Final Form Was Practically Beyond the Capacity of Those of the Essay, He Himself Said, 'The Pleasure I Got by Journals

Glimpses of Indian Contribution to Science & Technology

Janana Vijnana Pratibha Pariksha (Knowledge Discovery Examination)

REFERENCE BOOK

Contributed By Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati PREFACE

We are glad to present the book 'Glimpses of India's Contribution to Science & Technology' to the participants of 'Jnana Vijnana Pratibha Pariksha' Examination 09-10. By presenting the achievement of Indian Science through the ages; we have tried to present to the reader; an aspect which transfused with right knowledge elevating the seekers and sought.

True science is that which make one aware of the essential harmony and oneness in this Universe. Generations of people in this country have been successfully making use of their traditional wisdom and knowledge for solving social problems for the betterment of mankind.

This book could be used as a hand book for JVPP 09-10 examination. The primary objective of this examination is to familiar the student with great achievement of Indian Science and Indian Scientists from ancient times (5000years back) till today to instill in them national pride that will inspire them to perform historical role of building India as the leading nation of the world in 21st Century.

The second objective is to test and develop their understanding in mathematics and sciences. This test will help to prepare them for talent search and competitive examinations and also will attract them towards fundamental sciences as a carrier prospective.

It is our deep conviction that this book would be a valuable source of information about science and technology, not only among the participants of this contest but even to the teaching fraternity as a whole.

Team JVPP Instructions to Students and Teachers for Using This Reference Book

1. This Reference Book is common for All the Groups (5th to 12th Std.).

2. Detail Syllabus for all groups is given in this book. You are requested to Study the respective Chapters/Sections/Activity etc. for examination point of view.

3. You are requested to Study the Activity given in the respective Groups with the help of your teachers /seniors etc. It is a part of JVPP examination and a few question will be asked in the Prathama, Dwitiya and Tritiya Examinations.

4. Refer the CBSE board/ respective state Board books for School level syllabus of respective standards and subjects (Math. & Sci. Only).

5. Sample Question papers and Answers sheet given at the end of this book Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

CONTENTS A Group (5th & 6th Standard) School Level Syllabus (40%)

Sr. No. Name Page No.

Science 1) The Human Body 01 2) Food, Diet and Digestive System 01

Activity one 01

3) Germs, Disease and Prevention of Disease 01

Activity two 01

4) Properties of Substances and Types of changes 01 5) Characteristics and Classification of Living Things 01

Activity three 01

6) Measurement and Estimation 01 7) Force, Motions and its types 01 8) The Earth 01

Mathematic 1) Numbers 01 2) Operations of numbers 01 3) Ratio and Proportion 01 4) Geometry 01 5) Shapes and Angles 01 6) Data Handling. 01

Indian Contrition to Science & Technology (60 %) 1) Vedic Mathematic (Common for all the Groups) 12 2) Noble Laureates of India (Common for all the Groups) 45 3) P. C. Ray (Common for all the Groups) 51 4) India's Contribution to Science & Technology (Common for all the Groups) 19 5) Inspiring lives 66 6) Iron pillar of India

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati IV

Jagdish Chandra Bose (Common for all the Groups) Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

B Group (7th & 8th Standard) School Level Syllabus (40%)

Sr. No. Name Page No.

Science 1) Solar System 02

Activity one 02

2) Biological Diversity 02 3) Cell and Micro-organisms 02 4) Diseases 03 5) Natural Resources 03 6) Food 03

Activity two 03

7) Organ Systems 03 8) Reproduction of the Living Things 04 9) Motion 04 10) Pressure 04 11) Sound 04

Activity three 04

12) Magnetism 04 13) Electric Charge and Current 04 14) Structure of Atom 05

Mathematics 1) Integers 05 2) Fractions and Decimal 05 3) Data handling 05 4) Simple Equations 05 5) Line and Angles 05 6) Trigonometry and its property 05 7) Rational Numbers 05 8) Powers 05

C Group (9th & 10th Standard) School Level Syllabus (40%)

Sr. No. Name Page No.

Science 1) Matter 06 2) Elements, compound and mixture 06

Activity One 06

3) Particle nature 06 4) The world of the living 06 5) Moving things, people and idea 06

Activity Two 06

6) Light 09

Activity Three 09

7) Electricity 09 8) Gravitation 09

Activity Four 09

Mathematics 1) Real Numbers 09 2) Polynomials 09 3) Coordinate Geometry 09 4) Euclid's Geometry 09 5) Line and Angle 09 6) Triangle 09 7) Circle 09 8) Areas 09

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati VI Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

D Group (11th & 12th Standard) School Level Syllabus (40%)

Sr. No. Name Page No.

Physics 1) Physical World 10 2) Unit & Measurement 10 3) Motion in Straight Line 10 4) Electrical Charge & Fields 10 5) Current Electricity 10 6) Communication Systems 10

Activity One 10

Chemistry 1) Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 10 2) Structure of Atoms 10 3) Bio-molecules 10

Biology 1) Diversity in the Living World 10 2) Biotechnology 10

Mathematics 1) Set 11 2) Relation and functions 11 3) Trigonometric Functions: Positive and Negative angles, measuring angle 11 in radian and degree 11 4) Matrices 11 5) Continuity, Differentiability and Application 11 6) Integrals 11

Special Activity for Group - D Space Science in India ( Read more literature on Lunar (Moon) 11 Mission Trajectory and Its Types and Optimization of Lunar Trajectory)

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati VII Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology Details of Syllabus A Group (5th & 6th Std.) Science 1) The Human Body: Some internal organs (brain, heart, lungs) 2) Food, Diet and Digestive System: Types of food, balance diet, introduction of digestive systems Activity one : Record information about all the food/diet you eat during one week in your notebook. Determine whether your diet is balanced or not? 3) Germs, Disease and Prevention of Disease: Micro-organisms, disease producing microorganisms, type of disease like as Malaria, Typhoid, Cholera and etc…. Spread of diseases through air, water, food, by insects. Prevention of Disease. Activity two : Collect the more information about the “Swine influenza” or “Swine flu” and discuss the method of preventions of diseases with your friends and class teachers. 4) Properties of Substances and Types of changes: Some properties of substances like thermal conductively, electrical conductivity, magnetism. Physical changes, Chemical changes. 5) Characteristics and Classification of Living Things: Characteristics of living things, moment, growth, respiration, reproduction, excretion, death. Classifications of Plant and Animals. Methods of classification of plant and animals. Activity three : Collect seeds of different plants and plant in a soil (take any one: Maize, jowar, mustard (sarson), fenugreek (methi ), sesame (til ), coriander (dhania).etc) and measure the high of plant by using your own instrument and method. 6) Measurement and Estimation: Measuring instrument, measurement of quantity like as mass, time, volume, temperature. Estimates of measurement, accuracy of measurements, possible errors in measurements. 7) Force, Motions and its types: Definition of Force, Types of Force: Muscular Force, Mechanical Force, Gravitational Forces, Magnetic Force, Frictional Force, Static Force. Definition of Motions, Uniform linear and Non-uniform linear motion, Oscillatory motion, Periodic motion, Random motion, Circular motion. 8) The Earth: The Earth's atmosphere, the structure of earth's interior.

Mathematic 1) Numbers: Numbers reading and writing, comparison of numbers. Negative Numbers and Integers 2) Operations of numbers: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division. 3) Ratio and Proportion: Concept of Ratio, Proportion as equality of two ration. 4) Geometry: Basic concept 2D and 3D, Line, Segment, Ray, Circle, Perimeter, Area. 5) Shapes and Angles: Alternation of shapes, making square, rectangle, hexagon, triangle, circle. Measurement of angles. 6) Data Handling.

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 01 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology Details of Syllabus Group B (7th & 8th Std.) Science 1. Solar System a. Galaxy, Constellations and Other Stars b. Sun as the Gaseous Body c. Nature of Planets - Terrestrial and Jovian d. Important Moons of the Planets e. Dwarf Planets, Asteroids and other bodies in the Solar System f. Formation of the solar system (Tentative Idea) g. Man-made satellites into the Sky

Activity One In the Month of November, start observing and then noting the Moon-Rise and Moon-Set, for your city. Prepare a chart like this:

Date Moon- Moon- Date Moon- Moon- Date Moon- Moon- Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Nov. 1 Nov. 11 Nov. 21 Nov. 2 Nov. 12 Nov. 22 Nov. 3 Nov. 13 Nov. 23 Nov. 4 Nov. 14 Nov. 24 Nov. 5 Nov. 15 Nov. 25 Nov. 6 Nov. 16 Nov. 26 Nov. 7 Nov. 17 Nov. 27 Nov. 8 Nov. 18 Nov. 28 Nov. 9 Nov. 19 Nov. 29 Nov.10 Nov. 20 Nov. 30

2. Biodiversity a. Variation in Body Structures, Life Patterns, Habitat etc. b. Cause for the Variation - Adaptation, Struggle Etc. i.e. Idea of Evolution c. Need for Protection of Biodiversity d. Steps Taken in order to Save the Biodiversity e. Steps Taken in India for Biodiversity- conservation 3. Cell and Micro-organisms a. Typical structure of a Plant Cell and an Animal Cell b. Various types of cells c. Various Organelles and Functions of a Cell- organelles d. Cells as the Building Block of Life e. Various Types of Micro-organisms: Bacteria, Fungi, Yeast, Viruses, Protozoa, Algae. f. Usefulness and Harmfulness of Micro-organisms: Antibiotics, Diseases Etc.

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 02 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

4. Diseases a. Symptoms, Causative agent, treatment of the following Diseases: Polio, Typhoid, T.B. AIDS, Diarrhoea, Rabies b. Deficiency Diseases such as rickets - Deficiency of Vitamins C & D and Minerals such as Phosphorus, Iron and others. 5. Natural Resources a. Composition of air, properties of air. b. Properties of oxygen, importance of oxygen c. Properties of Nitrogen, Removal and entering of Nitrogen into the atmosphere via Biological fixation d. Requirement for the presence of Carbon dioxide in the air e. Carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen cycle f. Air pollution g. Various resources of water h. Chemical and Physical Properties of Water i. Water purification systems j. Water Pollution k. Types of Soil - formation of soil l. Water holding capacity of various types of soil m. Phosphorus cycle n. Soil pollution 6. Food a. Source of food - the photosynthesis b. Food chain - food web c. Components of food- carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals etc. d. The Human Digestive System - digestion of various components in various organs e. The need for preservation of food f. Preservation of food - techniques Activity Three i. Acquire some potted plant and a black duct-tape ii. Place that plant in the darkness for at least 24 hours iii. Now again place the plant in the sun but attach a black strip on 3- 4 leaves iv. On next day, pluck the leaves and put them into alcohol v. When the leaf is decolourised, add some amount of Iodine solution to the leaf. vi. Observe what happens 7. Organ Systems a. Respiratory system of plants: the stomata in the leaves b. Respiratory system of Man: Lungs, Trachea etc. c. The circulatory system in Man: Heart, Lungs, Oxygenated and De-oxygenated blood, arteries, veins and circulation of blood through the body d. Excretion in Plants: Calcium oxalate crystals e. Excretion in man: The Kidneys, Urine, Sweat through skin etc f. Control and Co - ordination in man: The nervous system - brain, motor nerves and sensor nerves etc 8. Reproduction in Living Things a. Reproduction in amoeba/ paramecium by binary fission b. Vegetative Reproduction in plants by stem/ roots c. Vegetative Reproduction in plants by leaves d. Grafting

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 03 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

e. Sporogenesis in fungi f. Budding in yeast g. Sexual Reproduction in plants by means of flowers h. Structure or parts of flower i. Sexual Reproduction in Animals 9. Motion a. The Notion of acceleration b. Linear momentum c. Newton's laws of motion - inertia, acceleration-force and action- reaction d. Idea of Centrifugal force 10. Pressure a. Relation between force, area and pressure b. Flow of fluids from High Pressure to Low pressure c. Atmospheric pressure acting on the various substances d. Various activities related to pressure e. Idea of Bernoulli's principle 11. Sound a. Vibration produces sound b. Pendulum- waves c. Range of Audibility d. Comparison of Sound's speed in various media- solid/ liquid and gases e. Echo f. Speed of sound versus speed of light g. Frequency and amplitude of sound h. Noise versus music Activity Four i. Take two thermocol cups. ii. Make holes in the bottom of the cups and let pass some string through the holes. Let the string be attached to a match-stick so that the string can not escape the cup iii. Give the other cup to your friend iv. Start speaking and hearing through the cups v. The method works fine as a telephone 12. Magnetism a. Magnet properties b. Earth's magnetic field c. Attraction and Repulsion between poles of the magnets d. Uses of magnets 13. Electric Charge and Current a. Static Electric charge b. Attraction and repulsion of like and unlike charges c. Induction of electric charge over the surfaces d. Importance of Earthing e. Use of lightning conductor f. Current as flow of charge g. EMF or voltage as the driver of the charges h. Idea of resistance i. Working of an electrochemical cell

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 04 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

j. Dry cell, Leclanche cell, Nickel Cadmium cell, Voltas cell k. Oersted's experiment describing that electric current produces magnetic field l. Induction of current in loop on change in magnetic field m. Principle of electric motor n. Principle of door-bell o. Constructing an electrical circuit 14. Structure of Atom a. Dalton's model b. Thomson's discovery of electron and his model c. Rutherford's discovery of Nucleus d. Bohr's model of atom e. Idea of valency and concept of formation of compounds Mathematics syllabus: 1. Integers: Property of addition and subtraction of integers 2. Fractions and Decimal: Multiplications of fractions and decimals 3. Data handling: Representative values , arithmetic mean 4. Simple Equations: Writing and solving equations 5. Line and Angles: Related angles, Adjacent angles, line pair, parallel line 6. Trigonometry and its property : Median of triangle, altitudes of angles, Right angles and pythagorn's property 7. Rational Numbers: Property of rational numbers, linear equation in one variable, reducing equation to single form 8. Powers: Exponents of Natural Numbers, Law of Exponents

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 05 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology Details of Syllabus C Group (9th & 10th Std.)

Science 1) Matter: Matter in our surrounding, physical nature of matter characteristics of matter and state of matter (solid liquid and gaeous) 2) Elements, compound and mixture: Heterogeneous and homogeneous mixture, colloids and suspensions Activity One i. Collect three types of soil. ii. Now take a filter paper and add sufficient amount of one type of soil into the paper and place

Type of Soil Amount of Water flowing down

this in a funnel iii. The funnel should be placed on a tripod stand and a clean beaker should be placed below the funnel iv. Take 15 mL of clean water and pour it on the top of soil v. Report the amount of water that comes below into the beaker 3) Particle Nature: Basic units- atom and molecules, Law of constant proportions, Atomic and molecular mass, weighing and counting of particle of matter. Chemical reaction and equation 4) The world of the living: Observation of various plants around us. Diversity of plant and animal specimen of plant and animal. Major group of plant bacteria thallophyta, gymnosperms and angiosperms. Major group of animal non chordates upto thyla and chordates. Cell as a basic unit of life, cell organism, chlorophyta, golgi-apperatus, nucleus, tissue, organs 5) Moving things, people and idea: Motion, displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, Newton's law of motion, gravitation Activity Two: To study the variation in living friction with mass and the nature of surface in contact. APPARATUS-

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 06 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

OBSERVATION TABLE- 1) Rough surface-

Sr. Weight on wooden Total weight Weight in Total pulling force No. block in gm. pulled= (w+p) pan in gm. in gm.wt.

1. 0 2. 50 3. 100 4. 150 5. 200

2) Smooth surface- Sr. Weight on wooden Total weight Weight in Total pulling force No. block in gm. pulled= (w+p) pan in gm. in gm.wt.

1. 0 2. 50 3. 100 4. 150 5. 200

wooden block, weight box, horizontal plane table top with different surfaces, frictionless pulley, pan, spring balance, thread.

OBSERVATION TABLE- 1) Rough surface-

Sr. Distance Weight on Total weight Weight in Total pulling No. between block wooden pulled pan in gm. force and pulley(cm.) block in gm. = (w+p) in gm.wt.

1. 20 0 50 100 150 200

2. 40 0 50 100 150 200

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 07 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

2) Smooth surface- Sr. Distance Weight on Total weight Weight in Total pulling No. between block wooden pulled pan in gm. force and pulley(cm.) block in gm. = (w+p) in gm.wt.

1. 20 0 50 100 150 200

2. 40 0 50 100 150 200

PROCEDURE- 1) Weigh the wooden block and pan. Tie one end of the thread to the wooden block and other end to the pan, passing it over the pulley. Keep the distance between the pulley and the block constant each time. 2) Put some weights in the pan and increase them gradually till the block just starts sliding. Record the total weight required. 3) Now increase the weight over the wooden block. Record the total weight required using the same procedure as in step2. 4) Repeat this experiment on some other surface like glass. 5) Compare the readings and draw the conclusions. OBSERVATIONS- 1) Weight of the wooden block (w) =______gm. 2) Weight of the pan (p) =______gm. 6) Light: Light reflection and refraction Activity Three: i. Place a mirror on fixed paper on a wooden board ii. Draw a line perpendicular to the mirror. iii. Draw any line in suitable angle with the normal. The best range would be 30o -40o. iv. Stick two pins on this line v. Now from the other side of normal see the reflection of two pins. When the second pin completely hides the first pin in the reflection, put up a third and consecutively fourth pin such that all four pins look in straight line. vi. Report the angle vii. Repeat this procedure twice or thrice for various angles 7) Electricity : Electric Current And Circuit, Electric Potential And Potential Difference, Electric Potential And Potential Difference, Ohm's Law, Resistance Of A System, Electric Power

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 08 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

8) Gravitation : Universal Law Of Gravitation, Mass, Weight, Weight Of An Object On The Moon, Thrust And Pressure Activity four i. Take a sheet of paper and a stone. Drop them simultaneously from the first floor of a building. Observe whether both of them reach the ground simultaneously. ii. Take a same weight of sheet (very thin) of metals and a stone. Drop them simultaneously from the first floor of a building. Observe whether both of them reach the ground simultaneously and find out the physics behind this? Does it is applicable to Aeroplane Industry? Mathematics 1) Real Numbers: Euclidian Divisions , Decimal expansion of Rational Numbers 2) Polynomials: Definition, zero polynomials, type and degree of polynomials. Sum, difference and Product of two polynomials 3) Coordinate Geometry: The Cartesian plane, coordinates of points, plotting points in the plane, graph of linear equations 4) Euclid's Geometry: Definitions, Axioms & postulates 5) Line and Angle: Basic term and definitions, Intersecting, non-intersecting line, parallel line 6) Triangle: Basic terms and definitions, congruence of triangles, criteria for congruence of triangles 7) Circle: Definition, concept, radius, circumference, diameter, chord, angle in same segment of circle 8) Areas: Heron's formula and application in finding the area of quadrilateral, Surface area and volume: Surface area and volume of a cube, cuboids, sphere and right circular cylinder /cone

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 09 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology Details of Syllabus Group D (11th & 12th Std.) Physics 1) Physical World: Introduction of physic , scope, and excitement of technology, fundament forces in nature, nature of physical laws 2) Unit & Measurement: SI unit, measurement, length, mass and time, accuracy and precision, dimension equation and formula 3) Motion in Straight Line: Position, path, length and displacement average velocity and speed, acceleration 4) Electrical Charge & Fields: Electric charge, conductor & insulator, charging by induction, basic of electric charge, Coulomb's Law, forces between multiple charge, electric field line, electrical flux, Gauss's law & application of Gauss's law 5) Current Electricity: Electric current, Ohm's law. Its limitations, Kirchhoff's law 6) Communication Systems: Elements of communication systems, Bandwidth of signal and Transmission Medium, Propagation of Electro Magnetic waves.

Activity One Find out and Read more literature on 'Chandrayaan1: Communication System'

Chemistry 1) Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry: Nature, properties & measurement of matter. Laws of chemical combination, Dalton's atomic theory m mole concept & molar masses, stoichiometry & stoichimetric calculations 2) Structure of Atoms: Atomic model, Bohr's model for Hydrogen atom. Quantum model of atom 3) Bio-molecules: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Enzymes, Vitamins, Nucleic Acid.

Biology 1) Diversity in the Living World: Biological classification of plant and animal kingdom. Structural Organization in plants & animal. Morphology & anatomy of flowering plants, structural organization in animal 2) Biotechnology: Principal, Processes and Application.

Mathematics 1) Set: Set and their properties, empty finite and infinite sets 2) Relation and functions: Order pair, Cartesian product of set, definition of relations, pictorial diagram, domain, co-domain and range of relation functions

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 10 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

3) Trigonometric Functions: Positive and Negative angles, measuring angle in radian and degree 4) Matrices :Types, Operations on matrices ,transpose of matrices and elementary operation 5) Continuity, Differentiability and Application: Introduction, Continuity, Differentiability, Exponential and Logarithmic Functions, Logarithmic Differentiation, Derivatives of Functions in Parametric Forms, Second Order Derivative, Mean Value Theorem, Rate of Change of Quantities, Increasing and Decreasing Functions, Tangents and Normals, Approximations, Maxima and Minima 6) Integrals: Geometrical interpretation of indefinite integral, Some properties of indefinite integral, Methods of Integration, Integration using trigonometric identities, Definite Integrals, Properties of Definite Integrals and Applications.

Special Activity for D Group Space Science in India ( Read more literature on Lunar (Moon) Mission Trajectory and Its Types and Optimization of Lunar Trajectory)

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 11 Chapter-1 Vedic Mathematics

1.1. ""{Z{Ib§ ZdV: Ma_§ XeV:''& Examples for Practise a) 7 X 9 b) 9 X 9 Everything from nine & last from ten b) 6 X8 d) 6 X9 Ex.: i) = 9 X 8 ( take 10 as a base) 1.2. Ex.: 12 X 13 (take base as 10) step i) = 9 is 1 less than 10 step i) = 12 is 2 more than 10 = 8 is 2 less than 10 = 13 is 3 more than 10 so, so, -1 - 2 +2 +3 = 9 X 8 = 12 X 13

Step ii) Addition of Cross Nos. (Any one) Step ii) Addition of Cross Nos. (Any one) -1 - 2 +2 +3 = 9 X 8 = 12 X 13 = 8 - 1 = 7 or = 12 + 3 = 15 or = 9 - 2 = 7 ...... (a) = 13 + 2 = 15 ...... (a)

Step iii) - perform horizontal multiplication Step iii) horizontal multiplication -1 - 2 +2 +3 = 9 X 8 = 12 X 13 = 8 - 1 = 7 or = (+2) X (+ 3) = 6 ...... (b) = (-1) X (- 2) = 2 ...... (b)

Step iv) Write answer (a) before (b) Step iv) Write answer (a) before (b) = 156 = 72

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 15 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

Examples for Practise -305 -3 a) 12 X 14 b) 14 X 13 = 695 X 997 b) 11 X13 d) 15 X12 = 695 - 3 = 692 or = 997 - 305 = 692 ...... (a) 1.3. Ex.: 98 X 97 ( take 100 as a base) step i) = 98 is 2 less than 100 Step iii) horizontal multiplication = 97 is 3 less than 100 -305 -3 so, = 695 X 997 -2 - 3 = (-305) X (- 3) = 915...... (b) = 98 X 97 Step iv) Write answer (a) before (b) Step ii) Addition of Cross Nos. (Any one) = 692915 -2 - 3 = 98 X 97 Examples for Practise = 98 - 3 = 95 or a) 812 X 917 b) 777 X 888 = 97 - 2 = 95 ...... (a) b) 980 X802 d) 712 X 415

Step iii) - perform horizontal multiplication 2.1 ""`mdXyZ§ VmdXyZrH¥$Ë` dJ© M `moO`oV''Ÿ& -2 - 3 Ex. i ) (104)2 = ? (take 100 as a base) = 98 X 97 (104)2 = ? ... (104 is 4 more than 100 so add = (-2) X (- 3) = 06 ...... (b) 4 to no.) (one 0 is taken because Step i) Add last digit (i.e 4) to no (i.e 104) base is 100) = 104 + 4 = 108 ...... (a) Step iv) Write answer (a) before (b) Step ii) Take Square of the distn between new = 9506 no. i.e (108) & old No. i.e. (104) Examples for Practise 2 108 - 104 = (4) = 16 ...... (b) a) 67 X89 b) 76 X 91 Step iii) Write step its answer is front of 1st Step b) 79 X94 d) 93 X96 = 10816

1.4. Ex.: 695 X 997 (take base as 1000) 2 2.2 Ex. i ) (96) = ? (take 100 as a base) step i) = 695 is 305 less than 1000 (96)2 = ? ... (96 is 4 less than 100 so = 997 is 3 less than 1000 subtract 4 to 96) so, Step i) Subtract 4 from the no. -305 -3 = 96 - 4 = 92 ...... (a) = 695 X 997 Step ii) Take Square of the distn between two new no. Step ii) Addition of Cross Nos. (Any one) i.e (92) & old No. i.e. (96)

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 79 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

96 - 92 = (4)2 = 16 ...... (b) Examples for practice Step iii) Write step its answer is front of 1st Step a) (898)2 b) (991)2 = 9216 c) (912)2 d) (877)2

Examples for practice 3.1 Division by 5, 50 or 500 a) (98)2 b) (107)2 2 2 2700 c) (99) d) (103) i) 5/50/500 e) (102)2 f) (101)2 = 2700 / 5 2.3 Ex. i ) (8)2 = ? (take 10 as a base) = 2700 X 2 ...( Move decimal to left 1 time) (8)2 = ? ... (8 is 2 less than 10 so 2700 = subtract 2 to 8) 5 Step i) Subtract 2 from the no. = 2700 X 2 = 8 - 2 = 6 ...... (a) = 5400 Step ii) Take Square of the distn between two = 540.0 new no. i.e (6) & old No. i.e. (8) = 2700 / 50 ...( Move decimal to left 2 time) 8 - 6 = (2)2 = 4 ...... (b) 2700 Step iii) Write step its answer is front of 1st Step = 50 = 64 = 2700 X 2 = 5400 Examples for practice = 54.00 a) (9)2 b) (12)2

2 2 c) (11) d) (6) = 2700 / 500 ...( Move decimal to left 3 time) 2700 2 = 2.4 Ex. i ) (998) = ? (take 1000 as a base) 500 2 (998) = ? ... (998 is 2 less than 1000 so = 2700 X 3 subtract 2 to 998) = 5400 Step i) Subtract 2 from the no. = 5.400 = 998 - 2 = 996 ...... (a) Step ii) Take Square of the distn between two Examples for practice new no. a) 1600 b) 9750 i.e (996) & old No. i.e. (998) c) 14500 d) 10040 998 - 996 = (2)2 = 4...... (b) Step iii) Write step its answer is front of 1st Step = 996004 = (004 is written because 1000 is base) (If 100 as a base write 04)

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 79 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

4. EH$m{YHo$Z nyd}U Ex. i ) (65)2 = ?

Step i) Square of 5 = 25 ...... (a) Step ii) add 1 to the 1st Digit = 6+1 = 7 Step iii) Multiply both nos. = 7X6 = 42 ...... (b) Step iii) Write (b) after (a) = 4225

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 79 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 79 Chapter-2 Nobel laureates of India

Ronald Ross Ronald Ross was born in Almora, India. He was the eldest son of General Sir Campbell Claye Grant Ross of the Indian Army and Matilda Charlotte Elderton. His grandfather was Lieutenant Colonel Hugh Ross. Ross studied malaria between 1881 and 1899. He worked on malaria in Kolkata at the Presidency General Hospital where he was ably assisted by Kishori Mohan Bandyopadhyay, a Bengali Indian scientist. In 1883, Ross was posted as the Acting Garrison Surgeon at Bangalore during which time he noticed the possibility of controlling Ronald Ross mosquitoes by controlling their access to water malaria is transmitted from infected birds to healthy In 1897, Ross was posted in Ooty and fell ill ones by the bite of a mosquito, a finding that with malaria. After this he was transferred to suggested the disease's mode of transmission to Secunderabad, where Osmania University and its humans. Subsequently Sir Ronald Ross Institute of medical school is located, he discovered the Tropical Medicine was established as a division of presence of the malarial parasite within a specific the faculty of medicine at Osmanaia Medical species of mosquito, the Anopheles. He initially College, Hyderabad. In 1902, Ross was awarded the called them dapple-wings and following the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his remarkable work on hypothesis of Sir Patrick Manson that the agent that malaria. causes malaria was spread by the mosquito, he was able to find the malaria parasite in a mosquito that he artificially fed on a malaria patient named Hussain Rudyard Kipling Khan. Later using birds that were sick with malaria, Joseph Rudyard Kipling (30 December he was soon able to ascertain the entire life cycle of 1865-18 January 1936) was a British author and the malarial parasite, including its presence in the poet. Born in Bombay, British India (now Mumbai), mosquito's salivary glands. He demonstrated that

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 51 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

Rudyard Kipling Rabindranath Tagore he is best known for his works of fiction The Jungle Nobel laureate when he won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Book (1894), (a collection of stories which includes Literature. Rikki-Tikki-Tavi), Kim (1901)(a tale of adventure), A Pirali Brahmin from Kolkata, Bengal, many short stories, including The Man Who Would Tagore first wrote poems at the age of eight. At the Be King (1888); and his poems, including Mandalay age of sixteen, he published his first substantial (1890), Gunga Din(1890), and If (1910). He is poetry under the pseudonym Bhanushingho ("Sun regarded as a major "innovator in the art of the short Lion") and wrote his first short stories and dramas in story”; his children's books are enduring classics of 1877. In later life Tagore protested strongly against children's literature; and his best works speak to a the British Raj and gave his support to the Indian versatile and luminous narrative gift. Independence Movement. Tagore's life work Kipling was one of the most popular writers endures, in the form of his poetry and the institution in English, in both prose and verse, in the late 19th and he founded, Visva-Bharati University. th early 20 centuries. The author Henry James said of Tagore wrote novels, short stories, songs, him: "Kipling strikes me personally as the most dance-dramas, and essays on political and personal complete man of genius (as distinct from fine topics. Gitanjali (Song Offerings), Gora (Fair- intelligence) that I have ever known." In 1907, he Faced), and Ghare-Baire (The Home and the World) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, making are among his best-known works. His verse, short him the first English language writer to receive the stories, and novels, which often exhibited rhythmic prize, and to date he remains its youngest recipient. lyricism, colloquial language, meditative Among other honors, he was sounded out for the naturalism, and philosophical contemplation, British Poet Laureateship and on several occasions received worldwide acclaim. Tagore was also a for a knighthood, all of which he declined. cultural reformer and polymath who modernized Rabindranath Tagore Bengali art by rejecting strictures binding it to classical Indian forms. Two songs from his canon Rabindranath Tagore (7 May 1861- 7August 1941), are now the national anthems of Bangladesh and also known by the sobriquet Gurudev was a Bengali India: the Amar Shonar Bangla and the Jana Gana polymath. He was a poet, visual artist, playwright, Mana respectively. novelist, educationist, social reformer, nationalist, business-manager and composer whose works C. V. Raman reshaped Bengali literature and music in the late 19th Chandrashekhara Venkata Raman was and early 20th centuries. He became Asia's first born to a Hindu Brahmin family in Tiruchirapalli,

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Rutherford referred to it in his presidential address to the Royal Society in 1929. Raman was president of the 16th session of the Indian Science Congress in 1929. He was conferred a knighthood, and medals and honorary doctorates by various universities. Raman was confident of winning the Nobel Prize in Physics as well, and was disappointed when the Nobel Prize went to Richardson in 1928 and to de Broglie in 1929. He was so confident of winning the prize in 1930 that he booked tickets in July, even though the awards were to be announced in November, and would scan each day's newspaper for announcement of the prize, tossing it away if it C. V. Raman did not carry the news. He did eventually win the Tamil Nadu. His mother tongue was Tamil. At an 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics " for his work on the early age Raman moved to the city of Vizag, Andhra scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect Pradesh. His father was a lecturer in mathematics named after him". He was the first Asian and first and physics, so he grew up in an academic non-White to get any Nobel Prize in the sciences. atmosphere. His nephew Subramanyan Before him Rabindranath Tagore (also Indian) had Chandrasekhar also won the Nobel Prize in Physics, received the Nobel Prize for Literature. in 1983. Har Gobind Khorana, Raman entered Presidency College, Har Gobind Khorana, or Hargobind Chennai, in 1902, and in 1904 gained his B.Sc., Khorana (born January 9, 1922) is an Indian- winning the first place and the gold medal in physics. American molecular biologist. He was awarded the In 1907 he gained his M.Sc., obtaining the highest Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (shared with distinctions. He joined the Indian Finance Robert W. Holley and Marshall Warren Nirenberg) Department as an Assistant Accountant General in in 1968 for his work on the interpretation of the Kolkata. genetic code and its function in protein synthesis. In 1917 Raman resigned from his Khorana and Nirenberg were also awarded the government service and took up the newly created Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia Palit Professorship in Physics at the University of University in the same year. He became a Kolkata. At the same time, he continued doing research at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, where he became the Honorary Secretary. Raman used to refer to this period as the golden era of his career. Many talented students gathered around him at the IACS and the University of Kolkata. On February 28, 1928, through his experiments on the scattering of light, he discovered the Raman Effect. It was instantly clear that this discovery was an important one. It gave further proof of the quantum nature of light. Raman spectroscopy came to be based on this phenomenon, and Ernest Har Gobind Khorana

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 53 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology naturalized citizen of the United States in 1966, and subsequently received the National Medal of Science. Khorana's work & Nobel Prize Ribonucleic acid (RNA) with two repeating units (UCUCUCU ? UCU CUC UCU) produced two alternating amino acids. This, combined with the Nirenberg and Leder experiment, showed that UCU codes for Serine and CUC codes for Leucine. RNAs with three repeating units (UACUACUA ? UAC UAC UAC, or ACU ACU ACU, or CUA CUA CUA) produced three different strings of amino acids. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar RNAs with four repeating units including supernova). The limit was first calculated by UAG, UAA, or UGA, produced only dipeptides and Chandrasekhar in 1930 during his maiden voyage tripeptides thus revealing that UAG, UAA and UGA from India to Cambridge, England for his graduate are stop codons. studies. With this, Khorana and his team had When Chandra first proposed this limit established that the mother of all codes, the biologi- during his fellowship at Trinity College in the 1930s, cal language common to all living organisms, is it was obstinately opposed by Arthur Eddington and spelled out in three-letter words: each set of three much to Chandra's frustration none of the nucleotides codes for a specific amino acid. Their established physicists in Europe came to his rescue. Nobel lecture was delivered on December 12, 1968. This episode had a bitter impact on Chandra Khorana was also the first to synthesize resulting in his move to the University of Chicago in oligonucleotides, that is, strings of nucleotides (see the United States and in his choice of moving to oligonucleotide synthesis). He was the first to isolate another research topic. Chandra, however, compiled DNA ligase, an enzyme that links pieces of DNA all his work on the topic of stellar structures into a together. These custom-designed pieces of artificial book for posterity. This also subsequently led to his genes are widely used in biology labs for sequenc- style of working continuously in one specific area of ing, cloning and engineering new plants and animals. physics for a number of years and at the end of that This invention of Khorana has become automated period compiling a book on that topic. As a result, and commercialized so that anyone now can order a Chandra has left us with great expositions on synthetic gene from any of a number of companies-- different topics. one merely needs to fax the genetic sequence to one In 1999, NASA named the third of its four of the companies to receive an oligonucliotide with "Great Observatories'" after Chandrasekhar. This the desired sequence. followed a naming contest which attracted 6,000 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar entries from fifty states and sixty-one countries. The Chandrasekhar's most famous success was Chandra X-ray Observatory was launched and the astrophysical Chandrasekhar limit. The limit deployed by Space Shuttle Columbia on July describes the maximum mass of a white dwarf star, 23.1999. The name Chandrasekhar is one of the ~1.44 solar masses, or equivalently, the minimum appellations of Shiva meaning "holder of the moon" mass, above which a star will ultimately collapse in Sanskrit and is a common Tamil name. into a neutron star or black hole (following a The Chandrasekhar number, an important

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 54 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology dimensionless number of magneto hydrodynamics, is named after him. The asteroid 1958 Chandra is also named after Chandrasekhar. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1983 for his studies on the physical processes important to the structure and evolution of stars. Chandrasekhar accepted this honor, but was upset that the citation mentioned only his earliest work, seeing it as a denigration of a lifetime's achievement. Mother Teresa Mother Teresa (August 26, 1910 September 5, 1997), born Agnesë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu, was an Albanian Roman Catholic nun with Indian Amartya Sen citizenship who founded the Missionaries of Charity soup kitchens, children's and family counseling in Kolkata (Kolkata), India in 1950. For over 45 programs, orphanages, and schools. years she ministered to the poor, sick, orphaned, and Amartya Sen dying, while guiding the Missionaries of Charity's expansion, first throughout India and then in other Amartya Sen (born 1933) was the first countries. Indian to receive the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics, awarded to him in 1998 for his work on By the 1970s she was internationally famed welfare economics. He has made several key as a humanitarian and advocates for the poor and contributions to research in this field, such as to the helpless, due in part to a documentary, and book, axiomatic theory of social choice; the definitions of something Beautiful for God by Malcolm welfare and poverty indexes; and the empirical Muggeridge. She won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 studies of famine. All are linked by his interest in and India's highest civilian honor, the Bharat Ratna, distributional issues and particularly in those most in 1980 for her humanitarian work. Mother Teresa's impoverished. Whereas Kenneth Arrow's Missionaries of Charity continued to expand, and at "impossibility theorem" suggested that it was not the time of her death it was operating 610 missions in possible to aggregate individual choices into a 123 countries, including hospices and homes for satisfactory choice for society as a whole, Sen people with HIV/AIDS, leprosy and tuberculosis, showed that societies could find ways to alleviate such a poor outcome. Dr. Venkatraman Ramakrishnan An India-born structural biologist whose quest for scientific excellence took him from undergraduate schools in India to graduate and post- doc studies in US and research in UK was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry on Wednesday for work on proteins that control life. Dr Venkatraman ''Venky'' Ramakrishnan, 58, who had his early education in the temple town of Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, and Vadodra, Gujarat, before he made tracks to the United States, Mother Teresa joined the long list of peripatetic Indians who had

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 55 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

antibiotic therapy that works by blocking the bacteriums ability to make the proteins it needs to function. Ramakrishnan, Steitz and Yonath demonstrated what the ribosome looks like and how it functions at an atomic level using a visualisation method called X-ray crystallography to map the position of each of the hundreds of thousands of atoms that make up the ribosome, according to the MRC. ``This year's three Laureates have all generated 3D models that show how different Dr. Venkatraman Ramakrishnan antibiotics bind to the ribosome. These models are early education in India but thrived in the western now used by scientists in order to develop new academic eco-system, to have won the Nobel. Also antibiotics, directly assisting the saving of lives and with a chemistry Nobel, Indians or those with an decreasing humanity's suffering,'' the Nobel citation India-connect figure in all prize categories. explained. The Swedish Nobel Committee awarded Scientists say growing knowledge of the the Prize to Dr Ramakrishnan, who is currently ribosome has created targets for a new generation of affiliated with the MRC Laboratory of Molecular antibiotics. The instruction manual for the creation Biology in Cambridge, UK, for his work on protein- of proteins is DNA, but the ribosome is the machine producing ribosomes, and its translation of DNA which takes information transcribed onto messen- information into life. He will share the Prize with Dr ger RNA and turns it into proteins. Thomas Steitz of Yale University, Connecticut, and Elaborating, the MRC said Dr Dr Ada Yonath of Weizmann Institute of Science in Ramakrishnan's basic research on the arrangement Israel. of atoms in the ribosome has allowed his team not In a statement following the announcement only to gain detailed knowledge of how it contrib- of the award, Dr. Ramakrishnan expressed gratitude utes to protein production but also to see directly to “all of the brilliant associates, students and post how antibiotics bind to specific pockets in the docs who worked in my lab as science is a highly ribosome structure. Dr Ramakrishnan will share the collaborative enterprise''. He credited the MRC 10 million Swedish kronor ($1.4 million) Nobel Laboratory of Molecular Biology and the University of Utah for supporting his work and the collegiate atmosphere there that made it all possible. "The idea of supporting long term basic research like that at LMB does lead to breakthroughs, the ribosome is already starting to show its medical importance'', he said. The practical importance of Dr Ramakrishnan's work arises from ribosomes being present in all living cells, including those of bacteria. Human and bacterial ribosomes are slightly different, making the ribosome a good target for

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 56 Chapter- 3 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray Dr. Nitai Chandra Mandal, FNA Ex-Professor, Department of BioChemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata

Prafulla Chandra Ray was born in the issue, which, actually, was reflected in his various village of Raruli in the District of Jessore (now writings in the future. His father maintained a Khulna) in the then undivided Bengal (now friendly relation with his sons, and he used to Bangladesh) on August 2, 1861. In the same year, quench Prafulla Chandra's thirst for knowledge with two other great personaliteis, one Rabindranath all possible care. Tagore was born at Jorasanko, Calcutta, and the Prafulla Chandra got his early education in other Mr Motilal Nehru was born at Allahabad. Also a village school, which was founded by his father. during the same year, the 81st element in the He came to Calcutta with his parents in 1870 and got Mendeleev's Periodic Table, Thallium was admitted in Hare School. Here he faced some discovered in the Crook's Chemical Laboratory. His problems in getting association with his Calcuttan father, Harish Chandra Ray was a wealthy land lord, class-mates. When those class-mates came to know He was the youngest among his brothers. that Prafulla Chandra had come from Jessore, they Harish Chandra was a very meritorious started making fun of him by calling him 'Bangal' a student. But, during his study at Krishnanagar derogatory word .imposed on peoples of East College, suddenly his father died. Such Bengal indicative of rustic behaviour. He could not circumstance compelled him to discontinue his protest due to his shyness and simplicity and felt study and come back to Raruli for taking the uncomfortable. Soon after admission in this school, responsibility of looking after the Zamindary. He he suffered badly from dysentery for a long period became an active associate of the then New Bengal for which he could not to go to school. During this Movement and engaged himself for the spread of period of confinement at home, he read a lot of education in his locality. By virtue of his attachment books covering biographies of great men, history to various federal committees as member, he had and literature. Two years later (in 1974), he joined close association with many high profile Albert School that was established by Keshab personalities. He was well versed in several Chandra Sen, the founder of Brahmo Samaj. He languages like English, Parsi, Arabic and Sanskrit. passed the Entrance Examination from this School He built a library at home where he kept many books in 1979. Then he got admitted in F.A. class in the covering all the above languages. Besides, he used to then Metropolitan Institution (now Vidyasagar subscribe regularly various News Papers and College) founded by Pandit Iswar Chandra Magazines So, Prafulla Chandra had the Vidyasagar. He already developed great fascination opportunity to utilize this literary environment at for biographies of great men, literature, history, and home to build the foundation of learning above geography in his school life. He had Chemistry as languages and developing interest in literatures. one of the science subjects in F.A. course. Those Through the reading of editorials and criticisms in all days, there was a dearth of good teachers in science those news papers and magazines, he developed the subjects in colleges in general excepting Presidency attitude of expressing his personal opinion on any College. However, there was a system in Presidency

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College by which the students from other colleges hard for Prafulla Chandra getting a position in the were allowed to attend lectures in science subjects in Imperial Service category but were not successful. this College by payment of nominal fees. Professor After coming back to India, he joined Presidency Alexander Pedler was then teaching Chemistry in College as an Assistant Professor of Chemistry in Presidency College. Prafulla Chandra used to go 1889 with a salary of Rs 250/- per month under regularly to this College to listen to the lectures on unclassified category. Chemistry delivered by Prof. Pedler. By the Around that time, Prafulla Chandra fascinating lectures of this Professor, Prafulla noticed that adulteration of food items especially oil Chandra gradually developed deep interest in and ghee by dishonest businessmen was widespread Chemistry. In the B.A. course also, he opted for in Bengal. He prepared ghee from butter made from Chemistry as one of his study subjects. During the the milk that was milked from cow or buffalo and study of B.A., Prafulla Chandra appeared at the mustard oil from mustard seeds both under his direct Gilchrist Scholarship Examination arranged by the supervision. Then he analyzed samples of ghee and London University. He passed this examination mustard oil from the market as well as those with eligibility for Scholarship that provided him prepared by him and published the results for public with money for his travel to U.K. and the expense of awareness for the benefit of the Society his study there. There was another boy named When he started teaching, he realized that Bahadurji (a Parsi) from Bombay also qualified in by delivering lecture only, the subject like the above Gilchrist Examination that year. He Chemistry could not be made interesting to the proceeded to UK in 1882. He started his journey students. So, he started giving experimental from Calcutta by sea via Colombo and Eden. When demonstrations along with the lectures in the class. he reached Gravesend and then to Fen Chuch Street Around 1890, educationists in India started thinking station in London after 33 days journey, Jagadish that the postgraduate teaching in science would be Chandra Basu along with Satya Ranjan Das (the more effective, if there were also infrastructures that elder brother of Mr. S. R. Das, the then Law would provide environments for basic research. In Secretary to the Govt. of India) came to receive him. 1885, Sir J. C. Bose joined Presidency College and Prafulla Chandra stayed with them in London as started developing infrastructures for research in their guest for a week or so, got acclimatized with the physics which took long nine years. In 1894, Dr. Ray cold weather of the country. Then he proceeded to got his new laboratory constructed according to his Edinburgh which is located about 400 miles north of own plan and started basic research in inorganic London. He then got admitted into B.Sc class in Chemistry. In 1896, he discovered, though Edinburgh University. There also he opted for accidentally, mercurous nitrite. Such compound was Chemistry as one of the science subjects and was not known earlier. Actually, he had a plan for greatly fascinated by the lectures on Chemistry preparing mercurous chloride (calomel) for which delivered by Prof. Alexander Crum Brown. After he wanted to use water-soluble mercurous nitrate as passing B.Sc. in 1885, he started basic research in one of the starting material. So, in an attempt to Inorganic Chemistry under Prof. Crum Brown and prepare mercurous nitrate by reaction of mercury got the D. Sc. degree in 1887. Based on the high with dilute nitric acid, he observed a yellowish quality of work he did during his doctoral research, material settling at the bottom of the reaction flask. he got the chance of carrying out advanced research The material of that colour was not expected. But, as as a Hope Prize Scholar. After completing this, he an experienced chemist, he had the inner eye to returned to India at the end of 1888. suspect it to be a new compound and concentrated Before he left for India from U.K., Prafulla on identifying it. After a thorough analysis, he Chandra tried his best to get a higher position in the identified it to be mercurous nitrite. He became very Indian Educational Service as per his excellent much excited for this discovery. During the later academic qualifications. In those days, in the years, he prepared various other nitrite compounds Educational Service in India, Indians were not given including ammonium nitrite, hyponitrite as well as higher positions, even if they had eligibility. These organic nitrites and studied extensively their higher positions were under the category of Imperial properties. This discovery of Dr. Ray made Service where only the Britishers were eligible. revolutionary impact world wide. Indian minds Indians were given the positions under Provincial were not yet prepared to feel the impact of this Service category. Many British Educationists tried discovery, while the Western scientists (mainly

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 79 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology chemists) were overwhelmed by this discovery and this notice, he gave a serious thought on his taking many of them congratulated Dr. Ray on his part in this competition. His only hesitation was for discovery. Actually, as Dr. Ray said that this the ensuing B.Sc. examination. Ultimately, he discovery had changed his career as a researcher of decided to take part in this competition leaving Chemistry. behind the study of Chemistry for some time Prafulla Chandra developed the because, he gave a priority to point out through this infrastructures and facilities for carrying out basic essay all the odds of British Rule imposed on India. research in Chemistry under the then Indian He did not want to miss this chance. Also, his conditions when science, especially Chemistry was inherent interest in history gave him impetus to not so popular. By his teaching and research, many proceed in the way for collecting historical bright students were influenced and induced to carry information related to the political, economic, and out research in Chemistry and were successful in administrative mishandling by the British Ruler in establishing themselves as top ranking chemists India. During this compilation, he faced difficulty in putting the name of India in the map of world assimilating the economic-related facts and figures. Chemistry. They are: Manick Lal Dey, F. V. To overcome this, he made a thorough study of the Fernandez, Rajendra Lal Dey, Sir. J. C. Ghosh, J. N. basics of the economics with a particular emphasis Mukherjee, Rasik Lal Datta, Pulin Behari Sarkar, on that of Indian Finance. He also utilized his Priyada Ranjan Ray, Nil Ratan Dhar, Jitendra Lal knowledge about Latin and French in retrieving the Rakshit, Prafulla Chandra Mitra, Prafulla Kumar historical information from the related journals and Basu, Jogendra Chandra Bardhan, Hemendra Kumar other media documents. In his writing, he openly Sen and Biresh Chandra Guha, to name a few. In the discussed about the gradual changes of British Rule- 23rd issue of Nature 1912, there was published a directed political and economic environments and monograph praising the effort and leadership of Dr. their progress in negative direction in some Ray in the rapid growth and advancement of research instances during the 125 years after the Battle of as well as in the increase of number of active and Plassy in 1757. He did not hesitate to openly successful researchers in Chemistry in India. criticize as to how the Annexation Rule (to annex a Those days, for publishing a paper on any part of Burma to India), abolition of import tax on research work in Chemistry (and also in other clothes, and closure of the salt factories in Oudh and science subjects), those had to communicate to the Bengal had affected the Indian economy. He journals being published from Western countries incorporated many other important issues in his (UK and USA). But, with time, publishing even a writing and completed it within the deadline. Type good piece of work in those journals became difficult writer was not available those days. He submitted for the fact that papers from all over the globe were the handwritten copy of the essay without keeping crowding for consideration of publication, which any extra copy with him. Looking into the final form was practically beyond the capacity of those of the essay, he himself said, 'the pleasure I got by journals. So, the fate of even good research papers using my fingers to hold the pen for writing this from India was nothing but merciless refusal. To essay is by no means less than that I used to get by solve this problem related to the publication of using the same fingers to hold the test tubes in the research papers in Chemistry, Dr. S. S. Bhatnagar, laboratory for doing experiments'. When the result Dr. J. N. Mukherjee and Dr. J. C. Ghosh persuaded of adjudication was published, Prafulla Chandra's Dr. Ray to establish Indian Chemical Society. Dr Ray essay was not awarded, while two others were. He responded to this call and established it in the apprehended such fate of his essay. He requested the protocol of British Chemical Society as a founder authority to give back the copy of the essay, and his President in 1924 and also initiated the publication of request was complied with. After he got it back, he a journal under the same name, where the research looked into the copy and found adjudicator's papers in Chemistry could be published without any comment, which spelled like: “This article is of very difficulty. high standard, though it had not been awarded. In When Prafulla Chandra was studying in this article, the candidate has attached a personal U.K. in 1885, the Rector of the Edinburgh University note telling his motto of writing this article”. The circulated a notice about an essay competition on the adjudicator had also pointed out that the candidate title “India-Before and After Mutiny”. The best had attacked the British Ruler with harsh language essay would be awarded with prize. After reading throughout the essay. These comments of the

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 79 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology adjudicator actually disclosed the reason for not with direct experience about plants and animals, he considering the article for the award. At this, Prafulla started visiting Botanical Garden at Shibpur and Chandra became very much energized and activated Zoological Garden at Alipore. He also went through and published the essay in the form of a book and the books on animals and plants. Furthermore, he distributed it among the Indian students with an got himself acquainted with the internal organs of appeal to them to keep in mind about the negligence animals with the help of his friends Drs. Nil Ratan and aloofness of British Ruler towards India. He also Sarkar and Pran Krishna Acharyya through asked the young Indian students to act accordingly if dissection of some animals. During this period, a and when they would become the part of Indian funny event occurred. One day, while Dr. Ray was Administration in future. Later, he published a on morning walk, he came across a dead “Bham” simplified version of the book and distributed it (Indian Palm Civet) lying on the street. among common peoples. (This book entitled “India: Immediately, he picked up this dead animal and Before and after Mutiny” is available in the book brought it home. Then he got the body of the bazaar at College Street, Calcutta). The Principal of “Bham” dissected with the help of his above two Edinburgh University, Sir William Muir (who was friends and identified the different internal organs. one of the adjudicator of the essay of Prafulla Dr. Ray felt that such experience would help him Chandra), while delivering his lecture in the opening write the book on animals with confidence. of the academic session in 1885, mentioned about his Compilation of the 'History of Hindu essay and uttered heart-felt words of praise about his Chemistry' is the greatest contribution of Dr. P. C. capability. Prafulla Chandra also sent this book to the Ray. His inherent interest in history actually led him Parliamentarian John Brite with a separate note to proceed in this direction. He was studying the explaining how the annexation of Burma to India history of Chemistry out of his own interest. He caused an adverse effect on Indian economy. Brite, knew that the KAVIRAJAs(Ayurvedic doctors) in in his reply, fully supported the above view of this country had been using metal-based medicines Prafulla Chandra and gave him freedom for using the for a long time. He got this information from “Hindu reply letter in whatever way he would like. This Materia Medica” by Uday Chand Datta. He thought essay became the frontline news and was a matter of that the preparation of these medicines must involve immense discussion in both India and abroad. chemical processing. So, being curious, he In 1912, Dr. Ray attended the British consulted several original references in Sanskrit Empire University Congress held at London as a listed in the above book. As he was well versed in representative of the Calcutta University. During his Sanskrit language, he faced no difficulty at all in lecture in that Congress, Dr. Ray pointed out in retrieving the Alchemy- related information of details about the difficulties the graduates of the ancient India from the above book. Later, in the Indian Universities had been facing in UK. He also Presidency College Library, he also came across the requested the relevant authority to resolve those book entitled “L'Alchemistes Grecs” compiled by difficulties. the famous French Chemist Berthelot. From this Prafulla Chandra was in favour of teaching book, he could not find any mention about the Indian science in mother tongue, because he thought that Chemistry that was practiced even much before this endeavour would help provide better Greek did. He immediately wrote a letter to opportunity for understanding science by the Berthelot telling that probably he (Berthelot) did not students. With such an intention in mind, he decided know about the Alchemy that was practiced in to write Chemistry in Bengali. But, soon he realized ancient India. In reply, Berthelot wrote that he would that it would not be an easy task to write on the remain grateful after knowing all the information unpalatable subject like Chemistry in Bengali to about the History of Indian Chemistry. This reply make it palatable to the students. So, he changed his from Berthelot energized and inspired Dr. Ray. He mind and decided to write on plants and animals then wrote a short essay incorporating the considering the fact that the youngsters are exposed information on Indian alchemy mainly based on to these components of nature while they grow up in 'RASENDRA-SAR-SAMGRAHA' (written in the environment surrounding them. But, the Sanskrit) and sent that to Berthelot. After reading difficulty was that he had no better knowledge than that monograph, Berthelot wrote an article with what he learned about the plants and animals during vivid discussion on this monograph of Dr. Ray and his study of B.Sc. So, to freshen up his knowledge published in “Journal de Savant”. He sent a copy of

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 79 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology that writing along with three other volumes written generation in Bengal after having University Degree by him on the Chemistry in the middle age in Syria became mentally passive with respect to doing and Arab. Dr. Ray read all the above three books and something as they were not getting any clerical job became energized and inspired, and immediately due to insufficient opening under the then British decided to write the History of Hindu Chemistry. He Ruler. They were not inclined at all to take any other completed the compilation and published it (Vol. I) job/self employment that might help earn their in 1902 and sent a copy to Berthelot. After going living. They were enlisting them in the jobless class. through this book, Berthelot was very excited and Dr. Ray thought that these young men could be wrote a 15-page review on this book in “Journal de engaged in industrial jobs. But he did not find any Savant”. Good comments about this book were also industry where they might be engaged. He made a published in various journals including Nature. thorough enquiry and became aware of the fact that When Dr. Ray came to know that Berthelot had there were several products of nature, which could called him (Dr. Ray) a 'Savant' (meaning a Saint or be used as raw materials to develop industries. The great man), he became overwhelmed with joy and imported medicines were known to be very costly. felt himself rewarded. All those comments inspired So, he thought that by utilizing the knowledge of and induced Dr. Ray to write the second volume of Chemistry, he could prepare from the materials the History of Hindu Chemistry, which he completed available in the surrounding areas a varieties of and published in 1909. After going through this chemicals that could find use in medicine. So second volume, the French Professor of Chemistry thinking, he made an attempt to prepare citric acid Dr. Levy commented, 'The Chemical Research from lemon juice. But, soon he realized that the cost Laboratory of P. C. Ray is the birthplace of new of citric acid prepared by him would be higher than generation of chemists of India'. In fact, from the that of the market price of this chemical. So, he Chemical Research laboratory of P. C. Ray, many rejected this plan. From earlier time, people were renowned chemists were made, few of them have habituated in using naturally available SAJIMATI been listed earlier in this article. In these two as detergent for washing clothes. So, he decided to historical compilations, Dr. Ray has brought to the prepare Soda (Sodium Carbonate) from SAJIMATI. whole world about how and to what extent the But this plan was also rejected on the ground that Chemistry was progressed from the ancient time soda prepared from low quality SAJIMATI would (from around 400 B.C.) to the time of compilation not be able to compete in the market. In the (1909). meantime, he enquired from the then businessmen Another great contribution of Dr. Ray was about the type of chemicals that had huge demand. the establishment of Bengal Chemical and Then he turned his interest to the preparation of Pharmaceutical Works. Even 50 years before Sodium Phosphate and Superphosphate of lime. independence, Prafulla Chandra dreamt about While proceeding in this direction, an interesting industry, and he made it possible by establishing a event did occur. chemical industry by his hard labour and scientific Dr. Ray used to reside in a rented house at thinking. When he was in UK in 1880s, he noticed 91, Upper Circular Road. It was very close to that there the industry and science were running side Rajabazar where cows were slaughtered in huge by side. Science was helping industries and the numbers leaving the bones as residues in huge industries were helping science to progress in their quantity. So, he planned to use those waste bones as respective path. He realized that for the benefit of the the cheap source of calcium phosphate and bought Society, man developed industries without knowing those bones at nominal cost and heaped on the roof the relevant scientific principles at the initial stages. of his residence (the rented house) for sun drying. During later years, the progress of basic research in That was winter season when usually no rain occurs. science helped develop better processes and But that winter, there was continuous rain for several methodologies, which in turn helped progress of days. During this period of rain, the pieces of flesh industries. Also, gradual development of advanced adhering to the bones were rotten and produced industrial processes helped the advancement of basic obnoxious smell, which spread all around. This scientific research by the supply of new materials caused two problems: (1) Being attracted by the bad and tools to be used in research. So, he made up his smell from the rotten flesh, herds of crow began to mind to start industries in India in near future. After come and carry the bones to the neighbouring roofs his return to India, he noticed that the young and residential areas, and (2) the neighbours could

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 79 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology not tolerate this bad smell. The area was inhabited by chemicals in small scale as well as to run his office. orthodox Hindus. These neighbours requested Dr. Having developed the preliminary infrastructure Ray to remove the bones to other distant places and if suitable for chemical industry, he now decided to not removed, they would be compelled to lodge constitute a company under the management and complaint to the Health Department of the direction of which chemical factories could be set Corporation. To solve this problem, Dr. Ray up. After giving considerable thought, he made such requested one of his friends to help him rescue from a company in 1901 and christened it as “Bengal this odd situation. His friend responded and took Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works”. In 1903, this away the bones from his roof to distant uninhabited was converted into a Limited Company and was area. After those were dried, at one night, they (Dr. shifted to a new location at 90, Manicktala Main Ray and his friend) set fire to the heap of bones. This Road where it is located at present. Gradually, led to another funny incident. When the bones were production increased. Also, medicines from burning, the watchman on night duty noticed it and medicinal plants were made. The latter items thought that possibly some body was burning a included Aqua Ptychotis, Aqua Kalmegh, Syrup human body after murder to vanish the body. So Vasaka etc. Alcohol was also produced. Within a thinking, they rushed to the spot and charged Dr. Ray short time, the various products made by this and his friend of such anticipated misdeed. Dr. Ray company captured the market with reputation and explained the matter clearly, and he pulled out some the company earned good will. In the later years, bone pieces from the burning heap and showed them manufacturing units for many other chemicals were to police. Having been satisfied, the police went also added. Quality of the product was tested under away. After the bones were completely burnt, they the direct supervision of Dr. Ray. Many of his collected the bone ash, took it to his residence and students extended voluntary co-operation for the preserved it. While lecturing to the students in the overall growth of the company. class (at Presidency College), he explained how he Dr. Ray had no practical experience about prepared bone ash; he also used to take a handful of running business and industry. He was out and out a the bone ash and eat it saying that this was no more scientist and teacher. But with his tenacity and cow bones, this was calcium phosphate which is an diligence, he prepared his mental orientation important component of human nutrition. towards this direction. While proceeding in this new Gradually, his mental orientation was path, he learnt how to overcome various difficulties. turning to the preparation of other chemicals having With such experience coupled with his knowledge medicinal value. Thus, he prepared ether, syrup ferri- of basic Chemistry, he was able to succeed in iodide, ferrous sulphate (hirakosh) and many others. establishing the chemical industry, which became He purchased impure nitre from market, purified it the premier of its kind in pre-independent India. and packed for marketing. For packaging the This was possible for his scientific thinking and “do chemicals thus prepared, he purchased used glass or die” attitude towards the execution of any work bottles at low cost, cleaned those and used for plan, which he decided to undertake. In spite of his packaging the chemicals. During this preparatory bad health, he used to work around 12 hours a day. phase for the establishment of full-fledged chemical After completing the day's teaching and associated industry, he opened a stall (for exhibiting the duties at Presidency College, he used to come to the chemicals he prepared) in the All India Medical Bengal Chemical Factory at around 4-30 P.M. every Congress held at Calcutta in 1898. In that Congress, day. He personally used to check and supervise the Dr. Ray interacted with medical delegates explaining running production, go through various papers the quality of indigenously prepared chemicals and related to order and supply and to take decision medicines, and was able to motivate them for the thereon. He often said, 'when one enjoys work, one purchase of those chemicals. In this way, he prepared cannot feel bored, and under this condition health is the path of entry to the pharmaceutical market. not affected at all'. During the initial adventure into the When the reconstitution of service preparation of preliminary infrastructure and conditions related to the entry of Indians in the facilities conducive to the establishment of chemical Education Department got approval of the relevant industry, he did everything (as described above) in Departmental Secretary, Dr. Ray was promoted to a his residence (rented house) at 91, Upper Circular higher grade in the Educational Service. By virtue of Road. In this house, he used to manufacture this promotion, he was asked to take up the post of

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 79 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

Principal in Rajsahi College. Such offer was indeed a fighting attitude on any points of negligence from very lucrative one to any educationist as because the Government side. such post carried various extra benefits besides the Dr. Ray used to play a great rescuing role salary. But, Dr. Ray declined the offer and wrote to towards the peoples in distress. Whenever any man the Director of the Education Department, Dr. suffered from natural calamity or otherwise, he Martin explaining the following reasons in support immediately rushed to them to extend help. During of his decision: (1) There were no infrastructure the famine of Khulna in 1921 and the devastating facilities that would help him continue his basic flood in North Bengal next year, the way he research in Chemistry; (2) he would have to stay in extended help to the affected people actually reflect Calcutta for the collection of information related to his devotion and attitude towards social service. the 'History of Hindu Chemistry', which he was During flood when the Government was aloof, Dr. compiling, and the third and most important one Ray walked down the street begging for money and according to Dr. Ray was that (3) if he would decide various other relief materials from the people for to accept the administrative job like the one offered distribution among the flood-affected people. He to him, he would have to spend most of his time in got huge response from the people in this regard. writing letters, going through files, attending lots of Actually, the common men did know that their committee meetings and doing many other odd jobs, donation given to the Government officials would which would snatch away his valuable time of study not reach the affected people, but the same given to and research. So, he decided to stay in Presidency Dr. Ray and his people would reach the actual College in the post he was holding. Dr. Martin destination without any misappropriation. At that accepted his arguments. time, Dr. Ray converted his research laboratory at In 1912, the then Vice-Chancellor Sir Science College into a storehouse of the relief Ashutosh Mukhopadhyay requested Dr. Ray (he was materials collected from the people, and he himself then in London) in advance for joining the proposed made proper arrangement for distribution of those University Colleges of Science as a Professor of materials under his own supervision with assistance Chemistry. After his retirement from Presidency from his students. The relief service rendered by the College in 1916, Dr. Ray joined the Science College Agency working under his supervision was as 'Palit Professor' of Chemistry, and he continued in considered the best compared to other agencies this post till 1936. In this newly set up Science extending similar service under similar situation. College, there was a dearth of instruments even in the Above all, Dr. Ray used to visit the flood-stricken instrument-dependent Departments. The areas personally and extended heart-felt support to Government remained aloof on the issue of the people. He did not hesitate to openly criticize the sanctioning money for the purchase of instruments. aloofness of the Government in such a situation. At the initial phase, the Science College was running Seeing the ability of a top grade educationist like Dr. by the financial donation from various persons. Sir Ray to come down the street for doing social work Ashutosh arranged to purchase few instruments by towards the men in distress, a European commented utilizing the savings from examination fees paid by that if Mr. M. K. Gandhi could have made two more the students. Dr. Ray went to London in 1926 to persons like Sir P. C. Ray, he would have been able attend the Second Congress of the British Empire to get Swaraj (freedom) for the country within a Universities. In that meeting, he exposed the year. wretched condition prevailing in the Education In spite of his bad health during the period system in Bengal (and in India). He told that when from 1921 to 1926, Dr. Ray used to travel each and many Indian citizens were coming forward with their every remote village to evaluate the need of national donations to help develop infrastructure and school, to educate the people to turn to Khaddar and improve the environments conducive for providing to get rid of their sentiment of untouchability. When good science education and also in many cases to set non-cooperation movement was in full swing, he up new Educational Institutions of better standard, raised his voice saying that science could wait but then why the Government would remain aloof ? He the Swaraj could not. He never sided openly with also did not forget to mention the role of Indian in the any political movement; even then he never kept development and progress of science around the himself far away from such movement. He presided globe. In summary, standing on the land of the Ruler, over some of the Congress Conferences. After the he showed the courage of attacking the Ruler with end of First World War, Indians were expecting

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 79 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology certain liberalization of administrative and other educationist. In his book “Atmacharit” (an related rules in the country. But, what the country got autobiography written in Bengali), he devoted the in lieu of that was the proclamation of 'Baralat Law' maximum of its space in discussing the problems by which the police was empowered of arresting any related to the education, economics, industries, people and keeping him in prison for an indefinite business, history and the then social status of the period without giving him the chance of getting country, and he also suggested the ways to cope with justice. Under this background, a meeting was called the problems and proceed on the path of progress for creating public opinion against this damaging and development. Law (Deshbandhu C. R. Das was the main speaker in In his presidential address at the annual this meeting). Dr. Ray was invited and was requested session of Indian Science Congress held at Nagpur to speak in that meeting. In his delivery, he told, 'the in 1920, he explained the need of the growth and scientists are supposed to work within the laboratory, development of industries and science education but a time may come when he too has to come out of and their impact in the overall progress of the the laboratory in response to the distress call for the country. He also felt that through the Science country. Based on this theory, he has come out of his education, the non-scientific culture and beliefs, laboratory leaving behind research work for which are injurious to the Society could be removed sometime keeping in mind about the danger the from the mind of the people. In conclusion, he said, " nation is going to face, and he has attended the Considered from every point of view the progress of meeting to vouch against the Law'. The famous scientific knowledge is imperatively necessary to chemist, Edward Thorpe said that the way Sir P. C. our individual and national growth. For the Ray was being dragged by different political, accomplishment of this object the whole-hearted educational and industrial organizations for his cooperation of both the Government and the people advice in relation to the honest and perfect directions is indispensable. While the Government must be for the overall progress and development in all those more liberal in its grants for the cultivation of areas, the life of this sick and thinly man would end science, our public-spirited and patriotic soon. Dr. Thorpe commented further that Sir P. C. countrymen have also a duty to perform. Science Ray had become the property of the common people. owes a great deal to the millionaires of the world. In Prafulla Chandra was a small businessman our country too, the examples of Tata, Palit and dealing with manufacture of chemicals. In that scale Ghosh are not wanting. I stand on the platform of a of his mental orientation, he did not give any city, which is the home of a thriving cotton industry. importance to the ancient hand-spinning machine Here we have merchant princes and successful mill- 'Charkha'. But, when Mahatma Gandhi gave a call at owners and businessmen. The great philanthropist national level to boycott imported clothes and Andrew Carnegie, himself a self-made man, acted invited the attention of Indians to turn towards hand- on the motto that "to die rich is to die disgraced" and spinning, Dr. Ray realized the importance of this gave away more than 100 crores mainly for machine and started campaigning with sincere wokingmen's reading rooms and research institutes. effort. I appeal to our wealth and eminence to follow in the He said that he became a chemist by footsteps of the great benefactors of men, and I am mistake. History, biographies and literature were his sure that with their help the cause of Science will favourite subjects. In fact, we get this message in all flourish. The colleges where at present, Indian of his writings where he has quoted from all of the votaries of Science carry on their modest and above areas. . He always used to criticize about the humble researches have got to be multiplied many University degree-philia mentality of the youths. He times over. More attention should be given in each often said that only the meritorious students should university now existing in the country to the pursue higher study, and the students with merit of cultivation of Pure Science, particularly Physics and mediocre and below average standard should opt, Chemistry, and more colleges and institutes should after passing Matriculation, for going into business be establish all over the country for the study of or any sort of self employment. Applied Science. It must not be forgotten that the During his student life as well as in later present industrial paralysis of the West offers a life, when he went to his native village, he used to golden opportunity to the East to wake up. And if take part in works associated with cultivation. He India, by the grace of God, will avail herself of this often called himself a businessman as well as an opportunity to rise equal to the occasion, if her men

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 79 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology of Science and industrial pioneers will put their said, “With his scientific attitude and view, love and shoulders to the wheel together, if the study of self-confidence, he has been the main architect of Physics and Chemistry, of Mining and Engineering, the problems of thousands of life. His ever thin body of marine and Aerial Navigation and of the could not reduce the rate and amount of his work. He Biological Sciences will succeed in enlisting on their never felt tired in fulfilling the commitment”. It is behalf the energy and enthusiasm of thousands of surprising to think as to how this thin body could be votaries, if the young men of the middle classes will a storehouse of such huge amount of energy! In fact, crowd in great numbers the science colleges and the he himself gave the clues to the answer to this technological institutes more than the law colleges, question in his own statements, which spelled like if the scientific services of the State be thoroughly “to love and enjoy work”. Besides, he had great love Indianised, if her rich men will award more scientific and national feelings for the country. All these scholarships and establish technical schools, India together, possibly, contributed to his endless energy will not take a long time in coming to the forefront of in work, where thin physique could never hinder. nations and making her political renaissance not a This person of versatile personality passed away dream but reality." from this material world on June 16, 1944 in the Having been born in a Zaminder family, small room of Science College. On the occasion of Prafulla Chandra led a simple life. He was a life his birth centenary celebration in 1961 in the Asiatic bachelor. During his train journey, he always Society Hall, Calcutta, many scientists from within traveled in third class for keeping personal touch and outside the country came to show respect to this with the common people. He was against the caste self-made man. We hope that his 150th birth system that was in practice for long. He had no anniversary celebration will infuse into the present attraction for wealth and money. He donated two youths with the philosophy and ideals of this great lakhs of rupees to the Calcutta University for the man. improvement of teaching and research in Chemistry. He started Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works by the investment of his meager savings of Rupees 800 only. Out of the income and profit made from this Company, he used to distribute a certain fraction of this profit to the workers of the Company and keep the rest in a reserve fund from which the money was being spent in social welfare. For all these benevolent components of his character, the politician Gopal Krishna Gokhale called him a 'Scientist Saint'. Considering his monumental contributions in the social welfare and in the development and progress of science and industries in the country, the British Government selected him as the 'Companion of the Indian Empire' and Knited him in 1919. During the period of his association with Science College as a Professor, he used to stay in a small room attached to his laboratory. By the magic of his fatherly at the same time friendly relationship with his students, he could transmit his endless mental force into them and help change the work habits of the students into those of a KARMAYOGI. Rabidra Nath Tagore has rightly said, 'I congratulate Prafulla Chandra at that high level, from where he could ignite the minds of his students, by which he not only transmits his knowledge to them, but also he gifted away himself and by such gift he has got himself back.” His renowned student, Sir J. C. Ghosh

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 79 Chapter-4 India's Contributions to Science & Technology

Science and technology in ancient and Greek historians have testified to smelting of certain medieval India covered all the major branches of metals in India in the 4th century BC. human knowledge and activities, including vCivil engineering & architecture - The mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, discovery of urban settlements of Mohenjodaro and medical science and surgery, fine arts, mechanical Harappa indicate existence of civil engineering & and production technology, civil engineering and architecture, which blossomed to a highly precise architecture, shipbuilding and navigation, sports and science of civil engineering and architecture and games found expression in innumerable monuments of Ancient India was a land of sages, saints ancient India. and seers as well as a land of scholars and scientists. vShipbuilding & navigation - Sanskrit and Ancient India's contribution to science and Pali texts have several references to maritime technology include: activity by ancient Indians.Sports & games Ancient vMathematics - Vedic literature is replete India is the birth place of chess, ludo, snakes and with concepts of zero, the techniques of algebra and ladders and playing cards. algorithm, square root and cube root. Arguably, the origins of Calculus lie in India 300 years before Mathematics Leibnitz and Newton. Mathematics represents a very high level vAstronomy - Rig Veda (2000 BC) refers to of abstraction attained by human brain. In ancient astronomy. India, roots to mathematics can be traced to Vedic vPhysics - Concepts of atom and theory of literature, which are around 4000 years old. relativity were explicitly stated by an Indian Between 1000 BC and 1000 AD, a number of Philosopher around 600 BC. mathematical treatises were authored in India. Will vChemistry - Principles of chemistry did not Durant, American historian (1885-1981) said that remain abstract but also found expression in India was the mother of our philosophy of much of distillation of perfumes, aromatic liquids, our mathematics. manufacturing of dyes and pigments, and extraction It is now generally accepted that India is of sugar. the birth place of several mathematical concepts, vMedical science & surgery - Around 800 including zero, the decimal system, algebra and BC, first compendium on medicine and surgery was algorithm, square root and cube root. Zero is a complied in ancient India. numeral as well as a concept. It owes its origin to the vFine Arts - Vedas were recited and recitation Indian philosophy which had a concept of 'sunya', has to be correct, which gave rise to a finer study of literal translation of which is 'void' and zero sound and phonetics. The natural corollary were emerged as a derivative symbol to represent this emergence of music and other forms of performing philosophical concept. arts. Geometrical theories were known to vMechanical & production technology - ancient Indians and find display in motifs on temple

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 69 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology walls, which are in many cases replete with mix of Astronomy floral and geometric patterns. The method of Ancient India's contributions in the field of graduated calculation was documented in a book astronomy are well known and well documented. named "Five Principles" (Panch-Siddhantika) which The earliest references to astronomy are found in the dates to 5th Century AD.A. L. Basham, an Australian Rig Veda, which are dated 2000 BC. During next Indologist, writes in his book, The Wonder That was 2500 years, by 500 AD, ancient Indian astronomy India that "... the world owes most to India in the has emerged as an important part of Indian studies realm of mathematics, which was developed in the and its affect is also seen in several treatises of that Gupta period to a stage more advanced than that period. In some instances, astronomical principles reached by any other nation of antiquity. were borrowed to explain matters, pertaining to The success of Indian mathematics was astrology, like casting of a horoscope. Apart from mainly due to the fact that Indians had a clear this linkage of astronomy with astrology in ancient conception of the abstract number as distinct from India, science of astronomy continued to develop the numerical quantity of objects or spatial independently, and culminated into original extension. findings, like: Algebraic theories, as also other lThe calculation of occurrences of eclipses mathematical concepts, which were in circulation in lDetermination of Earth's circumference ancient India, were collected and further developed lTheorizing about the theory of gravitation by Aryabhatta, an Indian mathematician, who lived lDetermining that sun was a star and in the 5th century, in the city of Patna, then called determination of number of planets under our solar Pataliputra. He has referred to Algebra (as system Bijaganitam) in his treatise on mathematics named The Pleiades hold a prominent place as the Aryabhattiya. mothers or wet nurses of the newborn infant in one Another mathematician of the 12th century, of the most ancient and central Hindu myths, that of Bhaskaracharya also authored several treatises on the birth of the war-god Rudra/Skanda, who the subject one of them, named Siddantha Shiromani evidently represents, among other things, the has a chapter on algebra. He is known to have given a victorious rising sun (and as vernal sun the new basic idea of the Rolle's theorum and was the first to year). The Pleiades are said to have been the wives conceive of differential calculus. of the seven sages, who are identified with the seven In 1816, James Taylor translated stars of the Great Bear. Bhaskaracharya's Leelavati into English. Another The Great Bear¹s Old Tamil name elu- translation of the same work by English astronomer meen ¹seven-star¹ corresponds to the combination of Henry Thomas Colebruke appeared next year in the pictograms '7' + Œfish¹, which alone constitutes 1817. the entire text of one finely carved Indus seal. The The credit for fine-tuning and Satapatha-Brahmana states that the six Pleiades internationalizing these mathematical concepts - were separated from their husbands on account of which had originated in India goes to the Arabs and their infidelity; other texts specify that only one of Persians. Al-Khawarizmi, a Persian mathematician, the seven wives, Arundhati, remained faithful and developed a technique of calculation that became was allowed to stay with her husband: she is the known as "algorism." This was the seed from which small star Alcor in the Great Bear, pointed out as a modern arithmetic algorithms have developed. Al- paradigm of marital virtue to the bride in the Vedic Khwarizmi¹s work was translated into Latin under marriage ceremonies. the title Algoritmi de numero Indorum, meaning The Evidence for the Harappan origin of this System of Indian Numerals. A mathematician in myth is provided, among other things, by Indus seals Arabic is called Hindsa which means from India. which show a row of six or seven human figures; The 14th century Indian mathematician Madhava of their female character is suggested by the one long Sangamagrama, along with other mathematicians of plait of hair, which to the present day has remained the Kerala school, studied infinite series, characteristic of the Indian ladies. convergence, differentiation, and iterative methods for solution of non-linear equations. Physics Jyestadeva of the Kerala school wrote the first The root to the concept of atom in ancient calculus text, the Yuktibhasa, which explores India is derived from the classification of material methods and ideas of calculus repeated only in world in five basic elements by ancient Indian seventeenth century Europe. philosophers. These five ³elements² and such a classification existed since the Vedic times, around

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 79 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

3000 BC before. These five elements were the earth Numismatic evidence of the advances made by (prithvi), fire (agni), air (vayu), water (jaal) and ether smelting technology in ancient India. or space (aksha). These elements were also associated with human sensory perceptions: earth with smell, air with feeling, fire with vision, water with taste and ether/space with sound. Later on, Buddhist philosophers replaced ether/space with life, joy and sorrow. From ancient times, Indian philosophers believed that except ether or space, all other elements were physically palpable and hence comprised of small and minuscule particles of matter. They believed that the smallest particle which could not be subdivided further was paramanu (can be shortened to parmanu), a Sanskrit word. Paramanu is made of two Sanskrit words, param meaning ultimate or beyond and anu meaning atom. Thus, the term "paramanu" literally means 'beyond atom' and this was a concept at an abstract level which indicated the possibility of splitting atom, Nataraja the God of Dance is made of five metals which is now the source of atomic energy. The term Pancha-Dhatu. "atom" however should not be conflated with the In the 5th century BC, the Greek historian concept of atom as it is understood today. Herodotus has observed that Indian and the Persian Kanada, a 6th century, Indian philosopher army used arrows tipped with iron. Ancient Romans was the first person who went deep systematically in were using armor and cutlery made of Indian iron. such theorization. Another Indian, philosopher In India itself, certain objects testify to the Pakudha Katyayana, who was a contemporary of higher level of metallurgy achieved by the ancient Buddha, also propounded the ideas about the atomic Indians. By the side of Qutub Minar, a World constitution of the material world. All these were heritage site, in Delhi, stands an Iron Pillar. The based on logic and philosophy and lacked any pillar is believed to be cast in the Gupta period empirical basis for want of commensurate around circa 500 AD. The pillar is 7.32 meters tall, technology. Similarly, the principle of relativity (not tapering from a diameter of 40 cm at the base to 30 to be confused with Einstein's theory of relativity) cm at the top and is estimated to weigh 6 tonnes. It was available in an embryonic form in the Indian has been standing in the open for last 1500 years, philosophical concept of 'sapekshavad', the literal withstanding the wind, heat and weather, but still translation of this Sanskrit word is theory of has not rusted, except very minor natural erosion. relativity. This kind of rust proof iron was not possible till iron These theories have attracted attention of and steel was discovered few decades before. the Indologists, and veteran Australian Indologist A. The advance nature of ancient India¹s L. Basham has concluded that they were brilliant chemical science also finds expression in other imaginative explanations of the physical structure of fields, like distillation of perfumes and fragment the world, and in a large measure, agreed with the ointments, manufacturing of dyes and chemicals, discoveries of modern physics. polishing of mirrors, preparation of pigments and colours. Paintings found on walls of Ajanta and Chemistry Ellora (both World heritage sites) which look fresh Ancient India's development in chemistry even after 1000 years, also testify to the high level of was not confined at an abstract level like physics, but chemical science achieved in ancient India. found development in a variety of practical activities. In any early civilization, metallurgy has Medicine & Surgery remained an activity central to all civilizations from Ayurveda as a science of medicine owes its the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, to all other origins in ancient India. Ayurveda consists of two civilizations that followed. It is believed that the Sanskrit words - 'ayur' meaning age or life, and basic idea of smelting reached ancient India from 'veda' which means knowledge. Thus, the literal Mesopotamia and the Near East. Coinage dating meaning of Ayurveda is the science of life or from the 8th Century B.C. to the 17th Century A.D.

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 79 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology longevity. Ayurveda constitutes ideas about ailments and diseases, their symptoms, diagnosis and cure, and relies heavily on herbal medicines, including extracts of several plants of medicinal values. This reliance on herbs differentiates Ayurveda from systems like Allopathy and Homeopathy. Ayurveda has also always disassociated itself with witch doctors and voodoo. Ancient scholars of India like Atreya, and Agnivesa have dealt with principles of Ayurveda as long back as 800 BC. Their works and other developments were consolidated by Charaka who compiled a compendium of Ayurvedic principles and Nataraja the God of Dance is made of five metals practices in his treatise Charaka-Samahita, which Pancha-Dhatu. remained like a standard textbook almost for 2000 years and was translated into many languages, the Shushruta Samahita (Shushruta's compendium). including Arabic and Latin. 'Charaka-Samahita' Shusruta who lived in Kasi was one of themany deals with a variety of matters covering physiology, Indian medical practitioners who included Atraya etiology and embryology, concepts of digestion, and Charaka. He was one of the first to study the metabolism, and immunity. Preliminary concepts of human anatomy. In the Shusruta, Samahita he has genetics also find a mention, for example, Charaka described in detail the study of anatomy withthe aid has theorized blindness from the birth is not due to of a dead body. Shusruta's forte was rhinoplasty any defect in the mother or the father, but owes its (Plastic surgery)and ophthalmialogy (ejection of origin in the ovum and the sperm. cataracts). Shushruta has described surgery under In ancient India, several advances were also eight heads Chedya (excision), Lekhya made in the field of medical surgery. Specifically (scarification),Vedhya (puncturing), Esya these advances icluded areas like plastic surgery, (exploration), Ahrya (extraction), Vsraya extraction of catracts, and even dental surgery. Roots (evacuation) and Sivya (Suturing). to the ancient Indian surgery go back to at least circa Yoga is a system of exercise for physical 800 BC. Shushruta, a medical theoretician and and mental nourishment. The origins of yoga are practitioner, lived 2000 years bebore, in the ancient shrouded in antiquity and mystery. Since Vedic Indian city of Kasi, now called Varanasi. He wrote a times, thousand of years before, the principles and medical compendium called 'Shushruta-Samahita. practice of yoga have crystallized. But, it was only This ancient medical compendium describes at least around 200 BC that all the fundamentals of yoga seven branches of surgery: Excision, Scarification, were collected by Patanjali in his treatise, named Puncturing, Exploration, Extraction, Evacuation, Yogasutra, that is, Yoga-Aphorisms. and Suturing. The compendium also deals with In short, Patanjali surmised that through matters like rhinoplasty (plastic surgery) and the practice of yoga, the energy latent within the ophthalmology (ejection of cataracts). The human body may be made live and released, which compendium also focuses on the study the human has a salubrious affect on the body and the mind. anatomy by using a dead body. Now, in modern times, clinical practices have In ancient India Medical Science established that several ailments, including supposedly made many advances. Specifically these hypertension, clinical depression, amnesia, acidity, advances were in the areas of plastic surgery, can be controlled and managed by yogic practices. extraction of cataracts, and dental surgery. There is The application of yoga in physiotherapy is also documentary evidence to prove the existence of gaining recognition. these practices. An artist's impression of an operation being Civil Engineering & Architecture performed in ancient India. In spite of the absence of India's urban civilization is traceable to anesthesia, complex operations were performed. Mohenjodaro and Harappa, now in Pakistan, where The practice of surgery has been recorded in India planned urban townships existed 5000 years before. around 800 B.C. This need not come as a surprise From then onwards, the ancient Indian architecture because surgery (Shastrakarma) is one ofthe eight and civil engineering continued to develop and branches of Ayurveda the ancient Indian system of grow. It found manifestation in construction of medicine. The oldest treatise dealing with surgery is temples, palaces and forts across the Indian

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 79 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology peninsula and the neighbouring regions. In ancient Shipbuilding & Navigation India, architecture and civil engineering was known as sthapatya-kala, literal translation of which means the art of constructing (something). During the periods of Kushan Empire and Maurya empires, the Indian architecture and civil engineering reached to regions like Baluchistan and Afghanistan. Statues of Buddha were cut out, covering entire mountain faces and cliffs, like Buddhas of Bamiyan, Afghanistan. Over a period of time, ancient Indian art of construction blended with Greek styles and spread to Central Asia. On the other side, Buddhism took Indian

A panel found in Mohenjodaro depicts a sailing craft, and thousands of years later Ajanta murals also depict a sea-faring ship. The science of shipbuilding and navigation was well known to ancient Indians. Sanskrit and Pali texts are replete with maritime references, and ancient Indians, particularly from the coastal regions, were having commercial relations with several countries of across the Bay of Bengal like Cambodia, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and even up to China. Similar Gateway At Harappa: Indus Valley Civilization maritime and trade relations existed with countries across the Arabian Sea like Arabia, Egypt and style of architecture and civil engineering to Persia. countries like Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Malaysia, Even around circa 500 AD, sextants and Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Burma, China, mariner's compass were not unknown to ancient Korea and Japan. Angkor Wat is a living testimony to the contribution of Indian civil engineering and Indian shipbuilders and navigators. J.L. Reid, a architecture to the Cambodian Khmer heritage in the member of the Institute of Naval Architects and field of architecture and civil engineering. Shipbuilders, England, at around the beginning of In mainland India of today, there are several the 20th century has got published in the Bombay marvels of ancient India¹s architectural heritage, Gazetteer that "The early Hindu astrologers are said including World heritage sites like Ajanta, Ellora, to have used the magnet, in fixing the North and Khajuraho, Mahabodhi Temple, Sanchi, East, in laying foundations, and other religious Brihadisvara Temple and Mahabalipuram. ceremonies. The Hindu compass was an iron fish that floated in a vessel of oil and pointed to the Production Technology North. The fact of this older Hindu compass seems Mechanical and production technology of placed beyond doubt by the Sanskrit word 'Maccha- ancient India ensured processing of natural produce Yantra', or 'fish-machine', which Molesworth gives and their conversion into merchandise of trade, as a name for the mariner's compass". commerce and export. A number of travelers and historians (including Megasthanes, Ptolemy, Faxian, Xuanzang, Marco Polo, Al Baruni and Ibn Batuta) have indicated a variety of items, which were produced, consumed and exported around that society's "known world" by the ancient Indians.

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 79 Chapter-5 Inspiring lives

Āryabhata instruments, the gnomon (shanku-yantra), a shadow Āryabhata is the first in the line of great instrument (chhaya-yantra), possibly angle- mathematician-astronomers from the classical age measuring devices, semicircular and circular of Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy. His (dhanur-yantra / chakra-yantra), a cylindrical stick most famous works are the Aryabhatiya(CE 499 at yasti-yantra, an umbrella-shaped device called age of 23 years) and Arya-Siddhanta. chhatra-yantra, and water clocks of at least two types, bow-shaped and cylindrical. Professional Attainments : Aryabhata is the author of several treatises on mathematics and astronomy, A third text that may have survived in Arabic some of which are lost. His major work, translation is the Al ntf or Al-nanf, which claims to Aryabhatiya, a compendium of mathematics and be a translation of Aryabhata, but the Sanskrit name astronomy, was extensively referred to in the Indian of this work is not known. Probably dating from the mathematical literature, and has survived to modern ninth c., it is mentioned by the Persian scholar and times. The mathematical part of the Aryabhatiya chronicler of India. covers arithmetic, algebra, plane trigonometry and Bhaskara II spherical trigonometry. It also contains continued Bhaskara II was born in1114 AD at Bijda fractions, quadratic equations, sums of power series Bida (Bijapur ,Karnataka ). He learnt mathematics and a table of sines. from his saintly father. At the age of 30 Bhaskara The Arya-siddhanta, a lost work on wrote the his famous “ Siddantha Siromani “. It is astronomical computations, is known through the text book for students which helps the students to writings of Aryabhata's contemporary Varahamihira, understand the works of Bhrama gupta ,Mahavira as well as through later mathematicians and and Sridhara. The book contains problems presented commentators including Brahmagupta and Bhaskara in such a way as to stimulate the interest of students I. This work appears to be based on the older Surya in Mathematics. Siddhanta, and uses the midnight-day-reckoning, as Bhaskara method called Chakrawala or opposed to sunrise in Aryabhatiya. This also cyclic method to solve algebraic equations is a contained a description of several astronomical remarkable contribution. Bhaskara was also a

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 69 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

Archeology too. He discovered coin moulds ,at Rohtak in 1936 . Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Dr A.P.J Abdul Kalam was born on 15th October 1931 at Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu, DR Avul Pakir Jainulabdheen Abdul Kalam, had Specialized in Aeronautical Engineering from Madras Institute of Technology. Dr Kalam made significant contributions as project Director to develop India's first indigenous Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III) which successfully injected the Rohini satellite in the near earth orbit in July 1980 Birbal Sahni and made India an exclusive member of space club. He was responsible for the evolution of ISRO's founder of Calculus several centuries before launch vehicle programme particularly the PSLV Newton and Leibniz. At the age of 69 Bhaskara Configuration. After working for two decades in wrote “Karanakuthuhala” a book on astronomical ISRO and mastering launch vehicle technologies calculations and is still referred in making precise ,Dr Kalam took up the responsibility of developing calendars. Indigenous Guided Missiles at Defense Research Birbal Sahni and Development Organization as the Chief Birbal Sahni was born on November 14, Executive of Integrated Guided Missile 1891 at Bhera, a small trading town in the Shahpur Development Programme (IGMDP ).He was District, now a part of West Punjab . He was a very responsible for the development and famous Paleo Botanist- Paleo botony which was operationalisation of AGNI and PRITHVI missiles introduced by India for the first time is the study of and for building indigenous capability in critical plants of past ages .After his studies from Punjab university he went to Britain in 1911. In 1919 he got D.Sc from London university .In 1936 he became an FRS .Paleo botony is a mix of botony and geology . He was the Botanist to study flora at Indian Gondwana .He explored Raj Mahal hills in Bihar which is a treasury of fossils and ancient plants .He discovered new genus of plants like Raja Mahalia ,Paradia. He also discovered new group of fossils of Gymnosperms called Pento xyleae which made him world famous .Some of his Paleo Botanical studies have even given support to the continental drift theory . Using Paleo Botony he explained that the age of salt range is 40 to 60 million years and not 100 million years as believed . Sahni had interest in A P J Abdul Kalam

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 70 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology technologies through networking of multiple institutions .He was the scientific adviser to Defence Minister and Secretary, Department of Defense Research & Development from July1992 to December 1999. During this period he led to the weaponization of strategic missile system and the Pokhran II nuclear tests in collaboration with Department of Atomic Energy , which made India a nuclear weapon state . He also gave thrust to self defense systems by promoting multiple development tasks and mission projects such as Light Combat Aircraft

Dr Kalam took up academic pursuit as Dr. G. Madhavan Nair professor, Technology & Societal Transformation at Dr. G . Madhavan Nair Anna University, Chennai from November 2001 Dr. G. Madhavan Nair is a leading and was involved in teaching and research tasks technologist in the filed of rocket system and has .Above all he took up a mission to ignite the young made significant contributions in the development minds for national development by meeting high of satellite launch vehicles for the Indian space school students across the country programme .As chairman , ISRO ,he has been In his literary pursuit, Dr. Kalam has leading a multi disciplinary team of 16500 written four books “Wings of Fire“, “India 2020 A professionals in the frontier areas of space science visionfor the New Millennium”,”My journey “ and and technology . Ignited Minds - which have become house hold During 1994 -96, Dr. G Madhavan Nair names in India and among the Indian nationals provided sterling leadership to Integrated Launch abroad . Vehicle Programme ,as its programme Director. Dr Kalam, is one of the most distinguished During his directorship of Liquid Propulsion scientists of India with unique honour of receiving System Centre (LPSC) from 1995-1999 ,the Indian honorary doctorate from 30 universities and effort towards indigenous development of institutions .He has been awarded the coveted cryogenic technology took concrete shape, vital civilian awards Padma Bhushan (1981 ) and Padma infrastructures were built and critical technologies Vibhushan ( 1990 ) and the highest civilian award developed .In September 1999 ,he took over charge Bharat Ratna ( 1997 ). He is a recipient of several as Director of VSSC, the largest centre of ISRO awards and fellow of many professional .The successful maiden flight of GSLV D1 in April institutions. 2001 has taken place under his leadership . GSLV th Dr Kalam became the 11 president of was made operational after its successful flight in India on 25th July 2002 .His focus is on transforming 2003 . India into a developed nation by 2020 He took over reins of the Indian Space Research organization on September 21,2003 He is entrusted with the responsibility of development of

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 71 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology space technology and its applications to solve the problems of man and society in India .During his tenure as Chairman , ISRO /Secretary DOS ,23 successful missions have been accomplished. Dr. G. Madhavan Nair has given major thrust for evolving application programmes such as tele education and telemedicine for meeting the needs of society at large .As on today ,more than 10,000 class rooms have been connected under EDUCAT network and tele medicine is extended to 221 hospitals . Dr. G. Madhavan Nair has been showered with many prestigious awards and many universities have Dr. H. J. Bhaba conferred honorary doctorate degree on him. He is a Pokharan in Rajasthan and India became the sixth member of many professional bodies in India and country to join the Nuclear club. Further aboard . development showed successful nuclear test Dr. H. J. Bhabha including Hydrogen fusion at Pokharan on May 11th The eminent scientist who ushered India ,12th &13th 1998 . into the atomic age was Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha. Bhaba also encouraged research in th He was born on 30 October 1909 in a Parsi family of electronics ,Space science ,Radio Astronomy and Mumbai. . He is called the 'Father of Indian Nuclear micro biology .The radio telescope at Ooty is one of Science'. Cosmic rays are showers of elementary his creations .In 1967 while on a trip to abroad for a particles from outer space . Amongst cosmic rays, conference he died on an air crash . Bhaba was only Bhaba discovered a new particle called meson 57 at that time. In 1967 Atomic Energy .Study of decay time of this particle provided a proof establishment at Trombay was renamed as Bhaba for Einstein's special theory of relativity . In 1940 Atomic Research Centre .Baba was a bachelor and Bhaba joined Indian Institute in Bangalore . In 1945 he used to say that he was married to creativity . He with the financial help from Tata he established was a first class painter and some of his paintings are Tata Institute of Fundamental Research . He had preserved in British art gallery . close association with Nehru ,who wanted India to M. S. Swaminathan be self sufficient in Science and Technology . He gave Bhaba free hand to do what ever he wanted . Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan was destined to start green revolution in India during In 1948 Baba became the founder chairman 60's. Swaminathan was born on August 7 1925. He of Atomic Energy Commission .Three reactors took Ph.D from school of Agriculture in Cambridge Apsara ,Cirus, and Zerlina were built under the in 1952. He succeeded in crossing potato and jute guidance of Bhaba . Countries first Atomic Power species. He worked under Nobel Laureate Norman plant began at Tarapur in 1963 and two years later a E.Borloug and developed a new variety called plutonium plant was installed . On May 18th 1974 a Mexican Dwarf wheat variety, which solved the nuclear device for peaceful purpose was exploded at wheat scarcity.

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 72 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

1n 1973 he became the FRS. A plant geneticist by training Prof Swaminathan's contributions to the agricultural renaissance of India have led to his being widely referred to as the scientific leader of green revolution movement. Hargovind Khorana Hargovind Khorana is one of those who laid foundation to what is now called Genetic Engineering . He was born on January 9, 1922 at Raipur now in Pakistan . After graduating from University of Punjab he went to University of Liverpool , Britain . In 1945 he took Ph.D in Bio- chemistry . While in British Colombia Khorana Kalpana Chawla synthesized an enzyme called coenzyme A in 1957 motivated by seeing somebody who just goes all out which is essential for biochemical reactions in the to do some thing . human body. Khorana produced a part of the gene of One of the toughest endurance tests for any an yeast cell in his laboratory which helped him human is to undertake space travel. It is breaking the genetic code .At the age of 46 in 1968 , commendable that a girl, who was born in a sleepy Khorana shared Nobel Prize for Medicine with town in Haryana , took up the status of aeronautical Nierenberg and Holley for their contributions in the engineering and dreamt of being called the child of field of genetic engineering. the galaxy. She worked hard and became the first Break through came in 1976 August , when Indian women to became the member of the space Khorana and his group built up 207 gene of Bacteria shuttle E.coli ( A bacteria living in the intestine of Human In the space shuttle she flew for an being ) and included chemical which will signal incredible 760 hours and conducted advanced stop and start to the gene . The man made gene was scientific experiments in space. Kalpana Chawla is inserted into E.coli and it started working like its an example of how single minded dedication can natural gene .This achievement is considered as a lead to the realization of childhood dreams, however major triumph of modern biology . complex and tough they may be. Kalpana Chawla Kanada The first Indian Women to go into the Kanada was one of those philosophers who space. She is a great source of inspiration for our probed into the secret of the universe and the strcture entire youngsters. She would say that she is the of matter. Kanada during 600 BC propagated “ daughter of the galaxy. She was particularly inspired Vaiseshika Sutra” which includes atom theory of by the amount put in by her teachers to carry out their matter. He gave the name paramanu ( atom ) to an courses. The extra time they took to do experiments invisible entity of matter. According to Kanada with the students for coming with new ideas. She paramanu does not exist in free state nor can it be said inspiration came to her everyday from people in sensed by human organ. all walks of life and that she was inspired and There are varities of different paramanus

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 73 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology as there are different classes of substances . An m telescope got materialized in 1986, four years inherent urge makes one paramanu to combine with after his death .The Kavalur Observatory is another to produce new substances ( the modern dedicated to the memory of Vainu Bappu. concept of molecules) Megha Nath Saha Idea of chemical change was also put Megha Nath Saha is famous for the forward by Kanada. He claimed that heat brings out discovery of Ionization formula which explained the change . He asserted that everything is made of nature of light emitted by Sun and Stars . Saha was paramanus and they combine in various ways . born in Dhaka on October 6, 1893 . His father was a M. K. Vainu Bappu grocer who barely managed to keep his family from Vainu Bappu's name will be always be starvation .After winning a scholarship, Saha remembered in the history of modern Indian joined the Presidency College of Calcutta ,where he Astronomy . He is the first Indian Astronomer was not only taught by eminent teachers like J.C whose name is tagged to a comet Bappu Bok New Bose and P.C Ray but also had brilliant class mates Kirk. Born on 10th August 1927 at Madras he did like S.N Bose and P.C Mahalanobis who became higher education in Astronomy in Harvard in 1949 famous in the due course. In1917 M.N Saha became where he along with B.J Bok .discovered a comet lecture at the newly started university college of and studied its details . science in Calcutta. He taught latest topics like thermodynamics ,atomic theory and relativity .His At Mount Palomar Observatory ,USA book Treatise on Heat is still regarded as a Bible in ,Bappu with Colin c Wilson discovered a relation the subject. At the age of 25 Saha discovered the between luminosity of a type of stars and the spectral secret of light emitted by stars .His ionization property of light emitted by them .This effect now formulae has enabled astronomers to know the known as Bappu Wilson Effect is currently used by temperature ,pressure and other aspects of interior astronomers for the study of stars . He became the sun and stars .This formula was a break in Astro director of Kodaikanal Observatory .He succeded to physics and astronomers called it Twelfth major establish the Indian Institute of Astrophysics at discovery in Astro physics .In 1927 Shah became an Banglore . His ambition of setting up a powerful 2.3 FRS .He joined Allahabad university and began research in Spectroscopy ,the study of light emitted by atoms and molecules . He founded an institute for nuclear physics in 1948 which is know as Saha institute of Nuclear Science. Dr. M. N. Saha died on February 16, 1956. Panchanan Maheshwari Panchanan mahewari was a famous botanist who invented techniques of test tube fertilization of angio sperm (Flowering plants ). From the first half of 1950 till then no one thought that flowering plants could be fertilized in test tubes. P. Maheswari was born on Nov 9 , 1904 ,in Jaipur M.K. Vainu Bappu ,Rajasthan .In 1931 , he secured D.Sc from

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 74 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

Mathematical prodigy .At the age of 13 he got a Loney's trigonometry from a college library . But not only did he master the book he also discovered many mathematical theorems and formula ,which were not given in the book . Later on he found that great Mathematicians had discovered them much earlier . A turn in his life came when one of his friends showed his synopsis of elementary result in pure and applied mathematics written by Carr .The book trigged the genius of the 15 year old Ramanujan .Ideas flooded in his mind and he could Panchanan Maheshwari not write all of them .Before he went abroad , he Allahabad Univeristy for his study on Growth of filled the note books which later became plant Embryo . He received FRS in 1965. Maheswari Ramanujan's Frayed note book .Even today died on May 18, 1966. mathematicians are doing research on results given in them . P. C. Mahalanobis Ramujanan could not complete F- A P. C. Mahalanobis was the first Indian examination ( equivalent to present XIIth )in statistician to receive world recognition in the college since he neglected other subjects like history of statistics in India. Mahalanobis was history ,English and Physiology .The disappointed studying Mathematics from Kings college, London father saw the boy scribbling number and not doing when he came across the volumes of Bio metrica and much else . Thinking the boy has gone mad he forced Bio metric tables .In 1915 he came back to India to him to marry 8 year old Janaki . take out lectureship in physics in presidency college Calcutta .Statistics deals with large numbers and He needed around 2000 sheets of paper relationship between them . Mahalanobis applied every month and used scraps of sheet found in the statistics to Anthropology, Demography and streets and used red pen to write over what was Meterology .He also applied statistics in the control written in blue ink on pieces of paper he picked up of floods in Mahanadhi and Damador valley using .During his job hunt he got a clerical job at the proper drainage path and dam construction . Madras Port Trust with a monthly salary of Rs 25 . Later on Madras university granted him fellowship In 1958 he started material sample survey of Rs 75 per month though he had no qualifying to give prupose to the second five year plan .He made degree .Ramanujan had send a letter to the famous statistics a popular subject in university and founded mathematician Hardy of Cambridge in which he Indian Statistical Research Institute in Calcutta . He included 120 theorems and formulae ..Hardy found became FRS in 1945 and died in 1972. that most of them were discovered earlier and Ramanujan realized that they discovered a genius .They invited Sreenivas Ramanujan was born at Ramanujan to Cambridge on March 1914. Kumbakonam ,Tamil Nadu on December 1887 . In 1918 February 28 Ramanajaun became From early child hood he proved himself as a

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 75 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology a FRS and became the first Indian to be fellow of the Trinity college . Hardy Ramanujan Little wood Circle Method in number theory , Ramanujan identity in partition of integers and similar others in number theory and algebra of equalities are famous. His work on continued fraction is considered to be of equivalent importance to that of great mathematicians like Euler and Jacobi. Aaffected by Tuberculosis Ramanujan returned to India and died on April 26 1920 at Chettpet in Madras. Sreenivas Ramanajun has been acclaimed the greatest Mathematicaian of the 20th Centurary .

Sisir Kumar Mitra Satyendranath Bose A great Indian Scientist well known for his Satyendranath Bose study of ions sphere. Sisir Kumar Mitra Born on Satyendranath Bose was born on the first October 24,1819 in Calcutta . Mitra had a chance to of January 1894 in Calcutta. watch J.C Bose and P.C Ray engaged in laboratory The name of Satyendranath Bose has and this influenced him to take up radio science as become a part of physics when he discovered a new his career. Due to his untiring efforts electronics and type of statistics obeyed by certain particles like radio communications gained importance in India. photons etc while changing their energy state . Mitra discovered that Ultra Violet Radiation from Elementary particles obeying what is called Bose the sun produced E-layer of the ionosphere. His book Einstein particles are called Bosones .Einstein in upper atmosphere is a treatise which received world 1925 even predicted new type of phenomenon wide appreciation. In 1958 Mitra became FRS .He which later came to be known as Bose Einstein died on August 13, 1963 at the age of 73. condensation . About 70 years later scientists produced Bose Einstein in the laboratory by cooling nitrogen gas to Nano kelvin temperature which is said to be coherent form of matter . In 1916 he along with Saha became lecturers in Physics in the University college Kolcatta. Both studied German language as they could read papers written by famous scientists .They translated Einstein's papers from German to English . At the age of 30 Bose found an alternative and elegant way of working the problem of quantization of light . When his paper was sent to Albert Einstein, in 1924 Einstein was impressed and translated the paper into German with a command an important forward step . Einstein extended the work of Bose to Sisir Kumar Mitra

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 76 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology other fields and thus gave birth to what is termed as Bose Einstein statistics . In 1958 he became an FRS .He urged scientists to write in their mother tongue to popularize science . He died on 4th February 1974 leaving a half finished problem relating to theory of numbers on his table . Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar S. Chandrashekar was born on October 19,1910 and was nephew of C.V Raman. The name of Chandrashekar is immortalized by the term Chandrashekar limit which is important in Astro physics .If the mass of the star is more than 1.44 times that of the sun, it will, instead of changing to Dr. Salim Ali White dwarf towards the end of its life, will explode History Society. He carefully studied a colony of to form Supernova .The restriction of mass to 1.44 weaver birds on a tree near his house. Three to four solar mass for white dwarf to be stable is called months of observation made Salim Ali to publish Chandrashekar limit detailed findings of weaver birds which brought Before he was 18 years of age , him recognition in the field of Ornithology. In 1941 Chandrashekar started publishing research papers. he wrote the book of Indian Birds which helped even By the time he finished his studies in Presidency the lay man to spot birds exactly . In 1948 he College , Madras many of his research papers published 10 volumes of the books “ Hand book of appeared in International Physics journals. At the Birds of India and Pakistan “ which is the authentic age of 27 his reputation as a famous Astrophysics book in this field .He even wrote a book Birds of scientist has been established. By 1935 even though Kerala . Salim Ali died in 1987, In honour of his he came close to speculate the formation of black commendable contributions the Thattekad Bird hole, he left the subject and went to USA in 1937 Sanctuary of Kerala has been named Salim Ali Bird .Director of Yekes observatory invited him to join Sanctuary. there . C. V. Raman Chandrashekara's various discoveries on Dr. C. V. Raman was born on November 7, stars are now text book materials . His approach to 1888 at Tiruchirapally, Tamil Nadu. He took his MA the problems was such that no room was left for from Presidency College, Madras. He took up an further studies administrative job in the ministry in Calcutta. 1n 1983 he received Nobel prize for his Simultaneously he started research in Physics in the studies on stars .Chandrashekar passed away on laboratory of Indian Association for Cultivation of August 21, 1995 . Science, Calcutta. Salim Ali Raman was initially interested in acoustics, the science of sound. He studied Physics Salim Ali was a famous Ornithologist born of bowed string instruments like violin and on November 12th , 1896.He studied Zoology and percussion instruments like Mridangam. He visited became a guide at the museum of Mumbai Natural

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 77 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

London in 1921 and on his return the blueness of the sea intrigued him. By the time he reached Calcutta, Raman discovered that the blue colour of the sea is due to the scattering of light by water molecules. This was the starting point of his research in optics, the science of light. In 1927, Crompton got Nobel Prize in physics for his discovery that X rays change wavelength when scattered by electrons. On March 16, 1928 Raman announced the discovery of new radiation to an audience of Bangalore. He founded that light is scattered by a transparent medium, radiations with frequencies higher and lower than those of original light were obtained. The change in Susrutha frequency of light is related to energy change taking place in molecules. Thus the new discovery called surgery. An International seminar on susruthas Raman Effect. Dr C.V Raman got Nobel prize for technique of plastic surgery was organized in physics, Chemistry, Biology, Biochemistry, lasers California during the mid seventies. Susrutha was etc. and it is said that maximum time a scientist's the first physician to advocate what is now known as name appearing in literature is that of Raman. the “ Caesarian “ operation. He was an expert in removing urinary stones., locating and treating In 1924, Raman was elected fellow of the fractures and doing eye operations for cataract. He Royal Society. In 1930, Raman became Professor of put forth the concept of asepsis several years before Physics at Tata Institute, Bangalore (Indian Institute Joseph Lister. His suggestion to give vine to of Science) and in 1943 he founded his own institute, patients before the operation makes him the father of Raman Research Institute in Bangalore. Here he anaesthesia . continued his research till his last breath on November 20, 1970.He advised young students “ the Susruthas work “ Susrutha Samhita” he essence of science is independent thinking and hard talks about 101 types of surgical instruments. It was th work, not equipment. Life and work of Raman is an translated into Arabic in 8 century AD as Kitab I ideal example for those who want to enter the Susrud . wonderful world of science. Raman's family has Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai provided other scientists also to Nation like Born on 12 August 1919, Ahmedabad, professor. S. Chandrasekhar and Pancharatnam. India. The establishment of the Indian Space Susrutha Research Organization (ISRO) was one of his Susruthas live time was during the 6th greatest achievements. centuary BC and was a decendant of Viswamithra . Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha, widely He learnt surgery from Dhanvanthari at Varanasi. regarded as the father of India's nuclear science He became an authority in surgery and other program, supported Dr. Sarabhai in setting up the branches of medicine. first rocket launching station in India. This center Susrutha was the first to carry out plastic w a s e s t a b l i s h e d a t T h u m b a n e a r Thiruvananthapuram on the coast of the Arabian

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 78 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

Management) which are considered world class for their management studies. Also he helped establishing PRL (Physical Research Laboratory) which is doing commendable job in R&D in Physics. Dr Vikram Sarabhai setup ATIRA (Ahmedabad Textiles Industrial Research Association) which helped the booming textiles business in Ahmedabad. He also setup CEPT (Center for Environmental Planning and Technology). Not stopping with all these he went ahead and setup BMA (Blind Men Association) which helps visually challenged people with necessary skills and support. He died on 30th

Dr. Vikram Sarabhai December 1971. Sea, primarily because of its proximity to the equator. After a remarkable effort in setting up the infrastructure, personnel, communication links, and launch pads, the inaugural flight was launched on November 21, 1963 with a sodium vapour payload. As a result of Dr. Sarabhai's dialogue with NASA in 1966, the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) was launched during July 1975 - July 1976 (when Dr.Sarabhai was no more). Dr. Sarabhai started a project for the fabrication and launch of an Indian Satellite. As a result, the first Indian satellite, Aryabhata, was put in orbit in 1975 from a Russian Cosmodrome. Dr. Sarabhai was very much interested in science education and founded a Community Science Centre at Ahmedabad in 1966. Today, the Centre is called the Vikram A Sarabhai Community Science Centre. He led the family's 'Sarabhai' diversified business group. His interests varied from science to sports to statistics. He set up Operations Research Group (ORG), the first market research organization in the country. Dr. Vikram Sarabhai established many institutes which are of international repute. Most notable among them are IIMs (Indian Institute Of

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 79 Chapter-6 Iron Pillar Of India

The iron pillar of Delhi, India is a 7 meter (22 feet) high pillar in the Qutb complex which is notable for the composition of the metals used in its construction. The pillar, which weighs more than six tons, is said to have been fashioned at the time of Chandragupta Vikramaditya (375–413),[1] though other authorities give dates as early as 912 BCE.[2] The pillar initially stood in the centre of a Jain temple complex housing twenty-seven temples that were destroyed by Qutb-ud-din Aybak, and their material was used in building the Qutub Minar and Quwwat- ul-Islam mosque.[3] The pillar and ruins of the temple stand all around the Qutb complex today. The pillar is 98% pure wrought iron, and is a testament to the high level of skill achieved by ancient Indian blacksmiths. It has attracted the attention of both archaeologists and metallurgists, as it has withstood corrosion for over 1,600 years in the open air.[4] The name of the city of Delhi is thought to be based on a legend associated with the pillar (see History of Delhi). The pillar, almost seven meters high and weighing more than six tons, was erected by Chandragupta Vikramaditya (375 CE–414 CE), (interpretation based on analysis of archer type Gupta gold coins) of the Gupta dynasty that ruled the pillar at Udayagiri. Vishnupadagiri is located on northern India 320–540.[5] The pillar with the statue the Tropic of Cancer and, therefore, was a centre of of Chakra at the top was originally located at a place astronomical studies during the Gupta period. The called Vishnupadagiri (meaning “hill with footprint Iron Pillar served as a sundial when it was originally of Lord Vishnu”).[6] This has been identified as at Vishnupadagiri. The early morning shadow of the modern Udayagiri, situated in the vicinity of Iron Pillar fell in the direction of the foot of Besnagar, Vidisha and Sanchi. These towns are Anantasayin Vishnu (in one of the panels at located about 50 kilometres east of Bhopal, in central Udayagiri) only around the summer solstice (June India. There are several aspects to the original site of 21). The Udayagiri site in general, and the Iron Pillar

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 69 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

won by (the merit of his) actions, (but) remaining on (this) earth by (the memory of his) fame;- (L. 5.)-By him, the king,-who attained sole supreme sovereignty in the world, acquired by his own arm and (enjoyed) for a very long time; (and) who, having the name of Chandra, carried a beauty of countenance like (the beauty of) the full-moon,- having in faith fixed his mind upon (the god) Vishnu, this lofty standard of the divine Vishnu was set up on the hill (called) Vishnupada. It is believed by some that the pillar was installed in its current location by Vigraha Raja, the ruling Rajput Tomar king.[8] One of the inscriptions on the iron pillar from A.D. 1052 mentions Rajput king Anangpal II.[9] Made up of 98% pure wrought iron, it is 7.21m (23 feet 8 inches) high, with 93 cm (36.6 inches) buried below the present floor level,[10] and has a diameter of 41 cm (16 inches) at the bottom which tapers towards the upper end. The pillar was manufactured by forge welding. The temperatures required to form such a pillar by forge welding could only have been achieved by the combustion of coal.[citation needed] The pillar is a testament to the high level of skill achieved by ancient Indian blacksmiths in the extraction and processing of iron. A fence was erected around the pillar in 1997 in location in particular, are evidence for the response to damage caused by visitors. There is a astronomical knowledge that existed in Gupta India. popular tradition that it was considered good luck if The pillar bears a Sanskrit inscription in Brahmi you could stand with your back to the pillar and script[7] which states that it was erected as a standard make your hands meet behind it. in honour of Lord Vishnu. It also praises the valor and qualities of a king referred to simply as Chandra, Scientific analysis who has been identified with the Gupta King Chandragupta Vikramaditya (375-413). The inscription reads (in the translation given in the tablets erected by Pandit Banke Rai in 1903): He, on whose arm fame was inscribed by the sword, when, in battle in the Vanga countries (Bengal), he kneaded (and turned) back with (his) breast the enemies who, uniting together, came against (him);-he, by whom, having crossed in warfare the seven mouths of the (river) Sindhu, the Vahlikas were conquered;-he, by the breezes of whose prowess the southern ocean is even still perfumed;- (Line 3.)-He, the remnant of the great zeal of whose energy, which utterly destroyed (his) enemies, like (the remnant of the great glowing heat) In a report published in the journal Current of a burned-out fire in a great forest, even now leaves Science, R. Balasubramaniam of the IIT Kanpur not the earth; though he, the king, as if wearied, has explains how the pillar's resistance to corrosion is quit this earth, and has gone to the other world, due to a passive protective film at the iron-rust moving in (bodily) from to the land (of paradise)

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 79 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology interface. The presence of second phase particles and those of alternating atmospheric conditions, in (slag and unreduced iron oxides) in the rust formation.[14] microstructure of the iron, that of high amounts of The most critical corrosion-resistance phosphorus in the metal, and the alternate wetting agent is iron hydrogen phosphate hydrate (FePO4- and drying existing under atmospheric conditions, H3PO4-4H2O) under its crystalline form and are the three main factors in the three-stages building up as a thin layer next to the interface formation of that protective passive film.[11] between metal and rust. Rust initially contains iron Lepidocrocite and are the first amorphous oxide/oxyhydroxides in their amorphous forms. iron oxyhydroxides that appear upon oxidation of Due to the initial corrosion of metal, there is more P iron. High corrosion rates are initially observed. at the metal–scale interface than in the bulk of the Then an essential chemical reaction intervenes: slag metal. Alternate environmental wetting and drying and unreduced iron oxides (second phase particles) cycles provide the moisture for phosphoric acid in the iron microstructure alter the polarization formation. Over time the amorphous phosphate is characteristics and enrich the metal–scale interface precipitated into its crystalline form (the latter being with P, thus indirectly promoting passivation of the therefore an indicator of old age, as this precipitation iron[12] (cessation of rusting activity). The second is a rather slow happening). The crystalline phase particles act as a cathode, and the metal itself phosphate eventually forms a continuous layer next serves as anode, for a mini-galvanic corrosion to the metal, which results in an excellent corrosion reaction during environment exposure. Part of the resistance layer. In 1,600 years the film has grown initial iron oxyhydroxides is also transformed into just one-twentieth of a millimetre thick.[16] magnetite, which somewhat slows down the process Balasubramaniam states that the pillar is "a of corrosion. But the ongoing reduction of living testimony to the skill of metallurgists of lepidocrocite, and the diffusion of oxygen and ancient India". An interview with Balasubramaniam complementary corrosion through the cracks and and his work can be seen in the 2005 article by pores in the rust, still contribute to the corrosion Veazy.[17] mechanism from atmospheric conditions. It was claimed in the 1920s that iron The next main agent to intervene in manufactured in Mirjati near Jamshedpur is similar protection from oxidation is phosphorus, enhanced to the iron of the Delhi pillar.[18] Further work on at the metal–scale interface by the same chemical Adivasi (tribal) iron by the National Metallurgical interaction previously described between the slags Laboratory in the 1960s did not verify this and the metal. The ancient Indian smiths did not add claim.[19] lime to their furnaces. The use of limestone as in According to INTACH, further research modern blast furnaces yields pig iron that is later has been proposed on the Iron Pillar to study the converted into steel; in the process most phosphorus ancient metallurgy of India. The ASI is reported to is carried away by the slag. The absence of lime in the have agreed to the proposed studies that would make slag, and the deliberate use of specific quantities of comparisons by testing other ancient iron objects wood with high phosphorus content (for example like the pillar at Dhar, the iron beams at Konarak, Cassia auriculata) during the smelting, induces a and so forth. The present research using non- higher P content (> 0.1%, average 0.25%) than in intrusive technique as proposed by Dr.Baldev Raj modern iron produced in blast furnaces (usually less who is the Director of the Indira Gandhi Centre for than 0.05 per cent). There is also more phosphorus as Atomic Research and a member of the panel of solid solution throughout the metal than in the slags architects and scientists.[20] (one analysis gives 0.10% in the slags for 18% in the iron itself, for a total P content of 0.28% in the metal). This high P content and particular repartition are essential catalysts in the formation of a passive protective film of “misawite” (d-FeOOH), an amorphous iron oxyhydroxide that forms a barrier by adhering next to the interface between metal and rust. Misawite, the initial corrosion-resistance agent, was thus named because of the pioneering studies of Misawa and co-workers on the effects of P and Cu

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 79 Chapter-7 Medicinal Plants & Spices

1. Ashwagandha Vasaka or Malabar nut is an herb native to Botanical Name : Withania Somnifera India. It is found in almost every part of India. English Name : Winter cherry Indian Vasaka is a member of Acanthaceae plant family. This is a many branched shrub. The leaves Hindi Name : Ashwagandha are opposite, elliptic lanceolet, acute with narrow Sanskrit Name : Ashwagandh base. The flowers are in axillary spikes. The white coloured flowers with rose coloured streaks in the Ashwagandha is a native herb of India and throat, bloom in August to November. Sri Lanka. Ashwagandha is a member of Solanaceae plant family. This is a small hairy small shrub. The Usage: leaves are ovate, acute and hairy. The flowers bloom The leaves are very efficacious as a remedy in September to November. The greenish yellow for all sorts of coughs and Cold, bronchitis, asthma. flowers are about 5 together in umbellate cymes. The The leaves and extracts of leaves are useful in berries are red with yellow seeds. The whole plant Ayurvedic Medicines. has odor like horse. The Sanskrit name is derived from that odor. Ashwa Meaning horse and Gandha meaning odor. 3. Amla Usage: Botanical Name : Phyllanthus emblica The root is a tonic, sedative and used for English Name: Indian Gooseberry, Emblic myroba- general vitality. To treat nervous disorders. It is also lans useful in bronchitis, Asthma and heart diseases The Hindi Name : Amla roots are useful as Ayurvedic medicinal herb. Sanskrit Name : Amalaki, Dhatrifala Plant contains Alkaloids withanine and somniferine Amla is a tree native to India. 2. Adulasa, Adosa Amla is a member of Euphorbiaceae plant family. This is a small deciduous tree. The leaves Botanical Name: Justicia adhatoda, Adhatoda Vasica are small, linear , and obtuse and appear like pinnate English Name : Malabar nut leaves. The flowers bloom in February to May. The Hindi Name : Adulasa, Adosa flowers are greenish yellow in color. The fruits are fleshy, globular with 6 obscure, vertical furrows. Sanskrit Name : Atrush The fruits when ripe are yellow in color.

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 15 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

Usage: marshy land. This is found in many parts of the The fruits being very rich in Vitamin C are world. While, Hydrocotyle Asiatica is an herb native extensively used in man formulations of Ayurveda. to India and Australia. The fruits are good tonic for general vitality. Amla Bacopa Monnieri is a member of forms an important part of Triphala a well known Scrophulariaceae plant family. This is a small, Ayurvedic medicine for good health and improving succulent creeping aquatic herb, rooting at the body resistance.The fruits either fresh or dried are nodes. The leaves are opposite, decussate, sessile, used as Ayurvedic medicine. fleshy and blackdotted. The flowers bloom in January to May; the color of the flower is pale blue or white. 4. Ashoka Hydrocotyle asiatica is a member of Botanical Name : Sarca indica Apeaceae plant family. This is a small creeping herb. English Name : Ashoka Tree The stem is slender, rooting at the nodes. The leaves are 1 to 4 from each node. The flowers bloom in May Hindi Name : Ashoka to November. The flowers are pink in color. Sanskrit Name : Ashoka, Mandar This evergreen tree is native to India and Sri Usage: Lanka. Please note that Polyalthia Longifolia which In Ayurvedic literature, both the herbs are is known as Ashopalav is also known as Ashoka, but known as Brahmi. Actually Pennywort – Indian is this is not true Ashoka tree. This tree is a member of known as Brahmi and Bacopa monnieri is known as Caesalpiniaceae plant family. This is a small Jal- Brahmi or Nir- Brahmi. Both the types are used evergreen tree. as very good nerve tonic and sedative with very The leaves are par pinnate, dropping; the good effect on stress. Extracts of leaves are used in leaflets are 4-6 in pairs. The young leaves are red in Hair tonic preparations. Leaves are useful as color. The flowers bloom in January to May. The Ayurvedic Medicinal Herb. flowers are very fragrant.The pods are linear – oblong, compressed and 4-8 seeded. The tree is one of the sacred trees in India. 6. Dhatura Usage: Botanical Name : Datura Innoxia, Datura suaveolens The tree is worshiped in Chaitra Month of Indian Calendar. The tree is dedicated to God Kama, English Name : Thorn apple. Toloache the Hindu god of Love. The bark is strong astringent Hindi Name : Dhatura and used in uterine infections, very useful in menorrhagia. Sanskrit Name : Dhatur

5. Indian, Brahmi, Nir-brahmi Datura Innoxia and other similar spices are found in India and other Tropical countries includ- Botanical Name : Hydrocotyle Asiatica, Bacopa ing Central America. Monnieri Datura is an herb of plant family English Name : Pennywort - Indian Solanaceae. This is a small shrub. The branches are Hindi Name : Brahmi, Nir-brahmi purplish, pubescent and spotted with white patches. The leaves are alternate, broadly ovate-acute entire Sanskrit Name : Brahmi and Mandukparni or toothed. The Flowers are axillary, solitary, In Ayurvedic literature both the plants – peduncle and small white violet with musk like Bacopa Monnieri and Hydrocotyle Asiatica fragrance. The fruits are round and thorny. [Centella asiatica] are known as Brahmi and both Usage: have been used as Ayurvedic medicinal herb for the similar properties. In minute quantity, the seeds and leaves are narcotic and antispasmodic. Bacopa Monnieri is a weed, which grows in

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 63 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

Caution: large dimension at the base and gradually becoming All parts of the plant contain alkaloids narrower at the apex. The leave are compound, which are toxic and may cause death if taken in large digitate and deciduous. The leaflets are 3-9, entire, quantities. Roots, Stem, leaves, flowers and fruits are obovate, acute. and petioles hairy. The flowers are used in Ayurveda as medicinal herb. whitish in color blossoming in night. The fruit is a big oblong,woody amphisarca, the cells are filled with farinaceous acid pulp. The seeds are reniform 7. Aloe vera embedded in the pulp. The flowering season is May to June. Botanical Name : Aloe vera, Aloe barbedensis Usage: English Name : Indian aloe, Barbados aloe In Ayurveda the pulp of the fruit is useful in Hindi Name : Ghikunvaar, Kunvar Pathaa treatment of diarrhea and dysentery. Sanskrit Name : Kumari Chemical compounds obtained: Amino acids, Fatty acids like palmitic, Aloe Vera is a native of Africa but it is found oleic and linoleic acids are obtained from this plant. and cultivated in many countries of the world. Aloe Vera is a member of Aloaceae plant 9. Jethimadh, Mulhathi family. This is a perennial plant. This is a small herb with stolons. The leaves are radical, very flashy, Botanical Name : Glycyrrhiza galba broad at base and narrow at apex. The leaves are pale English Name : Liquorice, Licorice green with distant horny prickles on the margin. The flowers bloom in August to December, on long Hindi Name : Jethimadh, Mulhathi scapes, yellow, orange and scarlet raceme. Sanskrit Name : Madhuuka, Yashtimadhu Usage: The juice of the leaves is used in cosmetic This is a small herb found in South East for the skin treatments. The gel derived from the Europe and South West Asia. Liquorice farming is leaves have so many varied uses like cure for very common in many parts of India. Diabetes, gastric disorders, burns, cosmetic, skin Liquorice is a member of Fabaceae plant care etc. family. This is a small shrub. The leaves are Chemical compounds obtained: multifoliate. The flowers are pale blue, purple Aloe gel and Aloin are obtained from this alternatively, violet in color. The flowers are plant. racemes from the axils of the leaves. The roots which yield Liquorice of the commerce, are hard in addition, form branches. 8. Gorakh-Imli Botanical Name : Adansonia digitata Usage: English Name : Baobab, Monkey-bread tree The roots yield Liquorice extract of the commerce which is used in confectionary. It is very Hindi Name : Gorakh-Imli good cure for sore throat, mouth ulcer, asthma, Sanskrit Name : Goraxi, bronchitis and other allergic coughs. It is also used for treatment of duodenal ulcer. The roots and extract derived from the roots are used for Ayurvedic Baobab or Adansonia digitata is a tree herbal preparations. Licorice reduces potassium commonly found in India, but it is also found in level in the body so care should be taken in consum- Africa and Australia. ing licorice in case of hypertension. This tree is a member of Malvaceae plant family. This is a very big tree with the trunk of very

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 63 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

10. Shankhahuli, Shankhpushpi tree is useful. The seeds, bark, flowers, leaves and Botanical Name : Convolvulus Pluricaulis the fruits are useful as Ayurvedic herbal medicine. Neem oil is a natural pestiside. English Name : Bindweed Hindi Name : Kaudiali, Shankhahuli 12. Bo tree, Pippal tree Sanskrit Name : Shankhpushpi, Vishnukranta Botanical Name : Ficus religiosa English Name : Bo tree Convolvulus is an herb native to India. This herb is found in many parts of the country. Hindi Name : Pippal tree Convolvulus Pluricaulis is a member of Sanskrit Name : Ashwastha Convolvulaceae plant family. Other synonyms are Convolvulus prostratus, Convolvulus microphyllus Ficus religiosa is a tree found in many parts This is a small prostrate creeping herb. The of India, southeast Asia. The tree is grown near leaves are variable, ovate-oblong and obtuse or Buddhist Temples pointed. The flowers bloom in December to April. This tree is a member of Moraceae plant The flowers are white or pink. The shape of the family. flower is like Shankh (a marine shell) that is why the name is Shankhpushpi. (Pushpa meaning flower) This is a big tree, some trees are of very old age dating to several hundred years back.The trees Usage: are 10 to 16 metres tall.The rough bark is Grey or This is a very good nerve tonic, calms the greyish black. The leaves are glabrous, nervous system, relieves anxiety and stress is subcoriaceous, and ovate tovate-rhomboid. The removed. This is very useful in controlling hyperten- receptacles are about 0.7 cm. across, spherical, sion. Mainly used as nerve tonic reddish purple, axillary or on leafless branches, germinate or clustered towards end of the branches. 11. Neem Usage: Botanical Name : Azadirechta indica In A yurveda the bark, leaves, the buds and the seeds are used for treatment of gonorrhoea, English Name : Bead tree, Chinaberry, Margosa leucoderma, skin diseases, cracked feet etc. Hindi Name : Neem Sanskrit Name : Nim, Prabhadra 13. Shatamuli, Shatavari Botanical Name : Asparagus racemosus This is a large tree found everywhere in English Name : Indian asparagus India. Hindi Name : Shatamuli, Shatavari This large tree is a member of Meliaceae plant family. The leaves are pinnate. The leaflets are Sanskrit Name : Shatavari 9-12 sub opposite obliquely lanceolate, acute in addition, serrate. The flowers are small, white and Asparagus racemosus and Asparagus fragrant. The seeds are hard and contain non-edible, Sarmentosus are very common. Herbs found in Neem oil. warm tropical countries like India, Sri Lanka, Usage: Indonesia, In addition, Southern part of China. This All parts of the tree are useful for medicinal is a garden herb. purpose. Neem improves immune system, bowel Asparagus racemosus is a member of function and resistance of the body against many Liliaceae plant family. This is an extensive, spiny, ailments. The bark is useful for toothache and bad many branched climber with fasciculate tuberous breath. Many cosmetic preparations contain Neem roots. The leaves are linear with a stout conical spiny as one of the ingredients. Each and every part of the spur, straight or slightly curved. The flowers are

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 63 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology white, fragrant in simple racemes. The berries are annual herb. The leaves are 2- 3 pinnate, dark green globular and red. Each plant has thread like hundred and wedge shape at the base. The flowers are white roots, therefore, this herb is named Shatmuli or and in compound umbel. The fruits are cremocarp Shatavari (Shata means hundred and muli means and ovoid. The fruits contain aromatic oil, which is roots). pungent in smell. The main constituent of oil is Usage: Thymol. The roots are very good tonic for general Usage: health. The dried herbs are used for curing acidity Ajwain is used for its spicy strong smell. problems of the stomach. The roots are used for Many south Indian dishes contain Ajwain fried in Ayurvedic medicinal purposes. vegetable oil. Ajwain is used for curing common cold and is a good decongestant for stuffy nose. 14. Basil Sacred, Tulsi Botanical Name : Ocimum tenuifloram, Ocimum 16. Aniseed, Valaiti Saunf Sanctum Botanical Name : Pimpinella anisum English Name : Basil holy, Basil Sacred English Name : Aniseed Hindi Name : Tulsi Hindi Name : Valaiti Saunf Sanskrit Name : Tulsi Sanskrit Name : Shatpushpa This is a plant generally found in East Basil holy is a plant native to India. Holy Mediterranean region. The plant is cultivated in Basil is the most sacred of all the plants to the many parts of Europe. It is also found in South Hindus. The plant is grown in the most of the houses America and Mexico. in India. Aniseed is a plant of Apeaceae plant This herb is a member of Lamiaceae plant family. This is an annual plant with height of about family. This is an annual Many branched herb. The 50 Cms. The leaves are bright green and feathery stem is hairy and purplish. The leaves are opposite, type. The flowers are white and Umbelliferae. The decussate, elliptic-oblong, obtuse or acute. The fruits so called seeds are grayish brown in color in flowers are in racemes. The flowers bloom in addition, about 3 to 5 Cms. in length. The fruits are September to December. The flowers are violet in in oval shape with stalks attached at the end. The color. The seeds are surrounded by persistent calyx. fruits have an agreeable odor this comes from The leaves and the seeds have a pleasant aromatic Anethole the main constituent of Aniseed oil. flavor. Usage: Usage: Aniseed gives a sweet aromatic flavor The juice of the leaves is used in treatment when used in cooking. In India aniseed and fennel, of bronchitis and gastric disorders. All the five parts which have similar flavor, are used in place of one i.e. the roots, the stem, the leaves, the flowers and the another. In Hindi Aniseed is Valaiti Saunf and seeds are useful in Ayurvedic preparations. Fennel as Saunf. As Aniseed is carminative it is used as a cure for colic and flatulence.

15. Ajwoin, Carom 17. Bay leaf, Tejpat Botanical Name : Trachysprmum ammi Bay leaf, Tejpat English Name : Ajwain Botanical Name : Cinnamomum tamala Hindi Name : Ajwoin, Carom English Name : Bay leaf Sanskrit Name : Ajmoda, Avanika Hindi Name : Tejpat The plant is cultivated in India and Iran. Ajwain is a plant of Apiaceae plant family. This is an Sanskrit Name : Tejpatra

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 63 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

The tree from which the leaves are obtained Turmeric is a plant native to India. The is found in many countries of Europe. It is also found plant is also cultivated in other parts of the world. in Arabic countries, in Shri Lanka and in America. Major turmeric growing countries are Pakistan, Bay leaf or Tamal patra is obtained from Malaysia, Thailand, Korea, China, Japan and two to three varieties, Cinnamomum tamala is one of African Countries. them another is Laurel – Laurus nobilis. Both the Turmeric is a plant of Zingiberaceae trees are from plant family Lauraceae. The tree family. This is a tall perennial herb. The leaves are Cinnamomum tamala attains a height of 15 metres or large oblong lanceolate. The flowers in spikes above. The leaves are olive green from above and bloom in February to April. The rhizomes are flashy dull green from below, with ribs. The elliptical and yellowish orange in colour. leaves give out an aromatic delicate fragrance. Usage: Usage: The rhizomes which are known as turmeric Bay leaf is one of the constituent of Garam are used in powder form all over the world for colour Masala, this is an indispensable mixture of spices for value since this is a natural yellow dye. It has Indian cookery. Bay leaf is useful for cough and medicinal value as well. Turmeric is carminative, indigestion. tonic and a reach source for natural Iron. It is, also, useful in cough, colds and tonsillitis. In India fresh Turmeric is used as pickle 18. Black Cardamom, Kali Elaichi Botanical Name : Amomum subulatum 20. Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Ginger, English Name : Black Cardamom Gingembre Hindi Name : Kali Elaichi Botanical Name : Zingiber officinale Roscoe Sanskrit Name : Brihatupkunchika English Name : Ginger Black Cardamom is cultivated in the Hindi Name : Gingembre Himalayas, Bhutan and Nepal. The plant grows on high altitude. Sanskrit Name : Aardrak Black Cardamom is a plant of Zingeberacea plant family. This is a perennial plant. The plant Ginger is a popular spice and it is cultivated grows to a height of about 2 to 3 Metres. The plant all over the world. Major countries are India, China, has rhizomes and leafy shoots. The leaves are Japan, Jamaica, Malaysia and Nigeria. glabrous with a mid rib. Reddish brown, round or Ginger is a plant of Zingiberaceae family. oval shape fruits are on spikes. The fruits have This is a small annual herb with horizontal flashy blackish seeds. rhizomes. The leaves are linear and lanceolate. The Usage: flowers are purple and bloom in March to April. The The seeds of black Cardamom have a rhizomes are flashy and yield an aromatic essential flavour similar to Cardamom, but the flavour of oil with a distinctive flavour. black Cardamom is very harsh and blatant. The taste, Usage: also, is bitter. Even though it is used in spicy Indian The rhizomes which are known as ginger cookery. Garam Masala also contains some black are used in cooking for garnishing and as herbal Cardamom. supplement for its medicinal value. The dry powder and the essential oil are used in food industry. 19. Curcuma Longa, Turmeric, Haldi Medicinal values in cooking spicy dishes: The medicinal value of ginger is of much importance. Botanical Name : Curcuma Longa Ginger is carminative, tonic and improves the English Name : Turmeric appetite. Ginger oil is useful in muscular pain. Hindi Name : Haldi Sanskrit Name : Harita

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 63 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

21. Foeniculum vulgare Miller, Fennel, Usage: Saunf Cardamom is used for culinary purpose the Botanical Name : Foeniculum vulgare Miller world over. The sweet aromatic flavour is very English Name : Fennel valuable for various recipes either spicy or sweet. As medicine Cardamom is used for removing foul Hindi Name : Saunf odour from the mouth, in vomiting and in kidney Sanskrit Name : Madhurika diseases.

This herb is a native of Europe and Asia 23. Coriandrum sativam, Coriander, Minor, but largely cultivated in northern and western Dhania regions of India. Botanical Name : Coriandrum sativam This is a small annual herb. The leaves are English Name : Coriander, pinnately decompounded, ultimate segments Are linear. The flowers are yellow in color and the Hindi Name : Dhania flowers form compound umbels. The flowers bloom Sanskrit Name : Dhanyak in August to September. The fruit is a cremocarp, Coriander is a native of Mediterranean but ribbed and flattened. The color of the fruit is it is cultivated all over the world. Major countries greenish, the fruit has sweet smell due to presence of are India, East Europe, USA, Central America, Anethole. Morocco and Russia. Usage: Coriander is a plant of Apiaceae family. The fresh leaves are used in cooking for This is a small strong smelling annual herb. The garnishing and in salads and dressings. The fruits are leaves are of two types. The flowers are white or used for fragrance and medicinal values in cooking bluish and bloom in November to December. The spicy and sweet dishes. The fruits are used as mouth fruit a cremocarp, sub globosely greenish yellow in freshener in India. The essential oil derived from the colour, with very good aromatic flavour. fruits is used in cosmetic industry. The fruit is Usage: carminative and good tonic. The flavor of Fennel is much similar to flavor of Aniseed. The fresh leaves of coriander are used in cooking for garnishing. The fruits are used for fragrance and medicinal values in cooking spicy 22. Elettaria cardamomum Maton, dishes. The essential oil derived from the fruits is Cardamom, Elaichi chhoti used in cosmetic industry. The fruit is useful in Botanical Name : Elettaria cardamomum Maton treating dysentery. It is carminative and good tonic. The juice of leaves is said to be useful in improving English Name : Cardamom eyesight. Coriander is also known as Cilantro or Hindi Name : Elaichi chhoti Chinese parsley Sanskrit Name : Ela Cardamom is cultivated largely in Western 24. Cinnamomum verum, Cinnamon, Hills of Southern India. Besides, it is also cultivated Dalchini in Guatemala, Sri Lanka and Far East. The plant Botanical Name : Cinnamomum verum grows on an altitude of 600 to 1500 mtr. above msl. English Name : Cinnamon Cardamom is an herb of Zingiberaceae plant family. This is a perennial herb growing to a Hindi Name : Dalchini height of 6 to 12 feet. The leaves are alternating Sanskrit Name : Twak patra elliptical and lanceolate. The flower stalk rises from Cinnamon is mainly cultivated in Sri the stem and lies on the ground. The fruits are pods. Lanka and Seychelles. In India, it is cultivated in These pods are cardamom of the trade. These pods Kerala region. contain seeds, these seeds are black in colour and contain aromatic oil. This is a tree of Laureacea plant family.

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 63 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

This is normal size tree. The leaves are is also cultivated in South India, Madagascar, elliptical green and large and opposite. The white Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Zanzibar. flowers are fragrant. The bark emits a sweet Clove is from the Myrtaceae plant family. aromatic flavour. The bark is sweet in taste. This is an evergreen small tree. The leaves are Usage: opposite, entire, ovate-oblong and shining. The Cinnamon is widely used for culinary flowers are small and pale purple. The clove of purposes. It is a component of Garam Masala of commerce is dried unopened buds. The dried buds Indian cookery. As medicine Cinnamon is used for are black or brown in colour. common cold and head ache. The essential oil from Usage: cinnamon is used in confectionary and other food The aromatic flavour of clove is useful for items. Many cosmetic formulations also contain culinary use. It is used for spicy and sweet dishes. Cinnamon fragrance. Clove and essential oil derived from it, also, find uses in cosmetic industries. As medicine it is used 24. Cuminum cyminum, Cumin, Jira, for treatment of vomiting and toothache. Jeera, Zira, Zeera Botanical Name : Cuminum cyminum English Name : Cumin Hindi Name : Jira, Jeera, Zira, Zeera Sanskrit Name : Jirak

Cumin is a native of Mediterranean but it is cultivated in many countries of the world. Major Cumin producing countries are India, China, Mexico, Iran and other tropical countries. Cumin is a plant of Apiaceae family. This is a small strong smelling annual herb. The leaves are twice or thrice 3-partite. The flowers are yellowish white and rose colour in large compound umbels. The fruit is cylindrical with narrow tips. The colour of the fruit is brown. The fruit has very delicate aromatic flavour. Usage: Cumin is used in cooking for fragrance and medicinal values in preparing spicy dishes. The essential oil derived from the fruits, is used in cosmetic industry. The fruit is useful in treating dysentery. It is carminative and good tonic.

25. Syzygium aromaticum, Clove, Laung Botanical Name : Syzygium aromaticum English Name : Clove Hindi Name : Laung Sanskrit Name : Lavang The plant is native to Indonesian islands. It

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 63 Chapter-9 Non-conventional energy sources

he Industrial Revolution of the 19th sources. The renewable energy sources are clean century ushered in new technologies. The and inexhaustible as they rely on sun, wind, T spurt in inventions in that century was biomass, etc., as primary sources of energy. unprecedented in many ways. Some of these The country is endowed with large amount inventions involved use of natural resources like coal of sustainable resource base and non-conventional and oil. The thought of exhaustible nature of these energy technologies which are well-suited for grid resources and the environmental damage from the connected power generation. Energy supplies in use of these resources never occurred either to the remote areas which are not/could not be connected inventors or the subsequent generations. In the quest to the grid and for captive consumption. Non to sustain galloping economic activity, the depend- conventional energy sources like wind energy, solar ence on coal and oil has soared at a phenomenal rate energy through thermal as well as photovoltaic over the years. The burnt fuels result in the release of system, biomass and hybrid sources will help to a carbondioxide and other gases into the atmosphere great extent in enhancing power generation causing environmental damage. It has become capacity. Hence appropriate policies and imperative to look at energy technology with a new programmes that optimise the use of available perspective. There are abundant renewable sources energy resources with new technologies have to be of energy such as wind, sun, water, sea, biomass propagated, promoted and adopted, if necessary, by apart from even daily wastes. These sources are budgetary support. pollution free and hence clean energy apart from being unlimited/inexhaustible The demand for WIND ENERGY power is growing rapidly. The problem will be The evolution of windmills into wind compounded due to fast depletion of fossil fuel turbines did not happen overnight and attempts to deposits, quality of fuels, heavy price to be paid for produce electricity with windmills date back to the basic materials plus their transportation cost and beginning of the century. It was Denmark which above all the environmental degradation caused by erected the first batch of steel windmills specially the use of conventional energy sources. Under such built for generation of electricity. After World War conditions, environment friendly and pollution-free, II, the development of wind turbines was totally non-conventional and renewable energy sources hampered due to the installation of massive known as 'clean and green energy' have emerged as conventional power stations using fossil fuels an important alternatives to conventional energy available at low cost. But the oil crisis of 1973

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 58 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology heralded a definite break through in harnessing wind on the Earth potentially can be commercially viable, energy. compared to about 15 TW average global power consumption from all sources in 2005. Not all the Many European countries started pursuing energy of the wind flowing past a given point can be the development of wind turbine technology recovered. seriously and their development efforts are continu- ing even today. The technology involves generation The Advantages of Wind Power are Zero of electricity using turbines, which converts pollution , Provides extra income for rural farmers mechanical energy created by the rotation of blades by renting land for turbines, Creates more jobs per into electrical energy. Some times the mechanical gigawatt of electricity generated than coal power energy from the mills is directly used for pumping stations ,Renewable source of electricity , water from well also. The wind power programme in Sustainable source of electricity. India was started during 1983-84 with the efforts of Solar energy the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources. In India the total installed capacity from wind mills is Solar Power was once considered, like 1612 MW. nuclear power, ‘too cheap to meter’. But this proved illusory because of the high cost of photovoltaic The Earth is unevenly heated by the sun cells and due to limited demand. Experts however resulting in the poles receiving less energy from the believe that with mass production and improvement sun than the equator does. Also, the dry land heats up in technology, the unit price would drop and this (and cools down) more quickly than the seas do. The would make it attractive for the consumers in differential heating drives a global atmospheric relation to thermal or hydel power. The Solar Photo convection system reaching from the Earth's surface Voltaic (SPV) technology which enables the direct to the stratosphere which acts as a virtual ceiling. conversion of sun light into electricity can be used to Most of the energy stored in these wind movements run pumps, lights, refrigerators, TV sets, etc., It also can be found at high altitudes where continuous wind has several distinct advantages, since it does not speeds of over 160 km/h (100 mph) occur. have moving parts, produces no noise or pollution, Eventually, the wind energy is converted through requires very little maintenance and can be installed friction into diffuse heat throughout the Earth's anywhere. These advantages make them an ideal surface and the atmosphere. power source for use especially in remote and The total amount of economically isolated areas which are not served by conventional extractable power available from the wind is electricity making use of ample sunshine available considerably more than present human power use in India, for nearly 300 days in a year. from all sources. An estimated 72 TW of wind power

The Earth is unevenly heated by the sun resulting in the poles receiving less energy from the sun than the equator does. Also, the dry land heats up (and cools down) more quickly than the seas do. The differential heating drives a global atmospheric convection system reaching from the Earth's surface to the stratosphere

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 59 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

air, and referencing the position of a building to the Sun. Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies, while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies. Biomass Biomass is yet another important source of energy with potential to generate power to the extent of more than 50% of the country’s requirements. India is predominantly an agricultural economy, with huge quantity of biomass available in the form of husk, straw, shells of coconuts wild bushes etc. With an estimated production of 350 million tons of agricultural waste every year, biomass is capable of supplementing coal to the tune of about 200 million tonnes producing 17,000 MW of power and resulting in a saving of about Rs.20,000 crores every year. Biomass available in India comprises of rice husk, rice straw, biogases, A Solar Thermal Device, on the other hand coconut shell, jute, cotton, husk etc. Biomass can be captures and transfers the heat energy available in obtained by raising energy farms or may be obtained solar radiation. The energy generated can be used for from organic waste. thermal applications in different temperature ranges. The heat can be used directly or further converted The biomass resources including large into mechanical or electrical energy. quantities of cattle dung can be used in bio-energy technologies viz., biogas, gasifier, biomass Applications of solar technology combustion, cogeneration etc., to produce energy- Average insolation showing land area thermal or electricity. Biomass can be used in three (small black dots) required to replace the world ways – one in the form of gas through gasifiers for primary energy supply with solar electricity. 18 TW thermal applications, second in the form of methane is 568 Exajule (EJ) per year. Insolation for most gas to run gas engines and produce power and the people is from 150 to 300 W/m² or 3.5 to 7.0 third through combustion to produce steam and kWh/m²/day. thereby power. Solar energy refers primarily to the use of Environmental impact solar radiation for practical ends. However, all Biomass is part of the carbon cycle. Carbon renewable energies, other than geothermal and tidal, from the atmosphere is converted into biological derive their energy from the sun. Solar technologies matter by photosynthesis. On combustion the are broadly characterized as either passive or active carbon goes into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide depending on the way they capture, convert and (CO2). This happens over a relatively short distribute sunlight. Active solar techniques use timescale and plant matter used as a fuel can be photovoltaic panels, pumps, and fans to convert replaced by planting for new growth. Therefore a sunlight into useful outputs. Passive solar techniques reasonably stable level of atmospheric carbon include selecting materials with favorable thermal results from its use as a fuel It is accepted that the properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 60 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

Ocean contains energy, which can be used to generate electricity in an environment-friendly manner. The vast potential of the sea and ocean can make a significant contribution to meet the energy needs.

amount of carbon stored in dry wood is approxi- (ii) Ocean thermal and Tidal energy mately 50% by weight . Though biomass is a The vast potential of energy of the sea and renewable fuel, its use can still contribute to global ocean which cover about three fourth of our planet, warming. This happens when the natural carbon can make a significant contribution to meet the equilibrium is disturbed; for example by deforesta- energy needs. Ocean contains energy in the form of tion or urbanization of green sites. When biomass is temperature gradients, waves and tides and ocean used as a fuel, as a replacement for fossil fuels, it still current, which can be used to generate electricity in puts the same amount of CO2 into the atmosphere. an environment-friendly manner. Technologies to The carbon in biomass material, which makes up harness tidal power, wave power and ocean thermal approximately fifty percent of its dry-matter content, energy are being developed, to make it commer- is already part of the atmospheric carbon cycle. cially viable. Biomass absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere during its growing lifetime, after which its carbon reverts to (iii) Hydrogen and Fuel Cells the atmosphere as a mixture of CO2 and methane In both Hydrogen and Fuel Cells electricity (CH4), depending on the ultimate fate of the biomass is produced through an electro-chemical reaction material. CH4 converts to CO2 in the atmosphere, between hydrogen and oxygen gases. The fuel cells completing the cycle. are efficient, compact and reliable for automotive 4. Other Sources applications. Hydrogen gas is the primary fuel for fuel cells also. Hydrogen can be produced from the The other sources of renewable energy are electrolysis of water using solar energy. It can also geothermal, ocean, hydrogen and fuel cells. These be extracted from sewage gas, natural gas, naptha or have immense energy potential, though tapping this biogas. Fuel cells can be very widely used once they potential for power generation and other applica- become commercially viable. tions calls for development of suitable technologies. (i) Geo-Thermal Energy Geo-Thermal energy is a renewable heat energy from underneath the earth. Heat is brought to near surface by thermal conduction and by intrusion into the earth’s crust. It can be utilised for power generation and direct heat applications. Potential sites for geo-thermal power generation have been identified mainly in central and northern regions of the country. Suitable technologies are under development to make its exploitation viable.

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 61 Chapter-9 Space & Astronomy in India

History of space science sounding of the ionosphere by application of ground based radio methods in 1920's Calcutta. Later, From our small world we have gazed upon Indian scientists like C.V. Raman and Meghnad the cosmic ocean for untold thousands of years. Saha contributed to scientific principles applicable Ancient astronomers observed points of light that in space sciences. Organized space research in India appeared to move among the stars. They called these was spearheaded by two scientists: Vikram objects planets, meaning wanderers, and named Sarabhaifounder of the Physical Research them after Roman deities -- Jupiter, king of the gods; Laboratory at Ahmedabadand Homi Bhabha, who Mars, the god of war; Mercury, messenger of the had played a role in the establishment of the Tata gods; Venus, the god of love and beauty, and Saturn, Institute of Fundamental Research in 1945. Initial father of Jupiter and god of agriculture. The experiments in space sciences included the study of stargazers also observed comets with sparkling tails, cosmic radiation, high altitude and airborne testing and meteors or shooting stars apparently falling from of instruments, deep underground experimentation the sky. at the Kolar minesone of the deepest mining sites in In the 17th century, astronomers pointed a the world and studies of the upper atmosphere. new device called the telescope at the heavens and Studies were carried out at research laboratories, made startling discoveries. But the years since 1959 universities, and independent locations. have amounted to a golden age of solar system Government support became visible by exploration. Advancements in rocketry after World 1950 when the Department of Atomic Energy War II enabled our machines to break the grip of (India) was founded with Homi Bhabha as secretary. Earth's gravity and travel to the Moon and to other The Department of Atomic Energy provided planets. Our automated machines have orbited and funding for space research throughout India. Tests landed on Venus and Mars, explored the Sun's on the Earth's magnetic fieldstudied in India since environment, observed comets, and asteroids, and the establishment of the observatory at Colaba in made close-range surveys while flying past Mercury, 1823and aspects of meteorology continued to yield Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Future valuable information and in 1954, Uttar Pradesh historians will likely view these pioneering flights state observatory was established at the foothills of through the solar system as some of the most the Himalayas. these facilities enjoyed the technical remarkable achievements of the 20th century. support and scientific cooperation of the United Indian entry to space science States of America. Space research was further encouraged by the technically inclined prime Modern space research in India is most minister of IndiaJawaharlal Nehru. In 1957, the visibly traced to the activities of scientist S.K. Mitra Soviet Union successfully launched the Sputnik and who conducted a series of experiments leading to the opened up possibilities for the rest of the world to

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 35 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

Centre (SSTC), Experimental Satellite Communication Earth Station (ESCES, 1967), the Sriharikota base, and the Indian Satellite System Project (ISSP). The Indian Space Research Organization in its modern form was created by Vikram Sarabhai in 1969. This body was to take control of all space activities in the Republic of India. Indian achievements in space science- ISRO as the beacon of science pro-gramme. By the achievements of ISRO we are convinced that if we are to play a meaningful role nationally, and in the community of nations, we must be second to none in the application of advanced technologies to the real problems of man and society. wGovernment of India set up Space Commission and Department of Space (DOS) in June 1972. Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) under DOS executes Space programme through its establishments located in different places in India. wMain objective of space programme includes development of satellites, launch vehicles, PSLV-C6 Sounding Rockets and associated ground conduct a space launch. The Indian National systems. Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) was wCrossed several major milestones. found in 1962 with Vikram Sarabhai as its chairman. wExperimental phase included Satellite Beginning in the 1960s, close ties with the Instructional Television Experiment (SITE), Soviet Union enabled ISRO rapidly to develop the Satellite Telcommunication Experiment Indian space program and advance nuclear power in (STEP), remote sensing application projects, India even after the first nuclear test explosion by satellites like Aryabhata, Bhaskara, Rohini and India on May 18, 1974 at Pokhran. The death of APPLE and launch vehicles, SLV-3 and ASLV. Homi Bhabha in an air crash on January 24, 1966 came as a blow to the Indian space program. wPresent operational space systems include Indian Following Bhabha's passing, Sarabhai was sent to National Satellite (INSAT) for tele- assume Bhabha's place as the chairman of the communication, television broadcasting, Atomic Energy Commission and secretary of the meteorology and disaster warning and Indian Department of Atomic Energy. The 1960s also saw Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) for resources the founding of the Space Science and Technology monitoring and management.

By the achievements of ISRO we are convinced that if we are to play a meaningful role nationally, and in the community of nations, we must be second to none in the application of advanced technologies to the real problems of man and society.

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 36 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology wPolar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) used for wIRS-P4 (OCEANSAT) and two piggy back small launching IRS Satellites and Geosynchronous satellites - Korean KITSAT and German Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), intended for TUBSAT launched by PSLV-C2 on May launching INSAT class of satellites. 26,1999. wSpace Science activities include SROSS and wTechnology Experiment Satellite (TES) of IRS-P3 satellites, participation in international ISRO, BIRD of Germany and PROBA of science campaigns and ground systems like MST Belgium - into their intended orbits launched by Radar. PSLV-C3 on October 22, 2001. wChandrayaan-1, India's first spacecraft mission wThe 1060 kg KALPANA-1 satellite - into a beyond Earth's orbit, aims to further expand our Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) knowledge about Earth's only natural satellite the launched by PSLV-C4 on September 12, 2002. moon. wRESOURCESAT-1 (IRS-P6) satellite launched wISRO's co-operative arrangements cover several by PSLV-C5 on October 17, 2003. countries and space agencies. wCARTOSAT-1 and HAMSAT satellites wISRO provides training in space field to person- launched by PSLV-C6 on May 5, 05. nel from other countries. ISRO's hardware and services available commercially throug Antrix The Geo-synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Corporation. The Geo-synchronous Satellite Launch Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle Vehicle (GSLV) is designed to place satellites in Geo-Synchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO). It adopts wDevelopmental flights completed with success- the flight-proven solid and liquid stages of ISRO's ful third developmental launch in March 1996. Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and a cryogenic upper stage. The first development flight, w IRS-1D launched by PSLV-C1 on September 29, GSLV- arries experimental communication satellite, 1997. GSAT-1. wNow available for launching 1,000-1,200 kg class of remote sensing satellites into polar sun- synchronous orbit.

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 37 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

PROPULSIVE STAGES

wS125 stage is 2.8m in dia. and is made of M250 grade maraging steel and it has a nominal propellant loading of 129t. Each L40's are loaded with 40t of hypergolic

propellants (UDMH & N2O4) stored in two independent tanks of 2.1m dia in tandem and has a pump-fed engine of 680 kN First Stage thrust.

wThe second stage is 2.8m in dia and is loaded with 37.5t of liquid propellants

(UDMH & N2O4 ) in two compartments of an aluminium alloy stage tankage separated by a common bulk head. This has a pump-fed engine of 720 kN thrust.

Second Stage

wThe third stage is 2.8m in dia and uses liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LOX) in two separate tanks of aluminium alloy interconnected by an inter-stage structure. Total propellant loading is 12.5t.

Third Stage

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 38 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

MAJOR INDIAN SPACE MISSIONS

2009 board. (July 10, 2006). Satellite could not be placed in orbit. ?PSLV-C12 successfully launches RISAT-2 and ANUSAT from Sriharikota (April 20, 2005 2009). ?Successful launch of INSAT-4A by Ariane 2008 from Kourou French Guyana, (December 22, 2005). ?PSLV-C11 successfully launches CHANDRAYAAN-1 from Sriharikota ?ISRO's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, (October 22, 2008). PSLV-C6, successfully launched CARTOSAT-1 and HAMSAT satellites ? P S LV- C 9 s u c c e s s f u l l y l a u n c h e s from Sriharikota (May 5, 2005). CARTOSAT-2A, IMS-1 and 8 foreign nano satellites from Sriharikota (April 28, 2008). 2004 ?PSLV-C10 successfully launches TECSAR ?The first operational flight of GSLV (GSLV- satellite under a commercial contract with F01) successfully launched EDUSAT from Antrix Corporation (January 21, 2008). SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota (September 20, 2004) 2007 2003 ?Successful launch of of GSLV (GSLV-F04) with INSAT-4CR on board from SDSC ?ISRO's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, SHAR (September 2, 2007). PSLV-C5, successfully launched RESOURCESAT-1 (IRS-P6) satellite from ? ISRO's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, Sriharikota (October 17, 2003). PSLV-C8, successfully launched Italian astronomical satellite, AGILE from ?Successful launch of INSAT-3E by Ariane Sriharikota (April 23, 2007). from Kourou French Guyana, (September 28, 2003). ?Successful launch of INSAT-4B by Ariane-5 from Kourou French Guyana, (March 12, ?The Second developmental launch of 2007). GSLV-D2 with GSAT-2 on board from Sriharikota (May 8, 2003). ?Successful recovery of SRE-1 after manoeuvring it to reenter the earth's ?Successful launch of INSAT-3A by Ariane atmosphere and descend over the Bay of from Kourou French Guyana, (April 10, Bengal about 140 km east of Sriharikota 2003). (January 22, 2007). 2002 ?ISRO's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, ? PSLV-C7 successfully launches four ISRO's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, satellites - India's CARTOSAT-2 and Space PSLV-C4, successfully launched Capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE-1)and KALPANA-1 satellit from Sriharikota Indonesia's LAPAN-TUBSAT and (September 12, 2002). Argentina's PEHUENSAT-1 (January 10, ?Successful launch of INSAT-3C by Ariane 2007). from Kourou French Guyana, (January 24, 2006 2002). ?Second operational flight of GSLV (GSLV- F02) from SDSC SHAR with INSAT-4C on

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 39 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

2001 Satellite placed in polar sun synchronous orbit. ?ISRO's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, PSLV-C3, successfully launched three 1995 satellites -- Technology Experiment ? Satellite (TES) of ISRO, BIRD of Germany Launch of third operational Indian Remote and PROBA of Belgium - into their Sensing Satellite, IRS-1C (December 28, intended orbits (October 22, 2001). 1995). ? ?The first developmental launch of GSLV-D1 INSAT-2C, the third satellite in the INSAT-2 with GSAT-1 on board from Sriharikota series, launched (December 7, 1995). (April 18, 2001) 1994 2000 ?Second developmental launch of PSLV ?INSAT-3B, the first satellite in the third with IRS-P2 on board (October 15, 1994). generation INSAT-3 series, launched by Satellite successfully placed in polar sun Ariane from Kourou French Guyana, synchronous orbit. (March 22, 2000). ?Fourth developmental launch of ASLV 1999 with SROSS-C2 on board (May 4, 1994). Satellite placed in orbit. ?Indian Remote Sensing Satellite, IRS-P4 (OCEANSAT), launched by Polar Satellite 1993 Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C2) along with ?First developmental launch of PSLV with Korean KITSAT-3 and German DLR- IRS-1E on board (September 20, 1993). TUBSAT from Sriharikota (May 26, 1999). Satellite could not be placed in orbit. ?INSAT-2E, the last satellite in the multipur- ?INSAT-2B, the second satellite in the pose INSAT-2 series, launched by Ariane INSAT-2 series, launched (July 23, 1993). from Kourou French Guyana, (April 3, 1999). 1992 1998 ?INSAT-2A, the first satellite of the indigenously-built second-generation ?INSAT system capacity augmented with the INSAT series, launched (July 10, 1992). readiness of INSAT-2DT acquired from ARABSAT (January 1998). ?Third developmental launch of ASLV with SROSS-C on board (May 20, 1992). 1997 Satellite placed in orbit. ?INSAT-2D, fourth satellite in the INSAT 1991 series, launched (June 4, 1997). Becomes inoperable on October 4, 1997 (An in- ?Second operational Remote Sensing orbit satellite, ARABSAT-1C, since satellite, IRS-1B, launched (August 29, renamed INSAT-2DT, was acquired in 1991). November 1997 to partly augment the 1990 INSAT system). ?INSAT-1D launched (June 12, 1990). ?First operational launch of PSLV with IRS- 1D on board (September 29, 1997). Satellite 1988 placed in orbit. ?INSAT-1C launched (July 21, 1988). 1996 Abandoned in November 1989. ?Third developmental launch of PSLV ?Second developmental launch of ASLV with IRS-P3 on board (March 21, 1996). with SROSS-2 on board (July 13, 1988).

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 40 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

Satellite could not be placed in orbit. Project (STEP) carried out. ?Launch of first operational Indian Remote 1975-1976 Sensing Satellite, IRS-1A (March 17, 1988). ?Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) conducted. 1987 1975 ?First developmental launch of ASLV with SROSS-1 satellite on board (March 24, ?ISRO First Indian Satellite, Aryabhata, 1987). Satellite could not be placed in orbit. launched (April 19, 1975). 1984 ?Becomes Government Organisation (April 1, 1975). ?Indo-Soviet manned space mission (April 1984). 1972-1976 1983 ?Air-borne remote sensing experiments. ?INSAT-1B, launched (August 30, 1983). 1972 ?Second developmental launch of SLV-3. ?Space Commission and Department of Space RS-D2 placed in orbit (April 17, 1983). set up (June 1, 1972). ISRO brought under DOS. 1982 1969 ?INSAT-1A launched (April 10, 1982). Deactivated on September 6, 1982. ?Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) 1981 formed under Department of Atomic Energy (August 15, 1969). ?Bhaskara-II launched (November 20, 1981). 1968 ?APPLE, an experimental geo-stationary ? communication satellite successfully TERLS dedicated to the United Nations launched (June 19, 1981). (February 2, 1968). ?RS-D1 placed in orbit (May 31, 1981) 1967 ?First developmental launch of SLV-3. ?Satellite Telecommunication Earth Station set up at Ahmedabad. 1980 1965 ?Second Experimental launch of SLV-3, Rohini satellite successfully placed in orbit. ?Space Science & Technology Centre (SSTC) (July 18, 1980). established in Thumba. 1979 1963 ?First Experimental launch of SLV-3 with ?First sounding rocket launched from TERLS Rohini Technology Payload on board (November 21, 1963). (August 10, 1979). Satellite could not be placed in orbit. 1962 ? ?Bhaskara-I, an experimental satellite for Indian National Committee for Space earth observations, launched (June 7, Research (INCOSPAR) formed by the 1979). Department of Atomic Energy and work on establishing Thumba Equatorial Rocket 1977 Launching Station (TERLS) started. ?Satellite Telecommunication Experiments

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 41 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

The Chandrayan -1 Spacecraft

"THE MOON"with the history of the early solar system etched on it beckons mankind from time immemorial to admire its marvels and discover its secrets. Understanding the moon provides a pathway to unravel the early evolution of the solar system and that of the planet earth.

Through the ages, the Moon, our closest celestial body has aroused curiosity in our mind much more than any other objects in the sky. This led to scientific study of the Moon, driven by human desire and quest for knowledge. This is also reflected in the ancient verse.

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 42 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

Exploration of the moon got a boost with assessment on the feasibility of an Indian Mission to the advent of the space age and the decades of sixties the Moon as well as dwelt on the focus of such a and seventies saw a myriad of successful unmanned mission and its possible configuration. The task and manned missions to moon. This was followed by force recommended that given the technical a hiatus of about one and a half-decade. During this expertise of ISRO it will be extremely worthwhile to period we refined our knowledge about the origin plan an Indian Mission to the Moon. It also provided and evolution of the moon and its place as a link to specific inputs such as the primary scientific understand the early history of the Solar System and objectives of such a mission, plausible instruments of the earth. However, new questions about lunar to meet these objectives, launch and spacecraft evolution also emerged and new possibilities of technologies that need to be developed and using the moon as a platform for further exploration suggested the need for setting up of a Deep Space of the solar system and beyond were formulated. Network (DSN) station in India for communication Moon again became the prime target for exploration with the lunar orbiting spacecraft. The team also and a new renaissance of rejuvenated interest provided a provisional budgetary estimate. The dawned. All the major space faring nations of the Study Report of the Task Team was discussed in world started planning missions to explore the moon April 2003 by a peer group of about 100 eminent and also to utilize moon as a potential base for space Indian scientists representing various fields of exploration. The idea of undertaking an Indian planetary & space sciences, earth sciences, physics, scientific mission to Moon was initially mooted in a chemistry, astronomy, astrophysics and engineering meeting of the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1999 and communication sciences. After detailed that was followed up by discussions in the discussions, it was unanimously recommended that Astronautical Society of India in 2000. Leading India should undertake the Mission to Moon, Indian scientists and technologists participated in the particularly in view of the renowned international deliberations of the Task Force that provided an interest on moon with several exciting missions

Exploration of the moon got a boost with the advent of the space age, and the decades of sixties and seventies saw a myriad of successful missions to moon. This was followed by a hiatus of about one and a half-decade. During this period we refined our knowledge about the origin and evolution of the moon.

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 43 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology planned for the new millennium. In addition, such a in such a project intellectually rewarding. mission will provide the needed thrust to basic Subsequently, Government of India approved science and engineering research in the country ISRO's proposal for the first Indian Moon Mission, including new challenges to ISRO to go beyond the called Chandrayaan-1 in November 2003. geostationary orbit. Further, such a project will also help bringing in young talents to the arena of fundamental research. The Academia, in particular, the university scientists would also find participation

SPACE CENTERS OF DOS

Various space centers of DOS are as follows: wRegional Remote Sensing Service Centres wVikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC). (RRSSC). wISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC). wPhysical Research Laboratory (PRL) wSatish Dhawan Space Centre, SHAR. National Atmospheric Research wLiquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC). Laboratory (NARL). wSpace Applications Centre (SAC). wNorth Eastern Space Applications Centre wD e v e l o p m e n t a n d E d u c a t i o n a l (NESAC). Communication Unit (DECU). wAntrix Corporation Limited. wISRO Telemetry,Tracking and Command wSemi-Conductor Laboratory (SCL). Network (ISTRAC). wIndian Institute of Space Science & wINSAT Master Control Facility (MCF). Technology (IIST). wISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU) National wNational Natural Research Management Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC). Systems (NNRMS).

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 44 stronomy was born with Vedas and Vedic to the period of the Rig Veda. The main source of form of rituals; It was a remarkable astronomical information is Vedanta Jyothika . In A development in the medieval period. The the olden times astronomers used to study the theories of modern scientists like Leibnitz, Newton, position of the sun, moon etc by supporting the Taylor and Lhuiler were propounded long before frame work of stellar constellation in an orbital them by great Indian mathematicians like Aryabhata, cycle. . In India this came to be known as the stellar Bhaskara and Brahmagupta. The contribution of the system. Arabs and the Chinese people also followed mathematicians of Kerala in the medieval and this system. The most ancient references available modern period is remarkable. In the modern period, are the 'Thaithareeya Collection'. the world found one of the greatest mathematical During the Vedic and the post - Vedic geniuses, Srinivasa Ramanujan. The medieval period, gradually the thinking that the sun being the period also saw the setting up of well-equipped most important is in the control of seasons gained observatories like Jantar Mantar in Delhi and Man acceptance. Following this a luno solar calendar Mandir in Benares. came into existence incorporating intermittently In the history of astronomical science in months having more days with lunar months of 29 or India, the medieval period is perhaps, the most 30 days, for correlating the solar control aspects important, not only from the point of view of with the seasons of agricultural activities and fecundity but also from the point of view of the festivities. progress of astronomical thoughts. Vedanta Jyotisa, Twenty seven stars like Krithika, Rohini the astronomical ancillary of the Vedas, provides the etc and 12 months viz Karthika, Agrahayani, basis of the Vedic Calendar, while the Sulba-Sutras, Margashirisha,Pousha , Magh , Phalguna, Chaitra, the basis of Vedic mathematics, especially of Vaisaka, Jaishta , Asha da, Sravana , Bhadrapada, geometry. Aryabhata wrote his masterly treatise , and Ashwina , based on those twenty seven stars viz., the Aryabhatiya (A.D.499) and the last treatise were familiar to the Indus Valley Civilization. But on the Aryabhatiya system, which form an important their views on origin and the structure of universe is landmark in the development of astronomy in India. still not unrevealed despite all studies. The medieval era of Indian astronomy maybe said to take off from Aryabhata and extend, in its First During the Vedic period, one lunar day or Phase, from about A.D.500, being the time of thithi was the period from one moon rise t next moon Bhaskara II, and, in its Second Phase, from A.D. rise or alternatively from one moon set to the next. 1200 TO A.D. 1800, when modern astronomy from Six days constituted one week and 29 or 30 days Europe began to have its direct impact on India. constituted a month and 12 months formed a year. Duration of a lunar year was 30 x 6 + 29 x 6 = 354 Ancient and Medieval Period days. In India existence of Astronomy dates back Average duration of a lunar month was 29

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 15 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

½ days. As a result of so many reforms in calendar preparation to the 4th year coming after 3 years of 360 days, one additional day was allotted totaling the number of days to 361. The duration of the year was calculated based on the rotation of seasons. A clearer picture of further growth of astronomy can't be found in the astronomical hypothesis of Jains, followed by panchasidhanthika of Varahamihira. Aryabhathiya the celebrated work of Aryabhata and his work midnight calculation system are milestones in the path of evolution of astronomy in India. In the history of Indian astronomy which is more important is middle ages. The first phase of this age of growth begins at about 500 AD from Aryabhata and concluded with Bhaskara at about 1200 AD. The second phase is the period from 1200 Aryabhatta AD to 1800 AD. Influence of modern astronomy in Europe began to be felt in India during this phase. indicate our reverence and respect towards The main treatment of Vedantajyothisha is the Aryabhata I. The works of Bhaskara indicate that preparation of the calendar. Studies are available in Aryabhata was a teacher by profession. The work like Aryabhatiya, Panchasidhanthika, headquarters of world famous Nalanda University th was at Pataliputra. Nalanda had special facilities for Suryasidhantha which came out in the 5 century astronomical studies. Ayabhathiya provided AD or later. reputation and position to Aryabhata I as an The mathematical achievement of that age astronomer. It was recognized as an authoritative was mainly of geometry. From the reign of text book on astronomy till 16th century AD. Aryabhata 1, mathematics became part and parcel of Aryabhata revived Indian astronomy from its astronomy, arithmetic, algebra etc. Major astrono- running stages of loss of credibility among people mers were also major mathematicians during those and placed it in a most scientific frame work, days. Outstanding work during the period is the providing himself eligible to be called as the 'Father Panchasidhanthikas of Varahamihira whi -ch is an of Indian Astronomy'. ab zstract of five astronomical hypotheses. Aryabhatiya has 121 stanzas dealing with

Aryabhata 1, Varahamihira, Brah magupta, mathematics and astronomy. In the first chapter Aryabhata II, Sreepathi , Bhaskara II were the known as 'geethika padham' reference on important veterans who contributed much for astronomy and astronomical constants including sine table are mathematics between 5th to 12th centaury AD. given. Mathematics is dealt with in the second Aryabhata I chapter called ' Ganithapadham' the geometrical

st shapes and its characteristics, minsuration formu- Aryabhata I was born on 21 March 476 AD lae, algebraic equations, square root , cube root etc in Kusumapuram the Pataliputra of ancient are all included in this chapter. The third chapter is Magadha. The first Indian satellite launched on April known as 'Kalakriyapadham' this includes various th 19 1975 was named after Aryabhata, in order to measures of time description of year, month and day

Major astronomers were also major mathematicians during ancient India. Aryabhatta1, Varahamihira, Brahmagupta, AryabhattaII, Sreepathi, Bhaskara II were the veterans who contributed much for astronomy and mathematics between 5th to 12th centaury AD.

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 16 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

Bhaskara I His life time was between 550 AD to 628 AD. He has written 3 books ' Mahabhaskareeyam , Reghubhakareeyam, Aryabhatiyabhashyan'. Mahabh askareeyam is the commentary of some principles of Aryabhatiyam , Reghubhask areeyam is an abridged version of Mahabhaskareeyam. His works proves the indepth knowledge of Bhaskara in Astronomy. Bhaskara II Born in 1114 AD in Bijapur in Western Ghats,His famous work Sidhanthasiromani is presumed to be written in 1150 AD. It contains four segments, first of which is 'Leelavathi ', next is Brahmagupta Beejaganitha (Algebra). The subject matter of third and fourth chapters is astronomy. It is said that the under various methods, position of sun, moon , Bhaskara II wrote Leelavathi to commemorate the planets determining longitude of planets etc. Fourth name of his unmarried daughter and to console her chapter called 'Golapadha' are aspect of spherical in being reminded so. At the same time some people astronomy. say that Leelavathi is the name of his beloved wife. Varahamihira In Leelavathi eight mathematical applications Varahamihira from Avanti was well versed addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, both in astronomy and astrology. From the refer- squaring, cubing, square root determination and ences in his work Panchasidhanthika it can be cube root determination have been described. presumed that he was born in 505 AD and from the Grahaganithaskandha begins with the book Khyadakakarnatika of Aryaraja, presumption description on the importance of astronomy. can be made of his death of 587 AD. He was born and Siddhanthasiromani had been accepted most brought up in Magadha, studied the works of Ayabhatta and then moved to Ujjain. (It is presumed). Panchasiddhanthika (astronomy) Bruhatjataka (astronomy) and Bruhatsamhita are his important works. Varahamihira can best be described as an expert compiler rather than an independent astronomer. Brahmagupta He was engaged in writing his famous book on Astronomy, Brahmaspudasidhantha between 30 to 70 years of age. Brahmaspudasidhantha consists of 24 chapters, motion of planets, time, rise and set of planets and effects of planetary combinations are the main subjects dealt with in it. Though the supposi- tion of zero (0) was prevailing earlier, his application principles were formulated for the first time by Brahmagupta. Towards the last phase of his life, he wrote the book Khandakhadyaka based on the principles of the midnight system of Aryabhata. The works of Brahmagupta have been translated into Arabic. Srinivasa Ramanujam

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 17 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

Ancient Indian contributions to astronomy like in other areas of knowledge and activity have been of staggering proportions. They cover all aspects of science even in its present form. respectfully from Kerala to Kashmir. most famous works are the Aryabhatiya(CE 499 at Karnakuthuhala is simple texts which help solving age of 23 years) and Arya-Siddhanta. astronomical hypothesis. Even today this book is Professional Attainments: being used in various parts of India in preparing calendar. Aryabhata is the author of several treatises on mathematics and astronomy, some of which are The period starting from Aryabhata I to lost. His major work, Aryabhatiya, a compendium Bhaskara II was the golden age of Indian astronomy. of mathematics and astronomy, was extensively After Bhaskaracharya there was no substantial referred to in the Indian mathematical literature, and improvement in astronomical studies in the country. has survived to modern times. The mathematical A group of astronomers who assembled in part of the Aryabhatiya covers arithmetic, algebra, Thirunavaya (Northern Kerala) in 684 AD had plane trigonometry and spherical trigonometry. It redefined the celestial constants formulated by also contains continued fractions, quadratic Aryabhata. The scheme is known as the Parahita equations, sum of power series and a table of sine. system. This enjoys more correctness than The Arya-siddhanta, a lost work on Aryabhata's system. astronomical computations, is known through the Indian Astronomy in the 20th century. writings of Aryabhata's contemporary

th Varahamihira, as well as through later mathemati- In the 20 century , Indian scientists were cians and commentators including Brahmagupta able to have notable achievements in the field of and Bhaskara I. This work appears to be based on the astronomy. Establishment of modern observatories older Surya Siddhanta, and uses the midnight-day- in Kodaikanal and Nainithal and extension of reckoning, as opposed to sunrise in Aryabhatiya. science education in the country boosted the interest This also contained a description of several and conducive atmosphere for the studies. astronomical instruments, the gnomon (shanku- Kodaikanal observatory started in 1900. yantra), a shadow instrument (chhaya-yantra), Nissamiya Observatory started functioning in the possibly angle-measuring devices, semicircular and year 1908. First radio telescope in the country was circular (dhanur-yantra / chakra-yantra), a established in 1952. During the post independence cylindrical stick yasti-yantra, an umbrella-shaped period, formation of a committee headed by device called chhatra-yantra, and water clocks of at Meghananda Saha as chairman for submitting least two types, bow-shaped and cylindrical. recommendations for the advancement of study and A third text that may have survived in research in astrophysics in the country should be Arabic translation is the Al ntf or Al-nanf, which considered as a great noteworthy event of the century claims to be a translation of Aryabhata, but the with regard to the promotion of astronomical studies Sanskrit name of this work is not known. Probably in India. First Radio Telescope was set up at dating from the ninth c., it is mentioned by the Kodaikanal in 1952. Persian scholar and chronicler of India. Ancient Indian contributions to astronomy like in other areas of intelligence and activity have been of staggering proportions. They cover all aspects of science even in its present form. Aryabhata Aryabhata is the first in the line of great mathematician-astronomers from the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy. His

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 18 Chapter-10 What We Are ?

he history of science and technology in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.[1] By 5500 BCE a India begins with prehistoric human number of sites similar to Mehrgarh had appeared, T focking activity at Mehrgarh, in present- forming the basis of later chalcolithic cultures.[1] day Pakistan, and continues through the Indus Valley The inhabitants of these sites maintained trading Civilization to early states and empires. The British relations with Near East and Central Asia.[1] colonial rule introduced western education in India. The British system of education, in its efforts to give Irrigation was developed in the Indus rise to a native class of civil servants, exposed a Valley Civilization by around 4500 BCE.[2] The number of Indians to foreign institutes of higher size and prosperity of the Indus civilization grew as learning. Following independence science and a result of this innovation, which eventually led to technology in the Republic of India has included more planned settlements making use of drainage automobile engineering, information technology, and sewers.[2] Sophisticated irrigation and water communications as well as space, polar, and nuclear storage systems were developed by the Indus Valley sciences. Civilization, including artificial reservoirs at Girnar dated to 3000 BCE, and an early canal irrigation 1. Prehistory system from circa 2600 BCE.[3] Cotton was cultivated in the region by the 5th millennium 4500 BC in sites such as Kuehgllaldkjg in BCE—4th millennium BCE.[4] Sugarcane was originally from tropical South and Southeast Asia.[5] Different species likely originated in different locations with S. barberi originating in India and S. edule and S. officinarum coming from New Guinea.[5] By 2800 BCE private bathrooms, located on the ground floor, were found in many houses of the Indus civilization.[6] Pottery pipes in walls allowed drainage of water and there was, in some case, provision of a crib for sitting in toilets.[6] 'Western-style' toilets were also made from bricks and used wooden toilet seats on top.[6] The waste was then transmitted to drainage systems.[6] Large Hand-propelled wheel cart, Indus scale sanitary sewer systems were in place by 2700 Valley Civilization (3000–1500 BCE). BCE.[6] The drains were 7–10 feet wide and 2 feet Housed at the National Museum, New Delhi below ground level.[6] The sewage was then led into

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 45 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology cesspools, built at the intersection of two drains, since the Vedic period (1 millennium BCE).[12] which had stairs leading to them for periodic Climatic conditions were responsible for the cleaning.[6] Plumbing using earthenware plumbing destruction of most of the evidence, however, a pipes with broad flanges for easy joining with number of excavated surveying instruments and asphalt to stop leaks was in place by 2700 BCE.[6] measuring rods have yielded convincing evidence of early cartographic activity.[13] Schwartzberg The inhabitants of the Indus valley (2008)—on the subject of surviving maps—further developed a system of standardization, using holds that: 'Though not numerous, a number of map- weights and measures, evident by the excavations like graffiti appear among the thousands of Stone made at the Indus valley sites.[7] This technical Age Indian cave paintings; and at least one complex standardization enabled gauging devices to be Mesolithic diagram is believed to be a effectively used in angular measurement and representation of the cosmos.'[14] measurement for construction.[7] Calibration was also found in measuring devices along with multiple Archeological evidence of an animal- subdivisions in case of some devices.[7] The world's drawn plough dates back to 2500 BC in the Indus first dock at Lothal (2400 BCE) was located away Valley Civilization.[15] The earliest available from the main current to avoid deposition of silt.[8] swords of copper discovered from the Harappan Modern oceanographers have observed that the sites date back to 2300 BCE.[16] Swords have been Harappans must have possessed knowledge relating recovered in archaeological findings throughout the to tides in order to build such a dock on the ever- Ganges–Jamuna Doab region of India, consisting of shifting course of the Sabarmati, as well as bronze but more commonly copper.[16] e x e m p l a r y h y d r o g r a p h y a n d m a r i t i m e engineering.[8] This was the earliest known dock 2. Early kingdoms found in the world, equipped to berth and service ships.[8] Excavations at Balakot (c. 2500-1900 BC), present day Pakistan, have yielded evidence of an early furnace.[9] The furnace was most likely used for the manufacturing of ceramic objects.[9] Ovens, dating back to the civilization's mature phase (c. 2500-1900 BC), were also excavated at Balakot.[9] The Kalibangan archeological site further yields evidence of potshaped hearths, which at one site have been found both on ground and underground.[10] Kilns with fire and kiln chambers have also been found at the Kalibangan site.[10] Ink drawing of Ganesha under an umbrella View of the Asokan Pillar at Vaishali. One (early 19th century). Ink, called masi, an admixture of the edicts of Ashoka (272—231 BCE) reads: of several chemical components, has been used in "Everywhere King Piyadasi (Asoka) erected two India since at least the 4th century BC.[17] The kinds of hospitals, hospitals for people and hospitals practice of writing with ink and a sharp pointed for animals. Where there were no healing herbs for needle was common in early South India.[18] people and animals, he ordered that they be bought Several Jain sutras in India were compiled in and planted."[11] ink.[19] Based on archaeological and textual The inscriptions on the edicts of Ashoka evidence, Joseph E. Schwartzberg (2008)—a (1st millennium BCE) display this number system University of Minnesota professor emeritus of being used by the Imperial Mauryas. geography—traces the origins of Indian cartography to the Indus Valley Civilization (ca. 2500–1900 The religious texts of the Vedic Period BCE).[12] The use of large scale constructional provide evidence for the use of large numbers.[20] plans, cosmological drawings, and cartographic By the time of the last Veda, the Yajurvedasa? hitâ material was known in India with some regularity (1200-900 BCE), numbers as high as 1012 were

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 63 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

details astronomical calculations, calendrical studies, and establishes rules for empirical observation.[24] Since the texts written by 1200 BCE were largely religious compositions the Vedânga Jyoti?a has connections with Indian astrology and details several important aspects of the time and seasons, including lunar months, solar months, and their adjustment by a lunar leap month of Adhimâsa.[25] Ritus and Yugas are also described.[25] Tripathi (2008) holds that ' Twenty- seven constellations, eclipses, seven planets, and twelve signs of the zodiac were also known at that time.'[25] The Egyptian Papyrus of Kahun (1900 BCE) and literature of the Vedic period in India offer early records of veterinary medicine.[26] Kearns & Nash (2008) state that mention of leprosy is described in the medical treatise Sushruta Samhita (6th century BCE).[27] However, The Oxford The Hindu-Arabic numeral system Illustrated Companion to Medicine holds that the mention of leprosy, as well as ritualistic cures for it, being included in the texts.[20] For example, the were described in the Hindu religious book Atharva- mantra (sacrificial formula) at the end of the veda, written by 1500–1200 BCE.[28] Cataract annahoma ("food-oblation rite") performed during surgery was known to the physician Sushruta (6th the aœvamedha ("horse sacrifice"), and uttered just century BCE).[29] Traditional cataract surgery was before-, during-, and just after sunrise, invokes performed with a special tool called the Jabamukhi powers of ten from a hundred to a trillion.[20] The Salaka, a curved needle used to loosen the lens and Satapatha Brahmana (9th century BCE) contains push the cataract out of the field of vision.[29] The rules for ritual geometric constructions that are eye would later be soaked with warm butter and then similar to the Sulba Sutras.[21] bandaged.[29] Though this method was successful, Baudhayana (c. 8th century BCE) Susruta cautioned that it should only be used when composed the Baudhayana Sulba Sutra, which necessary.[29] Greek philosophers and scientists contains examples of simple Pythagorean triples, traveled to India where these surgeries were such as: (3,4,5), (5,12,13), (8,15,17), (7,24,25), and performed by physicians.[29] The removal of (12,35,37)[22] as well as a statement of the cataract by surgery was also introduced into China Pythagorean theorem for the sides of a square: "The from India.[30] Brahmanic hospitals were rope which is stretched across the diagonal of a established in what is now Sri Lanka as early as 431 square produces an area double the size of the BCE.[31] Ashoka (reign: 273 BCE to 232 BCE) also original square."[22] It also contains the general established a chain of hospitals throughout the statement of the Pythagorean theorem (for the sides Mauryan empire (322–185 BCE) by 230 BCE.[31] of a rectangle): "The rope stretched along the length During the 5th century BCE, the scholar of the diagonal of a rectangle makes an area which Pâ?ini had made several discoveries in the fields of the vertical and horizontal sides make together."[22] phonetics, phonology, and morphology.[32] Metal Baudhayana gives a formula for the square root of currency was minted in India before 5th century two.[23] BCE,[33][34] with coinage (400 BCE—100 CE) The earliest Indian astronomical being made of silver and copper, bearing animal and text—named Vedânga Jyoti?a—dates back to plant symbols on them.[35] around 1200 BC, and details several astronomical Zinc mines of Zawar, near Udaipur, attributes generally applied for timing social and Rajasthan, were active during 400 BC.[36] Diverse religious events.[24] The Vedânga Jyoti?a also specimens of swords have been discovered in

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 63 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

Fatehgarh, where there are several varieties of construction of dams and bridges.[42] The use of hilt.[37] These swords have been variously dated to suspension bridges using plaited bamboo and iron periods between 1700-1400 BCE, but were probably chain was visible by about the 4th century.[43] The used more extensively during the opening centuries stupa, the precursor of the pagoda and torii, was of the 1st millennium BCE.[38] Archaeological sites constructed by the 3rd century BCE.[44] Rock-cut in such as Malhar, Dadupur, Raja Nala Ka Tila and step wells in the region date from 200-400 CE.[46] Lahuradewa in present day Uttar Pradesh show iron Subsequently, the construction of wells at Dhank implements from the period between 1800 BC - 1200 (550-625 CE) and stepped ponds at Bhinmal (850- BC.[39] Early iron objects found in India can be 950 CE) took place.[46] dated to 1400 BC by employing the method of radio carbon dating.[40] Some scholars believe that by the During the 1st millennium BCE, the Vaisheshika early 13th century BC iron smelting was practiced on school of atomism was founded. The most important a bigger scale in India, suggesting that the date of the proponent of this school was Kanada, an Indian technology's inception may be placed earlier.[39] In philosopher who lived around 200 BCE.[47] The Southern India (present day Mysore) iron appeared school proposed that atoms are indivisible and as early as 11th to 12th centuries BC.[41] These eternal, can neither be created nor destroyed,[48] developments were too early for any significant and that each one possesses its own distinct viśe?a close contact with the northwest of the country.[41] (individuality).[49] It was further elaborated on by the Buddhist school of atomism, of which the 3. Post Maha Janapadas—High Middle philosophers Dharmakirti and Dignâga in the 7th Ages century CE were the most important proponents. They considered atoms to be point-sized, durationless, and made of energy.[50] By the beginning of the Common Era glass was being used for ornaments and casing in the region.[51] Contact with the added newer techniques, and local artisans learnt methods of glass molding, decorating and coloring by the early centuries of the Common Era.[51] The Satavahana period further reveals short cylinders of composite glass, including those displaying a lemon yellow matrix covered with green glass.[52] Wootz originated in the region before the beginning of the common era.[53] Wootz was exported and traded throughout Europe, China, the Arab world, and became particularly famous in the Middle East, where it became known as Damascus steel. Archaeological evidence suggests that manufacturing process for Wootz was also in existence in South India before the Christian era.[54][55] Evidence for using bow-instruments for carding comes from India (2nd century CE).[56] Early diamonds used as gemstones originated in India.[57] Golconda served as an important early center for diamond mining and processing.[57] Diamonds were then exported to other parts of the The iron pillar of Delhi (375–413 CE). The world.[57] Early references to diamonds comes first iron pillar was the Iron pillar of Delhi, erected at from Sanskrit texts.[58] The Arthashastra also the times of Chandragupta II Vikramaditya. mentions diamond trade in the region.[59] The Iron The Arthashastra of Kautilya mentions the pillar of Delhi was erected at the times of

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 63 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

Chandragupta II Vikramaditya (375–413).[60] The Consistent rules for working with these numbers Rasaratna Samuccaya (800 AD) explains the were formulated.[70] The diffusion of this concept existence of two types of ores for zinc metal, one of led the Arab intermediaries to pass it to Europe.[69] which is ideal for metal extraction while the other is used for medicinal purpose.[36] The decimal number system originated in India.[71] Other cultures discovered a few features of this number system but the system, in its entirety, was compiled in India, where it attained coherence and completion.[71] By the 9th century CE, this complete number system had existed in India but several of its ideas were transmitted to China and the Islamic world before that time.[70] The concept of 0 as a number, and not merely a symbol for separation is attributed to India.[72] In India, practical calculations were carried out using zero, which was treated like any other number by the 9th century CE, even in case of division.[70][72] Brahmagupta (598–668) was able to find (integral) solutions of Pell's equation.[73] Conceptual design for a perpetual motion machine by Bhaskara II dates to Model of a Chola (200–848 CE) ship's hull, 1150. He described a wheel that he claimed would built by the ASI, based on a wreck 19 miles off the run forever.[74] coast of Poombuhar, displayed in a Museum in The trigonometric functions of Sine and Tirunelveli. 'Versine, from which it was trivial to derive the The origins of the spinning wheel are Cosine, were used by the mathematician, unclear but India is one of the probable places of its Aryabhata, in the late 5th century.[75][76] The origin.[61][62] The device certainly reached Europe calculus theorem now known as "Rolle's theorem" from India by the 14 century CE.[63] The cotton gin was stated by mathematician, Bhâskara II, in the was invented in India as a mechanical device known 12th century.[77] In the 12th century, Bhâskara II as charkhi, the "wooden-worm-worked roller".[56] developed the concept of a derivative and a This mechanical device was, in some parts of the differential representing infinitesimal change.[78] region, driven by water power.[56] The Ajanta caves Akbarnama—written by August 12, yield evidence of a single roller cotton gin in use by 1602—depicts the defeat of Baz Bahadur of Malwa the 5th century CE.[64] This cotton gin was used by the Mughal troops, 1561. The Mughals until further innovations were made in form of foot extensively improved metal weapons and armor powered gins.[64] Chinese documents confirm at used by the armies of India. least two missions to India, initiated in 647, for obtaining technology for sugar-refining.[65] Each Indigo was used as a dye in India, which mission returned with different results on refining was also a major center for its production and sugar.[65] processing.[79] The Indigofera tinctoria variety of Indigo was domesticated in India.[79] Indigo, used Pingala (fl. 300-200 BCE) was a musical as a dye, made its way to the Greeks and the Romans theorist who authored a Sanskrit treatise on prosody. via various trade routes, and was valued as a luxury There is evidence that in his work on the product.[79] The cashmere wool fiber, also known enumeration of syllabic combinations, Pingala as pashm or pashmina, was used in the handmade stumbled upon both the Pascal triangle and Binomial shawls of Kashmir.[80] The woolen shawls from coefficients, although he did not have knowledge of Kashmir region find written mention between 3rd the Binomial theorem itself.[66][67] A description of century BC and the 11th century CE.[81] binary numbers is also found in the works of Crystallized sugar was discovered by the time of the Pingala.[68] The use of negative numbers was Gupta dynasty,[82] and the earliest reference to known in early India, and their role in situations like candied sugar comes from India.[83] Jute was also mathematical problems of debt was understood.[69] cultivated in India.[84] Muslin was named after the

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 63 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology city where Europeans first encountered it, Mosul, in expression,[89] 104348 / 33215 for ð correct up to what is now Iraq, but the fabric actually originated nine decimal places, i.e. 3.141592653.[89] The from Dhaka in what is now Bangladesh.[85][86] In development of the series expansions for the 9th century, an Arab merchant named Sulaiman trigonometric functions (sine, cosine, and arc makes note of the material's origin in Bengal (known tangent) was carried out by mathematicians of the as Ruhml in Arabic).[86] Kerala School in the fifteenth century CE.[90] Their work, completed two centuries before the invention Evidence of inoculation and variolation for of calculus in Europe, provided what is now smallpox is found in the 8th century, when Madhav considered the first example of a (apart from wrote the Nidâna, a 79-chapter book which lists geometric series).[90] diseases along with their causes, symptoms, and complications.[87] He included a special chapter on Shçr Shâh of northern India issued silver smallpox (masûrikâ) and described the method of currency bearing Islamic motifs, later imitated by inoculation to protect against smallpox.[87] the Mughal empire.[35] The Chinese merchant Ma European scholar Francesco I reproduced a number Huan (1413–51) noted that gold coins, known as of Indian maps in his magnum opus La Cartografia fanam, were issued in Cochin and weighed a total of Antica dell India.[88] Out of these maps, two have one fen and one li according to the Chinese been reproduced using a manuscript of Lokaprakasa, standards.[91] They were of fine quality and could originally compiled by the polymath Ksemendra be exchanged in China for 15 silver coins of four-li (Kashmir, 11th century CE), as a source.[88] The weight each.[91] other manuscript, used as a source by Francesco I, is titled Samgrahani.[88] The celestial globe was invented in Kashmir by Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman in 998 AH 4. Late Middle Ages (1589-90 CE), and twenty other such globes were later produced in Lahore and Kashmir during the Mughal Empire.[92] Before they were rediscovered in the 1980s, it was believed by modern metallurgists to be technically impossible to produce metal globes without any seams, even with modern technology.[92] These Mughal

Jantar Mantar, Delhi—consisting of 13 architectural astronomy instruments, built by Jai Singh II of Jaipur, from 1724 onwards. The infinite series for ð was stated by Madhava of Sangamagrama (c. 1340-1425) and his Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics. He made use of the series expansion of arctanx to obtain an infinite series expression, now known as the Madhava-Gregory series, for ð. Their rational approximation of the error for the finite sum of their series are of particular interest. They manipulated the error term to derive a faster converging series for ð. They used the improved series to derive a rational

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 63 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology metallurgists pioneered the method of lost-wax system which bought about economic growth and casting in order to produce these globes.[92] also helped in the growth of material culture.[101] The founder of the cashmere wool industry is Portrait of a young Indian scholar, Mughal traditionally held to be the 15th century ruler of miniature by Mir Sayyid Ali, ca. 1550. Kashmir, Zayn-ul-Abidin, who introduced weavers It was written in the Tarikh-i Firishta from Central Asia.[81] (1606–1607) that the envoy of the Mongol ruler The scholar Sadiq Isfahani of Jaunpur Hulegu Khan was presented with a pyrotechnics compiled an atlas of the parts of the world which he display upon his arrival in in 1258 CE.[93] As a part held to be 'suitable for human life'.[102] The 32 of an embassy to India by Timurid leader Shah Rukh sheet atlas—with maps oriented towards the south (1405–1447), 'Abd al-Razzaq mentioned naphtha- as was the case with Islamic works of the era—is throwers mounted on elephants and a variety of part of a larger scholarly work compiled by Isfahani pyrotechnics put on display.[94] Firearms known as during 1647 CE.[102] According to Joseph E. top-o-tufak also existed in the Vijayanagara Empire Schwartzberg (2008): 'The largest known Indian by as early as 1366 CE.[93] From then on the map, depicting the former Rajput capital at Amber in employment of gunpowder warfare in the region was remarkable house-by-house detail, measures 661 × prevalent, with events such as the siege of Belgaum 645 cm. (260 × 254 in., or approximately 22 × 21 in 1473 CE by the Sultan Muhammad Shah ft).'[103] Bahmani.[95] 5. Colonial eras Fathullah Shirazi (c. 1582), a Persian- Indian polymath and mechanical engineer who Early volumes of the Encyclopædia worked for Akbar in the Mughal Empire, invented Britannica described cartographic charts made by the autocannon, the earliest multi-shot gun.[96] In A the seafaring Dravidian people.[104] In History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, James Encyclopædia Britannica (2008), Stephen Oliver Riddick Partington describes Indian rockets, mines Fought & John F. Guilmartin, Jr. describe the and other means of gunpowder warfare:[97] gunpowder technology in 18th century Mysore:[105] By the 16th century, Indians were manufacturing a diverse variety of firearms; large By the end of the 18th century the postal guns in particular, became visible in Tanjore, Dacca, system in the region had reached high levels of Bijapur and Murshidabad. Guns made of bronze efficiency.[106] According to Thomas Broughton, were recovered from Calicut (1504) and Diu the Maharaja of Jodhpur sent daily offerings of fresh (1533).[97] Gujarât supplied Europe saltpeter for flowers from his capital to Nathadvara (320 km) and use in gunpowder warfare during the 17th they arrived in time for the first religious Darshan at century.[99] Bengal and Mâlwa participated in sunrise. Later this system underwent modernization saltpeter production.[99] The Dutch, French, with the establishment of the British Raj.[107] The Portuguese, and English used Châpra as a center of Post Office Act XVII of 1837 enabled the Governor- saltpeter refining.[100] General of India to convey messages by post within the territories of the East India Company.[107] Mail The construction of water works and was available to some officials without charge, aspects of water technology in India is described in which became a controversial privilege as the years Arabic and Persian works.[101] During medieval passed.[107] The Indian Post Office service was times, the diffusion of Indian and Persian irrigation established on October 1, 1837.[107] The British technologies gave rise to an advanced irrigation also constructed a vast railway network in the region

The Indian war rockets were formidable weapons before such rockets were used in Europe. They had bam-boo rods, a rocket-body lashed to the rod, and iron points. They were directed at the target and fired by lighting the fuse, but the trajectory was rather erratic. The use of mines and counter-mines with explosive charges of gunpowder is mentioned for the times of Akbar and Jahângir.

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 63 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology for both strategic and commercial reasons.[108] this period.[109] The British education system, aimed at producing Extensive interaction between colonial and native able civil and administrative services candidates, sciences was seen during most of the colonial exposed a number of Indians to foreign era.[110] Western science came to be associated institutions.[109] Sir Jagadis Chandra Bose with the requirements of nation building rather than (1858–1937), Satyendra Nath Bose (1894–1974), being viewed entirely as a colonial entity,[111] Meghnad Saha (1893–1956), P. C. Mahalanobis especially as it continued to fuel necessities from (1893–1972), Sir C. V. Raman (1888–1970), agriculture to commerce.[110] Scientists from India Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910–1995), Homi also appeared throughout Europe.[111] By the time Bhabha (1909–1966), Srinivasa Ramanujan of India's independence colonial science had (1887–1920), Vikram Sarabhai (1919–1971), assumed importance within the westernized Hargobind Khorana (1922–), and Harish Chandra intelligentsia and establishment.[111] (1923–1983) were among the notable scholars of

The armies of Sultan Hyder Ali of Mysore Extent of the railway employed rockets whose network in India in gunpowder was packed 1871; construction in metal cylinders had begun in 1856 instead of paper ones.

Hyder Ali, prince of Mysore, developed war rockets with an important change: the use of metal cylinders to contain the combustion powder. Although the hammered soft iron he used was crude, the bursting T h e I n d i a n strength of the container of black powder was much railways network higher than the earlier paper construction. Thus a in 1909 greater internal pressure was possible, with a resultant greater thrust of the propulsive jet. The rocket body was lashed with leather thongs to a long bamboo stick. Range was perhaps up to three- quarters of a mile (more than a kilometre). Although individually these rockets were not accurate, dispersion error became less important when large numbers Physicist Satyendra Nath were fired rapidly in mass attacks. They Bose is known for his were particularly effective against cavalry and were work on the Bose-Einstein hurled into the air, after lighting, or skimmed along statistics during the 1920s the hard dry ground. Hyder Ali's son, Tippu Sultan, continued to develop and expand the use of rocket weapons, reportedly increasing the number of rocket troops from 1,200 to a corps of 5,000. In battles at Seringapatam in 1792 and 1799 these rockets were used with considerable effect against the British.

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 63 Chapter-11 Jagadish Chandra Bose

agadish Chandra Bose (J.C. Bose) was an organize a mela (annual fair) where locally made illustrious son of India, who brought honour articles were exhibited for sale, and also organized J and prestige to the country under the British wrestling competitions, and cultural programmes. rule, through his important scientific investigations He was generous enough to engage a dacoit leader, and inventions. Britishers considered Indians as who sought help after a jail-term, as an attendant of inferior to them intellectually, especially in the field Jagadish Chandra. For these reasons he was of scientific research. The invention of radio and the immensely liked by the people. pioneering studies in physiology which revealed that plants respond to external stimuli just as animals Young Jagadish Chandra grew up listening made Bose a world famous scientist. In recognition to the stories of the rough and rugged life of the of his brilliant contributions to science he was made dacoit attendant and the stories from Ramayana and a Fellow of the Royal Society, London and was Mahabharata told by his grandmother. His father knighted by the British Government, a very rare gifted him a pony which he rode on with pride. honour for an Indian those days. These rides made him strong in limbs. Fascinated by the enchanting surroundings, he kept his eyes and Birth and Early Childhood ears wide open to learn the ways of nature. The

th father encouraged his son to ask queries about things Jagadish Chandra Bose was born on 30 that aroused his curiosity, and he tried to answer November, 1858 at Mymensingh in East Bengal (the them to the satisfaction of the child. present Munshiganj District in Bangladesh). His father Bhagawan Chandra Bose was a Deputy Boyhood and Education. Magistrate of the District. The Bose family was originally from Vikramapura in the District of Children from educated families used to be Dacca. This place was well known for Sanskrit sent to English Schools. But contrary to the culture and learning. Later, the intelligentsia of the expectation of his friends and relatives Bhagawan place turned to English education. Bhagawan Chandra decided to send his 5 year old son to a Chandra made use of this opportunity and qualified Bengali School founded by himself for the children himself to become a Deputy Magistrate in 1859. of the locality. Jagadish Chandra had six sisters, and a Maintaining a garden, a pool to breed brother who died at the age of ten. His mother was a fishes, frogs and non-poisonous snakes captured by pious orthodox lady and father, a strict executive himself and rearing rabbits and squirrels formed officer. When Jagadish Chandra was 4 years old, his some of the boyhood hobbies of Jagadish Chandra. father got a transfer to Faridpur. Bhagawan Chandra Sowing seeds, watching them sprout and later was quite friendly with his neighbors. He used to pulling them out to examine the root system was another hobby. His sisters were his playmates and

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 45 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

College Student Passing out from the School, he secured admission to St. Xaviers College on the basis of Entrance Examination. He was now sixteen years. In the college he had a brilliant teacher and guide in Father Lafont. In course of time Jagadish Chandra became an outstanding student. He showed extraordinary skill in doing experiments. He passed his B.A. examination with distinction. The next option was naturally, to proceed to England for higher studies. One major hurdle was finance. His father had invested all his earnings in certain industrial enterprises and had met with colossal failure. Bhagawan Chandra was motivated by patriotic feelings that only education, industry and commerce can help our country. It was not in the liking of the British Government that manufacturing industry thrives here. To Jagadish Chandra his future seemed uncertain. He was afraid that he would have to give up desire for higher studies and seek some job. At this juncture his mother came up with help. She said she didn't understand the implications of his going to England. She only knew that it was her son's desire J. C. Bose to go abroad for higher studies. She offered her assistants in these activities. personal savings in cash and her ornaments to meet Jagadish Chandra was now ten years old. the expenses, and urged him to be ready for travel. His father got transferred to Burdwan as an Assistant In England as a student Commissioner. Reluctantly the young Bose had to leave Faridpur with his parents and sisters. He was Normally, after graduation in India, one admitted to the Hare School in Calcutta. The same goes to England for preparing for the Civil Services. year (1869) he was transferred to the St. Xaviers Bhagawan Chandra didn't want his son to be a civil Collegiate School run by European missionaries, servant under the British Government though all the where he had to live in a hostel. relatives were for that. Instead he wanted Bose to be trained as a doctor. Bose joined the University of Here, he had Europeans as his classmates. London in 1980, as a student of medicine. In the They were not at all friendly towards this native boy. first year he had to study Physics, Chemistry and He was yet to master the English Language. So he Biology. He passed his first year examination with could not even converse with them freely. They credit. This was followed by study of Anatomy with started teasing him. When this went beyond dissection, as a preliminary requirement for the tolerable limits, he sought to answer one of them standard medical course. with a severe blow. This event put an end to the teasing and helped to establish his rights in the class, In the Anatomy Lab while doing dissection as one among them. he was affected by fever. This was the revisit of a

Jagadish Chandra was an outstanding student with extraordinary skill in doing experiments. He joined the University of London in 1980, as a student of medicine.

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 46 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

Bose refused to accept the salary cheque, but continued his teaching work. In this way he continued to teach for three years as a dedicated teacher without accepting salary. fever which he contacted some time back at Assam On joining the College, Bose came to know during a tour of that place with a friend living there. that Indian Professors were not given full salary as There was no proper remedy for the illness, which given to English men. The Indian Professor was visited him from time to time. Now the foul order of given Rs. 200/- per month while his European the dissected dead body caused the old malady to counterpart got Rs. 300/-. As Bose was on reappear. temporary posting, he was offered a monthly salary of Rs. 100/- only. This discriminatory treatment His professors were disturbed. They hurt his sense of self respect and national pride. So advised him to leave the medical course which was he decided to protest, but in a novel way. He refused too strenuous for him, and take up some other course to accept the salary cheque, but continued his of study. He gave up the medical course and went to teaching work. In this way he continued to teach for Cambridge. Here he could win a scholarship three years as a dedicated teacher without accepting examination and took up a course of study in pure salary. The Principal and higher authorities were science. He practiced rowing as an exercise, and deeply impressed by his excellent performance as a after a while he became free from the menacing teacher and by his noble character. Finally they fever. After joining Cambridge University, Bose yielded, and the appointment was made permanent decided to take up Physics, Chemistry and Botany as with effect from the date of his joining duty. He was the subjects of his study. given salary at the rate of Rs. 300/- per month for the Among his professors, Lord Rayleigh, The previous three years in lumpsum. renowned physicist influenced him most. While in Inadequate Facilities Calcutta, under the influence of Father Lafont, he had already developed a special liking for physics. The Physics Laboratory of the Presidency Now Lord Rayleigh could make him surrender College was poorly equipped. There was no facility completely to Physics. Bose secured his B.A. degree for doing research. Bose was given a very small in science from Cambridge University in 1884 and room (24 square feet) for his research activities. He B.Sc. degree of London in the same year. designed for himself the equipment he needed and made the same with the help of an untrained Professor of Physics in Presidency College tinsmith. About this lack of facility, Sister Nivedita, Bose came back home from England in who visited the Laboratory wrote: “I was horrified 1885. He carried with him a letter of to find the way in which great worker could be recommendation to Lord Ripon, the Viceroy of subjected to continuous annoyance and petty India, from Lord Kimberly, the Secretary-of-State difficulties…… The College routine was made as for India requesting him to appoint Bose in the arduous as possible for him, so that he could not Education Department. Under Viceroy's instruction, have the time he needed for investigation”. After his the Director of Public Instructions had to appoint routine work as teacher he had to carry out his Jagadish Chandra Bose as Professor of Physics at research far into the night, in such a small room in Presidency College. The Director felt annoyed at the college. being instructed from above. So he made the It was a sad fact that the British appointment as a temporary one. Those were days Government's policy for its colonies was not at all when Britishers held the view that Indians were not conducive to original research work. Bose had to competent to teach science in Colleges. For this spend his own money for fabricating equipments for reason, the Principal of Presidency College did not experiments. Under such adverse circumstances, like the appointment of Bose as Professor of Physics. Bose continued to engage in research activities and

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 47 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

The invisible light can easily pass through brick walls, buildings etc. Therefore, messages can be transmitted by means of it without the mediation of wires”. Obviously, Bose was hinting at the possibility of wireless or radio wave communication.

became a pioneer in the field of wireless waves. Scientific Research Married Life Along with the teaching work, at Presidency College Bose was engaged in some In 1887, at the age of 29, Bose married experiments with microwaves. In 1895, in a public Abala Devi. She was the daughter of the well- demonstration in Calcutta, Bose was able to ignite a known social reformer Durga Mohan Das, a friend of heap of gun powder and release a lever to ring a bell, Bhagawan Chandra. She was studying medicine in and also to trigger a pistol using microwaves. The Madras with a scholarship from Bengal waves traveled from the lecture room, through an Government. But she could not continue her studies intervening room and a passage to a third room 75 because of ill health. In the early days of his married feet away from the place of generation of the waves. life Bose had financial difficulties as he was not Thus the waves passed through three solid walls on accepting his salary. Yet “this marriage was very the way and through the body of the Lieutenant happy combination. The wife was a constant friend Governor, Sir William Mackenzie, who was present and companion of her husband”. In one of his books there as a guest of honour. About these waves Bose dedicated to his wife Bose wrote. “To my wife, who wrote: “The invisible light can easily pass through has stood by me in all my struggle”. brick walls, buildings etc. Therefore, messages can Soon after their marriage, Bose and Abala be transmitted by means of it without the mediation shifted to a rented house at Chandan Nagar on the of wires”. Obviously, Bose was hinting at the banks of Ganges, as desired by Durga Mohan. After possibility of wireless or radio wave about six months, they returned to Bose's parents at communication. Calcutta. During their stay at Chandan Nagar Bose Bose prepared his first scientific paper: used to help his wife in the management of all “On Polarisation of Electric Rays by Double- household affairs. Refracting Crystals” in May 1895. It was Repayment of Debts communicated to the Asiatic Society of Bengal. His second paper was communicated to the Royal The salary arrears for three years received Society of London by Lord Rayleigh in October by Bose as a lumpsum amount was immediately paid 1895. The third research publication of Bose to the creditors of his father. All ancestral properties appeared in December 1895 in the London journal, were also sold, though painfully, to repay the debt. 'The Electrician'. It was titled “On a New Electro- Still half of the debt remained. His mother gave him Polariscope”. whatever cash and ornaments were left with her. With that he could reduce the outstanding debt to The existence of electromagnetic waves one-fourth, which was cleared fully in six years time was predicted mathematically by the British by making repayments in installments. theoretical physicist James Clerk Maxwell. But he died in 1879 before his prediction was verified Relieved from the bondage of debts, experimentally. In 1888, the German physicist Bhagawan Chandra lived for one year more and his Heinrich Hertz showed experimentally the wife lived for another two years. They could live a existence of electromagnetic waves in free space. happy and peaceful life in the old age, with their son The Hertzian wave receivers or detectors were and daughter-in-law. named “coherer”.

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 48 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

It is generally believed that radio was invented by Marconi. But the fact is that radio waves were generated and detected by J.C. Bose at least one year before Marconi did it.

The 'coherer' made by Bose caught the mercury coherer invented by Bose to receive the attention of the scientific community. The journal radio signal in his first trans-Atlantic radio “The Electrician” made the following comment on communication in 1901. But Marconi didn't care to Bose's coherer. acknowledge this fact. J.C. Bose did pioneering work in the field of microwave devices. His “Should Professor Bose succeed in remarkable contributions were recognised by such perfecting and patenting his 'coherer', we may in great physicists as Lord Rayleigh and Lord Kelvin. time see the whole system of coast lighting Bose was the first to use microwaves to understand throughout the navigable world revolutionised by a the structure of materials. One of the devices he had Bengali scientist working single handed in our fabricated, now called the “Wave Guide” is of Presidency College Laboratory”. utmost importance in the transmission of It may be remembered that Bose had plan to electromagnetic waves and is an essential “perfect his coherer” but he never thought of component of several electronic equipments. patenting it. It is obvious that the news about the public demonstration by Bose in Calcutta Town Hall Research in Plant Physiology in 1895 reached the Western world. In 1897 Marconi Another remarkable contribution of J.C. performed a wireless signaling experiment on Bose to Science was in Plant Physiology. He Salisbury Plain in England. proposed a theory for the ascent of sap in plants. According to Bose, electrochemical pulsations in In 1896 Bose had met Marconi at London living cells were responsible for the ascent of sap in during a Lecture tour. Marconi was conducting plants. This theory questions the popular theory of wireless experiments for the British post office. In Dixon and Joly, known as the tension-cohesion an interview, Bose made it clear that he had no theory. interest in commercial telegraphy, and any one interested in that could freely make use of his To study the responses of plants to external research results. In 1899, Bose announced the stimuli he used one of the most sensitive instruments development of a “iron-mercury-iron coherer with invented by himself, the 'crescograph'. With the telephone detector” in a paper presented at the Royal help of this instrument he was able to show that Society, London. plants responded to various stimuli as if they had a nervous system similar to that of animals. He By now it must be clear that Bose's demonstrated this to a highly elite audience at the demonstration of remote wireless signaling has Royal Society Hall in London on May 10, 1901. priority over Marconi. Bose was the first to use a The hall was packed with eminent scientists. He semiconductor junction diode to detect radio waves. conducted a series of experiments to show that not About this N.F.Mott, Nobel Prize winner for his only plants but metals also have feelings. contributions to solid state electronics, remarked “ J.C. Bose was at least 60 years ahead of his time, One of the experiments was to show that a …… In fact, he had anticipated the existence of P- plant can be poisoned to death. The sensitive type and N-type semiconductors”. What a revealing instrument could record the pulse of plants. It was compliment! connected to a plant. The plant was picked up with its roots and dipped up to its stem into bromide It is generally believed that radio was solution (a poison) contained in a vessel. The plant's invented by Marconi. But the fact is that radio waves pulse beat which was recorded on a screen as a to- were generated and detected by J.C. Bose at least one and- fro motion of a spot, began to grow unsteady. year before Marconi did it. Marconi used the Then the spot vibrated violently and came to a

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 49 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

To study the responses of plants to external stimuli he used one of the most sensitive instruments invented by himself, the 'crescograph'.

sudden halt. “It was almost like a poisoned rat About ten years back, a group of scientists breathing heavily and jerking its legs and tail in its at the U.S. based Institute of Electrical and struggle against death. The plant had died because Electronic Engineers (IEEE) discovered evidence of the poison”. The Hall reverberated with to show that the credit for the invention of radio thunderous applause. But some physiologists were should go to J.C. Bose and not to Marconi. It was unhappy that a physicist was trying to intrude into their research into the origin and use of the solid- their field. state diode detector that led them to some missing links in the history of wireless. The findings were Bose continued his research. Plants can formally publicised at a conference in January 1998, feel like animals - he established. His experiments at Calcutta in a special volume brought out to mark showed that plants grow faster in pleasant music and the 100 years of solid state diode and 50 years of its growth retards in harsh sound and noise. He transistor. Thus after 100 years, Bose's rightful place claimed that plants can “feel pain and understand in the history of long-distance communication is affection”. restored. The IEEE'S effort should pave the way for A plant treated with care and affection world-wide recognition long due to this great son of gives out a different vibration compared to a plant India. subjected to torture. The critical attitude of the physiologists of the Royal Society turned into appreciation later, when his monograph, 'Response in the living and the Non-living' was published. His lecture which was withheld from publication earlier, was now published and widely circulated all over the world. By now J.C. Bose became a world famous scientist. Bose had authored a number of books and research papers based on his work and findings in English and Bengali. Some of them were translated into other European Languages. Bose wanted his countrymen, especially the youth to cultivate a scientific temper. It was to fulfill this dream that he founded the Bose Research Institute in Calcutta. He was honoured as a great scientist both in India and outside. He was the first Indian to be elected to the Royal Society (13 May,1920). Jagadish Chandra Bose passed away on November 23, 1937 at the age of 79. The great legacy that he left behind would be an inspiration for the present and the future generations.

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 50 Chapter-12 Science and its various Branches

INTRODUCTION categorized into different branches such as botany, Science is referred to as a system of genetics, zoology, medicine, etc. objective knowledge obtained through deep The mathematical science involves research. Science is applied in every field and every different branches such as arithmetic, algebra, aspect of life. With the help of scientific inventions geometry and calculus. The social science is related and techniques, we have got all the latest facilities to the study of human society past and present. It and high living standards. It's the science, with the covers various branches such as sociology, help of which human being has reached beyond the anthropology, political science, law and economics. space and stepped on the Moon and sent a spacecraft Following is the detailed information about some of to Mars. There are a number of branches of science, the the branches of Science. out of which earth science, physical science and life BRANCHES OF SCIENCE science are the major branches. These three are considered as pure sciences. Other branches of Aerodynamics: It is associated with the study of science such as engineering, technology are forces of air acting on objects in motion relative to associated with the practical as a result of scientific air. activity. Agronomy: It is a branch of agriculture that deals The physical science is associated with the with field crop production and soil management. It nature and behavior of energy and matter. Physics involves the scientific study of crop production and includes the study of time, light and gravity. its usage for food, feed, fiber and fuel. Chemistry deals with the properties, composition, Anatomy: It is a branch of biology, related to the structure and reactions of the matter. Astronomy study of structure and organization of living things. involves the study of the universe beyond the earth. It involves human anatomy, plant anatomy The earth science that involves the study of structure (phytotomy) and animal anatomy (zootomy). and composition of the earth includes different Angiology: It is the science that includes the study branches such as geology, oceanography, of blood and lymph vessels and their disorders. meteorology, paleontology, etc. Life science is also known as biology, which deals with the study of Anthropology: It involves the study of both past evolution, development, distribution, structure, and present human cultures. It is associated with origin and function of the living things. It is physical and social characteristics of humanity through the study of historical and present

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 62 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology geographical distribution, acculturation, cultural analysis of climatic changes and investigations of its history and cultural relationships. phenomena and causes. Archaeology: It is a subdiscipline of anthropology Cosmetology: It is the practice of beautifying the that involves the study of physical evidence of past face, skin and hair, using different cosmetics. human societies, recovered through excavation Cosmology: It is a branch of physical science that is Astronomy: It is the scientific study of celestial associated with the nature of universe, its origin and bodies such as stars, comets, planets and galaxies overall structure. and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's Craniology: This branch of science is related to the atmosphere such as the cosmic background study of physical characteristics of the skulls of radiation. different human races. Astrophysics: It is a branch of astronomy that is Cryogenics: A scientific study that deals with the associated with the physics of celestial bodies production, control, application and uses of very (galaxies, stars and interstellar medium). low temperature. Atomic Physics: It is a field of physics that is Cryptography: It is the science of protecting the associated with the study of internal structure of information by transforming it into an unreadable, atomic nuclei as an isolated system of electrons. It unintelligible, enciphered format with the use of a mainly involves the study of arrangement of key and an algorithm. electrons around the nucleus. Cytology: It is a branch of biological science that is Bacteriology: It is a branch of microbiology, which associated with the study of structure, origin, involves the scientific study of bacteria in relation to function and pathology of cells. disease as well as agriculture. Dactylography: It is the science of using the Biochemistry: It deals with the study of chemical fingerprints for the purpose of identification. substances and vital processes that take place in living organisms. It primarily focuses on the Dermatology: It is a branch of medicine that deals structure, function and role of biomolecules. It with the skin disorders such as moles, skin cancers, includes the study of organic chemistry of contact dermatitis, psoriasis and other skin compounds and processes occurring in organisms. conditions, related to other diseases. It also includes the disorders of hair, nails, mouth and external Biology: It is also known as biological science, genitalia. which includes the scientific study of life. It involves the study of structure, origin, growth, Ecology: It includes the study of interrelationships evolution, function and distribution of living things. between living organisms and their environment. Biotechnology: It is associated with the industrial Endocrinology: It is a branch of medical science application of living organisms and/or biological that is associated with the study of function and techniques developed through basic research. pathology of endocrine glands. Biotechnology is applied for producing the Entomology: It is a branch of science that includes pharmaceutical compounds and research materials. the study of insects in their relations to forests and It is mainly applied in genetic engineering and forest products. recombinant DNA technology. Epidemiology: It includes the study of cause and Cardiology: It deals with study, diagnosis and distribution of diseases in human population. treatment of various disorders of heart and major Ethnology: It involves the study of mental and blood vessels. physical differences of mankind. Climatology: It involves the study of climatic data,

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 63 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

Etiology: It is the study of causes or origins of irrigation, sitz baths and hot or/and cold compresses. disease/abnormal condition. Hydrology: It deals with distribution, occurrence, Etymology: It includes the study of history of words properties, chemistry and circulation of water on the and their meanings. earth. It includes the study of streams, rivers, lakes, Evolution: It is the sequence of changes involved in etc. evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic Ichthyology: It is the study of fish. group of organisms. Iconography: It is a system of using images, Exbiology: It is a branch of science that deals with symbolic pictures, or figures to represent a theme or life or possibilities of life present beyond the earth. structure. Floriculture: It is a discipline of horticulture, Immunology: It deals with the study of diseases and related with the cultivation of flowering and body's immune system and its functions. ornamental plants for the gardens and floristry, Lexicography: It is the science of compiling, including the floral industry. writing and editing the dictionaries. It is done on the Genetics: It is a branch of biology that focuses on basis of study of meaning, form and behavior of the the heredity and variation of organisms as well as the words in a given language. patterns of inheritance of specific traits. Mammalogy: It is a branch of zoology that includes Gemology: It is the science and art of identifying, the study of mammals. grading, evaluating and marketing the gemstones. Mammography: It is a special examination breast Gerontology: It deals with the scientific study of using an X-ray. It is one of the most effective psychological, biological and sociological methods for an early detection of breast cancer. phenomena related to aging and old age. Metallurgy: It is the science of extracting the metals Gynecology: It is a discipline of medicine that is from their ores. It also involves purifying the metals concerned with disorders of women, particularly and casting useful items from them. reproductive and sexual function and diseases of Meteorology: This branch of science involves the reproductive organs. study of chemistry, physics and dynamics of Heliology: It deals with the study of the Sun. atmosphere and its direct effects on the earth's Hematology It is a branch of medical science that surface, oceans and life on the earth. includes the study of function and disease of blood Microbiology: It is a branch of biology that is as well as diagnosis and treatment of disorders of concerned with the study of structure and function blood, lymph glands and spleen. of microorganisms, including bacteria, moulds and Hepatology: This branch of medical science pathogenic protozoa. incorporates the study of functions and disorders of Mineralogy: It is a scientific discipline that includes liver as well as biliary tree, gallbladder and the study of chemical composition, physical pancreas. properties, internal crystal structure, origin, Histology: It includes the study of structure and occurrence and distribution in nature of different behavior of cells and body tissues, using minerals. microscopic examination of tissue slices. Morphology: It is the science of structure and form Hydrotherapy: It is the science of treating a disease of organisms, including animals, plants and other using hot or cold water, internally or externally to forms of life, with special emphasis on external maintain and restore health. This treatment involves features. full body immersion, saunas, steam baths, colonic Mycology: It is a branch of botany that includes the

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 64 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology study of fungi and fungal infection. It involves the behavioral processes. study of fungi, their taxonomy, their biochemical and Radiology: It is a medical discipline that focuses on genetic properties and their use to humans as a using radiation and other radioactive substances to source for food, medicine and tinder. diagnose and treat various diseases. Myology: This science includes the study of Seismology: It is a scientific investigation of structure and function of muscles and muscle tissues. earthquakes as well as structure of the earth, based Nephrology: It is a discipline of medical science that on the study of seismic waves. focuses on diagnosis and treatment of various kidney Serpentology: It is a branch of zoology, which deals disorders, including fluid and mineral balance. with the study of snakes. Neurology: It is related to the structure, functioning Taxonomy: It is the science of classifying all the and disorders of nervous system including the brain, living things by arranging them in groups according spinal cord, as well as related muscles, nerves and to their relationships with each other. blood supplies. Thermodynamics: It is a branch of physics which Oceanography: It is the study of chemistry, physics, deals with general properties of energy and matter. It geology and biology of oceans in the world. includes the study of amount of work, heat and other Odontology: It is associated with the scientific study energy related to chemical reactions. of anatomy, development and diseases of teeth. Virology: It is a discipline of microbiology or Oneirology: It is a scientific study of dreams and pathology, which includes the study of evolution, their contents. structure, classification and pathogenesis of viruses. Ophthalmology: It is a branch of medical science that includes the study of structure, function and diseases of the eyes, such as conjunctivitis, cataracts, glaucoma, etc. Ornithology: It is a branch of zoology that includes the study of birds. Osteology: It is a branch of anatomy, which involves the scientific study of structure, functions and pathology of bones. Phycology: It is a branch of botany that includes the scientific study of algae. It is also known as algology. Physiology: This branch of biology deals with the study of physical, biochemical and mechanical functions and activities of living organisms. Physiography: It is the study of natural features of earth's surface and its natural phenomena such as climate, currents, land formation and distribution of flora and fauna. Pomology: It is a branch of science that includes the study of fruits and cultivation of fruits. Psychology: It is the scientific study of mental and

Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 65 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

Jnana Prabhodhini Educational Resource Centre. Research Lab Jnana Vijnana Pratibha Pariksha 08-09 (Prathama) Prathama Pariksha Group - A th th (Std. 5 & 6 ) r Date : 5th October 2008 eMarks : 150 Time : 2 Hours p Instructions: 1. All questions are compulsory. No negative marking. a 2. For each question, please darken the appropriate circle from the answer sheet provided to you separately. 3. Please use black color pen / pencil to darken the circle. Do not leave halfP shaded circle. 4. Please do not write anything on the question paper. 5. Please ask all your queries to the supervisor / JVPP co-ordinatorn before you begin. 1) Which was India's first Supercomputer? io A) PARAM PADMA B) PARAMt 8000 C) PARAM 10000 D) PARAMs 9000 2) Which university used to attract studentse from other countries such as Korea, Mangolia, Japan, Tibet, etc. to study?u A) Ujjaini B) Kanchi C) Nalanda QD) Mithila l 3) ______was ane ancient Indian scientist to give the value of Pi for the first time. A) Patanjalid B) Sushrut C) Aaryabhattao D) Kanada 4) ‘Lilavati' is a part of Bhaskara's book ______. MA) Sushrut Samhita B) Charak Samhita C) Siddhanta Shiromani D) Aaryabhatiya

5) From early times which tree was used to make the medicine for Malaria? A) Camdi B) Chapha C) Chinchoka D) Jackfruit

JVPP/GP-D/2009-10 website : www.jvpp.in, Email : [email protected] Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 80 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

6) Dry Ice is a form of ______. A) Carbon Dioxide B) Hydrogen C) Oxygen D) Nitrogen

7) Bending of bones of the legs is caused by deficiency of vitamin ______. A) A B) C C) D D) B 8) Compare & identify the smallest number from given set r A) 5×2+1-2 B) 0×5+1 e C) 10÷2-2 D) 37473 ap 9) Which is the smallest number? A) 10 B) 0.001 P C) 0.0001 D) 0.1 n 10) The cost of 1 dozen of note books is Rs.96. Govindio has Rs. 200. How many note books can he purchase from the available money?t A) 12 B) 18 s C) 14 D) 25 e 11) Write the next three numbers in theu given series. 1,3,9,…, …, … A) 15,81,324 QB) 27,81,243 C) 13,25,30 l D) 36,39,42 12) Heavy : Light :: Frigid:e A) Cold d B) Temperature C) Boilingo D) Hot 13) Where was A. P. J. Abdul Kalam born? A) MChennai B) Madurai C) Rameshwaram D) Kanyakumari

14) The condition in which the diet is neither balanced nor sufficient, is called as A) Malnutrition B) Disease C) Illness D) Digestion

JVPP/GP-D/2009-10 website : www.jvpp.in, Email : [email protected] Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 81 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

Jnana Prabhodhini Educational Resource Centre. Research Lab Jnana Vijnana Pratibha Pariksha 08-09 (Prathama) Prathama Pariksha Group - B th th (Std. 7 & 8 ) r Date : 5th October 2008 eMarks : 150 Time : 2 Hours p Instructions: 1. All questions are compulsory. No negative marking. a 2. For each question, please darken the appropriate circle from the answer sheet provided to you separately. 3. Please use black color pen / pencil to darken the circle. Do not leave halfP shaded circle. 4. Please do not write anything on the question paper. 5. Please ask all your queries to the supervisor / JVPP co-ordinator before you begin. 6. Check to make sure that you have received the appropriate Questionn Book for your std./group/medium/etc. io 1) In which year did Wright brothers inventt the aeroplane? A) 1801 B)s 1950 C) 1903 eD) 1947 2) Where is the 'Central Fuel Researchu Institute' situated? A) Lucknow Q B) Delhi C) Jilgora l D) Cuttack 3) In which city is e'Central Rice Research Institute' situated? A) Dhanabadd B) Kolkata C) Puneo D) Katak 4) Which of the following was invented by Jagdish Chandra Bose? MA) Radio waves B) Boson Particles C) Artificial Genes D) Raman effect

5) Which of the following Indian scientists was honoured with the Nobel Prize? A) S. Chandrashekhar B) Hargovind Khurana C) C. V. Raman D) All of these

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6) Which nation used the decimal system first? A) India B) America C) England D) Japan

7) Which science is Bhaskaracharya's Leelavati related to? A) Astrology B) Mathematics C) Music D) Physics 8) What does 'Genetics' study in? r A) Sound B) Heredity e C) Metals D) Human mind ap 9) Who proposed 'Bramhasutra Siddhanta' for stars and planets? A) Aryabhatta B) Bramhagupta P C) Varahamihir D) Patanjali n 10) Why does a ball thrown parallel to the ground icomeo down? A) Because of its weight B) Because oft the gravity of earth C) Because of air pressure D) Nonee ofs these 11) How much work is required to produce 1 calorie of heat? A) 4.02 Joules B) u4.2 Joules C) 0.42 Joules QD) 420 Joules 12) Who was an expert in lthe treatment of 'Cataract'? A) Varahmihir e B) Kapil C) Bharadwajod D) Sushrut 13) Who wrote the book 'Ganit Kaumudi'? A) Ramanujan B) Bhaskaracharya C) MAryabhatta D) Narayan Guru

14) Who wrote 'Shashthitantra'? A) Maharshi Vyas B) Maharshi Kapil C) Bharadwaj D) Aryabhatta

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Jnana Prabhodhini Educational Resource Centre. Research Lab Jnana Vijnana Pratibha Pariksha 08-09 (Prathama) Prathama Pariksha Group - C th th (Std. 9 & 10 ) r Date : 5th October 2008 eMarks : 150 Time : 2 Hours p Instructions: 1. All questions are compulsory. No negative marking. a 2. For each question, please darken the appropriate circle from the answer sheet provided to you separately. 3. Please use black color pen / pencil to darken the circle. Do not leave halfP shaded circle. 4. Please do not write anything on the question paper. 5. Please ask all your queries to the supervisor / JVPP co-ordinator before you begin. 6. Check to make sure that you have received the appropriate Questionn Book for your std./group/medium/etc. io 1) Who stated the 'Theory of Relativity'? t A) Thomas Edison B)s Albert Einstein C) Jonas Salk eD) Pascal 2) Who invented the motor car? u A) Carl Benz Q B) James Watt C) Edwin Habam l D) Charlse Babage 3) What is the namee of first Indian test tube baby? A) Durga d B) Laxmi C) Latao D) Mukta 4) Which of the following Institutions constructed India's first super computer 'ParamaM 8000'? A) ISRO B) C-DAC C) C-DOT D) NCL

5) What is called as the 'King of Chemicals'? A) Sulphuric acid B) Hydrochloric Acid C) Red Phosphorous D) None of these JVPP/GP-D/2009-10 website : www.jvpp.in, Email : [email protected] Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 84 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

6) Who was an expert in the treatment of 'Cataract'? A) Varahmihir B) Kapil C) Bharadwaj D) Sushrut

7) Who discussed the 'Theory of expansion of universe' first? A) Maharshi Vyas B) Maharshi Kapil C) Maharshi Kanads D) Maharshi Valmik 8) Who claimed first that solar ecclipse and ecclipse are the effects of shadowsr of earth and the moon? e A) Aryabhatta B) Bhaskaracharya p C) Kopernicus D) Aristotle a 9) Who wrote the book 'Ganit Kaumudi'? P A) Ramanujan B) Bhaskaracharyan C) Aryabhatta D) Narayani Guruo 10) Who wrote 'Shashthitantra'? t A) Maharshi Vyas B) Maharshis Kapil C) Bharadwaj D)e Aryabhatta 11) Which scientist was the chairmanu of 'National almanac committee' ? A) Shishir Kumar Mishra Q B) C. V. Raman C) Meghnad Saha l D) Vikram Sarabhai 12) Where is the 'Nationale Geo Physical Research Institute' situated? A) Chennai d B) Delhi C) Hyderabado D) Jaipur 13) Where is the 'Indian Institute of Horticulture Research' situated? A) MHyderabad B) Bangalore C) Lucknow D) Ranchi

14) Which machine in an aeroplane measures the height? A) Radar B) Altimeter C) Cresograph D) None of these

JVPP/GP-D/2009-10 website : www.jvpp.in, Email : [email protected] Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 85 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

Jnana Prabhodhini Educational Resource Centre. Research Lab Jnana Vijnana Pratibha Pariksha 08-09 (Prathama) Prathama Pariksha Group - D th th (Std. 11 & 12 ) r Date : 5th October 2008 eMarks : 150 Time : 2 Hours p Instructions: 1. All questions are compulsory. No negative marking. a 2. For each question, please darken the appropriate circle from the answer sheet provided to you separately. 3. Please use black color pen / pencil to darken the circle. Do not leave halfP shaded circle. 4. Please do not write anything on the question paper. 5. Please ask all your queries to the supervisor / JVPP co-ordinator before you begin. 6. Check to make sure that you have received the appropriate Questionn Book for your std./group/medium/etc. o 1) Who wrote 'Siddhanta Shiromani'? ti A) Charak B) Dhanvantaris C) Aryabhatta D) Bhaskaracharyae 2) What do the names 'Trishul' , u'Prithvi' and 'Agni' stand for? A) Tanks B) Missiles C) Rifle QD) Fighter planes l 3) Which of the followinge missiles has the range of 2500 kilometers? A) Prithvi d B) Agni 2 C) Akasho D) Agni 1 4) Which of the following is a super sonic missile of India? MA) Pinac B) Dhanushya C) Bramhos D) Trishul

5) In which mountain range did Homi J. Bhabha meet with a plane crash? A) Himalaya B) Hindukush C) Alps D) Ben Navice

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6) Where was Hargovind Khurana born? A) Bhopal B) Raipur C) Mumbai D) Kolkata

7) In which year was M.G.K.Menon given the title 'Padma Bhushan'? A) 1960 B) 1966 C) 1967 D) 1968 8) On which subject was Panchanan Maheshwari researching? r A) Zoology B) Physics e C) Botany D) All of these p a 9) In which year was Vikram Sarabhai born? A) 1897 B) 1908 P C) 1911 D) 1919 n 10) Who can be called as the 'Father of India's Telecommunicationio Revolution'? A) A P J Abdul Kalam B) R Chidambaramt C) Vijay Bhatkar D) Sam Pitrodas 11) Light reaction of photosynthesis occurse in ______. A) Granum B)u Plasma lemma C) Stroma QD) Stroma lamella 12) Which Law of Physicsl says that if a current carrying wire produces a force on a magnet, the magnet muste produce a force on a current carrying wire? A) Ostwald’sd Law B) Newton’s Third Law of Motion C) Lenz’os Law D) Fleming’s Left Hand Rule 13) In a group of 15, 7 have studied Latin, 8 have studied Greek and 3 have not studiedM either. How many of these studied both Latin and Greek? A) 0 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5

14) If surface area of sphere is 616cm2 then radius is- A) 9 cm B) 4 cm C) 7 cm D) 8

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Jnana Vijnana Pratibha Pariksha 09-10 (Prathama) Name (In English Capital Letters Only) Answer Sheet R A K E S H K U M A R P R A V I N K U M A R S H A R M A

School Name (In English Capital Letters Only) R A M K R I S H N A M I S S I O N M A T R I C U L A T I O N H I G H E R S E C O N D A R Y S C H O O L C H E N N A I

Roll No. 1 A B C D 31 A B C D 71 A B C D 111 A B C D 32 72 112 p 2 u ro 33 73 113 G 5 1 0 3 4 3 34 74 114 A 1 1 4 35 75 115 B 2 2 5 36 76 116 C 3 3 37 77 117 6 D 4 4 38 78 118 E 5 5 7 39 79 119 40 80 120 6 6 6 6 6 8 41 81 121 7 7 7 7 7 9 42 82 122 8 8 8 8 8 10 43 83 123 9 9 9 9 9 11 44 84 124 0 0 0 0 0 45 85 125 12 46 86 126 Date 13 47 87 127 14 48 88 128 0D 9D 1M M2 Y0 Y9 49 89 129 15 50 90 130 16 51 91 131 52 92 132 School ID 17 53 93 133 10 00 00 31 18 54 94 134 19 55 95 135 56 96 136 20 Candidate Sign. 57 97 137 21 58 98 138 22 59 99 139 60 100 140 23 61 101 141 Invigilator's Sign. 24 62 102 142 Or Exam Head 25 63 103 143 64 104 144 26 65 105 145 27 66 106 146 Mark Obtain 28 67 107 147 68 108 148 29 69 109 149 30 A B C D 70 A B C D 110 A B C D 150 A B C D (PTO) Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 88 Glimpses of Indian contributions to science & technology

Jnana Prabhodhini Educational Resource Centre. Research Lab

Name (In English Capital Letters Only) : RAKESHKUMAR PRAVINKUMAR SHARMA School Name : RAMAKRISHNA MISSION MATRICULATION HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL, CHENNAI

School ID: 1 0 0 3 Medium up Exam: E N G L I S H

Std. 5th Group D Residential Address : 1/B, Ramkuthi, S. P. Road, Mathur Square

City Chennai State Karnataka Pin : 4 4 2 9 0 2

Phone 0 2 0 2 4 4 7 2 9 5 Mobile 9 8 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5

Email ID [email protected]

Correct Wrong Way to Darken Way to Darken this circle this circle X

(PTO) Team JVPP, Vijnana Bharati 89