IndependenceIndependence in in Latin , America, 18001800––18301830 CausesCauses ofof LatinLatin AmericanAmerican RevolutionsRevolutions

1. Enlightenment Ideas  writings of John Locke, Voltaire, & Jean Rousseau; Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine.

2. Creole discontent at being left out of government jobs and trade concessions.

3. Inspiration of American and French Revolutions.

4. Preoccupation of & in fighting the . NapoleonNapoleon onon thethe MarchMarch

ProvidesProvides aa modelmodel && aa diversion!diversion! LatinLatin AmericanAmerican Revolutions!Revolutions! ReasonsReasons for for Nationalist Nationalist Movements Movements

 LatinLatin AmericansAmericans resentedresented restrictionsrestrictions thatthat forbadeforbade themthem toto tradetrade withwith countriescountries otherother thanthan Spain.Spain.

 LatinLatin AmericansAmericans resentedresented restrictionsrestrictions thatthat preventedprevented themthem fromfrom manufacturingmanufacturing theirtheir ownown goods.goods.

 TheThe AmericanAmerican andand FrenchFrench RevolutionsRevolutions encouragedencouraged freedomfreedom andand selfself--rule.rule.  WealthyWealthy colonialcolonial residentsresidents ofof LatinLatin AmericaAmerica werewere frustratedfrustrated byby thethe politicalpolitical andand economiceconomic powerpower ofof colonialcolonial officialsofficials andand angeredangered byby highhigh taxestaxes andand imperialimperial monopolies.monopolies.  TheyThey werewere inspiredinspired byby thethe EnlightenmentEnlightenment thinkersthinkers andand byby thethe examplesexamples ofof thethe AmericanAmerican andand FrenchFrench RevolutionsRevolutions  TheThe PortuguesePortuguese royalroyal familyfamily fledfled toto ,Brazil, wherewhere KingKing JohnJohn VIVI maintainedmaintained hishis courtcourt forfor overover aa decadedecade  NapoleonNapoleon’’ss invasioninvasion ofof PortugalPortugal andand SpainSpain inin 18071807 andand 18081808 ledled dissentersdissenters inin Venezuela,Venezuela, Mexico,Mexico, andand BoliviaBolivia toto overthrowoverthrow SpanishSpanish colonialcolonial officialsofficials inin 18081808––18091809  TheThe SpanishSpanish authoritiesauthorities quicklyquickly reassertedreasserted control,control, butbut aa newnew roundround ofof revolutionsrevolutions beganbegan inin 18101810 SpanishSpanish South , America, 1810 1810––18251825

 AA creolecreole--ledled revolutionaryrevolutionary juntajunta declareddeclared independenceindependence inin VenezuelaVenezuela inin 1811.1811.  SpanishSpanish authoritiesauthorities werewere ableable toto rallyrally freefree blacksblacks andand slavesslaves toto defenddefend thethe SpanishSpanish EmpireEmpire becausebecause thethe juntajunta’’ss leadersleaders werewere interestedinterested primarilyprimarily inin pursuingpursuing thethe interestsinterests ofof creolecreole landholderslandholders  SimSimóónn BolBolíívarvar emergedemerged asas thethe leaderleader ofof thethe VenezuelanVenezuelan revolutionaries.revolutionaries.  BolBolíívarvar usedused thethe forceforce ofof hishis personalitypersonality inin orderorder toto attractattract newnew alliesallies (including(including slavesslaves andand freefree blacks)blacks) toto hishis causecause andand toto commandcommand thethe loyaltyloyalty ofof hishis troopstroops  BolBolíívarvar defeateddefeated thethe SpanishSpanish armiesarmies inin 18241824 andand triedtried toto forgeforge Venezuela,Venezuela, Colombia,Colombia, andand EcuadorEcuador intointo aa singlesingle nation.nation.  ThisThis projectproject waswas aa failure,failure, asas werewere BolBolíívarvar’’ss otherother attemptsattempts toto createcreate aa confederationconfederation ofof thethe formerformer SpanishSpanish coloniescolonies BolivarBolivar’’ss Failure Failure

After uniting Venezuela, Columbia, & Ecuador into Gran Columbia, he left to help free the rest of Latin America.

He died a year later, with his goal of uniting all of South America unfulfilled!  BuenosBuenos AiresAires waswas anotheranother importantimportant centercenter ofof revolutionaryrevolutionary activityactivity inin SpanishSpanish SouthSouth AmericaAmerica  InIn 1816,1816, afterafter FerdinandFerdinand regainedregained thethe SpanishSpanish throne,throne, locallocal juntajunta leadersleaders declareddeclared independenceindependence asas thethe UnitedUnited ProvincesProvinces ofof RioRio dede lala PlataPlata  TheThe newnew governmentgovernment waswas weakweak andand thethe regionregion quicklyquickly descendeddescended intointo politicalpolitical chaos.chaos. Mexico,Mexico, 1810 1810––18231823

 InIn 1810,1810, MexicoMexico waswas SpainSpain’’ss richestrichest andand mostmost populouspopulous colonycolony  However,However, thethe AmerindianAmerindian populationpopulation ofof centralcentral MexicoMexico hadhad sufferedsuffered fromfrom dislocationdislocation duedue toto miningmining andand commercialcommercial enterprisesenterprises  AlsoAlso theythey sufferedsuffered andand aa cyclecycle ofof cropcrop failuresfailures andand epidemicsepidemics  OnOn SeptemberSeptember 16,16, 18101810 aa parishparish priest,priest, MiguelMiguel HidalgoHidalgo yy CostillaCostilla urgedurged thethe peoplepeople toto riserise upup againstagainst thethe SpanishSpanish authorities.authorities.  TheThe resultingresulting violentviolent rebellionrebellion tooktook placeplace underunder thethe leadershipleadership ofof HidalgoHidalgo andand then,then, afterafter HidalgoHidalgo’’ss capturecapture andand execution,execution, underunder JosJoséé MarMarííaa Morelos.Morelos.  LoyalistLoyalist forcesforces defeateddefeated thethe insurrectioninsurrection andand executedexecuted MorelosMorelos inin 18151815  InIn 1821,1821, newsnews ofof aa militarymilitary revoltrevolt inin SpainSpain inspiredinspired ColonelColonel AgustAgustíínn dede IturbideIturbide toto declaredeclare MexicoMexico’’ss independenceindependence withwith himselfhimself asas .emperor.  InIn earlyearly 18231823 thethe armyarmy overthrewoverthrew IturbideIturbide andand MexicoMexico becamebecame aa republicrepublic Brazil,Brazil, to to 1831 1831

 KingKing JohnJohn VIVI ofof PortugalPortugal ruledruled hishis kingdomkingdom fromfrom BrazilBrazil untiluntil 1821,1821, whenwhen unrestunrest inin SpainSpain andand PortugalPortugal ledled himhim toto returnreturn toto .Lisbon.  KingKing JohnJohn’’ss sonson PedroPedro remainedremained inin Brazil,Brazil, wherewhere hehe ruledruled asas regentregent untiluntil 1822,1822, whenwhen hehe declareddeclared BrazilBrazil toto bebe anan independentindependent constitutionalconstitutional monarchymonarchy withwith himselfhimself asas kingking  PedroPedro’’ss liberalliberal policiespolicies (including(including oppositionopposition toto slavery)slavery) alienatedalienated thethe politicalpolitical slaveslave--holdingholding eliteelite  HeHe incurredincurred heavyheavy losseslosses ofof menmen andand moneymoney asas hehe attemptedattempted toto controlcontrol UruguayUruguay byby militarymilitary force.force.  StreetStreet demonstrationsdemonstrations andand violenceviolence ledled PedroPedro II toto abdicateabdicate inin favorfavor ofof hishis son,son, PedroPedro II,II, whowho reignedreigned untiluntil republicansrepublicans overthrewoverthrew himhim inin 18891889

1.1. IndependenceIndependence forfor SpanishSpanish && PortuguesePortuguese LatinLatin AmericaAmerica

By the mid-1820s, revolts create many newly- independent nations. $ Toussaint L’Ouverture – Haiti $ Bolívar, San Martín, & O’Higgins in: Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, , Peru, Bolivia, the United Provinces of Central America, and Gran Columbia! 2.2. No No Unity! Unity!

Failure of Bolivar’s dream for a united South America: $ Many newly independent countries struggle with civil wars. By 1830s, geographic factors (mts., the Amazon, etc.) plus cultural differences defeated attempts at unification. 3.3. Independence Independence Brought Brought MoreMore Poverty Poverty

The wars disrupted trade.

The wars devastated the cities and the countryside. 4.4. LeftLeft ManyMany CountriesCountries inin thethe ControlControl ofof CaudillosCaudillos

 WHO WERE THEY?: $ Mid-19c dictators  military authoritarianism. $ Mostly wealthy creole aristocrats. $ Immediately followed the fight for independence. $ Posed as reformers with goals to improve the economy and better the lives of the common people. 4.4. LeftLeft ManyMany CountriesCountries inin thethe ControlControl ofof CaudillosCaudillos

 WHO WERE THEY?: $ BUT…Overthrew governments and took away basic human rights. $ Some attempted to make improvements, but most just cared about themselves and their families and friends [nepotism]. $ Power changes usually occurred at bayonet-point [coup d’etats!] AdditionalAdditional ProblemsProblems

5.5. FeudsFeuds amongamong leaders.leaders. 6.6. GeographicGeographic barriers.barriers. 7.7. TheThe socialsocial hierarchyhierarchy continuedcontinued fromfrom thethe past.past. 8.8. ConservativesConservatives favoredfavored thethe oldold socialsocial order.order. 9.9. LiberalsLiberals wantedwanted landland reform.reform. 10.10. DependenceDependence onon foreignforeign nationsnations forfor capitalcapital andand forfor economiceconomic investments.investments. TheThe Problem Problem of of Order, Order, 1825 1825––1890,1890, ConstitutionalConstitutional Experiments Experiments

 LeadersLeaders inin bothboth thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates andand inin LatinLatin AmericaAmerica espousedespoused constitutionalism.constitutionalism.  InIn thethe UnitedUnited States,States, thethe colonistscolonists’’ priorprior experienceexperience withwith representativerepresentative governmentgovernment contributedcontributed toto thethe successsuccess ofof constitutionalism;constitutionalism;  InIn LatinLatin America,America, inexperienceinexperience withwith popularpopular politicspolitics contributedcontributed toto thethe failurefailure ofof constitutionsconstitutions  InIn Canada,Canada, BritainBritain respondedresponded toto demandsdemands forfor politicalpolitical reformreform byby establishingestablishing responsibleresponsible governmentgovernment inin eacheach ofof thethe provincesprovinces inin thethe 1840s.1840s.  InIn 18671867 thethe provincialprovincial governmentsgovernments ofof Ontario,Ontario, Quebec,Quebec, NewNew Brunswick,Brunswick, andand NovaNova ScotiaScotia enteredentered intointo aa confederationconfederation toto formform thethe DominionDominion ofof CanadaCanada withwith aa centralcentral governmentgovernment inin Ottawa.Ottawa.  InIn LatinLatin America,America, lacklack ofof experienceexperience withwith electedelected legislatureslegislatures andand municipalmunicipal governmentsgovernments ledled thethe draftersdrafters ofof constitutionsconstitutions toto experimentexperiment withwith untesteduntested andand impracticalimpractical politicalpolitical institutions.institutions.  LatinLatin AmericanAmerican nationsnations alsoalso foundfound itit difficultdifficult toto definedefine thethe politicalpolitical rolerole ofof thethe churchchurch andand toto subordinatesubordinate thethe armyarmy andand itsits prestigiousprestigious leadersleaders toto civiliancivilian governmentgovernment PersonalistPersonalist LeadersLeaders

 SuccessfulSuccessful militarymilitary leadersleaders inin bothboth thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates andand LatinLatin AmericaAmerica werewere ableable toto useuse theirtheir militarymilitary reputationsreputations asas thethe foundationsfoundations ofof politicalpolitical power.power.  LatinLatin AmericaAmerica’’ss slowslow developmentdevelopment ofof stablestable politicalpolitical institutionsinstitutions mademade personalistpersonalist politicspolitics muchmuch moremore influentialinfluential thanthan itit waswas inin thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates  TheThe firstfirst constitutionsconstitutions ofof nearlynearly allall thethe AmericanAmerican republicsrepublics excludedexcluded largelarge numbersnumbers ofof poorpoor citizenscitizens fromfrom fullfull politicalpolitical participation.participation.

 ThisThis ledled toto thethe riserise ofof populistpopulist leadersleaders whowho articulatedarticulated thethe desiresdesires ofof thethe excludedexcluded poorpoor andand whowho atat timestimes usedused populistpopulist politicspolitics toto undermineundermine constitutionalconstitutional orderorder andand movemove towardtoward dictatorship.dictatorship.  PersonalistPersonalist leadersleaders dominateddominated nationalnational politicspolitics byby identifyingidentifying withwith thethe commoncommon people,people, butbut inin practice,practice, theythey promotedpromoted thethe interestsinterests ofof powerfulpowerful propertyproperty owners.owners.  PersonalistPersonalist leadersleaders werewere commoncommon inin bothboth thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates andand LatinLatin America,America, butbut inin LatinLatin America,America, thethe weakerweaker constitutionalconstitutional tradition,tradition, lessless protectionprotection ofof propertyproperty rights,rights, lowerlower literacyliteracy levels,levels, andand lessless developeddeveloped communicationscommunications systemssystems allowedallowed personalistpersonalist leadersleaders toto becomebecome dictatorsdictators TheThe Threat Threat of of Regionalism Regionalism

 AfterAfter independenceindependence thethe relativelyrelatively weakweak centralcentral governmentsgovernments ofof thethe newnew nationsnations werewere oftenoften notnot ableable toto preventprevent regionalregional eliteselites fromfrom leadingleading secessionistsecessionist movementsmovements  InIn SpanishSpanish America,America, allall ofof thethe postpost--independenceindependence effortsefforts toto createcreate largelarge multistatemultistate federationsfederations failed.failed.  CentralCentral AmericaAmerica splitsplit offoff fromfrom MexicoMexico inin 18231823 andand thenthen brokebroke upup intointo fivefive separateseparate nations;nations; GranGran ColombiaColombia brokebroke upup intointo Venezuela,Venezuela, Colombia,Colombia, andand Ecuador;Ecuador; andand Uruguay,Uruguay, Paraguay,Paraguay, andand BoliviaBolivia declareddeclared theirtheir independenceindependence fromfrom ArgentinaArgentina  RegionalismRegionalism threatenedthreatened thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates whenwhen thethe issueissue ofof slaveryslavery divideddivided thethe nation,nation, leadingleading toto thethe establishmentestablishment ofof thethe ConfederacyConfederacy andand thethe U.S.U.S. CivilCivil WarWar  TheThe ConfederacyConfederacy failedfailed becausebecause ofof poorpoor timing;timing; thethe newnew statesstates ofof thethe WesternWestern HemisphereHemisphere werewere mostmost vulnerablevulnerable duringduring thethe firstfirst decadesdecades afterafter independence.independence.  TheThe ConfederacyConfederacy’’ss attemptattempt toto secedesecede fromfrom thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates camecame whenwhen thethe nationalnational governmentgovernment waswas wellwell--establishedestablished andand strengthenedstrengthened byby experience,experience, economiceconomic growth,growth, andand populationpopulation growthgrowth ForeignForeign Interventions Interventions andand Regional Regional Wars Wars  DuringDuring thethe 19th19th centurycentury warswars betweenbetween WesternWestern HemisphereHemisphere nationsnations andand invasionsinvasions fromfrom thethe EuropeanEuropean powerspowers oftenoften determineddetermined nationalnational borders,borders, accessaccess toto naturalnatural resources,resources, andand controlcontrol ofof markets.markets.  ByBy thethe endend ofof thethe nineteenthnineteenth century,century, thethe UnitedUnited States,States, Brazil,Brazil, Argentina,Argentina, andand ChileChile hadhad successfullysuccessfully wagedwaged warswars againstagainst theirtheir neighborsneighbors andand establishedestablished themselvesthemselves asas regionalregional powers.powers.  EuropeanEuropean militarymilitary interventionintervention includedincluded thethe BritishBritish attackattack onon thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates inin thethe WarWar ofof 1812,1812, thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates’’ warwar withwith SpainSpain inin 18981898––1899,1899, FrenchFrench andand EnglishEnglish navalnaval blockadesblockades ofof Argentina,Argentina, anan EnglishEnglish navalnaval blockadeblockade ofof Brazil,Brazil, andand SpanishSpanish andand FrenchFrench invasionsinvasions ofof Mexico.Mexico.  WhenWhen thethe FrenchFrench invadedinvaded MexicoMexico inin 18621862 theythey oustedousted PresidentPresident BenitoBenito JuJuáárezrez andand establishedestablished MaximilianMaximilian HabsburgHabsburg asas emperor.emperor. JuJuáárezrez drovedrove thethe FrenchFrench outout inin 1867;1867; MaximilianMaximilian waswas capturedcaptured andand executed.executed.  TheThe UnitedUnited StatesStates defeateddefeated MexicoMexico andand forcedforced thethe MexicanMexican governmentgovernment toto givegive upup Texas,Texas, NewNew Mexico,Mexico, Arizona,Arizona, andand ColoradoColorado inin 1848.1848.  ChileChile defeateddefeated thethe combinedcombined forcesforces ofof PeruPeru andand BoliviaBolivia inin twotwo warswars (1836(1836––18391839 andand 18791879––1881).1881). ChileChile gainedgained nitratenitrate minesmines andand forcedforced BoliviaBolivia toto givegive upup itsits onlyonly outletoutlet toto thethe sea.sea.  ArgentinaArgentina andand BrazilBrazil foughtfought overover controlcontrol ofof UruguayUruguay inin thethe 1820s,1820s, butbut finallyfinally recognizedrecognized UruguayanUruguayan independence.independence.  Argentina,Argentina, Brazil,Brazil, andand UruguayUruguay thenthen cooperatedcooperated inin aa fivefive--yearyear warwar againstagainst ParaguayParaguay inin whichwhich ParaguayParaguay waswas defeated,defeated, occupied,occupied, lostlost territory,territory, andand waswas forcedforced toto openopen itsits marketsmarkets toto foreignforeign trade.trade. NativeNative Peoples Peoples andand the the Nation Nation--StateState

 WhenWhen thethe formerformer coloniescolonies ofof thethe WesternWestern HemisphereHemisphere becamebecame independent,independent, thethe colonialcolonial powerspowers ceasedceased toto playplay aa rolerole asas mediatormediator forfor andand protectorprotector ofof thethe nativenative peoples.peoples.  IndependentIndependent AmerindianAmerindian peoplespeoples posedposed aa significantsignificant challengechallenge toto thethe newnew nationsnations ofof thethe WesternWestern Hemisphere,Hemisphere, butbut AmerindianAmerindian militarymilitary resistanceresistance waswas overcomeovercome inin bothboth NorthNorth andand SouthSouth AmericaAmerica byby thethe endend ofof thethe 1880s.1880s.  InIn thethe UnitedUnited States,States, rapidrapid expansionexpansion ofof whitewhite settlementssettlements betweenbetween 17901790 andand 18101810 ledled toto conflictconflict betweenbetween thethe forcesforces ofof thethe AmericanAmerican governmentgovernment andand AmerindianAmerindian confederationsconfederations likelike thatthat ledled byby TecumsehTecumseh andand ProphetProphet inin 18111811––1812.1812.  FurtherFurther whitewhite settlementsettlement ledled toto thethe IndianIndian RemovalRemoval ActAct ofof 1830,1830, whichwhich forcedforced thethe resettlementresettlement ofof easterneastern AmerindianAmerindian peoplespeoples toto landland westwest ofof thethe MississippiMississippi River.River.  AmerindiansAmerindians livingliving onon thethe GreatGreat PlainsPlains hadhad becomebecome skilledskilled usersusers ofof horseshorses andand firearms,firearms, andand thusthus offeredoffered moremore formidableformidable resistanceresistance toto thethe expansionexpansion ofof whitewhite settlement.settlement.  HorsesHorses andand firearmsfirearms hadhad alsoalso mademade thethe PlainsPlains peoplespeoples lessless reliantreliant onon agricultureagriculture andand moremore reliantreliant onon buffalobuffalo hunting.hunting.  TheThe nearnear extinctionextinction ofof thethe buffalo,buffalo, lossloss ofof landland toto ranchers,ranchers, andand nearlynearly fourfour decadesdecades ofof armedarmed conflictconflict withwith thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates ArmyArmy forcedforced thethe PlainsPlains AmerindiansAmerindians toto givegive upup theirtheir landland andand acceptaccept reservationreservation life.life.  InIn ArgentinaArgentina andand ChileChile nativenative peoplepeople werewere ableable toto checkcheck thethe expansionexpansion ofof whitewhite settlementsettlement untiluntil thethe 1860s,1860s, whenwhen populationpopulation increase,increase, politicalpolitical stability,stability, andand militarymilitary modernizationmodernization gavegave thethe ChileanChilean andand ArgentineanArgentinean governmentsgovernments thethe upperupper hand.hand.  InIn thethe 1870s1870s thethe governmentsgovernments ofof bothboth ArgentinaArgentina andand ChileChile crushedcrushed nativenative resistanceresistance andand drovedrove survivingsurviving AmerindiansAmerindians ontoonto marginalmarginal land.land.  InIn Mexico,Mexico, plantationplantation ownersowners inin thethe YucatYucatáánn PeninsulaPeninsula hadhad forcedforced MayaMaya communitiescommunities offoff theirtheir landland andand intointo poverty.poverty.  InIn 1847,1847, whenwhen thethe MexicanMexican governmentgovernment waswas busybusy withwith itsits warwar againstagainst thethe UnitedUnited States,States, MayaMaya communitiescommunities inin thethe YucatYucatáánn roserose inin aa revoltrevolt (the(the CasteCaste War)War) thatthat nearlynearly returnedreturned thethe YucatYucatáánn toto MayaMaya rule.rule. ““TheThe ColossusColossus ofof thethe NorthNorth””

USUS dominateddominated affairsaffairs inin thethe Americas.Americas.  18231823 –– MonroeMonroe DoctrineDoctrine..  USUS takestakes TexasTexas andand MexicanMexican Cession.Cession.  USUS gainsgains independenceindependence forfor Cuba.Cuba.  RooseveltRoosevelt CorollaryCorollary –– USUS willwill policepolice thethe America.America.  USUS sentsent troopstroops toto Cuba,Cuba, Haiti,Haiti, Mexico,Mexico, Honduras,Honduras, Nicaragua.Nicaragua.  USUS builtbuilt PanamaPanama CanalCanal –– ““YankeeYankee .imperialism.””