PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 109(2), 2007, pp. 427–434

NEW RECORDS OF INTRODUCED SPECIES OF STEPHENS, 1829 (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE) FROM THE MARITIME PROVINCES OF CANADA

CHRISTOPHER G. MAJKA AND ALESˇ SMETANA

(CGM) Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History, 1747 Summer Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3A6 (e-mail: [email protected]); (AS) Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereals and Oilseeds Research Centre, K. W. Neatby Building, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1P 6P4 (e-mail: [email protected])

Abstract.— (Gravenhorst) is newly recorded in North America; Quedius curtipennis Bernhauer is newly recorded in eastern North America; and Quedius mesomelinus (Marsham) is newly recorded in New Brunswick. All three are introduced, Palearctic species of rove . A key to differentiate Q. fuliginosus from the related and similar Q. curtipennis is provided. Possible modes of introduction of the species are discussed, focusing on historical transport of dry ballast in the maritime trade. Key Words: Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Quedius, Canada, Maritime Provinces, introduced species, new records, biodiversity

Brown (1940, 1950, 1967) and Lind- lar. In the first paper to discuss Co- roth (1957, 1963) were among the pio- leoptera in the province, Kirby (1837) neers in drawing attention to the large noted the presence of the Palearctic number of species of Coleoptera intro- Philonthus politus (Linnaeus, 1758) and duced to North America through ports in Creophilus maxillosus (Linnaeus, 1758). Atlantic Canada. One of the pathways of Subsequently, authors such as Lindroth entry they highlighted was the use of dry (1957) added two species, Campbell ballast (bulky rock, sand, and soil) in (1976) three species, Smetana (1982) trans-Atlantic shipping. Brown (1950) two species, Klimaszewski (1984) three noted that large quantities were unloaded species, Smetana (1995) 11 species, Hoe- at Maritime ports during the Napoleonic beke (1995) one species, Majka and Wars (1799–1815) by British vessels in Klimaszewski (2004) two species, Majka search of timber at a time when Baltic et al. (2006) one species, and Klimas- ports were closed to Britain. Lindroth zewski et al. (in press) three species. (1957) investigated this topic further, These are 30 of the 68 species of conducting vegetational and faunal sur- introduced, Palearctic rove beetles found veys in sites in Great Britain known to in Nova Scotia. Introduced staphylinids have been sources of ballast in the trans- comprise 16% of the province’s rove Atlantic shipping trade. fauna (C. Majka, unpublished There are many species of introduced data). Staphylinidae found in Atlantic Canada Within the subtribe Quediina Kraatz, in general, and Nova Scotia in particu- five introduced species have been re- 428 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON ported in North America, all in the genus species in North America. It closely Quedius Stephens: Q. fulgidus (Fabricius, resembles the Palearctic Quedius curti- 1793), Q. mesomelinus (Marsham, 1802), pennis (to where it keys out to in Q. curtipennis Bernhauer, 1908, Q. mo- Smetana (1971)) from which it can be lochinus (Gravenhorst, 1806), and Q. separated by characters in the following cinctus (Paykull, 1790) (Smetana 1971). key: Examination of specimens in collections in the Maritime Provinces of Canada has 1. Sensory peg setae on underside of paramere posteriorly distinctly removed from lateral yielded additional records of introduced margins toward middle of paramere species of Quedius. (Fig. 3). First antennomere at least dorsal- ly, and antennomeres 2 and 3 entirely, CONVENTIONS piceous to piceous-black. Eyes markedly, evenly convex (Fig. 1) ...... Abbreviations of collections referred . . .Quedius (Quedius) fuliginosus (Gravenhorst) to in this study are: – Sensory peg setae on underside of paramere along entire length situated close to lateral CBU Cape Breton University, Syd- margins (Fig. 4). Antennomeres 1–3 entire- ney, Nova Scotia. ly testaceo-brunneous. Eyes less convex, especially posteriorly (Fig. 2) ...... CGMC Christopher G. Majka collec- . . . . . Quedius (Quedius) curtipennis Bernhauer tion, Halifax, Nova Scotia. CNC Canadian National Collection, Quedius fuliginosus, a widely distribut- Ottawa, Ontario. ed Palearctic species, is found through- DHWC David H. Webster collection, out Europe (including Great Britain and Kentville, Nova Scotia. Ireland) from Fennoscandia in the north, NBM New Brunswick Museum, across Russia, south to Azerbaijan, the Saint John, New Brunswick. Caucasus and Turkey, and west to NSMC Nova Scotia Museum, Hali- Tunisia and Algeria in North Africa. It fax, Nova Scotia. is also known from many islands in- NSNR Nova Scotia Dept of Natural cluding Crete and Corsica in the Medi- Resources, Shubenacadie, No- terranean, and the Azores, Faeroe, and va Scotia. Orkney Islands in the Atlantic (Herman STFX St. Francis Xavier University, 2001; Smetana 2004). Antigonish, Nova Scotia. In Europe Q. fuliginosus inhabits moist to wet habitats such as moss, leaf RESULTS litter, decaying plant material, etc. in forests and open areas; less frequently it Quedius (Quedius) fuliginosus is found under bark and under stones (Gravenhorst, 1802) (Burakowski et al. 1980), in mole nests Two specimens of Quedius fuliginosus (Osella and Zanetti 1975), or even in were collected by S. D. Boudreau on 15 caves (Jeannel and Jarrige 1949). It May 2001 in St. Andrews, Antigonish shows a distinct affinity to bogs, partic- County, Nova Scotia (STFX) (Fig. 5). ularly (in Middle Europe) sphagnum Three specimens were collected by C. G. bogs (Smetana 1964). In Northern Ire- Majka (18 May 2001, 6 June 2001, and land, it is typically found in sphagnum 20 October 2001) in Point Pleasant Park, on cutover bogs, inter-drumlin fen, and Halifax Country, NS (CGMC). One similar wetland types (Anderson 1997). specimen was collected by L. A. Hudson It is found throughout the year, in the (5–11 June 1996) in Irish Cove, Rich- spring from March to May and in the fall mond Country, NS (CBU). These re- from September to November (Horion ports represent the first record of this 1965). VOLUME 109, NUMBER 2 429

Figs. 1–2. Profile of eyes. 1, Quedius fuliginosus. 2, Q. curtipennis (adapted from Szujecki 1980).

Quedius (Quedius) curtipennis British Columbia, Washington, and Ore- Bernhauer, 1908 gon from as early as 1939 (Smetana Quedius curtipennis was previously 1971). It now has been found at a number known in North America solely from of localities in the Maritime Provinces, the first records from eastern North America (Fig. 5). Records.—NEW BRUNSWICK: Al- bert Co.: Mary’s Point, 9 August 2002, C.G. Majka, CGMC. NOVA SCOTIA: Halifax Co.: Big St. Margaret’s Bay, 14 May–2 June 1997, D.J. Bishop, NSMC; McNab’s Island, 17 June 2001, J. Ogden, NSNR; Pogwa Lake, 2–15 June 1997, D.J. Bishop, NSMC; Hants Co.: Lemin- ister, 2–15 June 1997, D.J. Bishop, NSMC; Smileys Park, 9 June 2005, J. Gordon, NSNR; Kings Co.: North Al- ton, 20 May 2004, D.H. Webster, DHWC. In North America, this species is found near settlements in various debris, under stones, in greenhouses, etc. Some Figs. 3–4. Paramere. 3, Quedius fuliginosus. 4, specimens also have been found in more Q. curtipennis (adapted from Szujecki 1980). natural situations away from settlements 430 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Fig. 5. Distribution of introduced Quedius species in the Maritime Provinces of Canada. in moss, under leaf litter, etc. (Smetana which date from prior to 1620. It is now 1971). In the Palearctic region it is found widely distributed from Newfoundland throughout Europe east through Turkey south to Florida, west to Nevada and to Uzbekistan, as well as in Morocco and northern California and north to the on the Azores (Herman 2001, Smetana Alaska Panhandle and along the Aleu- 2004). tian Islands (Smetana 1971). It is found throughout Europe and eastward Quedius (Microsaurus) mesomelinus through western and eastern Siberia to (Marsham, 1802) the Russian Far East. It has been Although Smetana (1971) reported the unintentionally introduced to Australia, earliest North American museum speci- New Zealand, Peru, Tristan da Cunha, mens of Quedius mesomelinus from speci- and Greenland (Herman 2001, Smetana mens collected in 1886 in Massachusetts, 2004). Bain (1998) found preserved specimens Smetana (1971) recorded it from Sable in a seventeenth century latrine in Island, NS (1 July 1967, H.F. Howden Boston, Massachusetts which dated from and J.E.H. Martin, 4 specimens, CNC) 1670, and Pre´vost and Bain (in press) and Liverpool, NS (24 May 1910, A. found preserved remains of this species Halkett, CNC); however, there are addi- in a latrine in Ferryland, Newfoundland tional records that indicate that the VOLUME 109, NUMBER 2 431 species is more widely distributed in the occur in Nova Scotia comprise 20% of region and it is newly recorded in New the 347 species of introduced Coleoptera Brunswick (Fig. 5). found in the province (C. G. Majka, Records.—NEW BRUNSWICK: Saint unpublished data). The question arises as John Co.: Saint John, 19 August 1907, G. to how and when these Quedius species Morrisey, NBM. NOVA SCOTIA: Col- may have been introduced. chester Co.: Masstown, 6 May 1993, C.J. Brown (1950) and Lindroth (1957) McPhee, NSNR; Masstown, 14 May 1993, drew attention to the importance of the J. Ogden, NSNR; Halifax Co.: Armdale, transport of dry ballast in the introduc- 19 May 1950, D.C. Ferguson, NSMC; tion of many ground-dwelling Coleop- Armdale, 31 May 1952, D.C. Ferguson, tera, particularly those that occur in NSMC; Halifax, January 27 1971, B. coastal areas in Great Britain where the Wright, 2 specimens (indoors), NSMC; preponderance of such materials (bulky Halifax, 1 August 1990, M. Leblanc, rock, sand, and soil) originated. Lind- NSNR; Point Pleasant Park, 15 August roth (1957) collected Q. fuliginosus at the 2000, C.G. Majka, CGMC; Hants Co.: Appledore rock quarry on the River Hantsport, 17 June 2004, P. Kenrick, Torridge in North Devon, England – NSNR; Lunenburg Co.: Bridgewater, 30 one of eight sites investigated by him as June 1965, B. Wright, NSMC; Pictou Co.: principal sources of trans-Atlantic dry Pictou, 7 June 2005, A. Jackson, 2 speci- ballast. Lindroth characterized both Q. mens, NSNR; Queens Co.: Kejimkujik fuliginosus and Q. curtipennis as terrico- National Park, 24 August–2 September lous, mesophilous, occurring on waste 1994, B. Wright, 4 specimens, NSMC; ground, polyphagous, and brachypter- Kejimkujik National Park, 21 September– ous – all characteristics favouring the 19 October 1994, B. Wright, NSMC; transport of species via such mecha- Kejimkujik National Park, 19 September nisms. 2001, B. Wright, 2 specimens, NSMC. Brown (1950) and Lindroth (1957, In Europe, the species is often found in 1963) discussed many species for which synanthropic situations in cellars, they believed there existed strong evi- stables, barns, storehouses, and other dence indicating such transport to At- farm buildings in various debris and lantic Canada. Majka (2005) examined decaying organic matter, especially com- the distribution of Amara communis post heaps. It is also reported from (Panzer) in the Maritime Provinces, mammal burrows, tree cavities, and which is predominantly clustered in caves, and other similar environments coastal locations with a history of as well as in debris, leaf litter, moss, old maritime commerce. He proposed that mushrooms, etc. in all biotopes (Smetana this species, whilst only having been 1971). In Nova Scotia, most specimens discovered relatively recently (in 1988), were collected in pitfall traps set in both might nonetheless represent a series of coniferous and deciduous forests, al- historical introductions via the marine though some have also been collected in trade. synanthropic situations. The town of St. Andrews, where the specimens of Q. fuliginosus were collect- DISCUSSION ed, was settled in the 1770’s by Scottish These three Quedius species join farmers fleeing the Highland clearances. a lengthy list of rove beetles known to This site is located along the South River have been unintentionally introduced to approximately 5.5 km from the head of the Maritime Provinces. The 70 species Antigonish Harbour. Antigonish was of introduced Staphylinidae known to itself first settled by Irish Loyalists in 432 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

1784 and subsequently grew to become importation of nursery stock has taken an important community on the Gulf of place over an extended period of time. St. Lawrence shore of Nova Scotia Spence and Spence (1988) discuss the (MacLean 1976). These waves of human importation of nursery stock as a vector settlement, and the associated shipping for the introduction of exotic ground and nautical trade, could have provided beetles, a scenario which could also many opportunities for the introduction apply in this instance. of Q. fuliginosus since the latter part of The widespread distribution (Fig. 5) the eighteenth century. of Quedius mesomelinus in Nova Scotia Similarly, the port of Halifax, where and New Brunswick as well as its early three specimens were collected, has been records (1907 in New Brunswick and an important center for trans-Atlantic 1910 in Nova Scotia) indicate that this commerce since 1749 and is a documen- species has been present in the Maritime ted center for the introduction of many Provinces for a considerable time. Some Palearctic beetles (Majka and Klimas- records (i.e., Halifax, Liverpool, St. zewski 2004). The collection locale at John) are from prominent seaports while Irish Cove in Richmond County, on the others (i.e., Kejimkujik National Park) other hand, is located in a hardwood are from relatively undisturbed sites forest adjacent to a long-term EMAN indicating that the species has been able (Ecological Monitoring and Assessment to successfully colonize native environ- Network) site which has been undis- ments, a situation also seen with the turbed for over 100 years. introduced Atheta (Datomicra) celata Although Q. fuliginosus has only been (Majka et al. 2006). The specimens from found in only one area of Nova Scotia, Sable Island, situated on the edge of the Q. curtipennis has been recorded from continental shelf, 160 km from the near- a number of sites in Nova Scotia and est land, are particularly noteworthy. New Brunswick (Fig. 5) indicating that it The island has, however, been sporadi- may have either arrived earlier and had cally inhabited during the 1600’s and time to expand its distribution, or that it 1700’s, and continuously since 1801 was introduced at multiple locations, or (Campbell 1974). During this time period both. The introductions in the Maritime there has been considerable commerce to Provinces clearly represent separate in- the island from European ports and troduction events from those on the those in Atlantic Canada allowing for Pacific coast of the continent. many opportunities for introduction of Mary’s Point in New Brunswick, introduced species. Forty-five of the 148 where Q. curtipennis has been collected, (30%) species of beetles recorded on was first settled by Acadians in the Sable Island are introduced, more than 1740’s and later by British Loyalists in twice the provincial percentage (C. G. the 1780’s. It was an important quarry Majka, unpublished data). throughout the 19th century with stone Additional fieldwork would be desir- being exported to many localities, and able to ascertain the range of these a shipbuilding site from the 1850’s until species and whether their distribution is 1899. These successive waves of settle- changing. Given current concerns with ment and the extensive maritime traffic respect to introduced and invasive spe- at the locality could have provided cies, monitoring populations of intro- opportunities for the introduction of Q. duced invertebrates would appear to be curtipennis. North Alton, NS, where Q. a desirable goal given that the effect of curtipennis has been found, is in an introductions on native species and en- agricultural area where considerable vironments is frequently unknown. VOLUME 109, NUMBER 2 433

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS of the Entomological Society of Canada No. 99. 89 pp. Sincere thanks to DeLancey Bishop Campbell, L. 1974. Sable Island, fatal and fertile (North Mountain Old Forest Society), crescent. Lancelot Press, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Randolph F. Lauff (St. Francis Xavier 104 pp. University), Donald McAlpine (New Herman, L. H. 2001. Catalogue of the Staphy- Brunswick Museum), Ken Neil, Jeffrey linidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). 1758 to the end of the Second Millenium. Bulletin of the Ogden (Nova Scotia Department of American Museum of Natural History 265, Natural Resources), and David H. Web- 4218 pp. ster for making specimens and records Hoebeke, E. R. 1995. Three Palearctic species of available. Also to Sheilagh Hunt (Kinetic Rugilus Leach in North America (Coleoptera: Studio), Jan Klimaszewski (Canadian Staphylinidae, Paederinae): redescriptions, new synonymy, and new records. Insecta Forest Service), Rafal Ruta (Zoological Mundi 9: 69–80. Institute, Wroclaw), and Adriano Za- Horion, A. 1965. Faunistik der Mitteleuropa¨ischen netti (Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Ka¨fer, Band X: Staphylinidae, 2 Teil Paeder- Verona) for their assistance. Margaret inae bis . Verlagsdruckerei Ph. Thayer (Field Museum of Natural His- C.W. Schmidt, Neustadt a. d. Aisch, pp. i–xv, tory) and an anonymous reviewer read pp. 1–335. Jeannel, R. and J. Jarrige. 1949. Biospeologica. earlier versions of the manuscript and LXVIII. Cole´opte`res Staphylinides (Premie`re made many constructive suggestions. Se´rie). Archives de Zoologie Expe´rimentale et C.G. Majka thanks his colleagues Calum Ge´ne´rale 86(5): 255–392. Ewing and Andrew Hebda for continu- Kirby, W. 1837. Fauna boreali-Americana or the ing support and encouragement. This Zoology of the northern parts of British America, containing descriptions of the objects work has been assisted by a research of natural history collected on the late north- grant from the Nova Scotia Museum of ern land expeditions, under the command of Natural History. Captain Sir John Franklin, RN, by John Richardson. Volume 4. Fletcher, Norwich, LITERATURE CITED England. 325 pp. Anderson, R. 1997. Species Inventory for Northern Klimaszewski, J. 1984. A revision of the genus Ireland: Rove Beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylini- Aleochara Gravenhorst of America north of dae). Environment and Heritage Service Pub- Mexico (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Aleochar- lications, 108 pp. inae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society Bain, A. 1998. A Seventeenth-Century beetle fauna of Canada No. 129. 211 pp. from colonial Boston. Historical Archeology Klimaszewski, J., V. Assing, C. G. Majka, G. 32(3): 38–48. Pelletier, R. P. Webster, and D. Langor. In Brown, W. J. 1940. Notes on the American press. New records of adventive aleocharine distribution of some species of Coleoptera beetles from Canada (Coleoptera, Staphylini- common to the European and North American dae, Aleocharinae). The Canadian Entomolo- continents. The Canadian Entomologist 72: gist. 65–78. Lindroth, C. H. 1957. The faunal connections ———. 1950. The extralimital distribution of some between Europe and North America. Almqvist species of Coleoptera. The Canadian Ento- & Wiksell, Stockholm, Sweden, 344 pp. mologist 82: 197–205. ———. 1963. The fauna history of Newfoundland ———. 1967. Notes on the extralimital distribution illustrated by carabid beetles. Opuscula En- of some species of Coleoptera. The Canadian tomologica Supplementum 23. Lund, Sweden, Entomologist 99: 85–93. 112 pp. Burakowski, B., M. Mroczkowski, and J. Ste- MacLean, R. A. 1976. The History of Antigonish, fan´ska. 1980. Chrza˛szcze. Coleoptera. Kusa- volumes 1 & 2. Casket Printing & Publishing, kowate - Staphylinidae, cze˛s´c´ 2. Katalog Antigonish, NS, 500 pp. Fauny Polski cze˛s´c´ XVIII, tom 7. Pan´stwowe Majka, C. G. 2005. The Palearctic species Bembi- Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warszawa, 272 pp. dion femoratum and Amara communis (Co- Campbell, J. M. 1976. A revision of the genus leoptera: Carabidae): new records and notes on Sepedophilus Gistel (Coleoptera: Staphylini- modes of introduction to North America. The dae) of America north of Mexico. Memoirs Canadian Entomologist 137: 532–538. 434 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

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