Glossary to Wycliffe’s Old Testament

For many Middle English words given below, their most obvious, modern meaning is assumed; only a supplemental, perhaps unexpected, definition is given (e .g., “and: also ”) . Commas separate variations of the same definition; semi-colons distinguish different definitions of the same word . Underlined words are my replacements for “dead” or obsolete words . All other words are found in a somewhat recognizable form in the original text of the Old Testament of the “Wycliffe Bible” (WOT) . Most nouns have both singular and plural forms; most verbs have the familiar tenses, as well as participle and archaic “est” and “eth” forms .

A again-buy: (v) to redeem or to buy back; aliened: (v) estranged, alienated. A!: Ah!; O! to ransom out. aliet: an osprey. aback: back, backward. again-buyer: a redeemer. alight: (v) to make light or lighter; to abide: (v) to remain or live at; to wait for; again-buying: redemption. release. to endure (also ‘abode’). again-call: to recall or bring back. alighten: to bring to light, and so, abortive: (n) a stillborn child. again-draw: (v) to withdraw or to draw to enlighten. above: upon or on top of; over. back. all be it: albeit. abridge: to shorten. again-going: going again. all-break: to break all in pieces acatus: a kind of locust with wings, such again-rise: (v) to rise or get up. (p.p. ‘all-broken’). as a grasshopper (from Old Latin, perhaps again-rising: rising or getting up. alleve: to relieve or to alleviate. meaning ‘a sail’ or ‘a spine’). again-seek: to inquire of or to seek out. alley: a passageway (also replaces ‘alure’). accord: to agree, be in concord with. again-seeker: one who seeks what is lost. all-foul: to crush or to destroy. according: (n) an agreement. against: before or in front of; ; allway/alway: always (all three words are acknowledge: (v) to confess; to profess; directly opposite; to meet; towards. in the WOT and the KJV). to praise; to give thanks. against-came: met. ally: a father in law or other close relative. (one’s) acknowledged: (n) ‘one’s known’, against-come: to meet. almonder: an almond tree. that is, acquaintances or friends. against-coming: (a) meeting. alms-deeds: an act of almsgiving, acknowledging: (n) the act of confession against-going: (a) meeting(!). a charitable deed. or profession; an acknowledgement; against-rode: rode against, also: and. thanksgiving. and so, attacked, besieged. altogether: completely, entirely, totally. acount: to count; to reckon (survives in against-say: (v) to gainsay or to say alure: a passageway or a walkway; an ‘accounting’). against, and so, to oppose, resist, or open space serving as a window acreasing: increasing. contradict (also ‘against-said’ and ‘against- (sometimes spelled ‘aler’; from Old acursed: cursed; accursed. saith’). French; related to ‘aller: to go’). Adam: man; a man; men. against-saying: (n) gainsaying or saying ambush: (n, v) treason, lying in wait adamant: (n) an unbreakable stone; against, so, answering back, opposing, (replaces ‘aspies’; ‘ambushment’ is in the (adj.) unbreakable, ‘like a stone’. resisting, contradicting. WOT). adder: a viper. against-stand: (v) to stand against, and so, amend: (v) to mend, put right, or correct. address: (v) to direct (derived from ‘dress’). to physically resist, withstand, or oppose amending: the action of putting right or Adeodatus: from Latin, meaning ‘God is (also ‘against-stood’). correcting. gracious’. against-went: went against, and so, amice: a priestly vestment worn on adjure: to entreat, to earnestly appeal to. withstood, resisted, opposed. the neck and shoulders. admonish: to reprove; to warn; to exhort. against-winced: ‘to wince’ or to kick amorrow: tomorrow, the next day. Adonai: transliterated Hebrew, meaning against, and so, figuratively, ‘to rebel’ amphora: a container with two handles ‘my Lord’ or ‘Lord’. Out of respect and (Deuteronomy 32:15). (from ancient Greek and Roman times); reverence, the Israelites substituted again-ward: on the contrary; to the other a pot. ‘Adonai’ for ‘Y-H-W-H’ (‘Yahweh’ or side. and: also. ‘Jehovah’), one of the many names of God. aggrieved: hardened; made heavy, announce: to proclaim without allowing adorn: to add lustre or beauty to; physically or emotionally. dissent, to command (replaces ‘denounce’). to provide with ornaments or aigre: eager or sharp; to torment or to vex; annoy: to harm; to vex. adornments, to embellish. sour (survives in ‘vinaigrette’). anon: immediately, at once (‘at once’ is in adown: down. alarge: enlarge. the WOT and the KJV); as soon (as). advisement: a deliberation. alb: a priestly vestment that reaches to the Apadno: transliterated Hebrew, meaning adze: a tool for cutting wood, like an axe, feet. ‘a palace’ (Daniel 11:45). but with an curved blade. alder-best: the very best. apertly: open (survives in ‘aperture’). afeared: afraid. alder-highest: elder-, oldest-, or senior- apocalypse: a revealing or a revelation; affinity: in a relationship with, especially highest, and so, ‘the chief highest’ or ‘the a vision. by marriage; one’s kin. most highest’ (survives in ‘alderman’). apostate: one who rebels and leaves the afixed: fixed or fastened to or on. alder men: elder men. faith and then actively opposes it. after: according to. alders: elders. apothecary: a person who prepares and again-bought: (v) redeemed or bought alder-worst: the very worst. sells medicinal substances. back. alien: (n) a stranger or a foreigner; apparelled: attired, dressed, furnished. again-build: (v) to rebuild. (adj.) foreign; strange; other. appease: to satisfy or to mollify (derived

1264 G L O S S A R Y from ‘apaie’). B ‘behest’ in its obsolete meaning of ‘a apples of Punic: pomegranates. bade: invited; ordered. promise’ is often found in the WOT). applied (to): joined (to). bailiff: an elder or provost; an overseer, behests: commandments; statutes. araised: raised or lifted up. a steward (from ‘bailee’). beholden: beheld. araneid: a spider (both words are in the baken: baked (both words are in the WOT beholder: an espyer, a watchman. WOT). and the KJV). behoove: ought, must, incumbent upon. Arcturus: Orion. ballard: ‘like a ball’, and so, bald (‘bald’ is Belial: wickedness, ungodliness. areach: (v) to give to. found in the WOT). belief: (n) faith. arear: (v) to rear or raise up. ballocks: the testicles (survives in the B’el T’em: transliterated Hebrew, meaning areckon: (v) to reckon or to take an vulgarism ‘balls’). ‘chancellor’ (Ezra, chap. 4). accounting of (replaces ‘arette’; ‘reckon’ band: a ring or hoop of cloth, metal, bemock/ed: replaces ‘bimowe’/ is in the WOT). , etc. (replaces ‘bie’). ‘bimowide’. ariel: an altar. barnacle: the bit of a horse’s bridle (both bemourned: mourned over. Ariel: the city of Jerusalem. words are in the WOT). bend: to direct, turn, level, aim, or bring ark: a ship; a coffer or a box. barrenty: barrenness (both words are in to bear (also ‘bent’). arm: figurative term for ‘power’. the WOT). beneficence: favours, good services, gifts armour/s: arms or weapons; protective basinet: helmet (both words are in the (replaces ‘benefice’, which survives as ‘a covering for battle. WOT). church office endowed with funds or arow: in a row. basket: found in the WOT, and also property’). arse: one’s posterior or ‘ass’. replaces ‘leep’. benefit: a kind deed, gift, or favour. arse-ropes: lower bowel, entrails. battle array: replaces ‘sheltrum’ (‘battle’ benign: kind; good; gentle; mild. ascending: (n) stairs, the way up. and ‘array’ are in the WOT). benignity: kindness; goodness. aseal: (v) to seal. be: are (plural form of ‘to be’; ‘are’ is benison: a blessing. asides-half: in private; apart. found in the WOT). benumb: to make numb (replaces asiege: (v) to besiege. beadle: ‘one who announces’, like a town ‘aclumside’). assay: (v) to try, test, or to prove. crier. berain: to rain on. assoiled: absolved; solved. be busy: to care about or be concerned beseech: to earnestly implore. assuage: to alleviate. about. beseechings: (n) earnest requests, as thou wouldest: as thou desirest. beck: (v) to beckon, gesture, or to signal supplications, entreaties. astonied: astonished (both words are in (to approach), to summon (survives in beseem: befitting, appropriate to. the WOT and the KJV). ‘beck and call’). beseemeth to me: seems to me. astrologer: one who divines destiny by bedding: a bed. beset: to harass, encircle, or attack on all means of the movement of heavenly bedstraw: straw used for bedding. sides. bodies. The word in the “Later Version” is be expert: to experience. beshed: to besprinkle, moisten, or to actually ‘astronomer’. But, in the 17 TH befall: to happen or to occur. water. century, ‘astrologer’/‘astronomer’ and before-casting: forecasting. beshrewed: (n) depraved. ‘astrology’/‘astronomy’ switched before-goer: one who goes or went besides: sometimes replaces ‘out-takun: to meanings and became defined as we before; a forerunner or ancestor; one’s take out’. know them today; so ‘astrologer’ is used superior. besom: a broom or a bundle of twigs used in Wycliffe’s Old Testament. before-going: going before. for sweeping. astronomer: see ‘astrologer’ (also before-knew: known before or besought: beseeched. ‘astronomy’). to have known for a long time. betake: to deliver or give over to; to asunder: (to break or cut) into pieces before-knowing: fore-knowing or knowing commit to (also ‘betaken’ and ‘betook’). or parts; separated or divided. beforehand. bethink: to think on or about; to at: to. before-ordained: foreordained. remember (also ‘bethought’). at once: replaces ‘anon’ (both words are before-said: said before, aforesaid, or betwixt: between. in the WOT and the KJV). aforementioned (also ‘before-say’). bewail: to wail over. attention: replaces ‘tente’(‘attent’ is found before-think: to think before or to have beweep: to weep over. in the KJV). forethought. bezant: a precious Byzantine coin of atwain: in two; apart. before to: sovereign over. substantial value, made of gold or silver, atwo: in two. before-told: foretold. analogous to the British pound of the 14 th aught: any, anything; something. before-walling: a bulwark or fortification. century. author: originator or creator. before-witting: foreknowing, to know biblet: library (both words are in the avaunteth: to raise up or to boast, beforehand. WOT). to advance or to ‘vaunt’ (oneself). before-written: written (long) before, biddest: commandest. avoirdupois: merchandise sold by weight. foreordained. bilibre: a weight of 2 pounds. avow: (n) a vow or an avowal, that is, a begat: engendered. bill: a written statement; a bird’s beak; solemn promise, pledge, or declaration; beget: to engender or cause to be. a pipe. (v) to make a vow. begotten: engendered. bird: a young person, bird, or animal await: (v) to lay wait. beguiled: deceived. (survives in British usage as a term for a awl: a small pointed tool used to pierce beguiler: a deceiver. ‘young woman’). holes. behest: (n) a command (from ‘heste’; birle: to pour out drink.

1265 G L O S S A R Y bis: fine crisp linen (see also ‘bisso’). as ‘firebrand’). trailing shrub. bishopric: the office or diocese of a brass: bronze. capon: a castrated rooster used for eating; bishop. brazen: made of brass or bronze. a gelding. bisso: a kind of fine linen made of stiff breastbund: a breast-girdle or band capret: a roe or a gazelle (from Old Italian round which give a crisp texture (survives in ‘cummerbund’). ‘capretto’; survives in ‘capra: a goat’; (now used for altar cloths). breeches: a garment covering the loins ‘capriola: a roe or a deer’; ‘capricorn: an bittern: a heron. and thighs. ibex’; as well as ‘to caper: a dance step of blain: an inflamed swelling or sore. brethren: brothers; kinsmen; friends (see a leap, like animals in the wild’). blame: (n) a reproof; (v) to accuse, also ‘brother’). captive: (n) a prisoner. reproach, or to reprove. briar hook: a pruning hook. captivity: the time the Israelites were in blamer: one who admonishes or gives bridal: (n) a wedding. exile; ‘captives’ collectively. reproof. bridle: the bit and harness of a horse (all car: a cart; a chariot. blaming: (n) a reproof. three words are in the WOT). care: (v) to have concern for, or an blast: the breath; the wind. brink: the edge or the shoreline of a body interest in, someone or something. bleared: blurred. of water. care-full: full of care or worry. bleary-eyed: blurry-eyed. broiderer: an embroiderer. cares: (n) concerns or worries. blessful: full of blessing, blessed. broidery: embroidery. Carmel: a range of fertile hills; blown: puffed up, inflated. broom: a yellow-flowered leguminous figuratively, ‘plenty’, ‘plentiful’, ‘fruitful’. board: (n) a table; dinner; food. shrub. carriage: (v) to carry something. board-fellow: literally, ‘a dinner brother: one’s kinsman, not necessarily carrions: dead, putrefying flesh. companion’, and so, a friend or an born of one’s mother and/or one’s father. cart: a chariot; a wagon. acquaintance. bruchus: a weevil-like beetle cast: (v) to throw. body-like: bodily. that destroys crops (pl. ‘bruchuses’). castane tree: a chestnut tree (survives in boistous: rough, rude bruise: (v) to break; to crush or to pound ‘castaneous’). (survives in ‘boisterous’). into powder. casting (out): (n) that which is discarded, bondman: a servant or a slave (survives as buckler: a small round shield. thrown off or out. ‘bondsman’). buffet: (n) a hit or a strike; (v) to hit or to casting (up): (n) vomit; vomiting. bond of peace: the covenant between strike. castle: a tent; a camp; a town or a village; God and Israel. bugle: a buffalo, that is an ox (survives in a fortress. bonds: bondage, captivity; bands. ‘bugle-horn’; ‘buffalo’ is mistakenly catch: to take hold. bordel (house): a brothel (survives in applied in popular use to American catchpole: an officer of the king sent to ‘bordello’). bison). execute his bidding (from ‘cachepollis: a bordellery: a brothel (see ‘bordel’). bulge: a swelling (replaces ‘bouge’). sheriff’s officer or a constable; an enforcer boreth: soap. bundle: a handful, sheaf, or ‘fardel’. of the law’; perhaps distantly related to borough: a town or large village; busily: diligently; continually. ‘police’). a fortification. busyness: diligence; cares, concerns. catling: a young cat, a kitten. borrow: (n) a pledge, promise, or surety. butler: modern spelling of ‘bottler’. cattle: all kinds of livestock. bosom: bottom (the surface of). by: according to, after; for; in; with. caught: took hold of. botch: a boil, swelling, or a lump. by cause: ‘because’, by reason of. caul: the omentum, an enveloping -like bottler: one who maintains and serves the by compass: all around or round about. membrane that connects the stomach bottles (became ‘butler’). by row: in order. with the spleen, liver, etc. bouget: a water pouch made of leather cause: a reason for something; a case (of (became ‘budget: a leather pouch or C or for something); an accusation. wallet; a bottle made of leather or other cab: see ‘kab’. cause of stumbling/cause to stumble: skins’). calends: first day of the new month; the replaces ‘sclaundre’ (‘stumble’ is found in bound: (n) prisoner(s). Jewish festival for the new moon (from the WOT). bow: to make crooked or bent. Latin; survives in ‘calendar’). cautelous: crafty, deceitful, wily; cautious, bow down: to lie down, ‘to turn aside’, calidris: a shore bird, like a sandpiper or a wary. that is, to rest for the night. curlew. caution: a pledge or an obligation (to bowels: entrails. call: replaces ‘clepen’ (‘called’, as we reimburse), a bill to pay. bow low: to show obeisance (also spell it, is found in Genesis 4:17, 5:2, 5:3, chafe: to burn; to make hot (survives in replaces ‘loute’). & 12:7 of the “Early Version” of the WOT). ‘chafing dish’). box (tree): a small evergreen tree came against: met. chaff: husks of corn separated by (sometimes replaces ‘birch’); a fir tree. camelopard: a giraffe. winnowing; cut hay and straw used boy: sometimes replaces ‘child’ (‘boy’ is Canaan: ‘the merchant’. to feed cattle. not found in the WOT, but it is found in Canaanites: a term applied to chaffer: (v) to trade or bargain, to buy and texts from the early 1300s). any group of merchants or traders. sell (also ‘chaffering’). brad: (n) a prod or a goad. canel: cinnamon (survives in ‘canella: the Chaldea: Babylonia. braggeth: brayeth. cinnamon-like bark of a West Indian chalice: a large cup or goblet. braineth: to dash out the brains of. tree’). chamber: a room (sometimes replaces branchy: with branches. canst: to know (how). ‘treasury’). brand: (n) a torch; an ember (also known capers: the edible seed pods of a kind of changing clothes: ‘change of clothes’.

1266 G L O S S A R Y chanter: a singer (survives in ‘cantor’). clave: p.t. of ‘cleave’. confusion: shame, disgrace, chaplet: a cap (from Isaiah 3:20; related claw: a hoof. embarrassment. to French ‘chapeau’; survives as ‘a wreath cleansings: (n) refuse, that which is conjuration: a conspiracy or ‘a swearing or garland of flowers for the head’). cleansed or removed, purgings. together’. chapping: chaffering (survives in clear: pure; clean; transparent; pleasant. conjure: to adjure or to solemnly appeal ‘chapman: a merchant’). cleave: to split into parts; to adhere to. to; to conspire. charge: (n) a burden or load; cares, cleaveth: to join to or to adhere to. consistory: a council chamber. concerns; a command; a duty; ship’s cloak: a loose-fitting outer garment conspiration: a conspiracy. cargo; (v) to burden or concern; to (replaces ‘cloth’, which is found as the constrain: to coerce; to restrain. command; to load (on). singular of ‘clothes’ in the WOT; survives contrition: remorse; guilt; shame. chargeous: burdensome (see also ‘in in ‘man of the cloth’). conventicle: a meeting or assembly. charge to’). close: to enclose or shut in (‘enclose’ is conversion: turning (about); returning to; charity: love. found in the WOT); to imprison. changing. charming (spirit): a ‘charmed’ or closet: a small private room, often used convert: (v) literally, ‘to turn around’, and enchanted spirit. for sleeping, and so, ‘a bedroom’. so, to physically turn around or turn back; chasuble: a sleeveless vestment worn by a clot: a clod or a lump. to return (to); to change one’s thinking or priest. clote: a clot-bur or prickly burdock. beliefs. chattel: personal property or possessions, cloth: see ‘cloak’. convocation: an assembly. ‘substance’; livestock, such as herds and ‘clothes: idiomatic abbreviation for coot: a swimming or diving bird that is a flocks, or cattle. ‘swaddling clothes’. member of the rail family. cheeklap: the cheekbone or jaw. coast: a border, term, or end; a side. cor: an Old Hebrew unit of dry measure cheek teeth: molars (see also ‘wang coccineous: or vermilion. (8 bushels = 1 cor). teeth’). coffer: a box, chest, or ark, in which cord: a rope. cheer: (n) the face (from Old French; both valuables are kept. corn: a seed or kernel of a cereal grain words are in the WOT). coffin: a basket, case, or box. (wheat, barley, oats, etc.). chesten tree: a chestnut tree. cognation: kindred, relations, affinities. corner: the chief or leader of a people or chicks: chickpeas. coif: a close-fitting cap. tribe (partly survives in ‘cornerstone: chide: (v) to scold, rebuke, reproach. collect: (n) the gathering of money from something of primary importance’). chidings: (n) scoldings, rebukes, those attending Temple services (survives costrel: a wine bottle or keg with at least reproaches. in ‘collection: the weekly giving of money one ear. chief: (n) the first or the head of for church expenses’). costuous: costly and sumptuous. something (sometimes replaces ‘corner’). come against: (v) to meet. couch: a bed or enclosed sleeping space, child: (n) a servant (pl. ‘children: comeling: a newcomer, visitor, or guest; a bedchamber; a den or a cave. servants’); a youth; a young man (pl. a stranger or an alien. coulter: a knife (survives in ‘cutlery’). ‘children: young men’); (v) to give birth to. comfort: to make strong or to strengthen; council: a company, gathering, or group child-woman: a young woman, a damsel, to exhort; to give help, hope, or support, of people; ‘a calling together’ or or a maiden (also ‘children-women: young to encourage. assembly, to discuss and decide matters women or maidens’). commander: a leader; a master. (survives in ‘church council’). chimney: a furnace or a stove. commons: ordinary people. counsel: (n) a consultation; advice, chittering: twittering, chattering, chirping. commonty: the common people (survives direction; plans, plots; prudence, wisdom, chivalry: soldiers equipped for battle; in ‘commonality’ and ‘community’). consideration; (v) to advise. an army or ‘host’ (akin to ‘cavalry’). common ward: a prison. counsellor: a companion, associate, or choir: a group of singers; a company of company: a crowd or a multitude of colleague; an adviser. dancers (sometimes replaces ‘quire’). people; a division (of Levites, etc.). countenance: the face. christ: from Greek for ‘the anointed (one)’; comparison: (v) to compare (also country: countryside, field, region. the word ‘christ’ is found in the ‘comparisoned’ and ‘comparisoning’). couple: (n) a coupling. Septuagint (also ‘christs’). compass: (v) to go round; to surround. courier: one who delivers a message Christ: the Anointed One, the Messiah, compeer: a companion or an associate; verbally or in writing. Jesus. a person of equal rank. cousin: one’s kinsman, ally, fellow, son’s church: an assembly, a synagogue, or a compunct: (v) to feel regret, guilt, and/or son, etc. congregation (all four words are in the pity, for doing wrong. cousinages: relatives, kindred. WOT). compunction: a feeling of remorse, guilt, cousin-german: a first cousin. churlish work: labour of low rank. and/or pity, for doing wrong. covenability: opportunity (both words are ciconia: a stork. concision: a division or a faction. in the WOT). cinnabar: scarlet or vermilion. coney: a rabbit or a hare; a hedgehog or covenable: suitable, opportune, fitting, circle: a band or a ring. a porcupine. seasonable, in agreement with (partly cirogrille: a coney or a hare. confirm: to affirm or to establish; to make survives in ‘covenant: (n) an agreement; cistern: an artificial reservoir or a tank for firm or strong, to strengthen. (v) to agree to’). water. confound: to confuse; to amaze or covenableness: suitability, timeliness. citole: a medieval instrument akin to a astonish; to put to shame or to be covenant time: an agreed-on time (of lute, a precursor of the gittern. ashamed (also ‘confounded’). meeting, completion, etc.). clarion: a trumpet. confuse: to shame. covent: an assembly or gathering (survives

1267 G L O S S A R Y in ‘Covent Gardens’; later became deadly: mortal. diligent: careful; industrious (also ‘convent’). deal: (v) to give or apportion out. ‘diligently’). cover: (v) to ; to guard or protect. dearworthy: beloved (‘dearworth’ is also dim: (v) to obscure, to grow dark (replaces covering: (adj.) hiding; guarding or found in the WOT). ‘daze’). protecting. debonair: (adj.) meek (both words are in dime: a tithe. covert: a covering, a place of shade, the WOT). din: a loud disturbing noise. a canopy or tent (replaces ‘hilet’). debonairness: meekness (both words are dipper: a type of songbird which dives covetings: (n) lusts, desires; greed. in the WOT). and then walks under water seeking food covetousness: (n) lust, desire; greed deceivable: ‘able to deceive’, and so, (also known as a didapper, a divedapper, (replaces ‘covetise: the over-hard keeping deceitful. and a grebe). of goods’, as defined in an “Early Version” deem: to judge; to condemn; to damn. directed: replaces ‘dressed’ (also gloss). deemer: one who deems or discerns, and ‘directing’ and ‘directions’). crabone: a hornet. so, a judge (both words are in the WOT). discharge: (v) to unburden. cracklings: the leavings of frying (replaces deepness: (n) a bottomless pit; hell. discipline: (n) teaching, learning, the state ‘criton’, which is related to ‘crouton: fried deface: to disfigure one’s face. of being informed; (v) to chastise. or baked bread’). defame: to slander or libel; to accuse. discomfort: (v) to weaken; to discourage, craftily: craftsmanlike, cleverly, with defensible: defensive. to distress. expertise. definition: a final determination. discording: contention, strife, conflict, the craftsman: an artisan. defoul: (v) to defile; to trample or tread opposite of being in accordance or in cramcakes: pancakes, fried cakes. on. concord with. cratch: a crib or a rack for fodder; a defouling: lechery. discover: to uncover. trough or an open box used to hold feed degrees: steps or stairs. discretion: discernment, judgement. for livestock; a stall. delayed: deferred. disdain: (n) that which is unworthy of craw: the stomach of a man or an animal; delicate: weak. one’s attention; (v) to scorn or feel the throat of a bird. delights: great pleasures or luxuries (also superior to. crazings: cracks or clefts. replaces ‘delices’). dis-ease: ‘not ease’, and so, distress, creaketh: replaces ‘charketh’. deliver: to take, surrender, or to give over difficulty, trouble, tribulation. creancer: one to whom money is owed, to; to release, to let go. dishonested: dishonoured, shamed. and so, a creditor. delve: (n) a dig or a quarry; (v) to dig. dispensation: distribution; exemption from creature: man; God’s creation(s); man’s den: a cave; a dwelling for animals. an obligation. creation(s). denounce: to openly attack or condemn; dispenser: an administrator or a steward. creditor: replaces ‘creancer’. to accuse. dispenses: expenses; distributions. crime: wrong-doing; a violation of God’s depart: to leave. dispose: (v) to put into proper Law. depraved: (v) corrupted or perverted (also arrangement, position, or order; to crious: (adj.) crying. replaces ‘shrewide’). transfer to another, as by a gift; to assign crocker: a potter. depravity: replaces ‘shrewideness’. or to ordain. crockery: pottery. describe: to make a detailed word-picture; disposition: the action of ordering, crooked: bent, bowed, or twisted. to take a census; to register or draw arranging, or directing. crop: the throat. boundaries for land. disputation: argument, debate, crudded: made into curds, and so, curded describing: (n) a census. controversy. or curdled. desert: (n) waste, desolation; (v) deserted; dissemble: to feign; to conceal; to pretend cruet: a small glass bottle. (adj.) deserving (see also ‘without desert’). not to notice. crumpet: a thin griddle cake. desertness: desolation, wilderness (all dis-served: badly or poorly served crystal: ice. three words are in the WOT). (Numbers 22:29). culver: a dove; a pigeon. desired: beloved. dissolute: unruly, unbridled; disunited; culver birds: young doves or pigeons (see desolate: deserted, forlorn, destitute of profligate. also ‘bird’ and ‘culver’). life, joy, or comfort. dissolved: to have departed this life. cure: to make well; to take care of, or to despairable: despaired. disturb: (v) to trouble (both words are in have concern for; to repair. despisable: despised, despicable. the WOT). curious: able, proficient (also ‘curiously’). despise: to loathe, regard with contempt; ditty: a song. curse: (n) damnation; an oath or a pledge; to disdain or to scorn. divedapper: a small diving bird, also an epithet or swearing. despisings: (n) insults, mocking. known as a dipper, a didapper, and a cutting: rending. despite: (n) contempt; dishonour; insult, grebe. reproach; malice. diverse: dappled, freckled, speckled; D despoiled: stripped; robbed. different or distinct from. dam: mother (also ‘dame’). despoiling: putting off (of the body, doctor: a teacher. dark: hidden. clothes, etc.). dod: ‘to bob’ or to cut the hair. darked: darkened. determined: resolutely or firmly decided doe: a female deer, a roe. darkful: ‘full of darkness’. on. dole: (v) to sorrow, mourn, lament. daunt: to tame; to cow; to dandle. diadem: a crown. domination: that which is ruled over, and daut: to fondle, dandle, or daunt. dight: to dress or to prepare (meat or so, ‘a dominion’. deacon: a Levite. dough, etc.). doom: (n) Divine or human judgement(s),

1268 G L O S S A R Y sentence(s), or punishment; decrees or a festival. epinicion: (n) a song of victory or triumph laws; condemnation; righteousness; eisel: vinegar (both words are in the WOT). (survives in ‘epinician’). justice. Eitan: transliterated Hebrew, meaning epistle: a letter. doomsman: a judge (see ‘deemer’). ‘mighty’ (Psalms 74:15). equity: fairness, impartiality, justice; doughty: fearless, resolute. either: or. righteousness, uprightness. dower: a dowry. eke: (v) to add to, to increase. ere: before. drachma: ancient Greek silver coin. ekings: (n) increasings. err: (v) to stray, to wander, or to roam; draw: to pull; to disembowel or kill. eld: old (both words are in the WOT). to go astray, make a mistake. drawn to pieces: pulled to pieces; electrum: amber; an alloy of gold and errand: a message to be repeated to a disembowelled, killed, destroyed. silver. third party. dread: (n) fear; (v) to fear. embrace: replaces ‘biclippe’. erst: earliest, first in order of time; dread-full: ‘full of dread’ or fearful, enclosed: contained (within); sometimes initially; before, previously, formerly. terrible; amazing, awesome; ‘fear of the replaces ‘closed’ (both words are in the eruca: a caterpillar or a larva. Lord’ or devout. WOT). eschew: to avoid or shun. dready: dreading, full of dread. encloser: a goldsmith or worker of other Eshcol: transliterated Hebrew, meaning ‘a dreary: sad. kinds of metal. cluster (of grapes, etc.)’; found in various dress: (v) to make straight, put into proper encompass: to surround. books of the WOT. alignment; to prepare for use; to direct end: to become perfect; a border. espouse: to marry, take as a spouse. (survives in ‘street address’). endeavour: (v) to attempt, to make an espy: to watch for, to catch sight of; dressed: thrashed; directed. effort (replaces ‘enforce’). to discover; to spy out. drit: dung, waste; dirt. ended: made perfect. espyer: a watchman or ‘a waiter’ (all three drivel: (n) spittle, dribbles. ending: perfection. words are in the WOT). dross: ‘slag’, that is, refuse or impurity endured: made hard, hardened esteem: (v) to estimate, guess, or reckon from melted metal. (‘enduring’ is also found in the WOT). (replaces ‘eyme’; ‘estimation’ is found in drove: (n) a herd or a flock, often moving enfatted: made fat. the WOT). as one. engender: (v) to bring about, to create or evangelist: one who brings ‘good news’ or drowned: replaces ‘drenched’. to produce. ‘glad tidings’(not limited to New duke: a nobleman or a prince; a title of engine: a large offensive weapon. Testament teachings). the coming Messiah. enhance: to heighten or increase, as with evangelize: to bring ‘good news’. dumb: silent; mute. beauty or quality, to exalt. even: equal or one’s equal; evening. dun: dull greyish-brown colour. enhaunt: to frequently practise or even against: opposite, facing; far off; durst: archaic p.t. of dare. exercise. near, beside, close to; before (see also dwindle (away): to shrink, to waste or enlighten: to give light to, to make ‘over against’). pine away. brighter; to impart new knowledge to even-elds: ‘equally old’, and so, the same (‘enlighten’ is found only in the “Early age. E Version” of the WOT; it is also found in evenness: equality. eager: sharp; fierce; intense desire. the KJV). evetide/eventide: evening. ear: (v) to plow (also ‘eared’ and ‘earing’; enmity: a deep-seated hostility. ever-each: each and every one. these three forms of ‘ear’ are also in the ensample: example (‘example’ is found evil-at-ease: sick; distressed. KJV). only in the “Early Version” of the WOT; evil fame: bad news; gossip; shame. earer: (n) one who plows. both words are also in the KJV). exaction: the act of exacting or extorting earth: the ground; the land; a field; dust; ensampler: exemplar (‘ensampler’ and a confession, money, information, service, dirt. ‘sampler’ are both in the WOT). etc. earthen: made of earth or clay. ensearch: to search into; to inquire (of) or exactor: an officer who extorted earth-tiller: a worker of the soil, and so, a consult; to seek out. confessions and imposed sentences, and farmer. entering: (n) an entry or entrance. so, an extortioner or an oppressor (also earth-tilling: working the soil to produce entering in: (n) a visit; (v) to visit; to make called ‘false challenger’, ‘unjust asker’, crops, and so, farming. entry (into). ‘wrong challenger’, ‘wrongful asker’). easiness: a state of ease, without any entrails: an idiom for one’s children or excellent: exceedingly. difficulty. offspring; that which one feels close to or except: with the exclusion of, aside from, Eben: transliterated Hebrew, mean-ing deeply about (the KJV uses ‘bowels’ in a without (sometimes replaces ‘out-takun: ‘stone’ or ‘rock’ (Joshua 18:17). similar fashion). to take out’). ecstasy: ‘the losing of mind and reason, entries: gates or entrances. excite: to encourage. and hindering of the tongue’ (from an entry: (n) a visit; a way to enter in, excusation: (n) an excuse. “Early Version” gloss). an entrance; (v) to visit. execrable: detestable, very bad. edify: to build (up), to construct. environ: (v) to encircle or surround. exemplar: a model, pattern or example egging: ‘edging’ or ‘setting on edge’. enwrapped: wrapped (in). (replaces ‘exsaumpler’, ‘ensaumpler’, and egg on: to urge, incite, provoke. ephah: an Old Hebrew unit of dry ‘(en)saumpler’). eggs: replaces ‘eiren’. measure equal to ‘a bath’ (a unit of wet exequies: funeral rites; a funeral ode. (the) eighth: a musical term, meaning ‘an measure) or about 9 gallons. experiment: (n) an assay or test; an octave lower’ or ‘on the lower octave’; an ephod: a sleeveless garment worn by attempt; (v) to make a test or trial. 8-day period of observances starting with priests, somewhat like an apron. expound: to state or to declare in detail;

1269 G L O S S A R Y to explain or to interpret. flew: fled (p.t. of ‘flee’). ‘fundamental’). flint: a hard stone. fowler: a hunter of birds. F flock: (n) a group of people or the same frail: (n) a basket; (adj.) physically or facility: ease, easiness. type of animal, and so, a herd. morally weak. faculties: gifts or possessions. flood: a great body of flowing water; frauded: defrauded (both words are in the fair: (n) a feast or festival; (adj.) beautiful; a stream or a river; waves. WOT). (adv.) seemly. florin: a British silver coin, equal to two front: (n) a post (both words are in the fairness: (n) beauty; (adj.) beautiful. shillings. WOT). faithful: ‘full of faith’, believing in. flourish: (v) to blossom, flower, or to frothing: foaming. falling: (n) a stumblingblock or cause of thrive; to revive. froward: disobedient, intractable. stumbling; a time of stumbling. flower: (v) see ‘flourish’. fructuous: bearing much fruit; fertile. false challenge: slander; oppression. flutterings: fluctuations. fulfill: to accomplish; to satisfy. false challenger: an extortioner or an flux: (n) a flow or discharge. fuller: one that ‘fulls’ or makes cloth oppressor (see ‘exactor’). foal: a colt. thicker and more compact through fame: tidings, news. folk: the nations, that is, the Gentiles or moistening and beating. famed: (v) proclaimed, celebrated. the heathen (also ‘folk(s) of kind’). full-fill: to completely fill. family: replaces ‘meyne’. follily: foolishly. full-filled: ‘filled up full’. fane: a temple. followingly: consequently. full hieingly: speedily. fardel: a bundle. folly: foolishness; acting foolish. full sorry: extremely regretful. farthing: a British bronze coin; 4 farthings fond: foolish (also ‘fondness’). full waxen/fully waxen: fully grown, = 1 penny. fool: (adj.) foolish. mature, become an adult. fasten: to make steadfast. foot: a base or a foundation. furbish: to burnish or polish. fathers: forefathers, ancestors. footstake: the base of a pillar. furze: rough, prickly, heath-like shrubs fearful/fearedful: to be feared; terrible; for-bought: ‘again-bought’, that is, bought (also known as ‘gorse’). amazing, awesome. back or redeemed. fear you: to make you fear, or to be for-buyer: ‘again-buyer’, that is, a G afraid. redeemer. gall: a bitter (or poisonous) drink; bile, feeble: crippled, maimed; weak forcelet: a stronghold. figuratively or literally. (sometimes replaces ‘sick’, as per British ford: (n) a shallow place for crossing gallon: a vessel or a container (from usage). a stream or river (also called ‘a forth’). which the unit of measure is derived). feebleness: infirmity. for-drew: drew along. garden: from Old French (‘ 3erd’ meaning feel: to perceive; to think or judge (also foreknowing: prescience. ‘a yard or garden’ is also found in the ‘feeled’ and ‘feeling’). forel: a scabbard or sheath for a sword or WOT). feet: foundation(s) or base(s). a dagger. Garden of Delights/Garden of Liking/ feign: to make a false show or a sham (of). foretop: the top of; a lock of hair growing Garden of Lust/Garden of Volupty: the fell: (adj.) wicked, deceitful; prudent, over or above the forehead. Garden of Eden or Paradise. clever. forewall: a bulwark. gat: to begat; got or acquired. feller: craftier, wilier. foreyard: an enclosed front yard or outer Ge Hinnom: ‘the valley of Hinnom’ fell-like: craftily. court (‘court’ is found in the WOT). (corrupted into ‘Gehenna’). fells: (n) skins or pilches. for-fighter: a fighter for someone or gelding: a eunuch. felly: slyly. something. gemels: twins. fen: a marsh or a bog. forgat: forgot. gemmary: a person skilled in working fetters: shackles. forged: made; beaten out. with gems; a jeweller. field place: a plain. former: first; before. gender: (v) to engender or cause to be, to fiend: a devil. fornicary: a whore. beget (all three words are in both figure: (n) a form, pattern, or example; fornication: idolatry; sexual relations the WOT and the KJV). a design; one’s body. outside of marriage. generation: offspring; the creation of fill: to supply with as much as can be forsake: to renounce, abandon, or offspring; a group of individuals born at contained, to fill up. relinquish; to leave (also ‘forsook’). or about the same time. filled: completed, fulfilled; full. forsooth: ‘for truth’, certainly (the sense in gentian: a blue-flowered plant growing on fillet: a ribbon or a band. the “Early Version”); but (the sense in the mountains. filthhood: nakedness; shamefulness. “Later Version”). german: closely related by blood or findings: deeds, doings; thoughts (see also forswear: to swear falsely; to commit attitude; a partner or a comrade. ‘studies’). perjury; to break an oath (also ‘forsworn’). get: to beget; to obtain or acquire. firm: solid, secure (replaces ‘sad’; also forth: see ‘ford’. gibbet: a gallows, that is, a post and beam ‘firmness’ replaces ‘sadnesse’). for-thy: because. for hanging someone. fitches: vetches, food for fodder. forto: until. gift: a bribe. flaggy place: a place full of ‘flags’, that is, for why: because; for this reason. gin: a snare or a trap (all three words are reeds, bulrushes, etc. found: to lay the foundation of; to provide in the WOT). flags: plants such as reeds and bulrushes with food and lodging. gird: to clothe oneself; to make ready that grow in water. foundament: a foundation or a base (also ‘girded’ and ‘girt’). fleshly: carnal. (survives in ‘fundament’ and girdle: a sash.

1270 G L O S S A R Y gith: a fennel-like plant. guilingly: beguilingly (both words are in heals: healings. gittern: a precursor of the guitar. the WOT). health/s: salvation, deliverance; victory; Gizbar: transliterated Hebrew, meaning guilter: a trespasser, one who sins. help; healing; well-being. ‘the treasurer’ or ‘the minister of finance’ guilts: trespasses, transgressions. hearses: dirges. (Ezra 1:8). gyves: stocks, fetters. heat: ‘the east wind’. gladded: rejoiced, ‘full out joyed’. heathen: (n) the Gentiles (also ‘heathen glob: a mass or lump; a group. H men’). glory: (v) to take pride in; to boast or habergeon: a breastplate (survives in heaven: the abode of God. to brag about. ‘hauberk’ and ‘haberdasher’). heavens: the air or the sky; (the vast gloss/glossing: (n) flattery (survives in habit: clothes, attire; deportment; canopy of) the stars and planets. ‘gloss: a superficial or deceptive personal custom. heaviness: sorrow, grief. appearance’; ‘flattered’ is found in the had mind (of): remembered. (to make) heavy: to burden, to grieve, or WOT). had to despite: was despised. to trouble (also ‘heavied’). go against: go to meet(!). haft: the handle of a cutting tool. hedgehog: a porcupine (replaces ‘urchin’, gobbet: a piece or a fragment. half: hand; side. which survives in ‘sea urchin: a spiny gods: priests or judges (the Hebrew hallow: (v) to make holy, to sanctify. sponge’). ‘elohim’ is translated into these three hallowed: (adj.) dedicated, consecrated; heights: altars or ‘high places’. words; all three words are in the WOT (made) holy. hell/s: the grave; Hades, Sheol, ‘the land and the KJV). hallowing: (n) a sanctuary, place of of the dead’; the place of punishment goggle-eyed: bulging eyes, caused by worship; consecration or ordination. (also called ‘the pit’). injury or a birth defect. hallows: (n) saints. helve: the handle or the shaft of a weapon going/s: steps; a way or path. halt: (n) the crippled or the lame. or a tool. going up: (n) a stairway, a way of hand: power, control (over). her: herself. ascending. handmaid: a female servant (also hereof: of this, in regard to this. good-like: goodly. ‘handmaiden’). heretofore: before now, previously. goods: good; good things; goodness. handwoman: a female servant. heritage: an inheritance. gorse: see ‘furze’. hanging: (n) a curtain; a tent (all three hideoused: was made hideous. gospeller: one who brings ‘good news’ or words are in the WOT). hidly: privately, secretly. ‘glad tidings’ (not limited to New hap: happenstance. hid place: a secret or private place or Testament teachings). harbour: (n) shelter, lodging, a place for conference (the WOT also renders this governance: authority or control over rest and refuge (also ‘harbourage’). as ‘huddles’, see below). someone or something. harbourgerie: an inn or a guest chamber hie: (v) to hasten, hurry (also ‘hied’). governor: a ruler or a leader; a steersman; (from Old French; part of the sense hieingly: speedily, hastily. a shipmaster. survives in ‘menagerie: an enclosure high places: altars. grace: a gift or a favour from God; any for…’). high things: altars or ‘high places’. gift. harded: hardened (both words are in the hilet: a tent, tabernacle, or covering. graces: thanks(giving) to God. WOT); made stubborn. hillock: a small hill. grave: (v) to engrave (both words are in hardeneth: to make stubborn. him: himself; it, itself; them. the WOT); to carve. hardily: boldly. hind: a farm labourer, ‘hired hand’. graving: engraving (both words are in the hardiness: healthy pride. hinder: (v) to impede, to hamper or delay WOT); carving. hardness: harshness, severity. (replaces ‘lette’(!); also ‘hindered’ replaces great hunger: famine. hardy: able to endure, tough; bold. ‘lettede’, and ‘hindering’ replaces ‘letting’; greaves: leg harnesses. harlot: a knave or ‘a vain fellow’ the verb form ‘hinder: to hold back or to grees: ‘degrees’, that is, steps or a (2 ND Samuel 6:20). thwart’ is not found in the WOT). stairway (both words are in the WOT). harm: to hurt or wrong (also replaces hinder: (adj.) situated at the back or rear grieved: made to feel grief or sorrow. ‘noyen’, which survives in ‘annoy’). of. grievous: burdensome. harmer: one who harms someone. hire: (n) payment for work, wages; reward grievouslier: more grievously. harmless: without harm. for service (see also ‘meed’). griffon: a vulture. Harmon: transliterated Hebrew, perhaps his: its; theirs. grind: to gnash (the teeth). meaning ‘a palace’ or ‘a dunghill’(!) hiss: to scorn or to mock. gripe: a vulture. (Amos 4:3). hock: to hamstring or disable by cutting grisled: horrified, terrified. hasted: hastened. the of the ham or the hock. grounds: foundations. hatesome: hateful. holding knighthood: engaged in military grumble: (v) to complain in a low, haunt: to practise habitually; to exercise. service; making war. muttering voice (replaces ‘grutchen’). have mind (on/of): to remember. holden: held. grutch: to grumble (survives in ‘grudge’ having mind: remembering. hold in mind: to keep in mind, to and ‘grouch’). Hazar: transliterated Hebrew, meaning remember. guess: (v) to suppose or to consider; to ‘the town or the village of’; found in holed: (something) with holes. think. various books of the WOT. holiday: ‘a holy day’ (the meaning has guileful: deceitful, treacherous. he: it; they. been turned upside-down). guiler: a deceiver or beguiler (all three head: the top; the pommel or the hook of holpen: helped (both words are in the words are in the WOT). a pillar; a debt. WOT and the KJV).

1271 G L O S S A R Y holy day: survives in ‘holiday’ (but with worse, weakened. it: he; them, they. the opposite meaning). impugned: physically attacked or assailed. itching: pleasing; tickling; stirring. home-man: a household servant (also in: against; among; at; by; from; into; on; its: theirs. ‘home-men’). with. ivorine: made of ivory. honest: (adj.) honourable; good; seemly, in-blow: to blow in, to puff up, or to swell becoming, decent. (with pride, anger, etc.). J honest and chaste servant: a gelding or in-call: to invoke or call on. jacinth: a fabric dyed blue; a blue or a eunuch. incense: an offering burnt up for the Lord, purplish gemstone (survives in ‘hyacinth’). honour: (v) to do homage to; to give glory creating a pleasing aroma. jacinthine: blue in colour. to (‘honour’ and ‘worship’ are in charge to: as a charge to or as a burden jangle: to grumble or chatter; excessive interchangeable in the WOT, as per on, and so, burdensome (see also and noisy talk. British usage). ‘chargeous’). Jewly: in the Jewish language honourable: worthy of honour include: to contain within. (i.e., Hebrew). (‘honourable’ and ‘worshipful’ are inter- in compass: all around or round about, to Jewry: Jewish people; the Jewish religion changeable in the WOT, as per British encompass (‘encompass’ is found in the (Judaism); Judah. usage). WOT). joinings: joints. honouring: doing homage to; indentings: notches or indents. jointures: junctures, joints. worshipping. indicter: a writer; ‘one who proclaims’ or jowl: the jaw, particularly, the lower jaw. honours: (n) gifts, tokens of respect. an announcer (survives in ‘indict: to joying: rejoicing. hook: the pommel or the head of a pillar publicly accuse’). judgement: God’s justice. (also known as a chapiter or a capital); indignations: provocation, that which jument: a work- or -beast, and so, a basket. raises ire. a horse (survives in ‘jumentous’). horning: sounding with trumpets. indissoluble: that which may not be juncture: a joint or a junction. horn: corner; power; head. dissolved or undone. junket: a reed basket (perhaps related to horologe: an instrument for hourly time- indulgence: tolerance (of), permission (to). the Chinese boat). telling, such as a sundial. in-dwell: to dwell in. just: righteous. host: army; animal, grain, and/or liquid infirmity: physical, mental, or moral juster: one who is more ‘just’ than offering or sacrifice to God. weakness or illness. someone else. host of (the) heaven(s): the sun, moon, inform: (v) to form within or ‘to in-form’; justifying: righteousness. stars and planets. to give character to, imbue, or inspire; to justifyings: ordinances, laws, statutes; house: household; palace; fortress. teach or instruct, to give knowledge to; to judgements. huddles: (n) a secret or private place or restore or ‘to re-form’. justly: rightly, or with justice. conference (the WOT gives ‘hid place’ as informing: (n) making known by example an alternate rendering; survives in ‘to or pattern; inspiring or forming within (see K huddle’). also ‘inform’). kab: an Old Hebrew dry measure of about hugely: greatly. inhabiters: inhabitants. 2 quarts (spelled ‘cab’ in both the WOT hulk: a hut or a hovel. inkhorn: a small vessel for holding ink. and the KJV). humour: (n) liquid; (adj.) moist. in-lead: to lead in. Kedumim: transliterated Hebrew, hurled: thrown down or against, with in mind: (n) a remembrance; meaning ‘ancient (river)’ (Judges 5:21). force or violence. (v) to remember. keep: (v) to care for, to take care of; hurting/s: cause(s) of stumbling or sin, inobeisant: disobedient (see also to guard (against). obstacle(s) to righteous living; spurning(s) ‘unobeisant’). keeped: kept. (see also ‘offence’). in-putted: placed or put in or on; loaded keeper: a guard, a jailer; a watchman; hurtled: violently rushed into or on, up. a porter or a gate-keeper (partly survives collided with; struck. in-riser: (n) an enemy or assailant. in ‘groundskeeper’). husbandman: a farmer or an earth-tiller; in-rising: to rise against, to attack. keeping: (n) a charge or (place of) duty; a a master of a household. in-running: an incursion. prison, hold, or cage; one who guards or in-send: to send in. keeps watch; (v) having custody of, I inset: set-in or joined to. guarding, watching. idle: vain; lazy. in-shed: sprinkled (on). kept: (n) prisoners; (v) guarded, watched; idly believed: believed in vain. in-standing: being at hand. preserved. idol: an image representing a god and into: as; for; on; onto; unto; upon. kid: a young goat. worshipped as divine; any object of into the middle: into the centre (of kin: kindred, family. ungodly worship (the WOT uses ‘idol’, attention, etc.). kind: nature; type, sort; kindred; offspring ‘maumet’, and ‘simulacrum’ inwardnesses: that which one feels most or generation. interchangeably). close to or deeply about (idiomatic kindled: caused to burn, ignited. ileum: a part of the small intestine. expression synonymous with ‘entrails’ and kindred: relatives; tribes. ilk: the same; a kind. ‘bowels’). kine: domestic female bovines (cows, image: a statue, or sculpture, representing inwit: ‘the wit within’, and so, the soul, oxen, etc.). a god, and worshipped as divine, and so, the conscience, ‘the heart of man’. kite: a medium-sized bird of prey. an idol. irreprehensible: without reproof, knave: a boy or any young male. impaired: (v) damaged, harmed, made undeserving of blame or censure. knight: a soldier (as the original text dates

1272 G L O S S A R Y from the 14 TH century). leech: (n) a blood-letter or one who treats ‘loaves of setting forth’, ‘loaves of putting knighthood: an army or ‘host’; warfare, with leeches, and so, a physician(!); (v) to forth’, ‘shewbread’, and ‘showbread’ combat, battle (see also ‘holding heal (also ‘leecheth’ and ‘leeching’). (initially described in Exodus 35:13). knighthood’). left: (v) let go, sent away, dismissed. long: length. knighthood of heaven: the army left off: ceased. looker: one who surveils, a lookout. or host of heaven, that is, God’s angels; legacy: a commission which one is looking place: a lookout or a place for ‘heavenly bodies’, that is, the sun, the entrusted with and authorized or surveillance. moon, the planets, and stars. commanded to fulfill; that which has loose: to loosen or to undo. knitch: a number of things tied or knit been received, a bequest. Lord God of virtues/Lord of virtues: together, and so, a bunch or a bundle legate: a messenger or a delegate the Lord God of hosts; the Lord of hosts. (partly survives in ‘’); a burden. (survives in the Catholic church as ‘a lordship: (v) to rule or have authority knop: a knob or tassel. papal ambassador’). over. knowing: (n) knowledge (also replaces leman: a lover or a sweetheart. lordshipper: one who has the power, ‘kunnynge’). leopard: replaces ‘pard’. dominion, or authority of a ruler or a lord; known: (n) (one’s) acquaintance(s). leprous: filled with leprosy. the Most High God. less: younger. lordshipping: ruling, governing, power or L lessed: lessened (both words are in the authority over people. lacert: a lizard. WOT). lore: doctrine. laid ambush: laid wait for. let: (v) to hinder(!) (also ‘letted: hindered’, lose: to destroy (active sense; both words lake: a pit, a den (of lions); a grave. and ‘letting: hindering’). are in the WOT). lamia: a mythical sea monster that is a letters: any writing, but in particular the lost: destroyed (active sense, such as ‘the blood-sucking female demon. Holy Scriptures; study, higher learning. ship was lost at sea’, etc.; both words are lamprey: an eel-like fish which has no libation: a liquid or drink offering. in the WOT). scales or fins. libel: ‘a little book’ of forsaking or divorce lot: (n) an inheritance; fate, destiny language/s: words of speech used by a (from Latin via Old French; survives in (sometimes replaces ‘sort’); (v) the process group of people to communicate. The ‘libel: a written statement that damages a of deciding something by a game of WOT uses ‘language(s)’ and ‘tongue(s)’ person’s reputation’). chance (survives in ‘lottery’). interchangeably. lie: (n) see ‘lying’. (the) loved: one’s beloved. languished: obsessed with or dwelling lieth: is present with or before, is at hand. low: (v) to bellow. unhealthily upon (something or someone). lifelode: livelihood, sustenance, food, or lowed: made low or lowered, humbled, languishings: sicknesses, torments. nourishment (also spelled ‘livelode’). abased; bellowed. languor: weakness; sickness; weariness of light: literally, ‘not heavy’, and so, low-like: lowly. mind or body. unburdened, relieved, or freed from low praying: supplication. lanyard: a cord, , strap or thong. discomfort; easy. lying: (n) a lie or lies (also replaces lapwing: a medium-sized shore bird. lighten: to give light or to make bright; to ‘leasing’; all four words are in the WOT lari: a sea gull. bring to light or to illumine; to enlighten and the KJV); reclining. latten: a kind of brass hammered into thin (also ‘lightened’ and ‘lightening’). lying-by: to procreate. sheets, now mostly used for making lighter: easier. church accoutrements. lighthood: lightness. M lauds: a good fame or report; high praise ‘-like’: -ly, -ily; ‘as a ...’ or ‘like a …’ (e.g., made perfectly: performed, fulfilled, (survives in ‘laudatory’). ‘god-like’ or ‘godly’; ‘thief-like’, ‘heathen- finished. laughings: scorning. like’, etc.). made void: nullified; put away or done lavatory: a washing vessel for priests likeness: a similitude, parable, or proverb. away. (survives as a synonym for a washroom). liking: (n) a desire; (adj.) likeable. Magal: transliterated Hebrew, meaning lay (men): uninstructed or untaught likings: pleasures, enjoyments. ‘the place of the circle, or the trench, or (replaces ‘lewide’; the concept survives in lineage: line of descent, ancestry, family, the boundary of the camp’ (1 ST Samuel ‘laity’). tribe, kindred. 17:20). leader: high official; commanding officer. ‘-ling’: denoting a person having the magistrates: rulers of the Temple. learned: taught or instructed. attributes implied (e.g., ‘comeling’ or magnify: to make great. learner: (n) one who helps others to learn, ‘new-comer’, ‘darling’ or ‘dear-ling’, maid-child: a damsel or maiden. and so, a teacher(!). ‘gosling’, ‘suckling’, ‘youngling’, etc.). make merchandise: commerce, to buy leasing: (n) a lie or lies; (adj.) lying (all liquor: liquid (offering), including wine and sell. four words are in the WOT and the KJV). and honey. make mind: to remember. leave: (n) permission, license; (v) to let go, little: few or small (in number). make ready: to prepare. send away, or dismiss. little book: see ‘libel’. make safe: to save. leaveful: with ‘leave’ or permission, and livelode: livelihood, sustenance, food, or make void: to nullify, to do away with. so, permissible or lawful (‘lawful’ is found nourishment (also spelled ‘lifelode’). making: forging. in the WOT). livers: the living. Malcham: transliterated Hebrew, meaning leavest not: without pause, unceasing. living/s: (n) conduct, way of life. ‘king’ (Amos 1:15); the chief deity of the lecher: a lewd, prurient person. lo!: behold! Ammonites (also called Milcom, Molech, lechery: unbridled sexual activity. loaves of proposition: the bread of the and Moloch). led to: brought (to). presence (of Yahweh); also known as mal-ease: ‘bad ease’, and so, great

1273 G L O S S A R Y discomfort, disease, or sickness. Majesty of God, ‘the Holy of Holies’. muchfold: many fold. male-kind: male human beings. merlion: a martlet. mulcting: a tax or a fine. malison: a curse or a malediction. Meromei: transliterated Hebrew, meaning murrain: plague, pestilence, disease. malus (tree): a straight, strong fir tree used ‘high places’ (Judges 5:18). muser: one who murmurs or mutters. to make masts for ships (from Latin, mesel: (n) a leper (partly survives in must: (n) grape wine. meaning ‘mast’). ‘measles: an illness producing red spots myrtine (tree): a myrtle tree. man-queller: ‘a man-killer’, and so, a on the skin’). my strong: ‘my strength’. murderer or an executioner. meseled: (adj.) leprous (survives in mansion: any dwelling place, not ‘measled’). N necessarily large or opulent. meselry: (n) leprosy. Nahal-eshcol: transliterated Hebrew, manslayer: a murderer (also ‘menslayers’). mete: (v) to measure. meaning ‘the river of the cluster (of mantle: a loose, sleeveless garment worn metrete: an ancient Greek unit of liquid grapes)’ (Numbers 13:24). over other garments. measure (1 metrete = 9 gallons). nakeded: made naked. manyfold: manifold (both spellings are midday: to the south. naken: to make naked. found in the WOT). middle: (in the) midst (of); half. nakening: making naked. Maoozim: transliterated Hebrew, meaning midwifing: the activities of a midwife, or nappeth: to or to sleep. ‘a stronghold’ or ‘a fortress’ (Daniel 11:38, midwifery; also spelled, ‘midwiving’. nard: spikenard. 39). migale: a shrewmouse. near: nearer. margarite: pearl (survives as ‘Margaret’). mild: meek, gentle. neat: cattle. marish: a marsh (both words are in the (the) Millo: a bastion or rampart in the need/s: (n) want(s), that which is WOT and the KJV). City of David. necessary for life; (adj.) needed or Masah: transliterated Hebrew, meaning mind: (n) one’s memory; a memorial or needful, necessary or of necessity. ‘guards’ (2 ND Kings 11:6). a remembrance. needfulties: (times of) difficulties. massive: solid (also ‘massy’). mindful: to remember or recall. neediness: deprivation, poverty; distress. master: a teacher. mind-token: a token of remembrance. neesings: sneezes or sneezing; snorts or masterful asker: an officer of the Temple mine: (v) to dig out. snorting. court; an inquisitor. mined: undermined. nesh: soft; weak. mater: ‘a piece of matter’, and so, in minished: diminished (both words are in neverthelater: nevertheless. context (2 ND Kings 6:2ff.), a piece of wood the WOT and the KJV). new: (v) to renew; (adv.) newly. (survives in ‘material’). minister: a servant. nigh: (v) to approach, to come near or maumet: (n) an idol or a false god. mirth: gaiety, social merriment. close to; (adv.) near (also ‘nigheth’). maw: the stomach, belly, or the womb; mis-born child: an abnormal birth; nigh coasted: bordering. the throat or the mouth. a stillborn; an abortion. noise: a disturbance or an uproar. may: to be able to, can. mischief: misfortune, trouble, distress; noiseful: ‘full of noise’ or loud. mean: a mediator; the middle or average. wickedness. noisome: harmful. meat: eating; dinner; a feast. misdoer: one who does wrong. noll: the neck; the head. meatship: a feast. mis-ease: ‘bad ease’ or ‘ill being’, and so, none: ‘not one’; the word ‘no’ before any meddle: (v) to mix or mingle (survives in need, want, poverty; distress. word starting with a vowel. ‘medley’). mis-say: to speak amiss; to slander. not: no, none. meed: a reward; a wage or payment for mis-turn: to pervert or turn wrong. not subject (to): not under the power of; work. mitre: a priestly head-dress. unruly, insubordinate, disobedient. meek/ed: (v) to humble or abase oneself; mix: (v) replaces ‘meddle’. nought: nothing, non-existent. to be humbled or brought low by others. mixture: replaces ‘meddling’. nourish: (v) to nurse or to suckle an infant; melted out: (v) cast (also replaces mock/ed: replaces ‘mowe’/‘mowide’. to bring up or to raise. ‘3etide’). mocking: replaces ‘mowynge’. no wise: no way. melter: one who casts bronze, gold, or moist: (v) to water or moisten; to wash or number: (v) to count up or total; to other metals. to wet (also ‘moisteth’, ‘moisting’); appoint. melting: flowing. (adj.) liquid or drink offerings, such nurse: (v) to suckle; to bring up or to raise, member: a person in a group; a limb or as honey or wine. and so, to nourish. other appendage; the penis; a part (of molar: replaces ‘wang tooth’. nursing: suckling; nourishing. something). molten: (adj.) cast or ‘melted out’. memorial(s): a remembrance or a mooted: argued. O memory; token(s). moot hall: a judgement hall; a trial court. obeisance: obedience; submission. menace: (v) to threaten. more: (adj.) great, greater. obeish: to obey. menaces: (n) threats (also ‘menacings’). more/s: (n) elder(s). obit: one’s death, departure from this life. menstruate: (n) a woman experiencing morntide/morrowing/morrowtide: obligation: a bond, contract, or pledge. menses. morning. occasion: pretense; pretext. mercyable: merciful. morsel: a small fragment of food. odourments: sources of pleasing scents mercyable place: the propitiatory or the most: great; much; mostly, most of all, and odours. mercy seat. especially. of: at; before; by; for; from; in; out of; to; mercy seat: the lid of the ark of the mouldwarp: a mole (the animal). toward. covenant, fashioned as a throne for the moved: trembled, shook. of belief: ‘ of faith’.

1274 G L O S S A R Y offence: (n) an act of stumbling or sin; a over-pass: to pass over. the Lord. cause or occasion of sin; a stumblingstone over-standing: outstanding. peaced: made peace. or stumblingblock; a cause of insult or over-thwart: head-strong, perverse, peck: (n) a pot; a measure of 2 gallons. anger; synonymous with ‘hurting’ and obstinate, ‘athwart’. pedage: a toll for walking across land ‘spurning’ (each usage is found in the over-travail: to torment or afflict. (shares its root with ‘pedestrian’). WOT and the KJV). over-waxeth: to greatly grow or increase. peis: (n) a weigh, that is, a balance or offend: to cause to stumble or fall, owe/d: ought (both words are in the WOT); scales (all four words are in the WOT; physically or morally (that is, to sin or to obligated or bound to; indebted to. survives in ‘poise: balance’). trespass); to insult or to cause anger or peise: (n) a weight; (v) to weigh or resentment; to hurt (each usage is found P balance (something) (all four words are in in the WOT and the KJV; also replaces paddock: a (both words are in the the WOT; survives in ‘poise: balance’). ‘sclaundre’). WOT). peiser: one who weighs things. offendings: stumblings; offences, paid: satisfied, requited. pence: pennies (pl. of ‘penny’). abominations, sins. painture: (n) a painting (both words are in penner: a case for one or more pens, often office: service or ministry. the WOT). together with an inkhorn. oft: often. pale: a pointed stick, a stake, or a pole; pens: wings or feathers (survives in old men: elders; forefathers. a fence, a barrier, or a palisade. ‘pinion: the wing or flight feathers of a olivet: a place where olives grow. palfrey: a horse. bird’ and in ‘pen: a writing utensil on: about; above; against; by; for; paliurus: a type of teasel or thistle. originally made from a feather’). concerning; in(to); onto; over; to. pall: a fine or rich cloth (survives as peoples: folks, nations, heathen. oneing: unity. the name for an altar cloth). pepon: a pumpkin or a gourd. onement: union. palm (of the hand): a unit of measure. peradventure: perhaps, perchance. on live: alive. pannier: a basket. perdition: eternal damnation, hell. on-putting: putting on. Paradise: the Garden of Eden, also called perfect: (v) to end, finish, complete. on the contrary: replaces ‘again-ward’ ‘the Garden of Delights’, ‘the Garden of perfection: to come to the end or (‘contrary’ is found in the WOT). Liking’, ‘the Garden of Lust’, and ‘the completion of something. ophimachus: a kind of locust ‘that is a Garden of Volupty’. perform: acting to end or complete foul enemy to serpents’ (as defined in a Parbar: a temple precinct (found in KJV something. gloss in the WOT). only, at 1 ST Chronicles 26:18); singular of performance: actions that end or ordain: to predestine; to appoint; to order ‘Parvarim’ (see below). complete something. or decree; to set in order. pard: a leopard. perish: to die; to destroy or ‘to lose’ (from ordinance: an order or a decree; conduct; pardelun: a young leopard. Latin, meaning ‘to go away’; all four founding or ordering. parget: to cover or daub with plaster. words are in the WOT and the KJV). ordures: filth, dirt; faeces, dung. part: (n) a portion or share; (v) to divide or Petra: Greek for ‘rock’ (‘Sela’ or ‘Selah’ in orison: a prayer. break into parts; to share, give, impart to; Hebrew). oryx: a north African antelope. to depart or leave. phial: a vial. ouch: a clasp, , or brooch. parter: one who divides; one who is physician: a medical doctor (replaces ought: to be obliged or to have a moral parted, mixed, or divided, and so, a half- ‘leech: a blood-letter or one who treats duty to do something (sometimes replaces breed. with leeches’). ‘owe’; both words are in the WOT). parting: dividing; sharing with; making a piety: godliness (replaces ‘pitee’). out-casting/s: refuse, trash; outcasts, difference or distinction. pigmentary: an ointment maker or an exiles. partings: (n) divisions, offices, or duties; apothecary. outer-more: uttermore. that which is ‘parted to’ or shared with, Pila: a lower part of Jerusalem called ‘the out-gladsome: (adj.) cheerful. so gifts or ‘distributions’. Mortar’ (from Latin, meaning ‘a mortar’; outlawed: cut off. Parvarim: suburbs, precincts (2 ND Kings ‘Maktesh’ in Hebrew; found at Zephaniah out-most: utmost. 23:11); plural of ‘Parbar’ (see above). 1:11). out-voice: a loud voice or a shout. pasch/pask: the Passover (survives in pilch: animal skin(s); a garment made of over: above; high; more, more than, ‘paschal’). leather or fur. continuing (to); upper. pass: (v) to depart or to leave. pilgrim: a visitor; a stranger; a foreigner or over against: opposite, facing; far off; passer: one who passes (by). an alien; one on a journey, especially to near, beside, close to; before (see also passing over: (n) the exile, captivity, or some sacred place; a wanderer or ‘even against’). ‘transmigration’ of the Israelites; the wayfarer. over-came: came or went over. Jewish captives as a whole. pilgrimage: a sojourn or a place for a visit; overcome: to conquer or to triumph over, passion: (n) suffering; (v) to suffer. a temporary stay or residence; a long, to gain the mastery of; to be plenteous, to paste: flour moistened into dough hard journey. abound. (survives in ‘pasta’, ‘pastry’, etc.). pious: devout, godly, reverential (replaces over-go: to go beyond; to overreach. pasture: the word ‘pasture’ is found only ‘piteous’). over-hand: the mastery of, ‘the upper in the “Early Version” of the WOT (also pippin: the seed of a fruit. hand’. replaces ‘lesewe’). pitched: fixed; pierced. over-laying: burdening; pressing on or patience: hope; trust. plage: a coast or a region (all three words pressure; ‘dis-ease’, trouble, or tribulation. peaceable men: friends. are in the WOT). over-led: deceived, seduced, led away. peaceables: sacrifices for peace, offered to plague: a wound.

1275 G L O S S A R Y plain: (v) to complain. pricker: a stinger. appeasing; merciful. plainings: (n) complaints. pricks: (n) stings. quern: a hand-mill. plaint: a complaint. primacies: first fruits (survives in ‘primacy: quern-stone: a millstone. plane tree/platan tree: the sycamore tree. the state of being first, as in rank or quick: living, alive. play-fr ères: companions, friends. excellence’). quicken: to make alive, to give or restore pleasable: pleasing. primate: a person of first rank, a chief, life to someone or something. pleasance: pleasantness, pleasure. a superior; a monkey. quinquagenary: a commander of 50 men. pleasant: pleasing. princehood: principality; one’s authority quire: a group of singers, and so, ‘a choir’; pledge: (n) replaces ‘a wed’. to rule over people. a dance; a company or group (of dancers, plenteouslier: more plenteously. private/s: secret(s); truth(s) that can only soldiers, etc.). plow: (n) a chariot with a cutting blade or be known through divine revelation; quitter: an ulcer which exudes pus. prow able to slice through people (the mystery/ies. verb form is not found in the WOT; both privier: more private. R ‘plow’ and ‘plough’ are in texts from the privily: privately, secretly. rabbeting: indenting. 1400s). privy: private, secret, hidden. rabbets: indents, grooves. plummet: (n) a plumb bob. profession: the act of professing, railings: branches, outgrowths. pods: replaces ‘cods’. declaring, or avowing; a declaration. raise: to raise up. pointel: a stylus or writing tool. proffer: to offer. ramping: ravishing, spoiling. poll: (v) to shave, clip, shear, trim, or cut profiteth: to benefit. rascal: the rabble, commoners. the hair. progenitor: a parent or forefather. rather: first; former, previous, earlier. pommel: an apple-like ball or knob on the promise: replaces ‘behest’. rational: (n) a priest’s breast brooch. handle of a sword (related to French proper: one’s own, personal, or particular raven: (n) robbery or the spoils thereof; ‘pomme: apple’); the capital, chapiter, (this use of ‘proper’ is also found in the the act of pillaging and plundering; head, or hook of a pillar. KJV; survives in ‘property’). (adj.) rapacious. poor-all: ‘the all-poor’, the common properly: only (‘ownly’). raveners: those who pillage, plunder, people or ‘commons’ (replaces ‘porail’). propitiation: conciliation; atoning or ravage, or take by force. poorlet: one who is poor. atonement; sacrifice. ravening: ravaging; robbing. porch: the Temple court(yard); any propitiatory: the mercy seat, that is, the ravish: to rob, spoil, take; to rescue, save, court(yard). throne or place of conciliation serving the help to escape (also ‘ravishing: robbing, porphyrio: a small, purple, aquatic bird, Majesty of God. spoiling, taking’). also called a coot. proposition: the act of putting forth ray-cloth: -like material (survives in posnet: a saucepan; a small metal pot something for acceptance (see also ‘loaves ‘’). with a handle and three legs. of proposition’). reach: to give or extend to. postern: the backdoor or back way. prove: to try or to test; to approve. ready: available, at hand. pottage: a thin stew; vegetables. proveth: approveth. realm: a kingdom. pottle: a pot or vessel that holds two provisions: a supply of food, necessities reap/reaping: (n) a sheaf or harvest. quarts. for living. reared: raised. pour: replaces ‘helde’. provost: an official having authority over rearmouse: a bat (that is, the flying pour out drink: replaces ‘birle’. others; a magistrate. mammal; also ‘rearmice’). powder: dust; the earth. prowed: having a prow. rebel: (adj.) rebellious. praising: (n) praise. prudence: sound judgement; sagacity. rebelness: rebellion (both words are in the prayer: ‘a pray-er’ or ‘one who prays’. psalterer: one who plays a psaltery. WOT). precept: a statute, law, order, or psaltery: an ancient stringed instrument rebelty: rebellion (both words are in the commandment. similar to a dulcimer. WOT). prefect: a chief officer or person in publish: to proclaim, to make known reck: to have a care or concern for, to authority. publicly. heed (survives in ‘reckless’). prelate: a ruler or a sovereign (survives as punged: pricked, pierced, or cut (survives recluse: to shut in or to enclose. ‘a high-ranking member of the church’). in ‘expunged’). recorded: remembered. prepare: replaces ‘graithe’. purposing: to purpose. recording: making mind of, remembering. prepuce: the foreskin; ‘the pursue: to persecute or to harass. redeem: to regain possession of by paying uncircumcised’, and so, the Gentiles or purvey: to provide provisions or a price, ransoming out and receiving the heathen. necessities for life. back, ‘to buy back’. prescience: foreknowledge. purveyance: the act of purveying; that redound: to accrue to, to overflow; to presser: a winepress. which is supplied, provisions. surge back (related to ‘rebound’, which is pressing: ‘dis-ease’ or pressure. put: to lay down; laid down. found in the WOT). prevarication: the breaking of the law put to: to put or to set; to continue. reed: a measuring rod, equal to the length (survives as ‘telling lies’). pygarg: an ibex, a kind of antelope. of six cubits, or 9-10 feet. prey: that which is taken in war, spoils, reform: to form again or anew, and so, ‘to bounty. Q re-form’; to give up sinning, to improve price: money; cost, expenses; quarrier: one who quarries stone. morally; to make better. reward; payment, fee. quavering: quaking, shaking. regeneration: rebirth; spiritual and/or pricked: pierced. quemeful: agreeable, pleasing, satisfying; moral renewal.

1276 G L O S S A R Y rehearse: to recount, recite, or repeat; ‘ruthing’ replaces ‘rewende’). a throne. to declare. ruther: (n) one who shows ‘ruth’ or secureness: security. reins: loins. compassion or pity (replaces ‘rewere’). securer: more secure. religion: ordinances, practices, rite(s); law; sedge/s: bulrush(es). service, work. S see: a throne (survives in ‘the Holy See’). remission: pardon, forgiveness, delivered Sabeans: people of Seba or Sheba. seek: to search. from debt. sackcloth: replaces ‘sack’ and ‘sak’. seemly: attractive (also ‘seemliness’). reparation: restoration or repair. sacrament: a secret or ‘hid truth’. seer: ‘a see-er’ or ‘one who sees’, and so, Rephaim: giants. (made) sacred: consecrated a watchman; a prophet. replete: full, sated. (‘consecration’ is found in the WOT). seethe: boil (in water). reproof: rebuke, blame, reproach. (make) sacred: to consecrate. semblance: likeness, outward appearance; reprovable: reproachable. (making) sacred: consecrating. the countenance or face. reproved: rebuked. safe: delivered or saved from sin, and so, send: to command or order. reproves: (n) rebukes, censures. salvation; made whole. sendal: a piece of fine linen or silk. repugn: to oppose, fight (against), or resist saintuary: a sanctuary. seniors: elders. (survives in ‘repugnant’). sallows: willow trees. sent: commanded, ordered. requite: to compensate, to repay; to make sambuca: a triangular-shaped, stringed : a durable, thick curtain (see also return to (replaces ‘quit’; also ‘requiting’ instrument. ‘say’). replaces ‘quiting’). sample: a copy, model, or pattern. sermon: any speech or talking (not reset: a receptacle. sampler: exemplar (see also ‘ensampler’). necessarily religious in nature). restore: to rebuild or to renew (also satchel: a small handbag. servage: servitude, bondage. replaces ‘enstore’). satisfy: replaces ‘paie’ (also ‘satisfied ’ service: a ministry or an office. rhamn: a thieve-thorn or a bramble bush. replaces ‘paide’; ‘satisfaction’ is found in set: put; ordained, appointed. riched: enriched. the WOT). set-in: inset. rick: a heap or of corn, hay, etc. saton: an ancient Greek unit of measure sextary: a pint. riddle: (n) a sieve; (v) to sift. equal to 1/3 RD of an ephah (known in shaft: a rod. ridge: the back of a man or an animal; Hebrew as ‘a seah’). shame: (v) to make ashamed. the roof of a house. satrap: a ruler, prince, or governor. shamed: ashamed. riding: (n) army or chariot horses and/or savour: (n) odour; taste; (v) to think on, shamefastness: shamefaced, showing the riders on them. understand, or to perceive (survives in shame or bashfulness. rightful: righteous; just; upright; faithful. ‘savoir-faire’). shames: (n) reproofs, rebukes. right-fuller: one who is more rightful than savoured: seasoned, made flavourful. shameworthy: worthy of shame. another. saw: (n) a saying or a story (related to ‘say’ share: a plowshare (‘ploughshare’). rightfulness: righteousness; uprightness; and to ‘saga’); a command; an agreement. share-bone: the womb; the fork of the victory, triumph. say: a curtain or ‘a serge’; a sash. body, that is, the groin. rightwise: righteous. scandal: sometimes replaces shed: to pour (out). rightwiseness: righteousness. ‘sclaundre’(also ‘scandalized: to be made sherd: a piece of broken pottery; a sliver ripe corn: (n) harvest. a public scandal’ sometimes replaces or fragment, often brittle and/or sharp riped: ripened. ‘sclaundride’). (now spelled ‘shard’). rising-again: rising or getting up. scar(p): a steep rock-face or the slope of shet (out): the precursor of the vulgarism; rivel: wrinkle (also ‘rivelling’; ‘wrinkle’ is a cliff; a towering rock (survives in not regarded as rude in the 14 TH century, found in the WOT). ‘escarpment’). as it appears in this reverent, respectful (the) River: (the) Nile. scarry: rocky. translation (found at Deuteronomy 28:27 rochet: a vestment, like a surplice. science: knowledge. in the “Early Version” of the WOT). rod: a staff; a penis; a marked stick used scion: an heir or a descendent. shewbread: ‘showbread’, that is, for measurements, 9-10 feet long; a king’s scot: a tax, fee, or payment (survives in unleavened bread displayed in the sceptre (sometimes replaces ‘ 3erde’). ‘scot-free’). Temple and dedicated to God (see also roundels: small balls. scribe: a Temple copyist; an interpreter of ‘loaves of proposition’). rubbing: replaces ‘frotynge’ (‘rubbed’ is the Scriptures. shined: shone (p.t. of shine; both words found in the WOT). scrip: a small bag, wallet, or purse. are in the WOT and the KJV). ruddy: tinged with red, rosy. scripture: any writing (not necessarily of a shininger: shinier. rude: rough (texture). religious nature). shittim: acacia or shittah wood. rue: (v) to feel sorrow, regret, remorse. scruple: a weight equal to 1/24 TH of an shoeing: shoe or shoes. ruinous: ruined (both words are in the ounce, that is, 20 grains. shorted: shortened. WOT and the KJV). sculpture: an image or an idol, shortly: in a few words, briefly. runned: ran. worshipped as divine. showbread: see ‘shewbread’ above. rush: to go speedily (replaces ‘bire’; ‘rush’, Sea: a large washing basin in the Temple, shower: ‘a show-er’ or a mirror (‘mirror’ is as in ‘bulrush’, is found in the WOT). for the priests to cleanse their hands and found in the WOT). ruth: (n) compassion or pity; (v) to feel feet, before doing their service. sick: weak, frail (as per British usage); compassion or pity for someone or seah: an Old Hebrew unit of dry measure; unwell. something (‘ruth’ as a verb replaces 3 seah = 1 ephah (see also ‘saton’). sickness: weakness, frailty (as per British ‘rewe’, ‘ruthed’ replaces ‘rewide’, and seat: the seat of government, and so, usage); illness.

1277 G L O S S A R Y side: hand. a living person or an animal; a life. steadfast: constant, firmly fixed in faith or sieged: besieged. sourdough: yeast. in place. sign: a token or a miracle; an image or an sovereign: a leader, one who exercises steelen: made of steel. idol. authority over others. steerer: the rudder or helm; the signal: a sign. sowl: stew or pottage. helmsman. signet: a mark or a seal. spale: a splinter. stellion: a lizard. silveren: made of silver. span: a unit of measure equal to the sticked: pierced. simple: honest. distance between the tips of the thumb stillily: privily, secretly; quietly. simpleness: integrity, honesty. and the little finger. still-like: quietly. simulacra: idols. spar: a rafter or a beam. stithy: an anvil. simulacrum: an idol. sparlire: the calf of the leg. stole: a long, narrow band of decorated simulations: feignings, hypocrisies, speaking: saying. cloth worn around the neck and over the pretence. species: kinds of or sorts of. shoulders; a vestment; a long, loose robe. singster: a singer. speedeth: (v) to profit or to benefit; is stones standing over: cliffs. singular/ly: single, solitary; alone. expedient (survives in ‘expedient’, stony: made of stone. sire: ‘sir’, form of address to one’s superior. ‘expedite’, and in ‘Godspeed: best wishes strained: constrained (both words are in sire-name: surname. or good fortune’). the WOT). sister-german: one’s sister who has the speedful: (adj.) expedient; timely. strait: (n) difficulty; (adj.) narrow. same mother and father. spelunk: a cave (survives in ‘spelunker’). straited: straitened, made difficult. sith: since. spew: to vomit (out). strand: a river or a stream. slack: (v) to slacken or make loose. spice: a kind or a species. straying: erring. slade: a slope of a hill; a valley. spindle: a rod or a shaft. strength: a host or army; a stronghold. slates: slate plates or tiles used for roofing. spire: a reed. strengthened: fortified. sliderness: slipperiness. spirit: the wind; the breath or ‘blast’; the strife: (n) a fight or a struggle; an slidery: slippery. essence of life; one’s mind. argument or a quarrel. smaragdus: Greek for emerald. Spirit: the Holy Spirit, the Spirit of God. strive: (v) to fight or to struggle with (also smite: (v) to strike. spoil: (v) to impair or to destroy the value ‘strove’); to argue or to quarrel with. smiter: a fighter. of; to rob or to take by force; to be strives: (n) contention, fighting, struggles snipe: a wading or shore bird. stripped of (also ‘spoiling’). (also ‘strivings’); quarrels or arguments. snub: to reproach or to reprove. spot: a stain or blemish, and so, a sin. strivous: quarrelsome. snubbings: reproaches, blamings, reproofs. spotty: spotted. strong vengeance: rage, wrath. snuffer: replaces ‘snyter’ (‘to snuff (out)’ is spousals: weddings. (one’s) stronger: (n) (one’s) strong men. found in the WOT). spouse: (n) a bridegroom; a partner in strumpet: a whore. so: as. marriage, male or female; (v) to espouse. struthio: an ostrich. sodden: boiled (in water). spousess: a wife or a bride. studies: doings, activities; works, deeds; solace: (n) comfort in grief; (v) to soothe springing time: springtime. thoughts (see also ‘findings’). or to comfort. spurning: literally, ‘kicking with the foot’; stumbling: an occasion or cause of solar: a loft or an upper chamber (as per sinning (synonymous with ‘hurting’, spiritual falling or sin, ‘an offence’ British usage; partly survives in ‘solarium’). ‘offence’, and ‘stumbling’). (archaic meaning). solemnity: a religious feast or rite. spyer: a spy (both words are in the WOT). stupration: rape. so many: as many. stable: sure, firmly established, fixed, stylus: a writing instrument used on clay some-deal: somewhat. steadfast, enduring. or wax (replaces ‘pointel’). somewhat: something. stablish: (v) to establish or ‘to found’; to subject (to): under the control or power son mine: ‘son of mine’ or ‘my son’. fix or to confirm. of; in control or orderly. songster: a singer. stably: firmly in place, fixed, subjection: the state of being brought sooth: (n) truth; (adv.) true. not easily moved. under the power of another. soothfast: truthful. staff: sometimes replaces ‘ 3erde’ (‘staff’ is substance/s: goods of this world. soothfastness: truthfulness. found in the WOT). succour: (n) a place of safety or refuge, soothfully: truthfully, uprightly. stalworth/y: stalwart (also and so, a stronghold. soothly: truly; and. ‘stalworthness’/‘stalworthyness’). sucking: (n) a suckling (both words are in Sopher: transliterated Hebrew, meaning standard: a flag of a king or of a nation; the WOT). ‘he who counts’, and so, the army officer a company of troops. suffer: to permit or give leave to, to allow; who kept track of the conscripted soldiers standing-up: upright. to endure; to wait on. (2 ND Kings 25:19); a secretary. stark: hard, unyielding, rigid, stiff. suffice: to be enough. sop up: to swallow; to take up by started to: jumped up (survives in ‘to start: sufficience: sufficiency, contentment, absorption. to move suddenly after a surprise’). having enough. sore: greatly, in high degree; intensely. stater: a gold or silver coin of ancient sundry: separate, distinct; various. sorry: (n) sorrow; (v) aggrieved; Greece. suppets/suppings/supping things: things to (adj.) sorrowful, sad; regretful. station: a headquarters; a place or eat (survives in ‘supper’). sort: a class, set, group, kind, or type of position assigned to troops. supplement: provision for what is lacking, something; a lot or an inheritance. staves: staffs. a supply. soul: the mind, understanding, or reason; stead: place. sustain: to endure; to bear with.

1278 G L O S S A R Y swallow: (n) a cave, pit, or hole. testimony: the divine charge or the Law, (survives in ‘touting’). swear: (v) to make an oath or a pledge; specifically, ‘the ten words’ or ‘the ten to pieces: implied in such verbs as ‘to- to curse. commandments’; synonymous with drawe’, ‘to-bruise’, ‘to-rente’, and ‘to- swearer: one who makes an oath or ‘covenant’. pownde’. a pledge; one who curses. Tetragrammaton: the four Hebrew letters tother: the next; other (‘other’ is found in swearing: (n) an oath or a pledge; cursing. ‘Y-H-W-H’ or ‘Yahweh’, meaning ‘the God the WOT). swells: billows. of revelation and grace’, one of the many to use priesthood: to perform the work of swelter: replaces ‘swalide’. names of God. a priest. sweven: a dream; a vision. thank: (v) archaic past tense of ‘think’ to wed: to take for a pledge. Syrianly: in the Syrian language, that is, (‘thought’ is also found in the WOT). tragelaph: a mythical creature, part goat Aramaic. thankings: thanks, thanksgiving (also and part stag; an antelope. called ‘graces’). translate: to transform or change; to carry T that: which; but; even. across, away, or over; to pass from one tabernacle: the residence of the Holy of that if: though. side to the other; to transfer or remove. Holies; any tent. ‘that spake in me’: ‘that spake with me’. translation: a change or transformation. table: ‘table’ and ‘board’ are used inter- them: themselves. transmigration: the time of the Israelites’ changeably in the WOT, so ‘table’ can there: they. captivity and exile; to migrate or move mean food or eating, where we would therefore: for this reason. from one country to another. say, ‘room and board’; ‘table’ is also therethrough: through that or it; by travail: (n) toil or labour; (v) to toil or to unexpectedly used in terms of construction, reason of that, thereby; for, because. labour; to trouble. i.e., ‘walls made of tables’(!), where we thereto: to this thing or end. travailest: troublest. would say, ‘boards’ or ‘planks’, and so, to therf: without ‘souring’ or yeast. treasury: a storehouse or repository; a avoid confusion, ‘board’ was substituted, therf loaves: unleavened bread. chamber (‘chamber’ is found in the WOT). especially in Ezekiel; a tablet (this use of the which: what; which; who. treat: (v) to handle something physically; ‘table’ is also found in the KJV). thiefly: thief-like. to ‘handle’ a topic with one’s mind, and take: (v) to receive; to bring to, to deliver thieve-thorn: a bramble bush. so, to discuss, dispute, study, and/or deal or give up to; to commit or entrust to; to this word: this thing. with (survives in ‘treatise’). lay hold of or to seize (also ‘taken’ and thither: in that direction; to that place. treen: wooden. ‘took’). thrall: (n) a man in bondage; a slave (also tregetour: an enchanter or a conjurer; take comfort: take courage, be strong the feminine ‘thralless’). a deceiver. (physically or emotionally). through-covered: covered throughout. tribune: a magistrate; a ruler of 1000 take keep: take care. thumb: the big toe. men. take recording: am reminded of. thyine tree: the thuya tree. tried (flour): sifted or refined (flour). talent: a weight or unit of measure used thymiama: a kind of incense. trouble: (v) to disturb (both words are in for everyday items as well as for precious tidings: a report, information, news. the WOT). metals. Tifsar: transliterated Hebrew, meaning trow: to believe or suppose; to trust. tallow: animal fat, the suet. ‘the commander of a military force’ trump: (n) a trumpet. tapet: a tapestry, carpet, or blanket. (Jeremiah 51:27). trumped: (v) trumpeted. tapicer: a weaver of tapestry, rugs, tiller: one who works the soil to produce trundle: (v) to roll. blankets, etc. crops, a farmer. trust: (n) confidence, boldness. target: a shield. tilth: tillage. trustily: confidently, boldly. targeter: a shield-maker. timbrel: a percussion instrument held in tucker: a person who ‘fulls’ and dresses tarry: to linger or to remain longer than the hand, like a tambourine. cloth, and so, ‘a fuller’. expected. tithe: 1/10 TH of annual income given to turds: dung. task master: slave-driver; foreman. God. turn: to convert or change one’s position taughtly: knowingly. title: a memorial or a pillar. (physically or morally). teasel: a thistle or a tassel. to: against; by; for; in; of. turn again: to return (also ‘turned again’). teat: the breast; the nipple. to be before: to lead the way. turn away: to backslide. Teman: in, of, or to the south. together: completely, ‘altogether’. turn-giddy: giddiness. tempest: ‘in that time or season’ (survives token/tokening: a visible sign; an image or turtle: a turtledove. in ‘tempestive: timely, seasonable’). an idol. twain: two. temporal: temporary; earthly. to learn (him): to teach (him). twisel: to be parted in two. tend: (v) to make and maintain a fire. tollage: a fee or a toll. twisel-tongued: double-tongued. tender: weak; young. to me: for me. twist: a hinge (both words are in the teraphim: images or idols of household tongue: words of speech used by a group WOT). gods revered by pre-exilic Israelites as of people to communicate (e.g., ‘one’s tympan: a drum (survives in ‘tympani’). good luck charms. native tongue’, or language). tympanster: a drummer. terebinth (tree): the turpentine tree tooter: a lookout person, an espyer, a tyrant: a strong or powerful man (without (rendered in some translations as an oak watchman (survives in ‘tout’, and related negative connotations). or an elm tree). to ‘tutor’). term: a border. toot-hill: a lookout place. U testament: a covenant. tooting: watching or ‘looking out for’ umbra: (n) a shadow (survives in

1279 G L O S S A R Y ‘umbrella’). reason’, and so, unreasoning. verily: truly; indeed. unbuxom: not pliant, and so, stubborn, unreprovable: unreproachable. vermilion: scarlet or cinnabar. obstinate, unobedient. unrightwiseness: unrighteousness. verre: a glass cup (from Old French). unchastity: lechery. unseeming: unseemly. verse: (in) a particular order. uncleanness: (n) an idol. unshamefast: without shame. ver time: spring time (survives in undefouled: undefiled. unspotted: without stain or blame, and so, ‘verdant’). under-dark: somewhat dark. sinless. very: true. under-delved: dug under. unstable: ‘without a home’, and so, vestiary: the porch of the Temple (partly under-grow: to increase(!). moving from place to place. survives in ‘vestry’ and ‘vestibule’). underlay: to submit or make subject to unsteadfast: (adj.) weak. vestments: one of the ritual garments of (also ‘underlie’). unsteadfastness: weak in belief. the priesthood. under-put: to put under, to lay down, or untrowable: unbelievable; not worthy of vetches: leguminous plants, fitches. to risk (one’s life, etc.). trust. vial: also called ‘a phial’. under-serving: serving under or together unwarded: without walls. vice: a spiral staircase. with. unwashen: unwashed. vile-like: vilely. understand: (v) to have mind of or on; to unwayed: without a way, road, or path vinery: a vineyard; a vine or vines (all four think, reflect, or meditate on, to consider. (see also ‘wayless’). words are in the WOT). underset: bolster, sustain, support. unwemmed: unspotted, without blemish vintage: wine. undertake: to help or defend. or fault, and so, sinless. virago: the first woman, Eve. under-yoked: made tame. unwisdom: ignorance; foolishness. virtue: power, strength, might; authority; undo: (v) to destroy. unwitting: (n) ‘without knowing’, in an army or ‘host’; wealth; moral rectitude. undoing: (n) the solving of, or the solution ignorance (also ‘unwittingly’). virtues: mighty powers; armies or ‘hosts’; to, a problem or a riddle. unwitty: literally, ‘without wit’, that is, moral excellence. unequity: iniquity, wickedness, injustice. without understanding or reason, and so, visit (upon): to punish; to tend. unfaithful: literally, ‘not full of faith’, and unwise or foolish. visitation: punishment. so, unbelieving or ‘out of the faith’. unworshipped: not honoured. voice: a sound or a noise. unfastened: made unsteadfast. up-bearing: bearing up, supporting. void: (adj.) empty; null. unglorious: inglorious. upbraid: to severely reproach. voided: made void; emptied (also replaces unguentary: a maker of ointments or urchin: a hedgehog or a porcupine (from ‘defied’). perfumes. Latin; survives in ‘sea urchin: a spiny volatiles: birds (survives in ‘volatile: unhaired: made bald. sponge’); a coney or a hare. flighty’). unhonest: dishonest; unseemly; Urim and Thummim: transliterated voluble: revolving, that is, able to go dishonourable (also ‘unhonestly’). Hebrew, meaning ‘lights and perfections’. about or to go around. unicorn: a wild ox. These were likely two (or more) objects volume: a book. unjust asker: an extortioner or an placed in the high priest’s ephod, in the volupty/ies: pleasure(s) or delight(s) of a oppressor (see ‘exactor’). breastplate of judgement that covered the sensual nature; the lusts of life (survives in unknew: knew not. priest’s heart, which he wore when he ‘voluptuous’). unknow: ‘to not know’ or to be ignorant entered before the Lord. Probably cast of. like dice, they were used to determine W unknowing: (n) ‘not knowing’ God’s will in matters of national concern. wag: to move quickly from side to side. or ignorance; (adj.) ignorant. us-self: ourselves. wagger: to move to and fro, to stagger, unknowingness: ‘the state of not knowing’ usury: interest paid on money (usually to wander. or ignorance. excessive). wain: a wagon. unlearned: uninstructed. utmore: out-more. waiter: a watchman (both words are in unleaveful: ‘without leave’, that is, utmost: out-most. the WOT). without license or permission, and so, uttermore: outer-more. wake: (v) to awaken; to be alert or to unlawful or impermissible. uttermost: outer-most. watch for; to stand watch. unlettered: ‘without letters’, that is, waker: a watchman (both words are in the without a degree, study, or formal V WOT). education. vagrant: one who wanders from place to waking: (n) a watch or duty period, often unnoble: ignoble. place; homeless. 4 hours in length; (adj.) watchful; unobedience: disobedience. vain: (n) vanity; (adj.) empty, futile, (adv.) awakening. unobeisant: disobedient (see also worthless. walked: went. ‘inobeisant’). vein: a spring, fountain, or other wallowed: rolled. unpeaceable: agitated, unruly, disorderly watercourse. wander: to walk; to travel. (also ‘unpeaceably’). venge: (v) to avenge; to revenge (all three wang: the cheek or the jowl. unpiety: impiety, ungodliness. words are in the WOT). wang teeth: molars (see also ‘cheek unpious: impious; wicked. vengeance/s: plagues; retribution. teeth’). unpliable: unbowing. venger: an avenger; one who takes wanness: pale from sickness or injury. unprudent: imprudent, foolish. revenge (all three words are in the WOT). ward: (n) a prison; a cell or hold for unquieted: disquieted. venomings: poisons. prisoners; a temple precinct; a means of unreasonable: literally, ‘not able to veriest: most true. defence or protection; (v) to guard; to

1280 G L O S S A R Y have charge of; to make strong. wend: (v) to go forth, to proceed. women or damsels’, which is also found warding: (n) ‘a (place of) keeping’ or a went to: to attack. in the KJV). prison; a fortification or a stronghold. wether: a ram. womb: the belly. wardrobe: a private chamber or a wharve: the whorl of a spindle. wonder: (n) a terror or a horror (also bedroom; a storage room. what: why; that. ‘wondering’). warily: cautiously, carefully. whelk: a pustule. wont: a habit or personal custom. warn: to exhort, admonish, or notify of whelps: young dogs. wood-bill: a briar hook. possible harm; to proclaim or state whereof: of what or from what; of which woodwose: a wild man of the woods, without allowing dissent; to order under or of whom. a savage. threat of penalty, and so, to command. whereto: why; to what place or what end. world of world: eternity, forever and ever washen: washed (both words are in the which: who, whom, whose; what. (‘world of worlds’ and ‘worlds of worlds’ WOT). whichever: whomever. are also found in the WOT). was holden: was held. while-meal: by turn(s). worlds: for ever. waste: (n) a void place; (v) to destroy; whither: to which or what place; where. worship: (v) to pay homage to, to to cause to come to nought or ruin; who/whom: which. venerate (‘worship’ and ‘honour’ are to consume; (adj.) useless, barren, void, whole: wholesome. interchangeable in the WOT, as per or in vain (also ‘wasteness’). whore: a strumpet. British usage). watch: (n) a place and/or time of duty; whoreling: one who seeks out whores. worshipful: worthy of respect, honourable (v) to stand guard; to keep charge; to lay wield: to control or rule; to manage. (‘worshipful’ and ‘honourable’ are inter- wait. will: (n) pleasure; wish, desire; mind; that changeable in the WOT, as per British watcher: a watchman (both words are in which one delights in; (v) to delight in. usage). the WOT). willful: wilful; willing. worst: (adj.) full wicked, very bad, evil. water-heap: ‘a heap of water’, and so, willfully: wilfully; willingly. (the) worst: (n) the devil. a billow. willing: willingly; desiring. worthy: of worth or value. watery: watered. wills: works, ways, desires, pleasures. worts: herbs. wax: (v) to grow or to increase; wily: sly, cunning. wortworm: a worm that eats herbs, such to become. win: gain (also ‘won: gained’). as a caterpillar. way: a street, road, or path (survives in winced: kicked. wot: (v) (I/we) know (both words are in ‘highway’, etc.). winning: wealth, material or financial the WOT and the KJV). wayless: without a way, road, or path (see gain. would: desired. also ‘unwayed’). wise: way of doing something. wound: (n) an affliction or plague. waylode: essentials for the way. wist: knew (both words are in the WOT wrath: (n) rage, anger, indignation. way-lot: a crossroad. and the KJV). wrathed: angered, provoked. wayward: willful, untoward, following wit: (n) mind; understanding, intelligence, wrathers: (n) stirrers to wrath or provokers one’s own wanton or depraved insight. of rage, anger, or indignation. inclinations. witen: (v) (they) know (both words are in wrathfulness: (n) rage, anger, indignation. weather: rain(!); climate. the WOT and the KJV). wreak: (v) to avenge. webs: weavers. withe (trees): willows, sallows. wreaker: (n) an avenger. webster: a weaver. withhold: to retain or to hold back. wretchednesses: miseries. wed: (n) a pledge, promise, or surety. withholden: withheld. wright: a craftsman or a builder. ween: (v) to suppose or to guess; to think. withinforth: within or inside. wrong challenger: an extortioner or an weigh: (n) a balance or scales (all three without: (adv.) outside (sometimes oppressor (see ‘exactor’). words are in the WOT). replaces ‘out-takun: to take out’). wrongful asker: an extortioner or an weigher: one who weighs things. without desert: without deserving (of oppressor (see ‘exactor’). well: (n) an underground water source penalty, etc.). wroth: furious, filled with anger. (sometimes replaces ‘pit’); a fountain or without discipline: without learning, and wrought: worked. spring; (v) to melt or cause to flow (partly so, uninformed. survives in ‘weld’); (adv.) good. withoutforth: (from) without or outside. Y weller: (n) one who refines metals, and with-saith: to say against (this use of yard: an enclosed piece of ground; a so, a founder or caster (partly survives in ‘with’ survives in ‘withstand’). garden (replaces ‘ 3erd: a yard or garden’, ‘welder’). withstand: to resist or oppose, to stand from Old German; ‘garden’ is in the WOT). wellfully: ‘fully well’, and so, successfully, against (also ‘withstander’). yield/ing: (n) a reward; a punishment; prosperously, healthfully. witless: mindless; foolish. (v) to give or render to; to reward; to welling: flowing together (partly survives witness: (v) to testify. punish. in ‘welding’). witnessing/s: (n) the Law; testimony, yore: long ago, in times past. wellsome: successful, prosperous, testimonies; instruction(s). you: yourselves. healthful (also ‘wellsomely’). wits: one’s mind or understanding. youngling: a young person. weltered: rolled. witting: knowing (also ‘wittingly’). yowl: (v) to yell or to howl. wem: a spot, stain, blemish, or fault, and witty: wise, prudent, able, witting. yowling: yelling, howling. so, a sin (partly survives in ‘wen: a benign woman-child: a young woman or a cyst or skin tumour’). damsel (also ‘women-children: young

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