 54 1 55 Provincial Office, Chief 84 3 87 Provincial Office, Vice Chief 109 17 126 Khan/District Level District, Chief 62 1 63 District, Vice Chief 3 0 3 Total 618 66 683 MOWRAM Gender Working Group Gender Technical Working Group 4 14 18 Source: Statistics, Ministry of Labor and Vocational Training, 2018
299. At the Ministry, DFWUC is responsible for supporting the establishment and functioning of FWUCs. The current staff of 33 people includes five women (13.5%). Among female staff at DFWUC, two women hold the position of Vice-Chief in the Office of Training and Research. There are no women in more senior management positions at DFWUC. DFWUC does not have any staff at the provincial and district levels.
38 Personal communication: Chem Phalla, 2018. 39 Ibid.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 89 300. Within each of the 12 departments at MOWRAM, a gender focal point has been identified to fulfill the Ministry’s commitments to gender mainstreaming, and a Gender Working Group (GWG) has been established in each PDWRAM.40
301. IAIP PMU. The PMU established to implement the IAIP is composed of 13 MOWRAM staff. Two of them are women who hold the position of Vice-Chief in the Office of Training and Research in DFWUC. Their responsibilities in the PMU relate to administration, finance, and procurement.
302. MOWRAM legal and policy framework. The 2007 Law on Water Resource Management states, in Article 4, that water resource management is to be undertaken in accordance with international principles of integrated water resource management (IWRM). The 1991 Dublin Statement defines IWRM guiding principles, including, “Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water.” 303. The Rectangular Strategy is the RGC framework for economic and social development of Cambodia and is structured around four interrelated strategic rectangles. The strategic rectangle for physical infrastructure development encompasses the efficient management of irrigation infrastructure. The strategic rectangle for human resources development stresses the importance of women as “the backbone of national economy and society.”41 304. The National Socio-Economic Development Plan (NSDP), 2014-2018 reflects the commitments of RGC and its ministries to support the objectives of the Rectangular Strategy. With respect to irrigation infrastructure, the NSDP highlights: (i) prioritization of the location of expanded and renovated infrastructure in areas where there is good potential for increased economic returns; and (ii) greater participation of farmers and Commune Councils in local financing and management of the operation of irrigation schemes.42 Gender commitments are set out in the Neary Ratanak IV.43 the national gender policy and stress the overriding importance of women’s economic empowerment and increased roles for women in decision-making at all levels.
305. MOWRAM gender mainstreaming strategies. In 2007, MOWRAM established a Gender Mainstreaming Action Group (GMAG) and prepared the Gender Mainstreaming Action Plan (GMAP), 2007-2011 with support from ADB. In 2014, ADB again supported MOWRAM to produce the GMAP, 2014-2018. At the time of the most recent GMAP, the GMAG membership included 21 MOWRAM staff, including 13 women (62%).
306. The initial GMAP identified strategies and targets to be achieved by 2010. The scope of the GMAP and the level of achievement of its targets are shown in Table 49.
Table 49: MOWRAM GMAP, 2007-2010 No. Strategies Status of Outputs and Targets, 2010 1. Create gender network in MOWRAM Outputs and targets achieved: • Gender focal points identified in all MOWRAM departments at national level • Gender Working Group established in all provincial departments of MOWRAM 2. Build capacity of gender network in • GMAG assessment: knowledge and capacity of gender gender awareness and analysis network increased through trainings, workshops, etc. 3. Increase the number of female • 2010 target: 15% female staff officials at MOWRAM through recruit • Progress, 2006-2010: +3% • 2010 status: 16%, MOWRAM; 9%, PDWRAM; 13% overall
40 See also, Section 1.5.4, below. 41 RGC. 2014. Rectangular Strategy. 42 RGC. 2014. National Socio-Economic Development Plan, 2014-2018. 43 RGC. 2014. Neary Ratanak IV.
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No. Strategies Status of Outputs and Targets, 2010 4. Increase the participation of female • 2010 target: 30% female participants staff in national and international • 2010 status: 15-17% female participants training and education • Constraints: time required for family responsibilities, lack of support from family, low English skills, low education, low self-confidence 5. Promote women to decision-making • 2005: Director of Department, most senior position held by positions within MOWRAM a woman • 2012: Deputy Director General, most senior position held by a woman 6. Ensure all services result in more • 2010 target: women’s membership in FWUC is 10% benefits for women at community • 2005: women’s membership in FWUC = 0% level • 2012: women’s membership in FWUC = 16% Source: MOWRAM, 2014. Gender Mainstreaming Action Plan, 2014-2018
307. In response to the achievements and gaps identified for gender mainstreaming at MOWRAM, the GMAG updated the GMAP to cover the period, 2014-2018. The strategies and outputs of the updated GMAP are presented in Table 50.
Table 50: MOWRAM GMAP, 2014-2018 No. Strategies Outputs 1. Strengthen the capacity of MOWRAM • GMAG receives incentive support for its operations. on gender at all levels • Capacity of gender network in gender mainstreaming and gender analysis is strengthened and a pool of master trainers on gender is established. • Awareness of MOWRAM officials raised at all levels with regard to gender concepts and gender awareness issues as they relate to their areas of work. • Public information and media messages related to MOWRAM are made more gender responsive. 2. Continue to provide opportunities for • Women’s representation in decision-making is increased. women officials in MOWRAM to be promoted into decision-making positions 3. Enhance gender mainstreaming in • Number of women officials in MOWRAM is increased human resources management through new recruitment. • Technical capacity of women officials in MOWRAM is built through their increased participation in national and international training and education. 4. Ensure that all services in the water • Strategic areas for the following are gender responsive. resources and meteorology sector bring - Water resources management and development; more benefits to women in the - Flood and drought management; communities - Development of laws and regulations; - Information management in relation to water resources and meteorology; - Administrative management and human resources. 5. Build good collaboration and • Aid effectiveness is promoted within MOWRAM through partnership between GMAG and all gender mainstreaming in the Ministry’s projects. MOWRAM projects to increase aid • Collaboration and networking are strengthened among all effectiveness stakeholders implementing gender equality, especially in the Ministry’s projects. 6. Monitor and evaluate the • M&E framework is designed and implemented. implementation of the GMAP • Gender Data Bank is created. Source: MOWRAM, 2014. Gender Mainstreaming Action Plan, 2014-2018
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308. This section presents an analysis of key gender issues and a Gender Action Plan (GAP) aligned with the proposed outcome and outputs of the IAIP.
309. Issues on strengthening gender in IAIP. The key gender issues are in two areas, namely: (i) opportunities for female farmers to promote their agricultural activities through access to irrigation resources and participation in decision-making about water resource management; and (ii) the knowledge, skills, and capacity of MOWRAM to address the needs and priorities of women and men in the development, implementation, and monitoring of projects to upgrade irrigation infrastructure.
310. Women farmers in Cambodia have developed an in-depth knowledge of growing rice and other crops through extensive in-field experience. Their agricultural production, post-harvest, and value-added activities are a mainstay of the livelihoods of rural households in terms of the food they grow for household consumption and the crops they grow for sale. However, due to lack of access to information, lack of control of key resources, and longstanding cultural norms, women are often less able than men to learn about and adopt new technologies to address changing conditions and improve production or to be heard, influence, and/or make decisions that have fundamental consequences for their agricultural activities. Some of the issues surrounding women’s access to and use of irrigation, which are of particular relevance to the IAIP, include the following:
• Women who remain in rural villages when men migrate for work are increasingly responsible for the management aspects of rice cultivation, such as decisions about hiring labor and negotiating with traders. In the context of irrigated rice cultivation, women also need to understand and be involved in decisions about water management, for example, water distribution plans. • Women have traditionally cash cropped vegetables that, as high-value crops, may be prime candidates for diversified crop production as expanded irrigation affords greater opportunities for dry season and year-round cultivation in the command area. For this reason, the needs and priorities of women and men need to be fully articulated and addressed in planning for crop diversification and crop calendars. • Women often outnumber men in attendance at community meetings. However, widely held beliefs that water management is men’s responsibility, that women should not speak up in public, and that the lack of education or not being able to read means that a person does not have relevant knowledge, mean that women tend not to participate in discussions or, if they do, their interventions are not “heard”. Increasing women’s participation, for instance, in water user groups or training programs must address practical constraints such as limited time and mobility, and gender quotas are important. However, increasing women’s active participation must also find ways to change attitudes and convince both men and women of the importance and value of women’s active participation in decision-making. • Women and men in Cambodia often lack the knowledge and skills to fully develop their agricultural activities as successful microenterprises or businesses, for example, in basic areas such as financial literacy and in relation to emerging issues such as climate change and climate-smart agriculture. These are areas of capacity development that are important to validate the investment in irrigation efficiency.
311. MOWRAM has instituted gender-responsive policies and moved towards achieving strategic objectives to strengthen gender mainstreaming. Nonetheless, the IAIP can contribute to further strengthening of the capacity of MOWRAM and PDWRAM staff in the context of the outputs and outcome of the IAIP and in the context of institutional development.
312. Gender action plan. The GAP that was developed for IAIP (Table 51) is closely aligned with its outputs. It reflects issues raised during focus group discussions and interviews with women
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 92 and other stakeholders and household surveys conducted in the command area communities. It also identifies a range of activities and strategies that are intended to strengthen (i) the inclusion of women’s needs and priorities at the level of the irrigation schemes and (ii) gender mainstreaming capacity in MOWRAM.
Table 51: Proposed IAIP Gender Action Plan Gender Objective Actions/Targets Process Output 1: Efficiency and climate resilience of irrigation schemes enhanced 1. Strengthen women’s 1.1 Women-only FGDs conducted in at • Village-level FGDs conducted with voice in project least 30% of the villages in each women from households that own design, in particular, command area. and/or rent land in irrigation scheme. how to optimize 1.2 At least two community • The location, timing, and information gender and social consultations conducted in each dissemination about FGDs and inclusion of project command. Targets for participants: consultations facilitate participation and employment at least 45% are women, including by women, including women from opportunities during women holding commune and households with land at the tailend construction. village positions (Deputy Village of the command area. Chief, VDC, CC, CCWC) and at least 45% are men. 2. Strengthen women’s 2.1 At least 15% of FWUC members are • FWUCs are made aware of and membership, women, including women who hold encouraged to adopt membership participation, and sole or joint title to or rent land in policies that conform to criteria of leadership in irrigation scheme (2018 baseline: Sub-Decree 31, i.e., membership is FWUCs. <10%). open to people of either sex who 2.2 Women account for at least 10% of own or rent land in the scheme and people elected to FWUC are Cambodian citizens aged 18 management committees (2018 years or older. baseline: 1%, KPIS; 5%, SCS; 0%, • Women from households with land PPIS and C15.) on tertiary canals, in particular, are encouraged to stand for election to FWUSG management committees. 3. Promote women’s 3.1 Women account for at least 20% of • Priority will be given to women who economic local unskilled workers hired for civil read and write for paid work related empowerment and works to upgrade and climate-proof to record keeping and accounting. safety. irrigation infrastructure, as stipulated • PMIC and PMU will collaborate to in contract specifications and tender provide gender sensitivity training documents (2018 baseline: ~10%). for all construction site supervision 3.2 All contracts for civil works will staff encompassing information on guarantee: (i) equal pay for women policies and procedures to prevent and men in similar positions; (ii) sexual harassment, child labor enforcement of zero tolerance work exploitation, gender-based violence, site policies regarding sexual human trafficking, and transmission harassment; (iii) separate sanitation of HIV/AIDS and STIs. facilities for women and men; (iv) provision of worker safety training, equipment, and clothing for women and men. Output 2: Water resource management improved 4. Ensure women’s 4.1 TNA conducted with women and • Target topics for training/mentoring active participation men in command area communities program: accounting/finance; in village-based and training/mentoring program communications and outreach training and designed to explicitly address techniques, conflict resolution; mentoring to support priorities/needs of women and men. leadership and management skills. effective 4.2 Women and men each account for • The design and delivery of the management of at least 40% of participants in IAIP training/mentoring program will: (i) FWUCs, other training and mentoring activities. provide practical knowledge and CBOs and local skills, (ii) use methods and tools to
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Gender Objective Actions/Targets Process enterprises. promote participatory adult learning; and (iii) take into consideration women’s time, mobility, and literacy limitations. 5. Ensure women’s 5.1 Women and men each represent at • Targets for training/field active participation least 40% of participants in all IAIP demonstration program: paddy in village-based trainings on climate-resilient water management, different rice training and field agricultural strategies. varieties, crop diversity and crop demonstration 5.2 Women and men each comprise at calendar, climate resilient and programs on least 40% of participants for in-field higher-value crops, water climate-resilient demonstrations. management, etc. agricultural and • The design and delivery of the water management training/mentoring program will: (i) strategies. provide practical knowledge and skills; (ii) use methods and tools to promote participatory adult learning; and (iii) take into consideration women’s time, mobility, and literacy limitations. 6. Strengthen gender 6.1 TNA conducted with all GMAG/ • Targets for training program: gender mainstreaming GTWG members and GFPs and issues/priorities in irrigated capacity of training program developed that agriculture and water resource MOWRAM GMAG/ builds on existing knowledge and management; gender analysis GTWG members needs/priorities for GM training. methods; other GM tools (e.g., and GFPs at 6.2 All GMAG/GTWG members and gender budgeting, gender audit); provincial levels. GFPs in all provinces participate in methods and tools for TOT training, (GMAP, 2014-2018; annual training program. participatory training, and facilitation Outputs 1.2 and 1.3) 6.3 All GMAG/GTWG members and skills. GFPs participate in study tours • Training methods/tools prioritize organized in each of Years 2, 3 and participatory approaches and linking 4 of IAIP to visit IAIP irrigation knowledge/skills to the schemes and meet with FWUCs and responsibilities of participants as other stakeholders in command GMAG/GWG members and GFPs. areas. • Annual pre- and post-training KAP surveys administered to measure changes in knowledge, attitudes, and practices. 7. Strengthen capacity 7.1 TNA conducted with DFWUC and • Target participants: irrigation of technical staff at PDWRAM technical staff and engineers and other technical staff DFWUC and training program developed that at PDWRAM and DFWUC staff at PDWRAM in IAIP builds on existing knowledge and national and provincial levels. provinces to needs/priorities to strengthen • Target topics: roles and promote women’s capacity to address to gender issues responsibilities of FWUCs at all opportunities related in relation to the roles and levels; opportunities/ constraints for to FWUC and water responsibilities of staff. women’s participation in irrigated resources. 7.2 At least 80% of DFWUC staff at agriculture and FWUCs; conflict management national and provincial levels and resolution techniques. (GMAP, 2014-2018; PDWRAM technical staff participate • Training methods/tools prioritize Output 1.3) in annual training program participatory approaches and linking knowledge/skills to the work responsibilities of participants. • Annual pre- and post-training KAP surveys administered to measure changes in knowledge, attitudes, and practices.
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Gender Objective Actions/Targets Process 8. Support 8.1 GDB developed, including data • Progressive rollout of GDB: development of collection and analysis methods and - Year 1: GDB developed and MOWRAM Gender tools, reporting, and dissemination implemented in IAIP SP areas; Data Base (GDB) procedures. annual training program (GMAP 2014-2018; 8.2 Annual training program developed developed and delivered; annual Outputs 6.1 & 6.2) and delivered to all GFPs and other report prepared MOWRAM/ PDWRAM staff with - Year 2: GDB implemented in responsibilities for management of IAIP SP areas; annual training GDB. program delivered; annual report 8.3 GDB implemented: data collected, prepared analyzed, and reported from: (i) IAIP - Year 3: GDB implemented in sub-project areas (Years 1-5, IAIP); IAIP SP areas; annual training and ii) other irrigation schemes program delivered; annual report (Year 4 onward). prepared; end-of-year rapid 8.4 Annual reports prepared and evaluation of GDB disseminated to MOWRAM - Year 4: GDB implemented in management, GMAG/GWG, IAIP SP areas; GDB expanded to DFWUC, and external stakeholders. 3-4 additional irrigation schemes 8.5 Rapid evaluation studies of GDB (TBD based on Year 3 conducted and reported after Year 3 evaluation); annual training and at the end of IAIP. program delivered; annual report prepared - Year 5: GDB implemented in IAIP SP areas plus 3-4 additional irrigation schemes; annual training program delivered; annual report prepared; final IAIP evaluation of GDB. CBO-community-based organization; CC-Commune Council; CCWC-Commune Committee for Women and Children; DFWUC-Department of FWUC Strengthening; FGD-focus group discussion; FWUC-farmer water user community; FWUG- farmer water user group (secondary canals); FWUSG-farmer water user sub-group (tertiary canals); GAP-gender action plan; GFP-Gender Focal Point; GM-gender mainstreaming; GMAG-Gender Mainstreaming Action Group; GTWG- Gender Technical Working Group; PMIC-Project Management and Implementation Consultant; PMU-Project Management Unit; STI-sexually transmitted infection; TNA-training needs assessment; TOT-training of trainers; VDC-Village Development Committee.
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 94 Appendix 1
PHOTO DOCUMENTATION OF THE FIELD VISITS AND SYSTEM WALKTHROUGHS
Photo 1. Flood situation at the tail of Canal 15 Photo 2. Normal boats, majority owned by (main Canal) during flooding farmers, used to transport the agricultural products and tools into the paddy field
Photo 3. Overview of the Canal 15 Main Canal at Photo 4. Overview of Canal 87 (secondary canal the beginning of the flood season, June 2018 of Canal 15) at the beginning of the flood season, June 2018
Photo 5. Paddy to be harvested along Canal 87 Photo 6. Farmers harvest paddy along Canal 87 in before the field is flooded, June 2018 June before the field is flooded
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Photo 8. Samput pumping station lifting water from Photo 7. Samput intake Canal (from Canal 15 to Samput pumping station), June 2018 its intake canal and supplying irrigation water for farmers’ early wet season rice crop
Photo 9. Samput existing main canal, part of Photo 10. Existing secondary canal of Samput Canal 15 subproject, proposed to be lined with system (part of the Canal 15 subproject) proposed concrete to be lined with concrete
Photo 11. Existing field channel in Samput system Photo 12. Farmers pump water to the existing (part of Canal 15 Subproject) canal networks of Samput system as a second lift
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 96 CONSULTATION WORKSHOP/MEETING AND GENDER FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION IN CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT, TAKEO PROVINCE
Consultation meeting with women and Cham ethnic minority at Stung Kombot Village, Angkor Borey Commune, Angkor Borey District
Consultation meeting with local farmers, local authority leader and representatives in the subproject area - Prey Plong Village, Sombor Commune, Treang District
Consultation meeting withCham ethnic minority at Chong Thnal Villgae, Sangkat Baray, Krong Daun Keo
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Consultation meeting with enthic Vietnamese at Snor Village, Roka Knong Sangkat, Krong Daun Keo
Consultation meeting with local farmers, local authority, and representatives in the subproject area – Thun Mun Khang Tbong Village, Sangkat Barai, Krong Daun Keo
Consultation meeting with local farmers, local authority, and representative in the subproject area – Pry Phkam village and Commune, Angkor Borei District
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 98 Appendix 2 DETAILED CALCULATION OF IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT
Name of Scheme: Samput Province : Takeo Transplanting /Direct Seeding Direct Seeding Crop 1: IRR; Wet Season SD Late Maturing (Sep-Dec: 90 days) Crop 2: IRR; Wet Season SD Early Maturing (May-Jul: 90 days) Crop 3: IRR; Dry Season SD Medium Maturing (Jan-Apr: 90 days) Source of Water: Prek Angkor Soil type: Silty clay
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC Totals IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII DS WS DS Eto (Penman) mm/day 4.2 4.2 4.5 4.5 5.0 5.0 5.2 5.2 4.6 4.6 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.9 3.9 Crop 1 15 day periods 15 15 15 15 15 15 Stage VVPPRR Crop Factor Kc 1.10 1.10 1.05 1.05 0.95 0.95 Etc (=Kc*Eto) mm/day 4.1 4.1 3.9 3.9 3.5 3.7 Crop Requirement mm/period 61.4 61.4 58.6 58.4 52.9 55.9 349 Percolation mm/day 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 2.0 Percolation mm/period 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 30.0 75 Land Preparation mm/period 100 100 Crop 2 524 15 day periods 15 15 15 15 15 15 Stage VVPPRR Crop Factor Kc 1.10 1.10 1.05 1.05 0.95 0.95 Etc (=Kc*Eto) mm/day 5.0 5.0 4.2 4.2 3.7 3.7 Crop Requirement mm/period 75.1 75.1 63.6 63.6 55.4 55.4 388 Percolation mm/day 2.0 2.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Percolation mm/period 30.0 30.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 96 Land Preparation mm/period 100 100 Crop 3 584 15 day periods 15 15 15 15 15 15 Stage VVPPRR Crop Factor Kc 1.10 1.10 1.05 1.05 0.95 0.95 Etc (=Kc*Eto) mm/day 4.6 5.0 4.7 5.2 4.7 4.9 Crop Requirement mm/period 69.5 74.6 71.2 78.6 71.1 73.8 439 Percolation mm/day 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Percolation mm/period 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 180 Land Preparation mm/period 100 100 719 719 Rainfall (monthly average) mm/month 9.0 7.0 35.0 82.0 170.0 159.0 183.0 177.0 235.0 272.0 132.0 37.0 Rainfall (period average) mm/period 4.5 4.5 3.5 3.5 17.5 17.5 41.0 41.0 85.0 85.0 79.5 79.5 91.5 91.5 88.5 88.5 117.5 117.5 136.0 136.0 66.0 66.0 18.5 18.5 1,498 Effective Rainfall (80%) mm/month 7.2 5.6 28.0 65.6 136.0 127.2 146.4 141.6 188.0 217.6 105.6 29.6 Effective Rainfall (80%) mm/period 3.6 3.6 2.8 2.8 14.0 14.0 32.8 32.8 68.0 68.0 63.6 63.6 73.2 73.2 70.8 70.8 94.0 94.0 108.8 108.8 52.8 52.8 14.8 14.8 1,198 Total Net Irr. Requirements mm/period 96.4 95.9 101.8 98.4 94.6 87.1 71.0 67.2 37.1 37.1 9.0 9.0 6.0 14.6 9.1 71.1 905 Total Net Irr. Requirements mm/day 6.4 6.4 6.8 6.6 6.3 5.8 4.7 4.5 2.5 2.5 0.6 0.6 0.4 1.0 0.6 4.7 Net Crop Water Requirement l/sec/ha 0.74 0.74 0.79 0.76 0.73 0.67 0.55 0.52 0.29 0.29 0.07 0.07 0.05 0.11 0.07 0.55 0.79 Field Efficiency 80% 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 Field crop Water Requirements l/sec/ha 0.93 0.92 0.98 0.95 0.91 0.84 0.68 0.65 0.36 0.36 0.09 0.09 0.06 0.14 0.09 0.69 Distr. Canal Efficiency 95% 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Tert. Head Water Requirements l/sec/ha 0.98 0.97 1.03 1.00 0.96 0.88 0.72 0.68 0.38 0.38 0.09 0.09 0.06 0.15 0.09 0.72 Major canal efficiency 90% 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 Intake Water Requirements l/sec/ha 1.09 1.08 1.15 1.11 1.07 0.98 0.80 0.76 0.42 0.42 0.10 0.10 0.07 0.17 0.10 0.80 Intake Water Requirements m3/sec 1.09 1.08 1.15 1.11 1.07 0.98 0.80 0.76 0.42 0.42 0.10 0.10 0.07 0.17 0.10 0.80 10.2 Command area 1000 ha Requirement mm/day 9 9 10 10 9 8 7 7 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 7 88.2 Requirement for 1 block m3/day 37,583 37,374 39,680 38,359 36,878 33,960 27,686 26,199 14,454 14,454 3,520 3,520 - - - - 2,339 - - - 5,705 3,535 27,704 - 352,951 Pumping rate required in l/s 1148 Pumping rate selected in l/s 600 Tertiary block in ha 400 ok Hours pumping per day required 17.4 17.3 18.4 17.8 17.1 15.7 12.8 12.1 6.7 6.7 1.6 1.6 1.1 2.6 1.6 12.8 163.4
TA 9349-CAM: PREPARING THE IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE IMPROVEMENT PROJECT (IAIP), CAMBODIA
FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 99 Appendix 3
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Table 1: Amount of Input Purchased per Hectare
Dry Season Wet Items Unit 1st Crop 2nd Crop Season W/O W/P W/O W/P Hand tractor for plowing & Farm 1 1 1 1 harrowing No./ha Machinery Combine for harvesting 1 1 1 1 Seed White Rice kg/ha 40 80 40 80 Purchased Seed sowing 2 2 2 2 workdays/ Hired labor Fertilizer spraying 3 2 3 2 ha Chemical spraying Non- 7 4 7 4 Water arable Gasoline for pumping liter/ha 30 10 30 10 Pumping Urea 200 150 200 150 DAP 150 100 150 100 Fertilzer kg/ha Potassium chloride 50 50 50 50 Other 50 50 50 50 Agro- Including all chemicals liter/ha 2 2 2 2 chemicals
Table 2: Prices of Inputs and Outputs Applied
Fin. Econ. VAT VAT SERF/ Items Unit Category CF Price Price appl. adj. SWRF
Input Price Hand tractor Non- for plowing & 75.00 75.00 No 1.00 1.00 1.00 Farm tradable harrowing US$/ha Machinery Combine for Non- 62.50 62.50 No 1.00 1.00 1.00 harvesting tradable Seed Non- White Rice US$/kg 0.25 0.25 No 1.00 1.00 1.00 Purchased tradable (Man & woman US$ Unskilled Labor 6.00 5.40 No 1.00 0.90 0.90 same) /workday labor Water Gasoline US$/liter 1.00 0.63 Yes Tradable 0.63 1.00 0.63 Pumping Urea 18.00 16.36 Yes Tradable 0.91 1.00 0.91
DAP 24.00 21.82 Yes Tradable 0.91 1.00 0.91 Fertilizer Potassium US$/50kg 20.00 18.18 Yes Tradable 0.91 1.00 0.91 chloride Other 22.50 20.45 Yes Tradable 0.91 1.00 0.91 Agro-chemicals US$/liter 25.00 22.73 Yes Tradable 0.91 1.00 0.91
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FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 100
Output Price White Rice US$/kg 0.20
TA 9349-CAM: PREPARING THE IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE IMPROVEMENT PROJECT (IAIP), CAMBODIA
FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 101 Table 3: Financial and Economic Capital Costs (Full Cost) Economic Cost (US$’000) Financial Labor Total Items Cost Non- Tradable Un- US$’000) tradable Skilled skilled 1. Civil works: Excavation and modernization of pumping system 1. Excavation to remove siltation Canal 15: 20km 2,520 367 1,535 115 247 2,263 2. Excavation to remove siltation Canal 87: 5.6km 454 66 276 21 45 407 3. Modernization of Samput pumping system 3,294 479 2,006 150 323 2,959 4. Project management cost 300 27 55 191 0 273 2. Capacity building 1. MOWRAM, PDWRAM & other institutions 127 12 23 81 0 115 2. Farmer water user community (FWUC) 285 26 52 181 0 259 3. Agricultural demonstration and training activities 1. Seed production training 40 4 18 15 0 36 2. Demonstrations, field schools & extension 200 18 91 73 0 182 4. On-farm activities 1. NGO services 97 9 18 62 0 88 Base cost 7,316 6,582 Contingency 732 658 Total 8,047 7,240 Notes: (1) Based on 2018 price (2) Conversion of financial to economic costs was based on the following shadow pricing - Shadow Exchange Rate Factor (SERF) = 1.10 - Shadow Wage Rate Factor (SWRF) = 0.90 - Taxes and Duties = 0.10 (3) Physical Contingency 5%, Price Contingency 5%
Table 4: Economic Fertilizer Prices
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2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Urea World market price, constant 2018$: urea US$/ton 220 221 224 226 227 229 231 234 235 237 239 241 243 Quality differential % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Equivalent value of Cambodian product US$/ton 220 221 224 226 227 229 231 234 235 237 239 241 243 Freight and insurance cost to Cambodian port 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 CIF value at Cambodian port US$/ton 300 301 304 306 307 309 311 314 315 317 319 321 323 Tariff % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 VAT % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Price at the port US$/ton 300 301 304 306 307 309 311 314 315 317 319 321 323 Port charges % 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 Handling, bagging & transport port to project US$/ton 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Project-site price US$/kg 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 DAP (diammonium phosphate) World market price, constant 2018$: DAP US$/ton 404 393 385 376 368 360 352 343 335 327 320 312 305 Quality differential % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Equivalent value of Cambodian product US$/ton 404 393 385 376 368 360 352 343 335 327 320 312 305 Freight and insurance cost to Cambodian port 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 CIF value at Cambodian port US$/ton 484 473 465 456 448 440 432 423 415 407 400 392 385 Tariff % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 VAT % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Price at the port US$/ton 484 473 465 456 448 440 432 423 415 407 400 392 385 Port charges % 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 Handling, bagging & transport port to project US$/ton 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Project-site price US$/kg 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.46 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.43 Potassium Chloride World market price, constant 2018$ US$/ton 224 222 222 222 222 221 220 220 220 219 218 218 217 Quality differential % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Equivalent value of Cambodian product US$/ton 224 222 222 222 222 221 220 220 220 219 218 218 217 Freight and insurance cost to Cambodian port 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 CIF value at Cambodian port US$/ton 304 302 302 302 302 301 300 300 300 299 298 298 297 Tariff % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 VAT % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Price at the port US$/ton 304 302 302 302 302 301 300 300 300 299 298 298 297 Port charges % 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 Handling, bagging & transport port to project US$/ton 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Economic farm gate price US$/kg 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 Table 5: Economic Crop Price
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2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Paddy Rice World market price, constant USD/ton 420.0 413.0 408.0 403.0 398.0 392.0 387.0 382.0 377.0 372.0 366.0 361.0 356.0 2018$(1) Quality differential 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equivalent value of Cambodian US$/ton 420.0 413.0 408.0 403.0 398.0 392.0 387.0 382.0 377.0 372.0 366.0 361.0 356.0 product Freight and Insurance Cost to 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cambodian port CIF value at Cambodian port US$/ton 420.0 413.0 408.0 403.0 398.0 392.0 387.0 382.0 377.0 372.0 366.0 361.0 356.0 Port handling charges, storage, 11.5 11.3 11.1 11.0 10.9 10.7 10.6 10.4 10.3 10.1 10.0 9.8 9.7 and losses(2) Internal handling/ transport US$/ton 38.2 38.2 38.2 38.2 38.2 38.2 38.2 38.2 38.2 38.2 38.2 38.2 38.2 charges Value at wholesale market US$/ton 370.4 363.6 358.7 353.8 349.0 343.1 338.3 333.4 328.5 323.7 317.8 313.0 308.1 Transport costs: miller to US$/ton 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 wholesale market Dealer handling & processing US$/ton 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 costs Value at local market/mill US$/ton 370.4 363.6 358.7 353.8 349.0 343.1 338.3 333.4 328.5 323.7 317.8 313.0 308.1 Conversion to un-milled rice(3) 240.7 236.3 233.1 230.0 226.8 223.0 219.9 216.7 213.5 210.4 206.6 203.4 200.3 Milling cost US$/ton 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 Transport cost: farm-gate to US$/ton 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 local miller Value at farm-gate US$/ton 229.8 225.4 222.2 219.1 215.9 212.1 209.0 205.8 202.6 199.5 195.7 192.5 189.4 (1) World Bank Commodity Price Forecast (real 2018 US dollars) adjusted from release of 24 April 2018. Thailand, 5% broken white rice, milled FOB Bangkok. (2) 3% of CIF value (3) Conversion factor of paddy to rice = 65%
TA 9349-CAM: PREPARING THE IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE IMPROVEMENT PROJECT (IAIP), CAMBODIA FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 104 Table 6: Economic Internal Rate of Return
O&M Cost Net Margin Savings in Cash Flow Year Capital Cost from Transportation Annual O&M Agriculture Cost (US$'000) (US$'000) (US$'000) (US$'000) 2020 1 2,172 768 108 -1,296 2021 2 3,620 757 108 -2,755 2022 3 1,448 746 108 -594 2023 4 243 733 108 598 2024 5 243 1,014 108 880 2025 6 243 1,287 108 1,152 2026 7 243 1,551 108 1,416 2027 8 243 1,806 108 1,671 2028 9 243 2,045 108 1,910 2029 10 243 2,012 108 1,877 2030 11 243 1,979 108 1,844 2031 12 243 1,979 108 1,844 2032 13 243 1,979 108 1,844 2033 14 243 1,979 108 1,844 2034 15 243 1,979 108 1,844 2035 16 243 1,979 108 1,844 2036 17 243 1,979 108 1,844 2037 18 243 1,979 108 1,844 2038 19 243 1,979 108 1,844 2039 20 243 1,979 108 1,844 2040 21 243 1,979 108 1,844 2041 22 243 1,979 108 1,844 2042 23 243 1,979 108 1,844 2043 24 243 1,979 108 1,844 2044 25 243 1,979 108 1,844 EIRR 22.3% NPV (9%) 7,280
TA 9349-CAM: PREPARING THE IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE IMPROVEMENT PROJECT (IAIP), CAMBODIA
FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 105 Table 7: Result of Sensitivity Analysis
EIRR % increase in capital cost 20.03% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 0% 20.03% 19.97% 19.92% 19.86% 19.80% 19.75% 5% 19.02% 18.97% 18.91% 18.86% 18.80% 18.75% % increase in O&M 10% 18.10% 18.05% 18.00% 17.95% 17.90% 17.84% cost 15% 17.27% 17.22% 17.17% 17.12% 17.07% 17.02% 20% 16.50% 16.45% 16.40% 16.35% 16.30% 16.26% 25% 15.79% 15.74% 15.69% 15.65% 15.60% 15.55% 30% 15.13% 15.08% 15.04% 14.99% 14.95% 14.90% EIRR % decrease in rice price 20.03% 0% -5% -10% -15% -20% -25% 0% 20.03% 20.04% 20.05% 20.06% 20.07% 20.08% 2% 21.09% 21.10% 21.11% 21.12% 21.13% 21.14% 4% 22.18% 22.19% 22.20% 22.21% 22.22% 22.23% % increase in 6% 23.31% 23.32% 23.33% 23.34% 23.35% 23.36% agricultural input cost 8% 24.46% 24.48% 24.49% 24.50% 24.51% 24.52% 10% 25.65% 25.66% 25.67% 25.68% 25.69% 25.70% 12% 26.87% 26.88% 26.89% 26.90% 26.91% 26.92% 14% 28.14% 28.16% 28.17% 28.18% 28.19% 28.20% NPV % increase in capital cost 6,222 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 0% 6,222 6,186 6,151 6,116 6,080 6,045 5% 5,914 5,878 5,843 5,808 5,772 5,737 10% 5,606 5,571 5,535 5,500 5,464 5,429 % increase in O&M 15% 5,298 5,263 5,227 5,192 5,157 5,121 cost 20% 4,990 4,955 4,919 4,884 4,849 4,813 25% 4,682 4,647 4,611 4,576 4,541 4,505 30% 4,374 4,339 4,304 4,268 4,233 4,197 NPV % decrease in rice price 6,222 0% -5% -10% -15% -20% -25% 0% 6,222 6,226 6,231 6,236 6,240 6,245 2% 6,845 6,849 6,854 6,859 6,864 6,868 4% 7,483 7,488 7,493 7,497 7,502 7,507 % increase in 6% 8,157 8,162 8,167 8,171 8,176 8,181 agricultural input cost 8% 8,826 8,830 8,835 8,840 8,844 8,849 10% 9,502 9,506 9,511 9,516 9,521 9,525 12% 10,195 10,200 10,204 10,209 10,214 10,218 14% 10,907 10,911 10,916 10,921 10,925 10,930
TA 9349-CAM: PREPARING THE IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE IMPROVEMENT PROJECT (IAIP), CAMBODIA
FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 106 Table 8: Affordability of ADB Loan Repayment and O&M through Water Fee Collection (USD’000)
Repayment of ADB Loan Annual O&M Principal & interest Total Capital Annual Planted Balance Repayment Balance Balance Cost Outstanding Interest O&M Area Fee Fee after Year of after after Balance Paid Collected Collected Payment Principal Payment Payment (US$’000) (US$’000) (US$’000) (US$’000) (US$’000) (ha) (US$’000) (US$’000) (US$’000) (US$’000) (US$’000) 2020 1 2,414 6,000 2021 2 4,024 6,000 2022 3 1,609 6,000 2023 4 8,047 282 270 6,000 390 108 210 -60 48 2024 5 8,047 282 270 6,200 403 230 217 -113 117 2025 6 8,047 282 270 6,400 416 364 224 -159 205 2026 7 8,047 282 270 6,600 429 511 231 -198 313 2027 8 8,047 282 270 6,800 442 672 238 -230 442 2028 9 8,047 282 270 7,000 455 845 245 -255 590 2029 10 8,047 282 270 7,000 455 1,018 245 -280 738 2030 11 8,047 282 270 7,000 455 1,192 245 -305 887 2031 12 8,047 282 270 7,000 455 1,365 245 -330 1,035 2032 13 8,047 282 270 7,000 455 1,538 245 -355 1,183 2033 14 300 7,747 271 270 7,000 455 1,422 245 -380 1,042 2034 15 300 7,447 261 270 7,000 455 1,317 245 -405 912 2035 16 300 7,147 250 270 7,000 455 1,221 245 -430 791 2036 17 300 6,847 240 270 7,000 455 1,137 245 -455 682 2037 18 300 6,547 229 270 7,000 455 1,063 245 -480 583 2038 19 300 6,247 219 270 7,000 455 999 245 -505 494 2039 20 300 5,947 208 270 7,000 455 946 245 -530 416 2040 21 300 5,647 198 270 7,000 455 903 245 -555 348 2041 22 300 5,347 187 270 7,000 455 871 245 -580 291 2042 23 300 5,047 177 270 7,000 455 849 245 -605 244 2043 24 300 4,747 166 270 7,000 455 838 245 -630 208 2044 25 300 4,447 156 270 7,000 455 838 245 -655 183 2045 26 300 4,147 145 270 7,000 455 847 245 -680 167 2046 27 300 3,847 135 270 7,000 455 868 245 -705 163 2047 28 300 3,547 124 270 7,000 455 899 245 -730 169
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Repayment of ADB Loan Annual O&M Principal & interest Total Capital Annual Planted Balance Repayment Balance Balance Cost Outstanding Interest O&M Area Fee Fee after Year of after after Balance Paid Collected Collected Payment Principal Payment Payment (US$’000) (US$’000) (US$’000) (US$’000) (US$’000) (ha) (US$’000) (US$’000) (US$’000) (US$’000) (US$’000) 2048 29 300 3,247 114 270 7,000 455 940 245 -755 185 2049 30 300 2,947 103 270 7,000 455 992 245 -780 212 2050 31 300 2,647 93 270 7,000 455 1,054 245 -805 249 2051 32 300 2,347 82 270 7,000 455 1,127 245 -830 297 2052 33 300 2,047 72 270 7,000 455 1,210 245 -855 355 2053 34 300 1,747 61 270 7,000 455 1,304 245 -880 424 2054 35 300 1,447 51 270 7,000 455 1,409 245 -905 504 2055 36 300 1,147 40 270 7,000 455 1,523 245 -930 593 2056 37 300 847 30 270 7,000 455 1,649 245 -955 694 2057 38 300 547 19 270 7,000 455 1,785 245 -980 805 2058 39 300 247 9 270 7,000 455 1,931 245 -1,005 926 2059 40 247 0 0 270 7,000 0 1,684 245 -1,030 654 2060 41 0 0 0 270 7,000 0 1,684 245 -1,055 629 2061 42 0 0 0 270 7,000 0 1,684 245 -1,080 604 2062 43 0 0 0 270 7,000 0 1,684 245 -1,105 579 2063 44 0 0 0 270 7,000 0 1,684 245 -1,130 554 2064 45 0 0 0 270 7,000 0 1,684 245 -1,155 529 2065 46 0 0 0 270 7,000 0 1,684 245 -1,180 504 2066 47 0 0 0 270 7,000 0 1,684 245 -1,205 479 2067 48 0 0 0 270 7,000 0 1,684 245 -1,230 454 2068 49 0 0 0 270 7,000 0 1,684 245 -1,255 429 2069 50 0 0 0 270 7,000 0 1,684 245 -1,280 404
TA 9349-CAM: PREPARING THE IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE IMPROVEMENT PROJECT (IAIP), CAMBODIA FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT: CANAL 15 SUBPROJECT Page 108 Table 9: Balance of Irrigation Service Fee Collected after Payment
TA 9349-CAM: PREPARING THE IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE IMPROVEMENT PROJECT (IAIP), CAMBODIA