Authentication, Access Control and Intrusion Detection
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Ransomware Facts and Tips
RANSOMWARE FACTS & TIPS As technology evolves, the prevalence of ransomware attacks is growing among businesses and consumers alike. It’s important for digital citizens to be vigilant about basic digital hygiene in an increasingly connected world. WHAT IS RANSOMWARE? Ransomware is a type of malware that accesses a victim’s files, locks and encrypts them and then demands the victim to pay a ransom to get them back. Cybercriminals use these attacks to try to get users to click on attachments or links that appear legitimate but actually contain malicious code. Ransomware is like the “digital kidnapping” of valuable data – from personal photos and memories to client information, financial records and intellectual property. Any individual or organization could be a potential ransomware target. WHAT CAN YOU DO? We can all help protect ourselves – and our organizations – against ransomware and other malicious attacks by following these STOP. THINK. CONNECT. tips: • Keep all machines clean: Keep the software on all Internet-connected devices up to date. All critical software, including computer and mobile operating systems, security software and other frequently used programs and apps, should be running the most current versions. • Get two steps ahead: Turn on two-step authentication – also known as two-step verification or multi-factor authentication – on accounts where available. Two-factor authentication can use anything from a text message to your phone to a token to a biometric like your fingerprint to provide enhanced account security. • Back it up: Protect your valuable work, music, photos and other digital information by regularly making an electronic copy and storing it safely. -
Access Control
Security Engineering: A Guide to Building Dependable Distributed Systems CHAPTER 4 Access Control Going all the way back to early time-sharing systems, we systems people regarded the users, and any code they wrote, as the mortal enemies of us and each other. We were like the police force in a violent slum. —ROGER NEEDHAM Microsoft could have incorporated effective security measures as standard, but good sense prevailed. Security systems have a nasty habit of backfiring, and there is no doubt they would cause enormous problems. —RICK MAYBURY 4.1 Introduction Access control is the traditional center of gravity of computer security. It is where se- curity engineering meets computer science. Its function is to control which principals (persons, processes, machines, . .) have access to which resources in the sys- tem—which files they can read, which programs they can execute, how they share data with other principals, and so on. NOTE This chapter necessarily assumes more computer science background than previous chapters, but I try to keep it to a minimum. 51 Chapter 4: Access Controls Figure 4.1 Access controls at different levels in a system. Access control works at a number of levels, as shown in Figure 4.1, and described in the following: 1. The access control mechanisms, which the user sees at the application level, may express a very rich and complex security policy. A modern online busi- ness could assign staff to one of dozens of different roles, each of which could initiate some subset of several hundred possible transactions in the system. Some of these (such as credit card transactions with customers) might require online authorization from a third party while others (such as refunds) might require dual control. -
Using Certificate-Based Authentication for Access Control
GLOBALSIGN WHITE PAPER Using Certificate‐based Authentication for Access Control GLOBALSIGN WHITE PAPER John Harris for GlobalSign GLOBALSIGN WHITE PAPER CONTENTS Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................2 Finding The Right Path ...................................................................................................................................................2 Certicate‐based Network Authentication ......................................................................................................................3 What Is It? ................................................................................................................................................................. 3 How Does It All Work? .............................................................................................................................................. 4 What Can Users Expect? ........................................................................................................................................... 4 How Does It Stack Up To Other Authentication Methods? ....................................................................................... 4 Other Authentication Methods ................................................................................................................................. 5 Comparing Authentication Methods ........................................................................................................................ -
The Order of Encryption and Authentication for Protecting Communications (Or: How Secure Is SSL?)?
The Order of Encryption and Authentication for Protecting Communications (Or: How Secure is SSL?)? Hugo Krawczyk?? Abstract. We study the question of how to generically compose sym- metric encryption and authentication when building \secure channels" for the protection of communications over insecure networks. We show that any secure channels protocol designed to work with any combina- tion of secure encryption (against chosen plaintext attacks) and secure MAC must use the encrypt-then-authenticate method. We demonstrate this by showing that the other common methods of composing encryp- tion and authentication, including the authenticate-then-encrypt method used in SSL, are not generically secure. We show an example of an en- cryption function that provides (Shannon's) perfect secrecy but when combined with any MAC function under the authenticate-then-encrypt method yields a totally insecure protocol (for example, ¯nding passwords or credit card numbers transmitted under the protection of such protocol becomes an easy task for an active attacker). The same applies to the encrypt-and-authenticate method used in SSH. On the positive side we show that the authenticate-then-encrypt method is secure if the encryption method in use is either CBC mode (with an underlying secure block cipher) or a stream cipher (that xor the data with a random or pseudorandom pad). Thus, while we show the generic security of SSL to be broken, the current practical implementations of the protocol that use the above modes of encryption are safe. 1 Introduction The most widespread application of cryptography in the Internet these days is for implementing a secure channel between two end points and then exchanging information over that channel. -
Security, Encryption, and Certificates FAQ
Security, Encryption, and Certificates FAQ Overview In Security Center 5.4, several new capabilities will be added that further strengthen the security of the platform itself, as well as the privacy of data. The aim is to prevent unauthorized access to stored and transmitted messages and data, as well as prevent attacks through the use of stronger encryption and authentication mechanisms. With growing demand for privacy, new capabilities in Security Center 5.4 will strengthen Genetec’s position and overall value proposition. This FAQ addresses some of the most common questions in relation to the new capabilities of Security Center: Encryption, Authentication, and Digital Certificates. These concepts are first described in generic terms; the FAQ then outlines how these new measures are used within Security Center 5.4. Encryption vs. Authentication vs. Authorization What is the difference between encryption, authentication, and authorization? Encryption is used to encrypt data so that only authorized users can see it. Authentication determines whether an entity is who they claim to be, eg. in the case of an individual, it is usually based on a username/password combination. Authentication does not actually say anything about what someone is authorized to do or has the right to do. o Client-side authentication uses username/password combinations, tokens (dual authentication), and other techniques. o Server-side authentication uses certificates to identify trusted third parties. Authorization is the function of specifying the rights, eg. defining the access rights someone has over a set of recourses such as a private data, computing resources, or an application. When users log into a Security Center system, what they are allowed or authorized to do depends on the set of privileges assigned to them by administrators. -
Access Control
Access Control CSE497b - Spring 2007 Introduction Computer and Network Security Professor Jaeger www.cse.psu.edu/~tjaeger/cse497b-s07/ CSE497b Introduction to Computer and Network Security - Spring 2007 - Professor Jaeger Access Control • Describe the permissions available to computing processes – Originally, all permissions were available • Clearly, some controls are necessary – Prevent bugs in one process from breaking another • But, what should determine access? CSE497b Introduction to Computer and Network Security - Spring 2007 - Professor Jaeger Page 2 Permissions for Processes • What permissions should be granted to... – An editor process? – An editor process that you run? – An editor process that someone else runs? – An editor process that contains malware? – An editor process used to edit a password file? • Q: How do we determine/describe the permissions available to processes? • Q: How are they enforced? • Q: How might they change over time? CSE497b Introduction to Computer and Network Security - Spring 2007 - Professor Jaeger Page 3 Protection System • Any “system” that provides resources to multiple subjects needs to control access among them – Operating system – Servers • Consists of: – Protection state • Description of permission assignments (i.e., policy) • Determines how security goals are met – Enforcement mechanism • Enforce protection state on “system” CSE497b Introduction to Computer and Network Security - Spring 2007 - Professor Jaeger Page 4 Protection State • Describes the conditions under which the system is secure -
Security in Ordinary Operating Systems
39 C H A P T E R 4 Security in Ordinary Operating Systems In considering the requirements of a secure operating system,it is worth considering how far ordinary operating systems are from achieving these requirements. In this chapter, we examine the UNIX and Windows operating systems and show why they are fundamentally not secure operating systems. We first examine the history these systems, briefly describe their protection systems, then we show, using the requirements of a secure operating system defined in Chapter 2, why ordinary operating systems are inherently insecure. Finally, we examine common vulnerabilities in these systems to show the need for secure operating systems and the types of threats that they will have to overcome. 4.1 SYSTEM HISTORIES 4.1.1 UNIX HISTORY UNIX is a multiuser operating system developed by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson at AT&T Bell Labs [266]. UNIX started as a small project to build an operating system to play a game on an available PDP-7 computer. However, UNIX grew over the next 10 to 15 years into a system with considerable mindshare, such that a variety of commercial UNIX efforts were launched. The lack of coherence in these efforts may have limited the market penetration of UNIX, but many vendors, even Microsoft, had their own versions. UNIX remains a significant operating system today, embodied in many systems, such as Linux, Sun Solaris, IBM AIX, the various BSD systems, etc. Recall from Chapter 3 that Bell Labs was a member of the Multics consortium. However, Bell Labs dropped out of the Multics project in 1969, primarily due to delays in the project. -
Biometrics Authentication Technique for Intrusion Detection Systems Using Fingerprint Recognition
International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJCSEIT), Vol.2, No.1, February 2012 BIOMETRICS AUTHENTICATION TECHNIQUE FOR INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEMS USING FINGERPRINT RECOGNITION 1 2 3 Smita S. Mudholkar , Pradnya M. Shende , Milind V. Sarode 1, 2& 3 Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Amravati University, India [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT Identifying attackers is a major apprehension to both organizations and governments. Recently, the most used applications for prevention or detection of attacks are intrusion detection systems. Biometrics technology is simply the measurement and use of the unique characteristics of living humans to distinguish them from one another and it is more useful as compare to passwords and tokens as they can be lost or stolen so we have choose the technique biometric authentication. The biometric authentication provides the ability to require more instances of authentication in such a quick and easy manner that users are not bothered by the additional requirements. In this paper, we have given a brief introduction about biometrics. Then we have given the information regarding the intrusion detection system and finally we have proposed a method which is based on fingerprint recognition which would allow us to detect more efficiently any abuse of the computer system that is running. KEYWORDS Intrusion detection, keystroke, Biometrics, Mouse dynamics, Authentication 1. INTRODUCTION Biometric recognition forms a strong bond between a person and his identity as biometric traits cannot be easily shared, lost, or duplicated. Hence, biometric recognition is fundamentally superior and more resistant to social engineering attacks than the two conservative methods of recognition, namely, passwords and tokens. -
Authorization: Intrusion Detection Prof
CS 166: Information Security Authorization: Intrusion Detection Prof. Tom Austin San José State University Prevention vs. Detection • Most systems we've discussed focus on keeping the bad guys out. • Intrusion prevention is a traditional focus of computer security: – Authentication – Firewalls – Virus Intrusion Detection • Despite defenses, bad guys will sometimes get in. • Intrusion detection systems (IDS) –Detect attacks in progress –Look for unusual/suspicious activity • IDS evolved from log file analysis Who is a likely intruder? An intruder might be an outsider who got through your firewall… …or an angry insider. What do intruders do? • Launch attacks that are –well-known –slight variations on known attacks –previously unseen • “Borrow” system resources –perhaps to attack another system IDS • Intrusion detection architectures –Host-based IDS –Network-based IDS • Intrusion detection approaches –Signature-based IDS –Anomaly-based IDS Host-Based IDS • Monitor activities on hosts for –Known attacks –Suspicious behavior • Designed to detect attacks such as –Buffer overflow –Escalation of privilege, … • Little or no view of network activities Network-Based IDS • Monitor activity on the network for… –Known attacks –Suspicious network activity • Designed to detect attacks such as –Denial of service –Network probes –Malformed packets, etc. • Some overlap with firewall • Little or no view of host-based attacks Signature detection Signature detection looks for known attack patterns • Low false positives • Unable to handle unknown attack patterns -
General Access Control Guidance for Cloud Systems
NIST Special Publication 800-210 General Access Control Guidance for Cloud Systems Vincent C. Hu Michaela Iorga Wei Bao Ang Li Qinghua Li Antonios Gouglidis This publication is available free of charge from: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-210 C O M P U T E R S E C U R I T Y NIST Special Publication 800-210 General Access Control Guidance for Cloud Systems Vincent C. Hu Michaela Iorga Computer Security Division Information Technology Laboratory Wei Bao Ang Li Qinghua Li Department of Computer Science and Computer Engineering University of Arkansas Fayetteville, AR Antonios Gouglidis School of Computing and Communications Lancaster University Lancaster, United Kingdom This publication is available free of charge from: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-210 July 2020 U.S. Department of Commerce Wilbur L. Ross, Jr., Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology Walter Copan, NIST Director and Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology Authority This publication has been developed by NIST in accordance with its statutory responsibilities under the Federal Information Security Modernization Act (FISMA) of 2014, 44 U.S.C. § 3551 et seq., Public Law (P.L.) 113-283. NIST is responsible for developing information security standards and guidelines, including minimum requirements for federal information systems, but such standards and guidelines shall not apply to national security systems without the express approval of appropriate federal officials exercising policy authority over such systems. This guideline is consistent with the requirements of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-130. Nothing in this publication should be taken to contradict the standards and guidelines made mandatory and binding on federal agencies by the Secretary of Commerce under statutory authority. -
FACILITY ACCESS CONTROL an Interagency Security Committee Best Practice
FACILITY ACCESS CONTROL An Interagency Security Committee Best Practice 2020 Edition U.S. Department of Homeland Security Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Interagency Security Committee Message from the Chief One of the priorities of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is the protection of federal employees and private citizens who work within and visit federally owned or leased facilities. The Interagency Security Committee (ISC), chaired by DHS, consists of 64 executive-level departments and agencies and has a mission to develop security policies, standards, and recommendations for nonmilitary federal facilities in the United States. As Chief of the ISC, I am pleased to introduce the ISC document titled Facility Access Control: An Interagency Security Committee Best Practice. At a recent ISC Strategic Summit, members identified facility access control as their number-one subject area. Based on their request, the ISC formed a working group on facility access control, resulting in the development of this document. This ISC document provides guidance on addressing facility access control throughout the full access control process, from employee and visitor entry, through security screening, to the first point of authentication into nonpublic space. This guide represents exemplary collaboration within the ISC Facility Access Control Working Group and across the entire ISC. Daryle Hernandez Chief, Interagency Security Committee Facility Access Control: 1 An ISC Best Practice Table of Contents Message from the Chief ................................................................................................................................... -
Operating Systems & Virtualisation Security Knowledge Area
Operating Systems & Virtualisation Security Knowledge Area Issue 1.0 Herbert Bos Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam EDITOR Andrew Martin Oxford University REVIEWERS Chris Dalton Hewlett Packard David Lie University of Toronto Gernot Heiser University of New South Wales Mathias Payer École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne The Cyber Security Body Of Knowledge www.cybok.org COPYRIGHT © Crown Copyright, The National Cyber Security Centre 2019. This information is licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. To view this licence, visit: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/ When you use this information under the Open Government Licence, you should include the following attribution: CyBOK © Crown Copyright, The National Cyber Security Centre 2018, li- censed under the Open Government Licence: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open- government-licence/. The CyBOK project would like to understand how the CyBOK is being used and its uptake. The project would like organisations using, or intending to use, CyBOK for the purposes of education, training, course development, professional development etc. to contact it at con- [email protected] to let the project know how they are using CyBOK. Issue 1.0 is a stable public release of the Operating Systems & Virtualisation Security Knowl- edge Area. However, it should be noted that a fully-collated CyBOK document which includes all of the Knowledge Areas is anticipated to be released by the end of July 2019. This will likely include updated page layout and formatting of the individual Knowledge Areas KA Operating Systems & Virtualisation Security j October 2019 Page 1 The Cyber Security Body Of Knowledge www.cybok.org INTRODUCTION In this Knowledge Area, we introduce the principles, primitives and practices for ensuring se- curity at the operating system and hypervisor levels.