37240 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 18, 1975 opment and implementation of uniform day, after the two leaders or their desig­ PROGRAM cost accounting standards. The Cost nees have been recognized under the Mr. ROBERT C. BYRD. Mr. President, Accounting Standards Board has been standing order, Mr. BEALL be recognized the Senate will convene at the hour of performing an outstanding service to the for not to exceed 15 minutes. 9 a.m. tomorrow, and after the two lead­ taxpayers by assuring uniform record­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without ers or their designees have been recog­ keeping of costs on Government con­ objection, it is so ordered. nized under the standing order, there tracts. It is vital that they continue. Mr. ROBERT C. BYRD. Mr. President, will be a period for the transaction of The Senate receded to the provisions how many orders have been previously routine morning business of not to ex­ of the House amendment which extended entered now for the recognition of speak­ ceed 15 minutes, with statements limited the National Commission on Supplies and ers on Thursday? therein to 5 minutes each; at the con­ Shortages. The PRESIDING OFFICER. That is clusion of which the Senate will resume The Senate also receded to the House consideration of H.R. 5900, the situs amendment to section 2 which provided the only one. Mr. ROBERT C. BYRD. What is the picketing bill. Amendments will be voted protection against backdoor appropria­ on tomorrow, motions in relation to the tions for title m guaranteed loan pro­ convening time for Thursday? The PRESIDING OFFICER. 8:30 a.m. bill will be voted on tomorrow; hope­ grams. fully, final action will come on the bill, Mr. President, that sums up what has Mr. ROBERT C. BYRD. I thank the and it is the intention of the leadership been a very lengthy but, I believe, worth­ Chair. once this bill is dispDsed of to proceed to while effort. I recommend that this body the consideration of the congressional adopt the report of the managers of budget resolution. So tomorrow will be a the committee of the conference on S. ORDER FOR RECESS UNTIL 8:30 A.M. busy day and a long day. 1537. ON THURSDAY We hope that as much progress as can Mr. TOWER. Mr. President, I concur Mr. ROBERT C. BYRD. Mr. President, be made will be made tomorrow and with the Senator from Wisconsin in rec­ Thursday, with long daily sessions; with ommending the Senate adopt the confer­ I ask unanimous consent that when the Senate completes its business on tomor­ rollcall votes throughout the days, and ence report. I think we should note that the more progress made during those 2 probably some kind of record was es­ row it stand in recess until the hour of 8:30a.m. on Thursday. ' days, the earlier we can adjourn on Fri­ tablished in that the conference lasted day for the recess. precisely 1 hour and 15 minutes which, The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without I think, perhaps is a wholesome recom­ objection, it is so ordered. mendation for always calling conferences at 6 o'clock in the evening. RECESS UNTIL 9 A.M. TOMORROW I would like to commend my distin­ ORDER FOR RECESS UNTIL 9 A.M. Mr. ROBERT C. BYRD. Mr. President, guished friend from Wisconsin and his ON FRIDAY if there be no further business to come distinguished friend from Wisconsin, before the Senate I move, in accordance Congressman REuss, for the way in Mr. ROBERT C. BYRD. Mr. President, with the previous order, that the Senate which the conference was handled. I ask unanimous consent that when the stand in recess until the hour of 9 a.m. We arrived at a settlement of our dif­ Senate completes its business on Thurs­ tomorrow. ferences with great amity, and I think day it stand in recess until the hour of Th-e motion was agreed to; and at 7:40 the bill is satisfactory to all concerned. 9 a.m. on Friday. p.m., the Senate recessed until Wednes­ I do not think there are any major con­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without day, November 19, 1975, at 9 a.m. cerns that anyone should have with the objection, it is so ordered. bill in its final form, and I urge the Sen­ ate to act on it. CONFIRMATION The PRESIDING OFFICER. The ques­ ORDER TO HOLD MESSAGES AT THE tion is on agreeing to the conference DESK Executive nomination confirmed by report. the Senate November 18, 1975: The conference report was agreed to. Mr. ROBERT C. BYRD. Mr. President, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE I ask unanimous consent that messages Donald Rumsfeld, of illinois, to be Secre­ from the House of Representatives on tary of Defense, vice James R. Schlesinger. ORDER FOR THE RECOGNITION OF H.R. 1535 and H.R. 6851 be held at the (The above nomination was approved sub­ SENATOR BEALL ON THURSDAY desk pending further action. ject to the nominee's commitment to re­ spond to requests to appear and testify be­ Mr. ROBERT C. BYRD. Mr. President, The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without fore any duly constituted committee of the I ask unanimous consent that on Thurs- objection, it is so ordered. Senate.)

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS

GLADYS BAGLEY SCHAEFER Wesleyan Service Guilds, and several or­ organize 20 Business and Professional Wo­ ganizations to promote poetry. men's Clubs, 15 chapters of Epsilon Sigma Mr. President, I was very saddened to Alpha Sorority, 6 Camp Fire groups, 6 Wes­ HON. PAUL J. FANNIN learn of Mrs. Schaefer's death and I wish leyan Service Guilds, an Episcopal Business OF ARIZONA to extend my condolences to her husband Women's Club, Arizona Poetry Society and IN THE SENATE OP THE UNITED STATES Owlets, a national young writers group. and to her son. I insert in the REcoRD the She is survived by her husband, Richard Tuesday, November 18, 1975 story and editorial from the Nov. 12, H. Schaefer, and a son, Jesse F. Bagley Jr. 1975, Phoenix Gazette regarding Mrs. In recent years, Mrs. Schaefer had been Mr. FANNIN. Mr. President, last Fri­ Schaefer's death. with the public relations department of day in Phoenix funeral services were There being no objection, the material Phoenix Newspapers Inc. Her duties included held for an outstanding journalist, an was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, communications manager and editor of Fam­ extremely active civic leader, and fine ily News, a publication for Gazette and Re­ lady-Mrs. Gladys Bagley Schaefer. as follows: public employes. She was a pioneer in journalism in FORMER GAZETTE WOMEN'S EDITOR DIES A'l Mrs. Schaefer was born in Salem, S.D. Arizona, rising to become the women's AGE 73 She and her first husband, Jesse F. Bagley, Mrs. Gladys Bagley Schaefer, 73, former moved to Arizona in 1924, and in 1929 she editor of the Phoenix Gazette in 1961. women's editor of The Phoenix Gazette and became a part-time employe of the Arizona But she was equally active in the civic a member of the newspaper's staff since 1929, Gazette, now The Phoenix Gazette. organizations of our city. She helped to died yesterday in a local hospital. In 1936, she was made a full-time employe. organize numerous chapters of business Mrs. Schaefer had been in lli health 1n Her appointment as women's editor was made and professional women's clubs, Epsilon recent months. 1n 1961. Sigma Alpha Sorority, Campfire Girls, Long active in numerous groups, she helped Her duties included entertainment editor, Nove·mber 18, 1975 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS women's club editor and assistant society ployment, these governments truly need be the most efficient method found of editor. the shared revenues to fill this gap. In transferring money and decisionmaking She edited "Arizona Women,'' the state fact, from 1959 to 1969 State and local magazine for the Arizona Federation of Busi­ away from the Federal Government and ness and Professional Women, the State expenditures grew by 138 percent opposed back to the State and local levels. Al­ Bulletin for Arizona Wesleyan Service Guild, to the Federal budget that grew only by though some minor problems might ex­ and she wrote columns for "The Jonquil,'' an 84.9 percent. Since State and local tax ist within the current revenue sharing Epsilon Sigma Alpha Sorority International bases did not increase as fast as expendi­ program, it is imperative that the con­ Magazine. tures, their outstanding debt increased tinuation of this program be supported. Mrs. Schaefer was the recipient of numer­ from $64.1 billion to $133.5 billion. Reve­ ous awards. She was a member of several nue sharing is one method of helping to organizations including the Arizona Press pay off this existing and increasing debt. Women, PhoeniX Writer's Club and the Ari­ THE NEED TO REFORM OUR MILI­ zona Alumni of Dakota Wesleyan University. Another feature of the revenue sharing Gladys Bagley is dead, and in the grief program is that it stabilizes revenues. If TARY DISCHARGE PROCEDURES hanging so heavily in The Gazette's offices the revenue sharing progra.IJ'I. were termi­ today it simply isn't possible to pay a fitting nated, this would result in a cutting of HON. WILLIAM (BILL) CLAY tribute to her. She was remarkable in so vital services which would probably pro­ many ways, and she radiated always a gentle duce a rise in the tax rate. At the present OF MISSOURI glow of love that brightened so many harsh time, it seems as if the saturation point IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES days for other people. Tuesday, November 18, 1975 Where to start about Gladys Bagley has been reached in the taxation of in­ Schaefer, as she was known in her nonpro­ come, property, and sales. Any further Mr. CLAY. Mr. Speaker, recently, the fessional life? Her accomplishments as a addition to the existing tax burden could need to reform our military discharge journalist over a 40-year career fill type­ cause individuals and business firms to procedures, a matter of great impor­ written pages. Her good works with civic move out of the core cities-which are tance to millions of Americans, was the organizations fill pages more. hardest hit-to other areas where the Yet to list part or all of that biographical subject of hearings by th-e House Armed tax situation might be more advanta­ Services Subcommittee on Military data would say little about the magnificent geous. This would leave the core cities woman who started with The Gazette as a Personnel. part time employe in 1929, became women's with the fiscal burden of providing serv­ One of those who testified on this sub­ editor in 1962 and worked most recently as ices to large numbers of relatively low in­ ject was our colleague, Congressman the editor of Family News, our employe news­ come people who are able to pay only a LoUIS SToKEs. As one of 70 cosponsors of paper. relatively small share of the cost of Gov­ the legislation introduced by Mr. STOKES Perhaps it would be best simply to say ernment services. Senate Finance to reform our discharge procedures I that Gladys was a poet in the finest sense Committee in its report on the present strongly urge my fellow Members to that word can be used. She combined a zest Revenue Sharing Act, Senate Report No. for life, a love of people and a way with support the Stokes bill, H.R. 5305, and 92-1050, Part I. The continuation of Fed­ to read his testimony which follows: words to create smiles even in moments of eral revenue sharing would not only pro­ sorrow. Mr. Chairman: I am pleased to be here For those whose paths in life never crossed vide State and local governments, includ­ today to testify on behalf of legislation with Gladys Bagley Schaefer's, it is possible ing low-income areas, with additional being considered by this subcommittee to to say only that they missed one of God's and much needed sources of revenue up­ reform the current system for issuing dis­ finest creations. Those of us fortunate on which they can depend, but would in charge certificates from the United States enough to have known her must suffer a some measure relieve the threat of addi­ Armed Forces. I have introduced legislation painful loss, mixed with a legacy of joy she tional taxation on income, property, and on this subject which has been cosponsored left in coming our way and staying in our sales. In other words, because the rev­ by 69 other Members of Congress, specific~lly midst for so many dellghtful years. H.R. 5305, 5306, 5307, and 10688. enue sharing program would reward I want to thank the subcommittee for these State and local governments with holding these hearings for this is a subject an external source of income, no cut in which has needed to be addressed again THE NEED TO CONTINUE GENERAL the vital services would be necessary, and upon which the well being of our Armed REVENUE SHARING thus, avoiding any increment in the tax Forces and of hundreds of thousands of rate. veterans are at stake. A third feature of the revenue sharing I would like to describe my proposal, to HON. PETER A. PEYSER program is that it enables the implemen­ indicate the general widespread concern on this matter, to explain why the current OF NEW YORK tation of new programs. Because the system is so deficient and unjust as tO be IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Federal Government provides funds in great need of reform, and why a reformed Tuesday, November 18, 1975 without necessitating annual review, the system would work well. recipients of these funds can institute The key ingredients which I urge you to Mr. PEYSER. Mr. Speaker, under the new programs that are designed to bene­ include in the legislation which I hope you present general revenue sharing pro­ fit their particular constituencies. A sec­ will report on this subject are few but im­ gram, the Federal Government annua.lly ond reason that makes this possible is portant, and are incorporated in H.R. 5305 gives a certain percentage of the Federal that the State governments can use the and related bills. income tax receipts back to State and Foremost is the need to cease character­ shared revenues they receive for what­ izing discharges and people as honorable, local governments. Enacted by the 92d ever purpose deemed necessary, and general, undesirable, bad conduct and dis­ Congress, under the State and Local local governments are required to spend honorable. I am not suggesting by this item Fiscal Assistance Act of 1972, the current the funds in eight high-priority areas: that the process of separating individuals program-Public Law 92-512-provides public safety, environmental protection, from the service cannot be fairly and ex­ for $30.2 billion to be allocated through a public transportation, health, recreation, peditiously carried out. Rather, because of 5-year trust fund beginning January 1, libraries, social services for the poor or of the m111tary's need to separate individuals 1972, and expiring December 31, 1976. aged, and financial administration; or for non-criminal behavior patterns, a need There exists, however, the question of for capital expenditures in the area of also felt by all civilian employers, the use of lifetime stigmatizing characterizations whether this most valuable program their choice. Even with these restric­ assigned to individuals becomes counter pro­ should be continued. tions, the State and local administrations ductive since their use transforms the de­ The general revenue sharing program are far more responsive to the needs and cision from one of just separation to one has many advantageous features and desires of the public than would be any of punishment. Consequently, unless ex­ strong support should be given to the con­ programs directed by the Federal tremely burdensome procedures are adopted tinuation of this program. Being an in­ Government. to meet due process requirements, a charge tegral part of the budget of both State About 39,000 State and local govern­ of arbitrary, capricious and overly hasty ac­ and local governments, the revenue ments have participated in the revenue tion is, and will often be found to be va.Ud. For the many reasons I and others w1ll dis­ sharing program helps to alleviate the sharing program. In New York State cuss, discharges ought not to be categorized fiscal disaster of the core cities as well as alone, 1,549 localities have received a lnanyway. · on the local level. Because of the increas­ total assistance of $2,454,508,561 since the The second necessary element for legis­ ing revenue-expenditure gap that grows beginning of the program. The Federal lation is the establlshment of improved pro­ out of inflation, urbanization, and unem- revenue sharing program has proven to cedures to be used in making separation 37242 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 18, 1975 decisions, and, if still allowed, discharge ing from the existing system of discharges, bounds of the UCMJ, there is no balance and category decisions. Much more stringent due the services have the burden of shoWing that no secured rights. While the discharge was process procedures would be required in the it produces a correspondingly great benefit not intended to be a form of punishment latter case. Given the importance of the which is both necessary and not otherWise under the UCMJ, it is clear that discharges separation decision, the history of separation obtainable. are given as and in lieu of punishment, and sometimes being used as a substitute for Other Witnesses have repeatedly talked of carry consequences far more severe than leadership by command authorities, and the tradition and history. While we must prop­ many of the punishments intended to be ex­ results of the past administrative policies erly respect tradition, we must not be slaves clusively used pursuant to the UCMJ: A con­ we have witnessed over the last decade, it to it. The tradition of mounted cavalry was clusion arrived at by both civilian and m111- is imperative that some firm guidelines and strong but so was the logic of mechanized tary courts, by major veteran organizations protections be established for the individual vehicles. In our modern peacetime standing and by congressional committees. It is clear and for the services. As long as an arbitrary Armed Forces, composed of all volunteers, the services understand that even a general decision to separate a member of the Armed from a Wide range of our society, who mainly discharge under honorable conditions has an Forces is allowed to be finalized without be­ perform support operations, we have an en­ undeniably punitive nature by the fact that ing challenged at all, the morale of a.n e.ll tity which bears little resemblance to either they require anyone not getting a fully hon­ volunteer army will always be limited. There the conscript armies raised in the midst of orable discharge to sign a statement saying: can and must be a middle ground between our revolution and Civil War, or to the skele­ "I understand that I may expect to en­ arbitrary, capricious, and absolute separa­ ton force of regulars maintained between counter substantial prejudice in civlUan life tion decisions and unwarranted burdensome wars up until the mid 20th century, and even in the event a general discharge under hon­ procedures and requirements. As long as the less to the complete emergency mobilization orable conditions is issued to me. I fur­ separation decision is truly solely adminis­ force of World War II. Let us look at what ther understand that, as the result of the trative in nature, fairly expeditious process­ is actually required by the nature of our issuance of an undesirable discharge under ing is possible. It is when the results of current military structure and our current conditions other than honorable, I may be the decision are known to the rest of society society. I maintain most strongly that while ineligible for many or all benefits as a vet­ and can result in severe punishment for an for some a discharge which officially rates a eran under both Federal and State laws and individual that the need for greatly person as "honorable" in the eyes of the U.S. that I may expect to encounter substantial strengthened procedures and safeguards be­ Government may be of value, it is not im­ prejudice in civilian life." (AR635-200) comes absolute. perative for either the individual or the Any discharge other than honorable is The third ingredient which I urge upon services. In light of the great burden it im­ punishment. Considering the importance of you is the need to expand and improve the poses upon so many in later civilian life, and the constitutional rights involved, the lack procedures available to those appealing their upon the morale of active members, a char­ of e~pllcit statutory authority is a serious discharge or separation. Considering the hun­ acterized discharge is a luxury we cannot and fundamental defect, and predictable dreds of thousands of recent veterans who afford. results have flowed from this defect. have already suffered, for years, the hard­ No other major employer in this nation PERMANENT STIGMA AND CONSEQUENCES ship of receiving stigmatizing discharges, attempts to spend so much money and cre­ While there are specific immediate harm­ often for questionable grounds and follow­ ates so much paperwork in its personnel ful consequences which fiow from a nega­ ing deficient procedures, I feel we must pro­ practices as does the U.S. military. Regardless tive discharge none is more pernicious than vide a reasonable mechanism for those who of whether a company is in manufacturing, the stigmatizing affect of an unfavorable do believe their discharges should properly transportation, services or marketing, none discharge which impugns the dischargee's be upgraded. have resorted to requiring that a general character and competence for life. Young We have witnessed over the years inter­ character judgment be made regarding its men or boys, 18 or 19 years old, who may mittent attention to particularly abhorrent employees when they leave, especially one know little about what it is like to be away developments stemming from the basic dis­ which must be presented to future employ­ from home, how to work, how to handle charge system. It is my belief that these ers, schools, and Government agencies. Nei­ themselves, what they want out of life, or developments are the logical and natural con­ ther does any department, commission, board really who they are, ought to be expected to sequence of the overall discharge system and or agency, or any legislative, executive or ju­ have some problems. It has been the misfor­ it would be a mistake to consider them break­ dicial branch of our Federal, State or local tune of many, however, that they were in downs of the system. The most widely government feel a need to use such a classi­ service to their nation when they were still publicized example in recent history is the fication discharge system--except the mili­ maturing. Some of the reasons for giving stig­ use of SPN ("spin") numbers. The apparent tary services. matizing discharges are for behavior which obsessive need of the services to classify and In a report prepared for me this year by is explainable and tranistory, others, far rate everyone has resulted in devastating the Library of Congress the discharge pro­ fewer, for serious reprehensible crimes. consequences for hundreds of thousands of cedures of a sample number of other nations During the Vietnam era (August 1964 to veterans who had honorably served their were reviewed. The report shows that some­ March 1973) the Armed Forces issued 425,000 Nation, by means of an administrative rating how many nations are able to survive Without other than fully honorable discharges: procedure which not only allowed no way for a similar discharge structure. Among those 229,792 general; 162,919 undesirable; 29,292 an individual to contest his number, but did nations apparently not needing a discharge bad conduct and 2,865 dishonorable. Over 90 not even notify him, before or after, that he characterization system are Egypt, Israel, percent of the other than fully honorable was being assigned one. Iran, Spain, Sweden, Zaire, and Turkey. discharges were issued administratively. The often derogatory classifications used I would now like to discuss at more length Over 100,000 less than honorable discharges by the services included such precisely de­ what I view to be the major deficiencies of were issued for absence related offenses. fined priority concerns as: the existing discharge system and why change Many of the remaining other than honor­ Immaturity With symptomatic habit re- is needed in the three areas of discharge able discharges were issued for offenses action. characterization, separation procedures, and largely unique to military service, or as a Passive-aggressive reaction. appeal procedures. consequence of the individual being in the Anti social personality. LACK OF STATUTORY AUTHORITY service: Unsuitability, unfitness, drug abuse, Sexual deviate. The Uniform Code of Military Justice was alcoholism, conflicts with military authority Personality disorder. enacted in 1950. The UCMJ provided for only and inadaptability to m111tary service. Yet Mental deficiency. two types of punitive discharges: dishonor­ the bad discharge for an individual's failings Criminalism. able and bad conduct. While the code pro­ in the military imposes its severe conse­ Inadequate personality. vided for a very comprehensive program of quences in civ1lian society: Branding and I congratulate the members of this com­ nonjudicial punishment (article 15 UCMJ burdening the individual for the remainder mittee for propertly reacting With indigna­ allows for up to a month's confinement, loss of his life. tion when the full extent of this abuse be­ of two-thirds pay, reduction in rank, and The psychological and sociological im· came known. However, the reluctance of the numerous other nonjudicial punishments: pllcations of the "undesirable" label are very services to slightly modify even their SPN article 104 provides substantial authority for severe. The term and the discharge "un­ procedures until strong congressional pres­ m1litary commanders to deal with minor desirable" is perceived as the United States sure had developed, demonstrates that con­ transgressions and insure discipline through Armed Forces judgment (and damnation) gressional intervention is clearly necessary of a man's character bearing the full weight to effect any substantial change in the area the Withholding of privileges, the assignment of extra duty, restriction, and reprimands): and authority of the U.S. Government. It is of discharge reform. I am convinced that a mistake of a man's youth that wtll haunt changes must be made in procedures and the Uniform Code of Military Justice did not (and still does not) authorize nonjudicial him forever: Affecting the respect of his operations, but that true long term effective family, his standing in the community, im­ reform requires a decision to change the (administrative) discharges as punishment, peding his effort to regain a productive and basic assumption underlying the current sys­ to be a form of discipline, or to be issued meaningful role in society. The bad dis- tem, which is that detailed rating of individ­ under other than honorable conditions. charge is a constant reinforcement of a nega­ uals is necessary, not just during service, but The UCMJ was established to be the sin­ tive self-image, a remainder that the in­ at the end of it, whether by use of SPN's, gle and exclusive source of military justice dividual is "unsuitable, unfit or undesirable" discharge categories or whatever. and was intended to balance the rights of in the eyes of his country, and that his I will say repeatedly, that in order to jus­ the individual and of the service. When puni­ character, loyality, and competence are fre­ tify the very great cost and hardship result- tive discharges are issued, outside of the quently subject to question. November 18, 1975 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 37243 For the many veterans who have serious confilcts to a crisis proportion. In Vietnam with often only a very cursory and super­ medical, psychological, emotional, martial sections of Saigon (soul alley) were off limits ficial review by a low-ranking general, having and drug problems, the bad discharge only to whites, and interracial firefights between no formal legal training. The discharges are compounds these problems and impedes their blacks and whites occurred in several units. influenced and often biased by the initiating solution. Often it was these problems that In the United States race riots broke out on command's personal perceptions of the dis­ drove the serviceman to the offense for which mllitary posts including Fort Carson, Colo­ chargee, as well as their personal concepts of an other than honorable discharge was is­ rado where armed guards were required to proper military conduct and "honorable serv­ sued. Instead of solving a veteran's problem, ride on post buses to prevent racial violence. ice." a bad discharge often denies the veteran the While the military instituted race relations The armed service's punitive administra­ benefits and assistance of the Veterans' Ad­ courses and other prog.rams to deal with the tive separation procedures thus violate the ministration, and leaves him more encum­ problem, many commanders, fearing further fifth amendment of the Constitution: "No bered to face the consequences of a prej­ violance and breakdowns in military dis­ person shall be deprived of life, liberty or udiced society. cipline and unit effectiveness, resorted to the property without due proces of law." The effect of the other than honorable dis­ administrative separation as an expeditious The serviceman receiving a punitive ad­ charge goes well beyond the denial of bene­ means of removing persons viewed as poten­ ministrative separation is denied the equal fits and employment. It entails many other tial sources of confilct. protection of the safeguards and due process tangible forms of discrimination. Veterans Many of the minorities brought into· the accorded the serviceman receiving a punitive with bad discharges find it harder if not im­ service by "Project 100,000" lacked the edu­ judicial separation. possible to procure insurance, mortgages, cational, emotional, and intellectual sophis­ In conclusion, for the well being of an all home improvement loans, credit, bonding, tication to cope with the personnel problems volunteer army, of the hundreds of thousands security clearances, and membership in and the demands of military life. These prob­ of individuals with bad discharges, of our many trade, business and fraternal organi­ lems were often compounded by military society's health and well being, and to give zations and societies. Their service record NCO's and officers unfamiliar and unsympa­ true meaning to the constitutional rights of is a blot on their character, a stigma that thetic with the problems and attitudes of servicemen, I urge the reform of our pro­ brands them as an undesirable risk. minorities. However, in January of 1972 the cedures for granting and reviewing separa­ The combination of penalties imposed by Task Force on the Administration of Military tion and discharge decisions. And finally, other than honorable discharges consign Justice in the Armed Forces reported that: I urge that no future discharges classify, many veterans to a hopeless cycle of: Jobless­ "In all services, blacks receive a lower pro­ rate, or stigmatize for the public those who ness, perpetual underemployment, drug ad• portion of the honorable discharges and a are discharged from military service. diction, chronic disease and despair, a 11fe of higher proportion of general and undesirable poverty, crime and imprisonment. discharges than whites with similar levels The concept of stigma and its apparently and aptitude. Thus, the disparity cannot be explained by aptitude or lack of education". unavoidable consequences must be addressed GRANT TITLES FROM HISTORY in remedial legislation. (Report of the Task Force on the Adminis­ tration of Military Justice, Department of SOCIAL VAL'OE AND SOCIAL COST Defense Pub. 1972, p. 156.) HON. OLIN E. TEAGUE In addition to the great burden borne by DUE PROCESS AND EQUAL PROTECTION OF OF TEXAS the individual with a bad discharge, society PUNITIVE DISCHARGES also pays a high price for bad discharges. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Young men able to work and willing to work, The Congress recognized that a. discharge to improve themselves, pay taxes, and pay from the Armed Forces under other than Tuesday, November 18, 1975 their own way instead have whatever skills, honorable conditions is a very serious matter and it was therefore very careful in formu­ Mr. TEAGUE. Mr. Speaker, we are talents, or education they possess, wasted. still hearing and reading about Govern­ This costs all of us, it decreases our tax base lating the Uniform Code of Military Justice and increases our taxes. It requires a full to provide extensive safeguards for the only ment research grants to various institu­ range of often demeaning programs to statutorily authorized punitive discharges. tions that allegedly are for "ridiculous'' merely sustain the hundreds of thousands of Court-martials adjudging bad conduct and purposes. Just the other day, for ex­ human beings who are denied the opportu­ dishonorable discharges must accord the ample, one Member of Congress cited nity, for a self-sutficient and productive role serviceman due process and protect his con­ four examples of such projects which he in society because of their administrative stitutional rights and liberties. There is very little disagreement that the considered to be superfluous. From time discharge. to time I have placed in the RECORD To those who say the behavior he demon­ Armed Forces should have the authority to strated in the military, that got him a bad administratively separate persons from the specific examples of the beneficial things discharge, was such that he could not make service for good cause, but the armed serv­ which have come from such research it in civ111an life either, I say, first, that ices do not and should not have the author­ grants. The following article, which is minor behavior and AWOL problems which ity to violate or circumvent an individual's taken from the weekly news magazine. might result in a bad discharge are totally constitutional rights through a punitive ad­ Science News, is a graphic illustration of irrelevant and inconsequential to most civil­ ministrative separation process. the shortsightedness of some of the fuss ian jobs. Secondly, those that are deficient A punitive judicial discharge is considered an offense of such seriousness that it may being kicked up over "silly" research: will be burdened by that fact and need not [From Science News] bear an extra handicap: theirs will not be an not be adjudged unless: easy life regardless. But for the many who ( 1) A qualified military judge is present. GRANT TITLES FROM HisTORY might make a life for themselves, how tragic (2) A verbatim transcript of the proceed­ (By John H. Douglas) to foreclose the possibility of self-improve­ ings is kept. (3) The case is reviewed as to law and With all the current fuss over grants given ment, and what a great burden on society. by government agencies for "silly" research, By 1973, according to Penthouse m.aga.zi.ne, fact by a. court of military review, and ap­ peal is open to the Court of Military Appeals. it might be interesting to consider how well 32 percent of the Federal prison population some of the great discoveries of history were veterans, 11 percent of whom had (4) Guilt is proven beyond a reasonable doubt. would have fared if they had been subjected served in Vietnam. The Vietnam era veterans to Congressional scrutiny. We thus present national resource project estimates that 20 (5) The safeguards, due process and con­ some likely titles for grant proposals by his­ to 35 percent of all prison inmates (local, stitutional rights embodied in the UCMJ are in effect and adhered to. torical figures (whose names appear at the State, and Federal) are Vietnam era veterans end, together with their discoveries) and the with less than honorable discharges. The above procedures are not required for probable comments of a practical-minded The other tha.n honorable discharge takes many special and summary courts-martials legislative aide, recommending why his Con­ a heavy toll on society which must suffer the adjudging: confinement, fines, reduction in gressman should vote against them. consequences of anger, frustration, criminal­ rank, and forfeiture of pay. This establishes (1) "Perturbation of space and time at ism, drug abuse and unemployment, and that the armed services consider a. punitive extreme velocities, with implications for bear the cost of welfare, incarceration, and discharge to be a more serious punishment mass-energy relationships." (Pure science the inabillity of thousands of individuals to and is thus one which requires greater safe­ fiction. A patent office clerk proposes to prove attain a self-sufficient and productive role guards. by pure mathematics that clocks would run in society. Since the consequences and severity of slower and measuring sticks would get an undesirable punitive administrative dis­ THE MINORITY SERVICEMAN shorter if they could be accelerated to nearly charge are as great as those of a punitive bad the speed of light. Topic is irrelevant to The armed services once viewed by many conduct discharge adjudged by a special everyday life, such effects cannot be experi­ minorities as an opportunity to "make good" court-martial the administrative dlschargee mentally tested in the conceivable future, and "establish a meaningful role in society"; should be entitled to the same degree of due and the whole business violates three cen­ became a major center of racial confilct as process and equal protection as the individ­ turies of amply demonstrated physical prin­ newly emerging ethnic identities clashed ual being separated by special court martial ciples.) with traditional military authority. The rise with a punitive BCD. He is not! In reality (2) "Possible interrelationships of various of "black, brown and red power" coinciding most general and undesirable discharges are species of Galapagos finches." (Young drifter with widespread disaffection over the Viet­ initiated and processed by junior and field wants to take a five-year junket around the nam war and the military, brought racial grade officers (lieutenants through colonels); world, toward no particular end. His aca- 37244 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 18, 1975 demic qualifications are limited to having ing record set by the Jefferson City, Mo., STATEMENT OF DR. ERNEST W. LEFEVER SENIOR fiunked medicine at Edinburgh and divinity team of 71 consecutive wins between 1958 FELLow, THE BROOKINGS lNSTITUTION,1 studies at Cambridge. He enjoys the sporting and 1966. Coach Saylor and his teams HEARINGS ON PROSPECTS FOR UNITED STATES­ life and now says he wants to collect rare CH.n.E RELATIONS birds and such.) have been building toward their new title since 1968 when their string of un­ Mr. Chairman, I appreciate your invita­ (3) "Er redete mit dem Vieh, den VOgeln tion to testify on U.S. relations with Chile und den Fischen"-(roughly translated) : beaten seasons began. With this win, the at this crucial time when this respected "Conversing with dumb animals." (Austrian Tigers advance to the State Class C finals Andean country has become a symbol of our physician and goose fancier Wishes to further to be held this Saturday at Central Mich­ ties With Latin America as a whole. his studies in communicating with lower igan University at Mount Pleasant, animals-he sometimes becomes their I am not a Latin American expert, but in "parent" and, !or example, jumps into the where they will meet the rival team from my research at the Brookings Institution I water with his adopted geese to help them Ishpeming. have made an extensive study of U.S. mili­ learn to forage.) The Hudson High School team deserves tary and police assistance to the Third World, ( 4) "Transmission of pod color in crossed each accolade it receives. They have dis­ including Central and South America. strains of garden peas." (Young Augustinian tinguished themselves, their school, and Further, I have recently returned from monk, having flunked out of the university an eleven-day (July 1-11) field trip "to Chile their fair city. They are truly deserving in the company of two academic colleagues, and !ailed to qualify as a teacher in his of the title "champions." Order, now raises peas in the monastery gar­ Dr. Riordan Roett, Director of Latin Ameri­ den. Intends to note pod color and plant can Studies at Johns Hopkins University, and height over several generations-cannot Dr. Albert Blaustein of the Law School at produce any publishable results !or at least Rutgers University. We went to Chile not to praise or to blame, eight years.) UNITED STATES-CHTI£ RELATIONS ( 5) "Molecular stimulation by electromag­ but to understand the complex political sit­ netic waves In a resonator With positive feed­ PART (I) uation which, in our view, has received far back-for application to high-resolution from adequate coverage in the American microwave spectroscopy studies of quantized press. In my opinion, the one-sided report­ molecular vibration modes." (Reputable ing of current realities in Chile seems to re­ HON. LARRY McDONALD flect in part the extensive propaganda effort physicist with experience in radar; but the OF GEORGIA product sounds awfully esoteric, With llttle to vilify the present government by partisans foreseeable practical application.) IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of the former regime of President Allenda. (6) ''A compendium of new mechanical Tuesday, November 18, 1975 In any event, our visit to Santiago was devices, explanation of hydrodynamics, an independent, unsponsored, and hopefully improved method of bronze casting, proof of Mr. McDONALD of Georgia. Mr. scholarly. We had no partisan or organiza­ tional ax to grind. We went on our own time ~he 1mposs1b1llty of perpetual motion, and Speaker, we are presently granting mili­ discourses on related and unrelated topics." tary assistance to Peru while Chile is not and did not represent our institutions. (Easily ignored. This nut turns out to be an only denied such aid but is also pre­ We interviewed some 75 dltferent individ­ lllegitimate Itinerant artist with llttle formal uals from a broad political cross section and vented from purchasing military equip­ varying degrees of objectivity. Among schooling, who claims to intuitively under­ ment on private basis in the United stand the principles of science and tech­ .a Chileans, we interviewed former President nology better than those now propounding States. Considering that Peru is a mili­ Frei; four members of the Allende cabinet them in scholarly publications. A virtual il­ tary dictatorship, is generally pro-so­ (one of whom was in detention); Cardinal literate in mathematics, he is reduced to viet and anti-American, has received Sllva and other church leaders concerned drawing pictures to express h1s ideas.) huge amounts of military equipment with human rights; university officials, Fortunately, in most cases, the researchers from the Soviet Union, and already has teachers and students; lawyers representing in question were able to survive somehow both the prosecution and defense at the Air a vast superiority in military material Force trials; and high government officials, until their work was better recognized. They over Chile which is a historic enemy, were: (1) Albert Einstein, as he might have including General Gustavo Leigh, a member proposed his relativity theory; (2) Charles and considering that Chile is probably of the Junta. Darwin, who took his flve-year journey as an the most pro-American and anti-Soviet Among the foreign observers, we saw U.S. unpaid naturalist and returned with the Idea country in Latin America, such a policy Ambassador David Popper and other senior of evolution: (3) Konrad Lorenz, the foun­ seems indefensible from the standpoint members of the American Embassy and rep­ der of modern ethology (the study of anlma.l of our national interest and security. resentatives of the embassies of Canada, behavior); ( 4) Gregor Mendel, whose pea Nevertheless, there is danger that this Mexico, and Israel, and of the International experiments led to the understanding of Committee of the Red Cross and the U.N. policy will continue; the administration High Commissioner for Refugees. heredity; (5) Charles Townes, as he might has requested over $20 million in assist­ have described his work leading to invention I believe it Is safe to say that we inter­ of the laser; and ( 6) Leonardo da Vinci, who ance to Peru, but nothing for Chile, as viewed a broader spectrum of Chilean and anticipated by several centuries many sclen­ part of its foreign security assistance foreign opinion than any other group that tlfl.c and technological principles, but whose program for fiscal 1976. This whole issue has gone there since the September 11, 1978, writings in these areas were either lost or will soon be considered by the House, as coup. Some of these groups had a rather ignored for the reasons indicated. the International Relations Committee narrow range of concern, and they found is presently marking up legislation on exactly what they were looking for to con­ firm their preconceptions. The American foreign military assistance. press has given considerable attention to Since there has been so much distor­ the highly critical conclusions of these tion of the situation in Chile, it is im­ HUDSON TIGERS WIN NATIONAL groups. portant to have a factual, objective, and Because of the inherent complexity of the TITLE unbiased account of events in Chile, both situation and my comparatively brief ex­ past and present. Therefore, I would like posure to It, my findings should be accorded to call my colleagues' attention to the less authority than those of competent, full­ HON. EDWARD HUTCHINSON statement that Dr. Ernest W. Lefever time observers, such a.s our well-informed OF MICHIGAN U.S. Embassy officers in Santiago. presented before a Subcommittee of the I would like to make my observations by IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES House Foreign Relations Committee on addressing four broad questions: ( 1) What Tuesday, November 18, 1975 August 5, 1974, regarding prospects for 1s the basis of U.s. pollcy In Latin America? United States-Chile relations. (2) Why did the Allende regime fall? (3) How Mr. HUTCHINSON. Mr. Speaker, I Dr. Lefever, senior fellow at the well is the present government doing? (4) would like to take this opportunity to ex­ Brookings Institution, had spent 11 days What are the prospects for U.S. relations With press my hearty congratulations and in Chile and addressed himself to four Chlle? Throughout I wlll emphasize the U.S. pride in the Hudson High School varsity broad questions: First. What is the basis interest in regional stablllty and the con­ football team of Hudson, Mich., and their of U.S. policy in Latin America? Second. tinuity of U.S. policy toward Latin America. Coach Tom Saylor. This past Saturday, Why did the Allende regime f·ail? Third. WHAT IS THE BASIS OF U.S. POLICY TOWARD the Hudson "Tigers" set a new national How well is the present government do­ LATIN AMERICA? Many of the p·resent tensions with our high school record by winning their 72d ing? Fourth. What are the prospects for neighbors to the south are rooted 1n an consecutive game, defeating Kalamazoo U.S. relations with Chile? earlier attitude of arrogance which some­ Hackett High by the score of 24-14. Following is Dr. Lefever's testimony times led to indirect Intervention in their One week prior to this record-setting on the first and second of these ques­ event the Hudson players tied the exist- tions: Footnotes at end of article. November 18, 1975 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 37245 internal affairs. Fortunately, this overbear­ "they themselves should determine the terms four are partially finished and in the water, ing attitude and the policies associated with of that well-being." Internal development. but their completion and delivery to Chile is it are giving way to a greater respect for the in this view, is the primary responsibility of in jeopardy because there are elements in the right of the sovereign Latin American states each state, and international security is the shipbuilders trade union ideologically op­ to do things in their own way and at their responsibility of all states, in accordance with posed to the present Chile government. There own pace. their capacity to influence external events. has already been one work stoppage over this Our official arrogance probably reached its "We therefore deal realistically," he added issue. Further, under left-Wing pressure, the high point in the early 1960s when various in 1972, "with governments as they are­ British Government has prohibited Rolls­ U.S. aid programs, conspicuously develop­ right and left. We have strong preferences Royce from either rehauling the engines or ment assistance and Food for Peace, attached and hopes to see free democratic processes selling spare parts for Chile's 18 Hawker­ certain conditions that amounted to inter­ prevail, but we cannot impose our political Hunter fighter aircraft. This could result in a ference in internal affairs. We said, in ef­ structure on other nations." 5 virtual standdown of these fighters, unless an fect, we will provide this aid if you restruc­ Affirming the strong American commit­ alternative source of parts and overhaul can ture certain of your political or economic ment to democracy and human rights which be found. In short, Britain has become an institutions in accord with our preferences. we all share, Secretary of State William undependable source of military equipment This was deeply resented. No government or Rogers said: "But the choice, except as it that Chile deems essential to deter an attack society likes outsiders to meddle in its do­ applies to our own country, is not ours to from Peru. mestic affairs, especially sensitive matters make. It would be the ultimate arrogance of Under these circumstances, Chile would like that relate to the distribution of economic power to think that we can or should impose to purchase a modest amount of military resources or political power. our will on others-to threaten or coerce hardware from the United States, not only to An embarrassing example of this crusading others, even in the name of conscience." deter external attack, but to increase the approach is Title IX (Section 281) of the These more relaxed and compassionate capability of the Armed Services to engage in Foreign Assistance Act. It was adopted in views toward the internal policies of friendly emergency humanitarian operations. During 1967 to insure that U.S. economic aid would Third World governments have generally pre­ the severe floods last month, for example, be used to build, strengthen, and utilize vailed in the Congress and the administra­ military aircraft and trucks were extensively "democratic institutions" in the assisted tion, but the minority reformist view has used to rescue and feed the victims. countries. It states that all U.S. programs been sufficiently persistent to complicate the Chile may not be able to buy military shall "use the intellectual resources of such policy debate on both economic and military equipment in the United States because sev­ countries" so as "to encourage the develop­ assistance. It has had a direct bearing on eral members of Congress, who do not like ment of indigenous institutions that meet the criteria for determining when to start or certain policies of the present government. their particular requirements for sustained terminate particular U.S. aid programs and are determined to take punitive action economic and social progress" and shall has tended to introduce an extraneous ele­ against it. They propose denying credits for "support civic education and training skllls ment into the process of evaluating the util­ military purchases. If they succeed, Chile required for effective participation in gov­ ity of military assistance efforts. The reform­ would be forced to turn to other suppliers ernmental and political processes essential ist view has also complicated development with the consequent loss in the U.S. balance to self-government." Further, "emphasis aid by insisting that it should be used as a of payments and in any modest influence that shall be given to research designed to ex­ weapon of internal political change. goes along with the provision of military amine the political, social, and related ob­ Economic or military assistance can be equipment, training, and advice. I will return stacles to development in countries receiv­ justified only if it contributes to U.S. ob­ to this point later. jectives in Latin America. This means that ing assistance," so as to better use such aid WHY DID THE ALLENDE REGIME FAIL? to "support democratic social and political military aid should be judged primarily by trends." 2 And who would determine if the its impact on regional stability and develop­ It is not possible to understand the grow­ recipient government made sUfilcient inter­ ment assistance by its impact on the produc­ ing public pressure for military intervention nal reforms to meet the requirements of tivity of the state that receives it. without recognizing that the vast majority Title IX? U.S. officials, of course. The United E)tates has a strong interest in of the Chilean people by August 1973 had Title IX may have had little negative ef­ regional stability in Latin America because concluded that the Allende regime was a. fect, because it was largely ignored by AID local military conflict could expand and thus colossal failure. The political, economic, and officials in Washington and the field, but the upset the regional balance or even lead to social situation had deteriorated catastroph­ attempt to use U.S. assistance to force in­ big-power involvement and thus threaten ically by then. While Chileans may disagree ternal reform has been expressed elsewhere strategic stability. While this chain of events on the causes of this deterioration or with by members of Congress. On several occa­ is not likely, small wars such as the one the particular form of the September 11 coup, sions, the administration has been urged by between El Salvador and Honduras exacer­ which arrested it, there appears to be sub­ Congressmen to suspend or terminate eco­ bate tensions, waste scarce resources, and stantial agreement on certain basic facts nomic or military aid to a regime because the otherwise slow up peaceful and constructive about the Allende period: Congressmen opposed its character or inter­ economic and political development. 1. The explicitly Marxist government of nal policies. Chile must be seen in this larger context. Salvador Allende, whose Popular Unity coa­ A House subcommittee report issued earlier As a member of the Andean group, it is im­ lition achieved 36.5% of the vote, was in­ this year asserted that the United States portant that she remain at peace with her stalled legally in September 1970. should take various measures to help force large and small neighbors. That peace is po­ 2. Though heading a minority regime, change in specified internal policies of tentially threatened by the growtng military President Allende acted as though he had "friendly, neutral, or unfriendly regimes." s might of Chile's historic enemy, Peru, which majority support, and he was increasingly These measures are to include the "with­ is being heavily armed by the purchase of influenced by the more extreme and militant drawal of military assistance and sales" and Soviet armor and other weapons. Marxist elements in his coalition and by a of "certain economic assistance programs." A week ago, on July 29, in the Peruvian non-party organization, the Revolutionary The internal policies that warranted such Independence Day parade, 54 Soviet T-55 Movement of the Left (MIR) which was com­ dramatic action, include what the report tanks, with 100-MM guns were shown, along mitted to transforming Chile into a totali­ calls "serious violations of human rights," with three batteries of Yugoslav 105-MM tarian Marxist state. again to be defined by U.S. officials. howitzers, 8 truck-mounted surface-to-air 3. By means of "legal loopholes" and in­ The strong dLc:sent by three subcommittee missiles, and other missile-support equip­ voking obscure laws out of context, the re­ members from the House report and the fail­ ment. Peru also has 60 M-4 Sherman medium gime engaged in a protracted effort to ure of the Committee on Foreign Affairs to tanks, and 100 AMX-13 French tanks with weaken, neutralize, subvert, or otherwise de­ endorse it suggest that its recommendations 105-MM guns. stroy the independence and effectiveness of that U.S. aid be used as a weapon for inter­ In contrast, Chile's 76 M-4 Sherman tanks the Legislative and Judicial branches of gov­ nal reform are not broadly shared on Capitol are no match. Informed observers believe Peru ernment in violation of the letter and spirit Hill. Nevertheless, such views have been ex­ has or will soon have at least a five-to-one of the Chilean Constitution. pressed often enough to have prompted high­ superiority in armor over that of Chile. And 4. The regime permitted or encouraged the level statements against them. During his an increasing percentage of this Peruvian emigration of 12,000 to 15,000 foreign sym­ visit to Romania in August 1969, President armor and other weapons will be coming from pathizers into Chile to observe and partici­ Nixon said: "We seek normal relations with the Soviet Union. With this undisputed su­ pate in the "revolution." Many of these for­ all countries, regardless of their domestic periority, Peru may well be tempted to attack eigners were committed to violence, others system." Speaking of Latin America, he said Chile to recover the territory it lost to Chile were terrorists, and some were common crim­ every state "must be true to its own char­ in the 1878-83 war, possibly with the encour­ inals. Many of them were permitted to oper­ acter," and criticized the "illusion that we agement of Moscow. ate illegally. could re-make other continents" and the at­ Chile understandably has been apprehen­ 5. The regime encouraged or permitted the titude that "we knew what was best !or sive about this situation and has been seek­ illegal import of large quantities of arms everyone else." 4 In his 1970 State of the ing to develop a defense posture that will from CUba and other countries and the devel­ Union message, he said: "The nations in each deter an attack from Peru. The problem was opment of illegal armed groups in factories, part of the world should assume the primary foreseen by the Frel regime that preceded political headquarters, and other places. responsibility for their own well-being" and that of Allende. In February 1970, two guided 6. The regime permitted terrorist groups missile destroyer escort vessels and two diesel to seize and hold private property With im­ Footnotes at end of article. submarines were ordered from Britain. All punity. 37246 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 18, 1975 7. The regime prevented or sought to pre­ 5. August 22, 1973: This declaration by the to finance the purchase of arms of arms for vent the national civil police (Carabineros} Chamber of Deputies (elected in March 1973} illegal Marxist groups in Ch1le.7 from bringing Marxist guerrlllas to justice. presents a bill of particulars charging the In retrospect, future historians may well 8. By giving preferential treatment to ex­ Allende regime with a deliberate pattern judge the Allende regime to be one of the tremist Marxist groups, including those ad­ of illegal and unconstitutional behavior and most inept and cynical regimes of recent dec­ vocating and using violence, the regime widespread violation of fundamental human ades. Apparently millions of Chileans al­ helped to create a climate of political con­ rights. (See Appendix D, page vi.} ready are prepared to make this judgment. flict which erupted in demonstrations, 6. August 31, 1973: The General Council of the Bar Association issued a report on the FOOTNOTES strikes, and violence. It is estimated that 1 durtng the entire Allende period there was growing jurisdictional conflict between the The views expressed are the sole respon­ one violent death a week attributable to President and the Congress, concluding that sib11ity of the author and do not purport political agitation and conflict. only Congress is competent to legislate and to represent those of the Brookings Institu­ determine the extent of Presidential au­ tion, its officers, trustees, or other sta:ff mem­ 9. Whether by design or ineptitude, Allende thority. bers. managed to bring the Chilean economy to its 2 knees. By various politically motivated meas­ The Allende regime fell almost wholly be­ House Committee on Foreign A:ffairs and ures, including wage raises, nationalization cause of domestic reasons-its failure to ~na..te Committee on Foreign Relations, Leg­ of large and small enterprises, including for­ cope with the economic problem, its viola­ 'Lslatwn on Foreign Relations (Washington, eign properties without compensation, the tions of the Constitution and the rule of July 1972}. pp. 31-32. regime reduced the rate of national produc­ law, its inability to maintain civil peace, 3 House, Subcommittee on International tivity to near zero, reversed the favorable and its exacerbation of political tensions Organizations and Movements, Committee on balance of international payments, and de­ to the point of civil war. There is no substan­ Foreign Relations, Human Rights in the stroyed its creditworthiness abroad. By print­ tial evidence to indicate that the regime World Community: A Call for U.S. Leader­ ing money recklessly, it produced an inflation was weakened, much less brought down, ship (Washington, March 27, 1974}, p. 3. rate in real terms of between 500 and 1,500%. by the intervention of foreign governments Three subcommittee members dissented severe shortages of food, clothing, and other hostile to Allende. On the contrary, and strongly from certain conclusions of the essentials led to strikes and demonstrations ironically, the substantial subversive assist­ report. throughout the country. ance Allende received from friends like Cas­ 'Address, October 31, 1969, published as tro may well have done more to bring matters Action for Progress for the Americas, De­ 10. The regime's policy toward the three to a head than anything that less friendly Armed services was erratic, ambivalent, and partment of State, November 1969, pp. 1 governments might have contemplated, but and 2. contradictory. In late 1970, Allende signed never carried out. a. special constitutional amendment which 5 U.S. Foreign Policy tor the 1970s: The guaranteed the independence and the integ­ The U.S. Government maintained normal Emerging Structure of Peace, A Report to the rity of the Armed services and the Ca.ra.­ diplomatic, economic, and military relations Congress by Richard Nixon, President of the bineros. He violated this pledge by permit­ with Chile during the Allende years, consist­ United States, February 9, 1972, p. 96. ent with the trend of reducing grant aid in ting lllegal armed groups to operate, by co­ 8 Latin America generally during that period. Quoted in the Washington Post, August opting high military officers to serve in high Like other major South American countries, 25, 1972. civ111a.n posts in his government, by the dis­ Chile received no grant military hardware 7 "A Report on Drug Trade (Cocaine and missal of high officers for political reasons, Heroin} to Clandestine Markets in the and by seeking to split and subvert the since 1968. Also, there was no significant development lending in Chile after 1968. United States Carried out under the Protec­ Armed Forces by political infiltration. Ac­ tion of Officials of the Government of Sal­ cording to documents, referred to collectively Even though Allende sought to have mini­ mum aid from the United States, and sought vador Allende," in The Theory and Practice as Plan Z, there was an officially condoned help from Marxist governments, U.S. aid con­ of Communism: Marxism Imposed on Chile­ Marxist design to take over the country by tinued. This included development assist­ Allende Regime, Hearings, House Committee violence, including the assassination of key on Internal security, 1974, pp. 2734-50. officers of the Armed Forces. ance, the Peace Corps, and grant military training as well as military credits. These ten statements dealing largely with internal matters are widely believed to be The continuity of U.S. policy during the true in Chile and my observations tend to Frei and Allende years can be illustrated by support them. The charges against the il­ the figures for grant economic aid and For­ NONRECOGNITION OF BALTIC legal behavior of the Allende regime were eign Military Sales credits for fiscal years TAKEOVER made public in a number of documents from 1968 through 1973, the first three falling gen­ Chilean leaders 1n 1973, including the erally in the Frei period and the last three following: under Allende: 1. May 26,1973: Unanimous Supreme Court U.S. aid and military credits to Chile: HON. GEORGE M. O'BRIEN resolution denouncing the Allende regime's 1968-73 OF ILLINOIS "disruption of the legality of the Nation" [In thousands) IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES by its fa1lure to uphold a Criminal Court's decision to take action to evict persons who Grant economic aid: Tuesday, November 18, 1975 illegally seized property. (see Appendix A, 1968 ------$3,600 2,900 Mr. O'BRIEN. Mr. Speaker, 35 years page 1.} 1969 ------ago the Soviet Union forcibly incor­ 2. June 26, 1973: A second Supreme Court 1970 ------3,000 resolution addressed to President Allende, 1971 ------1,500 porated the Baltic States of Latvia, charging him with lllegal and unconstitu­ 1972 ------700 Estonia, and Lithuania. For 35 years, tional interference in legal affairs that fall 1973 ------700 the United States has staunchly refused "within the exclusive competence of the M111 ta.ry sales credits : to recognize this illegal annexation. Judicial Power." 1968 ------$6,000 Now it appears that our stand is weak­ 3. July 8, 1973: Joint declaration by Edu­ 1969 ------11,000 ening and we are heading toward de ardo Frei, President of the senate, and Luis 1970 ------if 5,000 facto, not official, recognition. During Pareto, President of the Chamber of Depu­ 1971 ------the July Conference of Security and Co­ ties, appealing for the reestablishment of 1972 ------10,000 12,400 operation held in Helsinki, Finland, the legality "before it is too late." The declara­ 1973 ------tion emphasized the danger of civil war Just as Allende failed catastrophically at United States and 34 other nations inherent in the regime's policy of arming home, he lost his reputation abroad. His na­ adopted a final declaration supporting illegal groups, the "creation of a parallel tionalization of foreign assets without com­ the status quo of present European army in which numerous foreigners are col­ pensation, his defaulting on some debt pay­ boundaries. The Soviets have interpreted laborating." (See Appendix B, page 11.} ments, and his galloping inflation led Chile this to mean that we now accept the fact 4. August 8, 1973: This declaration of the to loose its credit in foreign money markets. that they control the Baltic States. Nei­ General Council of the Bar Association His regime also failed to cooperate in in­ ther President Ford nor the State De­ warned the public of "the collapse of the ternational efforts to deal with the traffic in partment have issued a disclaimer that rule of law" in Chile and said the "obvious illlcit drugs of which Chile was a major pro­ would correct this misinterpretation by fracturing of our legal structure can no long­ ducer. High officials of .his government are er be tolerated." It called for the reestab­ reported to have been directly involved in stating that the signing of the declara­ lishment of rights for all citizens and of the smuggling of cocaine and heroin to the tion does not signify recognition of the "full independence of the Judiciary Branch." United States. Some of the profits from this Soviet takeover in Estonia, Latvia, and (See Appendix C, page iv.} lllicit trade are reported to have been used Lithuania. Their failure to do so casts November 18, 1975 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 37247 serious doubt on our resolve to stand be­ nor the Department of State issued a. dis­ "911" HOT LINE FOR EMERGENCIES hind these oppressed nations. claimer in conjunction with the signing of the Final Act at Helsir.ki to make clear that I have consistently opposed any change the United States still does not recognize HON. J. EDWARD ROUSH in our Baltic policy. In both the 93d and the forcible conquest of those nations by OF INDIANA 94th Congresses, I joined my distin­ the Soviet Union, both the President in his guished colleague Mr. DERWINSKI, in public statement of July 25, 1975, and the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES sponsoring resolutions that expressly di­ Assistant Secretary of State for European Tuesday, November 18, 1975 Affairs in his testimony before the Subcom­ rected our delegation to the European Mr. ROUSH. Mr. Speaker, today I am Security Conference to in no way ap­ mittee on International Political and Mili­ tary Affairs of the House Committee on In­ including in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD prove recognition of the Soviet annexa­ ternational Relations stated quite explicitly a listing of the "911" emergency tele­ tion of the Baltic Nations. that the longstanding official policy of the phone systems in operation in the State In view of the developments at Hel­ United States on nonrecognition of the So­ of California. California is particularly sinki, I feel ,it is necessary for Congress viet Union's illegal seizure and annexation interesting because in 1972 the Califor­ to make it clear that our policy toward of the Baltic nations is not affected by the nia General Assembly enacted legislation the Baltic States is unchanged. There­ results of the European Security Conference: which declared that "establishment of fore, I have again introduced a resolu­ Now, therefore, be it local emergency telephone systems is in tion reaffirming our position. The text of Resolved by the House of Representatives the public interest" and required the (the Senate concurring), That, notwith­ establishment statewide of "911" by this measure, House Concurrent Reso­ standing any interpretation which the So­ lution 480, appears below: December 31, 1982. viet Union or any other country may at­ Alameda County in California is a test H. CoN. REs. 480 tempt to give to the Final Act of the Con­ area for certain advanced "911" features Whereas the three Baltic nations of Es­ ference on Security and Cooperation in including: selective routing of "911" tonia., Latvia., and Lithuania have been ille­ Europe, signed in Helsinki, it is the sense of calls; the automatic display of incom­ gally occupied by the Soviet Union since the Congress ( 1) that there has been no World War II; change in the longstanding policy of the ing numbers and addresses associated Whereas the Soviet Union is interpreting United States on nonrecognition of the illegal with those numbers. This project has the Final Act of the Conference on Security seizure and annexation by the Soviet Union been the recipient of LEAA funding. and Cooperation in Europe, signed at Hel­ of the three Baltic nations of Estonia, Latvia., California has been a pioneer in the sinki, as giving permanent status to the and Lithuania, and (2) that it will con­ statewide legislative effort to implement Soviet Union's illegal annexation of Estonia, tinue to be the policy of the United States "911" and in demonstrating advanced Latvia., and Lithuania; and not to recognize in any way the annexation features that might in some cases be Whereas, although neither the President of the Baltic nations by the Soviet Union. used with "911":

Date Population Date Population served served Systems location In service Scheduled (thousands) Systems location In service Scheduled (thousands)

American Telephone & Telegraph: 18.0 California: 17.0 Alameda ______Apri11970 ______71.0 = 676.6 Anderson ______------.. _____ August 1975 ______11.0 Santa~:~ ~r££f~~r~t;======Clara ______== =~~~~~~~~~~r~~~~~ July 1974 ______~= =- ~~~tt~:~;i~;~== _ 88.0 Benicia ______June 1975 ______10.0 Sunnyvale ______November 1972 ______100.0 Dunsmuir ______January 1973 ___ ------__ . ______2.2 Tracy ____ . ______March 1975 ______20.0 Gustine ______March 1970 ______3. 0 Vallejo ______June 1976 ______85.0 Lake County ______October 1975 ______25.0 Yreka ______• ______January 1973 ______3. 5 Monterey County ______December 1974 ______258.6 Independent Telephone companies: Mount Shasta ______January 1973 ______4. 5 California: Pacifica ______September 1974 __ ------______36.0 lindsay ______January 1975 ____ _ 5. 6 Pismo Beach ______November 1975 __ _ 5.0 Kerman ______June 1970 ___ . ______5. 0 Rancho Santa Fe ______December 1970------2. 0 Gilroy ______December 1974 ______15.7

THE UPSTATE FARM INDUSTRY It also reflects the farmer's worry about close to this amount. Some quite typical the rapidly diminishing number of dairy percentages are those of dairyman Dave Bell farms in New York State. of Walton, who pays 46 percent of his gross HON. MATTHEW F. McHUGH The loss of dairy farms is caused by several to repaying his income debt and 42 percent OF NEW YORK factors, the first being the enormous cost of for operating expenses, leaving a. mere 12 operation versus the low percentage of profit. percent for all of his living expenses and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The dollars and cents picture alone is forcing from this he attempts to salvage some to Tuesday, November 18, 197 5 farmers to give over their land to specUla­ build his working capital. tors, gra.b their money and get out. He knows These figures could be stale by tomorrow Mr. McHUGH. Mr. Speaker, one of the that it is unlikely that he will be bought because of rapidly rising expenses. Quite local papers in my 27th District of New out by another farmer because of the pro­ typical of these are the costs of machinery York has recently carried a fine series hibitively high cost of operation. and parts, which constitute a large por­ of articles written by Barbara Root on The initial investment to begin even a tion of the 200 to 300 percent cost rise of the the farm industry in upstate New York. small dairy operation is between $150,000 and past two years. Dave Bell indicated that a. The articles provide perspective and in­ $200,000. The problem is not necessarily be­ forage harvester priced at $4,400 one year sight into the problems and frustrations ing able to raise the cash-there are sources ago, now costs $6,200. A tractor that was such as FHA, private banking institutions $11,000 to $12,000 two years ago, now com­ faced by dairy farmers, and I believe the and P.C.A. (Production Credit Association), mands $15,000 to $20,000, depending on its second part, in particular, will be of the farmers' prime source of capital. P.C.A. size. interest to my colleagues. is currently receiving 8Yz percent interest Fuel costs are also up 12 percent in one Mr. Speaker, I would like to request (it was nine percent until recently) and year, and feed grain has risen 9.2 percent, that Mrs. Root's article be inserted in their loans can be very long term-40 years fertilizer and lime 26.8 percent and a. long the RECORD at this point: is not uncommon. Many farmers complain list of costs up, up, up in the past 12 to 24 that such long periods encourage "perpetual months. THE UPSTATE FARM INDUSTRY indebtedness," keeping the farmer in an Ralph Buel, who with his son, Don, farms (By Barbara. Root) ever-tightening vise. 520 acres in Elk Creek, and have 99 "milk­ "Every time I see a. house go up on farm The obvious investments that farmers ers," will "make do" with a home repair on land here, I feel sick," said one dairy farmer. must make including his homestead, barn, his silage blower (machine which blows His statement does not reflect an anti­ silos, cattle, heavy and light duty equipment silage into the silo). It had cost him $700 in social attitude, but rather his great rever­ are only the tip of the iceberg; he must 1966 and now is priced at $1,400. ence for the land and his recognition of the then maintain this property and repay his The sharp contrast snaps into focus when fact that once land is lost to land specula­ income debt. one realizes that milk receipts dropped "4 tors, industrial parks, home and highway The common philosophy is to maintain at percent in August of 1975 and a whopping building, it will never be restored to its Least a. 50 percent indebtedness, and almost 4.6 percent from July to August this year in former agricultural productivity. all of the farmers interviewed carried very the New York-New Jersey market" according 37248 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 18, 1975 to figures published by the Eastern Milk on to win by a score of 37-0. An unde­ Borian, Saul Glosser, Ron Lumley, Samuel Producers Association. feated season and two league champion­ Medile, John Murtha, Patrick Murtha, Louis Behind the sharp decllne in milk receipts ships is proper praise in itself for the Paratore, Christopher Patton, Michael Sewak, is the huge amount of imported milk that Frank Stumpo, Louis Tschachler, John Wil­ has flooded the American market in the past Westmont team. son, Mark Wilson. year. Among the many thorns in the side to But I have had the pleasure, Mr. Players-11th grade-Dan Allen, Joseph the American dairy farmer is the fact that Speaker, of watching the young men on Chessa, John Frick, Raymond Gould, Noel the foreign imports are very often sub­ this team play together since the seventh Graham, Bruce Grimes, Jeffrey Hoover, standard and undersell the superior Ameri­ grade. In their first year together they Thomas Kirby, Donald Patton, Barry Rudel, can dairy products, because they are subsi­ were undefeated; in eighth grade they Joe Tschachler. dized by foreign governments. were tied once; in ninth grade they were Players-lOth grade-Mark Alkire, Mark A little known fact is that many of the again undefeated. After playing as sub­ Vastaja, JPENNSYLVANIA mont high team on their successful season, I also wish them great success in ture and literature. I commend this IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the future. I have no doubt they will evaluation, prepared by Dr. Szaz, to the Tuesday, November 18, 197 5 succeed as well as individuals in their careful attention of my colleagues: CULTURAL POLICIES TOWARD HUNGARIANS Mr. MURTHA. Mr. Speaker, on Satur­ own lives, as they have this year as a team. IN ROMANIA day, November 1, I had the pleasure of By providing the delegation of the House watching two outstanding football teams My congratulations to the athletic di­ rector, coaches, band members, cheer­ of Representatives with 111 volumes of books battle for the Pennsylvania Western and 30 magazines and newspapers, their Ro­ Conference Championship. Westmont leaders, and all the football players who manian hosts wanted to weaken the docu­ High School entered the game with an are listed here: mented argument of the American Hun­ 8-0 record; Bedford High School with a Coach-Patrick Sherlock. garian Federation that the Government sup­ Assistant coaches-Milton Lantz, Paul 7-1 mark. presses Hungarian culture in Transylvania. Claycomb, Stanley Skowron, Jr: The figures seem to be substantial until a Westmont kicked off, held Bedford, Players-12th grade-Donald Behe, Fred closer look is paid to their contents and scored two quick touchdowns and went Callihan, Dave Carney, John Conway, Dan structure. November 18, 1975 EXTENSIONS OF REMARK~ 37249 Among the 111 volumes in five years (about other publication which would help the mid­ World Council of Churches to be held at twenty books per year for more than 2.5 mil­ dle classes and technical intelligentsia to re­ Nairobi, Kenya, from November 20 through lion people) , not less than 24 are transla­ tain and develop their knowledge of the December 6, 1975. The denomination of a tions from Romanian authors. Thus, over Hungarian language does not receive publi­ constituent member of the World Council of 20 percent of the production of the only cation permit, except for a very few Com­ Churches and Bishop Beky ha.s been assigned Hungarian-language publishing house in Ro­ munist academicians. to the Human Rights Committee of the mania is to publish Hungarian translation Perhaps some people will say that the large World Assembly where he w1ll present to the of Romanian books. 19 other books were number of newspaper and magazine publi­ Human Rights Committee of the World As­ translations of novels and poetry from Hun­ cations can make up for the vacua in book sembly the oppression. of Hungarians, par­ garian into Romanian language, again a task publishing. This is hardly the case. Only two ticularly Hungarian Protestants, in Romania. more proper for a Romanian-language pub­ publications are devoted to belles arts and lishing house. Thus, about forty percent of literature, Korunk and Igaz Szo, one edited the production of Kriterion is either in a by the Hungarian Section of the Romanian foreign language or serves as a conduit for Writer's Association, the other by the So­ Romanian culture to the Hungarian mi­ cialist Councll on Culture and Education. UNFAIR CHARACTERIZATION OF nority. Korunk is written in a higher style and oc­ CONSUMER ADVOCATES' WORK A review of the ~emaining sixty percent casionally even publishes Hungarian arti­ reveals the following picture. Novels and cles about Huxley and Russian writers. It poetry are best represented with 38 vol­ covers a wide area of humanistic and liter­ HON. PAUL N. McCLOSKEY, JR. umes. No Hungarian classics are included, ary subjects, but despite some exceptions OF CALIFORNIA even among the writers of the pre-1945 pe­ like the symposium on John Apaczai Cser1 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES riod, only one novel by Aron Tamasi is rep­ (17th century) it follows the same guide­ resented. Some of the volumes belong to out­ lines as the books in regard to Transylvanian Tuesday, November 18, 1975 standing young writers like Andras Suto and history and Marxist-Leninist ideology em­ Mr. McCLOSKEY. Mr. Speaker, on Janos Bartalis, but mostly there are medi­ phasizing the very limited role of Romanians November 6, 1975, during debate on the ocre novels, many of them consistent with in the province instead of the overwhelming the official government line which is preva­ historical contributions of the Hungarians Consumer Protection Act, I referred­ lent everywhere in Transylvania without who were in control of the province for page 35380 Of that day's CONGRESSIONAL much redeeming social value. A few are 1,000 years. Igaz Szo, despite its literary RECORD-to the.Postal Service's Consum­ works of the Communist and pro-Communist character also serves as a conduit for Ro­ er Advocate's ofiice with the following writers of the 1919-1945 period. Linguistics is manian literature, 1Q-20 percent of the con­ words: represented only by the posthumously reha­ tents of the magazine are translations from The rest of his work wa.s devoted to public bllitated rector of the former Hungarian uni­ the Romanian. relations for the Postal Service. versity of Cluj (he committed suicide upon Oddly enough, a medical journal is still the merger of the university with a Roma­ published in Hungarian, basically because This was an unfair characterization of nian university) and by an excellent but of the remaining professors at Tirju Mures the Consumer Advocate's work, and I yet unfinished dictionary of the Hungarian (Marosvasarhely) in the now mostly Roman­ would like to correct the RECORD. language in Transylvania. A Bartok collec­ ized Hungarian Faculty of Medicine and tion was published and some local music Pharmacy of the University of Cluj. Other­ The Consumer Advocate's office of the traditions mentioned in another book. There wise, most of the publications are popular Postal Service spends most of its efforts are three books devoted to folklore. History and serve Party propaganda and the Ro­ in analyzing consumer complaints about is represented by two biographical works of manian myth of equality of the nationalities. postal services and developing recom­ the 18th and 19th centuries, by a propaganda The newspapers, in turn, were aptly ana­ mendations for management which book contorting the events of the last cen­ lyzed in the Memorandum of the American would improve those services, thereby turies in favor of the Romanians in the prov­ Hungarian Federation. They are usually six eliminating the cause for consumer com­ ince and by the biography of a Hungarian pages in tabloid size and most of their con­ plaints. My remarks, therefore, should Communist "martyr". There are four other tent is either the adulation of President books with almost completely Marxist-Lenin­ Ceaucescu, a reprinting of his speeches and have reflected my belief that the U.S. ist ideology a la Romanian style, one liter­ of other Communist Romanian leaders into Postal Service Consumer Advocate Of­ ary criticism and a few "philosophical" Hungarian, or at best some local news and fice basically does ''service analysis" and works in Pall"ty propaganda-style. There are economic exhortations for more work, per­ not "public relations." 11 juvenlle books again along the same ideo­ sonal and want ads, some translations from I also want to include in the RECORD logical lines. A book of the craft of paint­ Romanian writers, and if space permits a ing finishes the list. a short statement by the present U.S. few notes on Hungarian cultural events or Postal Service Consumer Advocate, Tom Even at the first glance, the distorted bal­ historical figures who have anniversaries ot ance is obvious. History, historical novels are their birth or death. Chadwick, which outlines his perception almost completely missing and the history Indeed, this is a bleak picture for a. mi­ of the responsibilities and activities of of Hungarian culture in Transylvania is not nority which for several centuries repre­ the Consumer Advocate Office which he at all reflected in the few history publica­ sented the best and most humanistic ele­ heads. tions, and only marginally in folklore. The ments of Hungarian culture in general and only field where some real values of Hunga­ RESPONSmiLITIES AND ACTIVITIES OF THE CoN­ which numerically is still strong enough to SUMER ADVOCATE OFFICE, USPS rian culture are allowed to appear in print support a. much more balanced, original and is literature. Here, too, we have complete The Office of the Consumer Advocate was culture-oriented publication program than established in the Postal Service in May 1971. Party censorship both in regard to ideas and the one which the Romanian officials allow the relationship between Hungarians and Ro­ An officer of the Postal Service, the Con­ them to have. The Bucharest tendency 1s sumer Advocate is the independent spokes­ manians. Even an excellent novel like Suto's clear-cut, if the Hungarian language publi­ "My Mother Promised Me an Easy Sleep," man for consumers in top management pol­ cation cannot be completely eliminated, only icy deliberations and decision-making. which retains the local traditions and style, such subject matters and writers should be is basically artificial in describing the lives His role includes the provision of prompt of Romanians and Hungarians in the village. permitted who provide entertainment and response to consumer inquiries and com­ The heroes and antiheroes of the novel re­ do not shake the artificial edifice of Ro­ plaints concerning the Postal Service. main Party-created or artificial in other manian-dominated Hungarian society in Transylvania. I do not believe that this is a This office has authority to cut red tape respects. and enter anywhere in the Postal system to Another aspect is the lack of Hungarian correct interpretation of the Romanian Constitution or the various articles of the obtain solutions to consumer problems. It textbooks despite the fact that about 200,- is charged with responsibllity for analyzing 000 Hungarian students st111 attend Hunga­ Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The real talents and values of Hungarians in consumer complaints received both at post rian-sections of Romanian schools. Accord­ office and national headquarters levels. From ing to newspaper reports in 1975 new produc­ Transylvania are now systematically de­ stroyed or forced into the strait jacket of these analyses, recommendations are made tion of textbooks 1s far below the needs of to top postal management for improvements the classes which themselves are constantly Communist ideology and Romanian nation­ ism for several decades and no improvement in postal services and products. Recommen­ declining in size and numbers. dations may result in a solution for an indi­ There is no literature on foreign countries seems to be in sight. In the meantime, we entertain increasingly warm relations with vidual consumer or cause an alteration of in Hungarian, not even about Hungary national policy. and/or the U.S.S.R. Academic subjects are the Ceaucescu Government. We should cer­ tainly use these relations to work for more The Consumer Advocate's Office is organ­ practically never published in Hungarian, ized into six groups. Five of these groups there was not one book on natural science equitable cultural, educational, housing and employment policies of the Bucharest Gov­ manage responses to consumers on postal and medicine published by Kriterion in five products and service lines. They also conduct years. ernment toward its minorities, particularly special studies to improve the service and The tendency is obvious, Hungarian-lan­ the 2.5 million Hungarians in Transylvania. product lines falllng within their jurisdic­ guage publications must be degraded to It 1s of interest to note that The Right tion. The sixth group has the responsibility spreading Party propaganda and to provide Reverend Bishop Zoltan Beky, D.D. is repre­ for conducting diagnostic testing of postal cheap entertainment for the very limited senting the Hungarian Reform Church in services and products. These studies result leisure time for the Hungarian masses. Any America. at the Fifth World Assembly of the in reports to top management With recom- 37250 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 18, 1975 mend.ations for improving services and prod­ I salute them on behalf of all the people But what liberals like Brown are doing­ ucts. of the Sixth District of Illinois. talking one way and acting another-is not The Consumer Advocate and his statr rep­ very different from what their conservative resent the Postal Service in consumer-orient­ opponents have done. Some of our most emi­ ed public meetings and seminars. nent conservatives have made the act of run­ ning two ways at once an art form. THE POLITICS OF AUSTERITY Brown's predecessor Reagan is a prime ex­ ample. "We are going to squeeze and cut and HON. MARTIN A. RUSSO trim until we reduce the cost of govern­ LATVIAN INDEPENDENCE DAY ment," said Reagan during his 1967 in­ OF ILLINOIS augural address. His first move was to cut IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES all agency budgets 10%. Then he signed a Tuesday, November 18, 1975 budget that was 10% higher than his pred­ HON. HENRY J. HYDE cessor's. During his eight-year term he OF ILLINOIS Mr. RUSSO. Mr. Speaker, many of us doubled the budget and ballooned the per­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES in the Congress have become increasingly capita tax load from $426 a year to $768. So Tuesday, November 18, 1975 concerned over mushrooming levels of much for Reagan's trimming and cutting. Federal spending as well as the huge Down in Alabama, during George Wallace's Mr. HYDE. Mr. Speaker, today, No­ 13-plus years of power, Federal contribu­ amount of Federal indebtedness that tions in the form of highway and Health, vember 18, is Latvian Independence Day. deficit financing is creating for our Gov­ Independence days for any of the cap­ Education & Welfare grants increased from ernment. The problem of controlling 5% of the state budget to 28% today. Wal­ tive nations are not happy occasions be­ spending through our democratic proc­ lace may sneer at federal spending, but he cause freedom and national independ­ ess is difficult when there are so many hasn't turned down a penny. ence are absent from those countries. well-organized and articulate spokesmen And how about Senator Barry Goldwater But because of this denial of basic hu­ pressuring the Congress for Federal (Rep., Ariz.)? He's opposed to big budgets. man rights the Latvians here in America, largesse. . except for defensive budgets. One of his pet and the Estonians and Lithuanians as It is easy for politicians to rail against projects, the Air Force B-1 bomber, is going well, are particularly concerned over the to cost taxpayers some $15.5 billion, and a Federal spending in order to please con­ number of critics say we don't even need the signing in Helsinki of the Final Act of stituents who want every Federal pro­ plane. the Conference on Security and Coopera­ gram cut back or eliminated except those Or take Vice President Rockefeller. In a tion in Europe. programs that provide direct benefits to televised interview the day after President Regardless of official U.S. interpreta­ themselves or other interest groups with Ford had lowered the boom on New York tion, the Baltic people, not only here in which they are associated. It is far more City, he was shaken when he learned that America but also those living in their difficult for politicians to take an honest Rocky had co-signed every one of the city's homelands, all of whom still cherish profiigate union contracts. Within days, look at the Federal budget, pare out Rocky announced that he would not run freedom and independence from the So­ waste and inefficiency, and support pro­ with Ford next year. viet Union, fear, and I think justifiably, grams which are doing their job. The list could go on and on. that the Soviet Government interprets Mr. Speaker, it is always to our advan­ The only recent American politician to our action as a form of recognition of its tage in this body to have the benefit of really bite the economy bullet is New York's illegal annexation of the Baltic States. perspective in dealing with complicated Mayor Beame-and he had a pistol to his The Baltic people fear that the Soviet national problems. To this end I submit head. Government will now feel it can intensify for the record and recommend to my col­ The politicians don't deserve all the its policy of Russification in Latvia, and leagues an article which appeared in the blame. They are only doing what the public in Estonia and Lithuania. Such action wants. For the public-including business­ November 15 issue of Forbes magazine. talks one way and acts another. Lloyd Free, would be wholly inconsistent with the This article accurately portrays the di­ author of the acclaimed The Political Be­ principles of individual liberty. lemma that faces each of us in the Con­ liefs of Americans, says that numerous polls Mr. Speaker, this Congress could take gress in making appropriate spending confirm that voters are ideological conserva­ action on Latvian Independence Day decisions. The article follows: tives and operational liberals. which would give a renewed sense of en­ THE POLITICS OF AUSTERITY "I get two clear messages from my con­ couragement to the Baltic people and stituents," says freshman Senator Gary There is a new political rhetoric blowing Hart (Dem., Colo.). "One, the government is which would be wholly consistent with in the breeze, full of phrases like "drawing too big; two, we want your help in getting our proclaimed principles in foreign re­ the line" and "fiscal responsibility." Con­ something from the government." What the lations. We could pass any one of the servatives wrote the speeches first. But now public is saying is that they want limited several House concurrent resolutions liberals, too, are furrowing their brows and government, all right; they want it imited to which have been introduced which state mouthing the lines-like old men With den­ their special interests. the sense of the Congress that the Hel­ tures trying to eat apples. There are a few hopeful signs, though. With The politicians are beginning to boast people beginning to call his state "the next sinki accords have not changed the U.S. about how much they are saving you rather policy of nonrecognition of the Soviet New York," Massachusetts Democratic Gov­ than how much they are doing for you. It's ernor Michael Dukakis, another reformed Union's illegal seizure of Latvia, Estonia. good-bye, Great Society. Hello, Austerity. liberal, has slashed his budget 25% in real and Lithuania. I especially recommend In California, newly elected Governor Ed­ terms. And in Washington, Congress just cut the resolution of Congressman DERWIN­ mund (Jerry) Brown Jr. tells his constitu­ $4.1 billion from the President's proposed SKI, of which I am a cosponsor. ents to "lower their expectations." Connecti­ defense authorization bill. As a cosponsor of two of these resolu­ cUJt's new governor, ElLa Grasso, calls her $1.46 In his refusal to bail out New York, Pres­ billion budget "lean and efficient" as well as ident Ford has done the popular thing. But tions, and as a cosponsor also of a simi­ humane-with the emphasis on lean and .effi­ lar resolution introduced prior to the Will the voters of Alabama and Oregon and cient. In Washington, Senator Edmund Mus­ Missouri rejoice With equal fervor if the cuts Helsinki signing. I strongly urge my kie (Dem., Me.) rails against mammoth come to them? colleagues to carefully consider and to spending and big unresponsive government. If the entire public won't accept at least pass a formal document stating our The speeches "play well," as the politicians relative austerity, then there is no point steadfast nonrecognition of forcible put it. But there is a time when the rhetoric blaming the polltician&--either of the left seizure-not only as an act of encourage­ stops and the facts of life begin. That is or of the right-for fiscal disa.c::.ter. usually a minute or two after the TV cameras ment for the Baltic people, but also as leave. a signal to the Soviet Union of popular Unfortunately, the action hasn't matched sentiment in the United States. the rhetoric-so far. Meanwhile, it is most fitting that we Take Governor Brown, who is now consid­ HUNGARIAN FREEDOM FIGHTERS acknowledge our debt to those Latvians ered a Presidential contender after only 11 DAY and others suffering the loss of their months in office. He has been getting great freedom and independence. Their un­ publicity. First, he refused to move into the $1.3-mlllion Governor's Mansion his "tight­ yielding courage and dedication to the fisted" prodecessor Ronald Reagan had built HON. JAMES V. STANTON cause of human dignity serves as an for himself; Brown took a studio apartment OF OHIO example to the rest of the world of instead. The press called him "ascetic." IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES how truly noble men and women can be Then Brown shocked the liberals who Tuesday, November 18, 1975 no matter how unbearable the adversity elected him by attacking a school lunch bill. under which they must exist. They ex­ But after that publicity died down, he signed Mr. JAMES V. STANTON. Mr. Speak­ emplify the human spirit at its best, and the $9.5 million bill-and even praised it. er, the commissioners of Cuyahoga November 18, 1975 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 37251 County declared Thursday, October 23, speak out and denounce continued domi­ and Javits (N.Y.). In the House, hearings as Hungarian Freedom Fighters Day in nation of weaker nations by the Soviet have been held before the Equal Opportu­ the county, in honor of these brave men Union. It must remain the policy of the nity Subcommittee, under my chairmanship, of the Education and Labor Committee. and women whose struggle is an inspira­ United States not to recognize in any Special conferences have been conducted on tion for freedom-loving people every­ way, the annexation of the Baltic na­ the subject by the University of California where. To honor further their deeds, I tions by the Soviet Union as expressed in at Los Angeles, Columbia University, Hunter would like to insert into the RECORD the my measure, House Resolution 864. It is College, The Academy for Contemporary proclamation of the commissioners: appropriate that Congress speak out on Problems (Columbus, Ohio), the Congres­ PROCLAMATION behalf of those held captive and make sional Black Caucus, and the Full Employ­ Cuyahoga County Commissioners Hugh A. clear to all that we have not forgotten ment Action Council. Many scholarly docu­ Corrigan, Frank R. Pokorny, Seth Taft, 1n them. ments bearing on the bill have already been great awe of and with deep respect for the On this historic day let us salute the published. bare-handed heroism of the Hungarian Free­ Although this proposal has been opposed rich cultural heritage of the Latvian peo­ by narrow-minded interests not yet prepared dom Fighters- to Whose relentless longing for liberty over­ ple. Let us pay tribute the contribu­ to accept genuine full employment, the big­ came the mechanized might of an alien tions which the Latvian American has gest hurdle it faces at this moment is wide­ police state, made to this Nation. And let us pledge spread lack of information-and misinfor­ Who gave notice to the free world that no our continuing support of the quest of mation~oncerning its contents. One reason tyranny could obliterate the desire for free­ the brave people of Latvia as they strug.. for this is that the proposal, although clearly dom that is so deeply embedded in Hungary's gle to gain a life of freedom and dignity. written, is somewhat long. The authors have tradition and history, not stooped to oversimplification of what Who for a few glorious days defied brutal is needed to attain and keep a full employ­ slaughter to battle their way to freedom, ment society. Thus, we have incorporated armed only with rare courage and the bright into the bill refinements based on almost vision of a free world, EQUAL OPPORTUNITY AND FULL thirty years of experience under the Employ­ Who set an example of valor so inspiring EMPLOYMENT ACT ment Act of 1946, which it both strengthens that it will be forever inscribed in history, and extends. Hereby declare Thursday, October 23, 1975 To contribute to a better understanding as "Hungarian Freedom Fighters Day" in HON. HENRY S. REUSS of both the proposal and the issue, therefore, Cuyahoga County with utmost gratitude for OF WISCONSIN I shall ( 1) briefly review our experience un­ their illustrious contribution to the proud IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES der the Employment Act of 1946; (2) explain history of all freedom-loving people. the major provisions of the new proposal; Tuesday, November 18, 197 5 and ( 3) suggest some of the dangers we face Mr. REUSS. Mr. Speaker, our colleague in America if action along these lines is not from California, AUGUSTUS F. HAWKINS, taken. THE 57TH ANNIVERSARY OF LAT­ principal author and sponsor of the THE EMPLOYMENT ACT OF 1946 VIAN INDEPENDENCE DAY Equal Opportunity and Full Employ­ From 1929 to 1939 America and the rest of the world were wracked-and almost ment Act-H.R. 50-has written an wrecked-by a massive and agonizing de­ HON. EDWARD J. DERWINSKI article which appeared in the November­ pression. Only with the onset of World War December 1975, issue of Challenge maga­ OF ll.LINOIS II did enough people go back to work. To­ zine. The article provides an excellent de­ ward the end of the war, many feared that IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES scription of how H.R. 50 could attain the military victory would be followed by another Tuesday, November 18, 1975 goal of full employment: depression. A great debate began on what FULL EMPLOYMENT TO MEET AMERICA's NEEDS kind of government policies and public-pri­ Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, today vate relations might prevent such a calamity. marks the observance of the commem­ (By AUGUSTUS F. HAWKINS) Many liberals contended that capitalism oration of the 57th anniversary of the The Congress is now considering a new could be saved by postwar economic and so­ proclamation of independence of the na­ economic charter for America's future: "The cial policies to provide a more equitable dis­ tion of Latvia. However, the forceful and Equal Opportunity and Full Employment tribution of income, wealth, and power. They illegal invasion and occupation of Soviet Act." Passage of this legislation (HR 50 and endorsed the Economic Bill of Rights sent to S 50) would provide a firm basis for pulling Congress by President Franklin D. Roosevelt troops in 1940, halted this growth of in­ us out of the present recession and attaining and urged a comprehensive legislative pro­ dependence and free exercise of human at long last an economy of genuine full em­ gram to put it into action. As a policy frame­ rights for the Latvian people. ployment without inflation. work for the necessary measures, they urged Today also marks the occasion when The proposed measure provides a coordi­ passage of a Full Employment Bill based on the Latvian people, including Americans nated and long overdue approach to the kind the most basic of these rights-namely, the of Latvian origin, call to our attention of public and private planning needed in right of every adult American able and will­ such critical areas as housing, mass trans­ ing to work, regardless of sex, age, station, the spirit of freedom which remains alive portation, day care, education, health, sci­ in race, or creed, to "a useful and remunerative the people of Latvia, who have experi­ entific research, resource conservation, and job in the industries or shops or farms or enced years of oppression in a captive energy development. It articulates the fiscal mines of the nation" (State of the Union nation. However, Soviet overlords have and monetary policies required to support Message, 1944) . This proposal was supported not destroyed the spirit of liberty which public and private action on behalf of genu­ by President Roosevelt before he died and by burns in the hearts and minds of Lat­ ine full employment to meet human and his successor, Harry S. Truman, who had vians and one day those hopes for free­ national needs. Above all, it clearly estab­ been one of the co-authors of the original dom will win independence for the Lat­ lishes "the right of all adult 1\mericans able proposal while still in the Senate. Its passage vian people. and wllling to work to equal opportunities was advocated by the entire labor movement, for useful paid employment at fair compen­ by many independent businessmen, and by In the meantime, it is essential that sation." most religious, minority, professional, and we who enjoy the benefits of a free na­ This is not just another bill. It deals with women's organizations. tion not forget those who are less for­ the centrad issue of public policy: How can But representatives of some sectors of big tunate. It is imperative that we stop and Americans enjoy sustained full employment business disagreed and argued that sustained consider their problems and hopes. It is without inflation? This question must be peacetime full employment was impossible essential that we mold our own foreign faced by all those who seek party nomina­ under capitalism. Recurrent depressions, policy in a way which recognizes their tions in 1976, draft party platforms, conduct they believed, were the price to be paid for a the coming election campaigns, and decide private mark&t system. To a substantial de­ rights to freedom as well as our own. how to cast their ballots. It will dominate gree these arguments were similar to the Little improvement has been made to­ many congressional contests and be the ma­ view of those Marxists who argued that the ward providing the various captive na­ jor domestic issue in electing the next ups and downs of the business cycle could tions of Eastern Europe as well as the president. not possibly be eliminated under capitalism. Baltic States with the basic right of self­ HR 50, the "Equal Opportunity and Full The debate was suspended, if not resolved, determination that people so desperately Employment Act" now pending in Congress, by the Employment Act of 1946, signed by seek. The rights of free press, religion, is authored by myself and Representative President Truman on February 20, 1946. This Reuss (Wise.) and has 111 sponsors from historic compromise established a three-part and speech, remain but elusive dreams twenty States, the District of Columbia, mechanism for peacetime planning: an An­ for the brave people of the Baltic nations. Puerto Rico, and Guam. The Senate spon­ nual Economic Report by the President; a We must not abandon our commit­ sors are Senators Humphrey (Minn.), Ken­ Council of Economic Advisers to assist in its ment to seeking the release of the Soviet nedy (Mass.), Hart (Mich.), Hathaway preparation; and a Joint Economic Commit­ stranglehold over such nations. We must (Maine), Brooke (Mass.), Schweiker (Pa.), tee of Congress to review the progress record- 37252 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 18, 1975 ed in the Economic Report and transmit its the society and to feel wanted and needed in there are useful and rewarding employment findings to the Congress. This machinery was return." Rockefeller went on to advocate opportunities for all Americans able and subordinated to a compromise policy com­ more equitable distribution of wealth, a willing to work" (Section 11- 1). mitment to create and maintain conditions shifting of "the priorities of growth toward, In a certain sense there is nothing new in under which there would be afforded "useful for example, more and better homes and this proposed statement of personal rights. employment opportunities, including self· schools, instead of toward faster airplanes Presidents of both parties have long been employment, for those able, Willing and seek­ and more destructive weapons," and "some declaring that every American is entitled to ing to work" and to "provide maximum em­ form of guaranteed annual income." He a good job opportuniity. Most presidential ployment, production and purchasing warned that unless American capitalism be­ candidates are already saying this in one power." Although this commitment comes humanistic, "the result could be form or another. The entire labor movement amounted to much less than a federal guar­ chaos and anarchy, or it could be authori­ has been commited to this keystone of a full antee of employment rights, it was not in­ tarianism. . .." This is not merely the per­ employment economy. The most forward­ consequential: it expressed a widespread sonal philosophy of Laurance Rockefeller. looking business people have always known consensus that the federal government must Rather, it expresses an orientation toward that, while genuine full employment may never again tolerate-and must indeed pre­ public policy that many American business make it difficult to get workers whenever they ventr-a. mass depression. It also specified leaders know is both economically sound want them or at low wages, it also makes it that, in carrying out this commitment, the and morally right. much easier to get the customers on whom federal government was to "coordinate and THE NEW EQUAL OPPORTUNITY AND FULL their profits ultimately depend. utilize all its plans, functions and resources." What is new is that HR 50 removes a tra­ EMPLOYMENT BILL ditional political promise &from the realm of During the Truman Administration the Back in 1973, as the misinterpretations and United States came close to full employment. glowing rhetoric. It comes down to brass evasions of the Employment Act became more tacks by spelling out exactly how to make Although the Korean War contributed to this blatant, many people began to feel that a achievement, the inflationary aspects of mili­ good on the promise and providing legal new lawfully enacted mandate was needed to machinery for enforcement. It therefore pro­ tary expenditures (whicp. expand demand plug the loopholes in the 1946 legislation. without providing consumer supplies to meet vides a good test of whether a politician Those of us in the Congressional Black really means it when he talks glowingly about such demand) were offset and a remark­ Caucus believed that without genuine full able degree of price stab1Uty was attained. "jobs for all." In other words, according to employment it would be impossible to elimi­ the sponsors of this bill, support of a federal Since that time, the Employment Act has nate racial discrimination in the provision been implemented with VM'ying degrees of guarantee of every adult American's employ­ of job opportunities. Both white and black ment rights is a litmus test by which any attention to its mandates. The goal of full members of the Congress felt that specific employment has given way to the acceptance candidate's rhetoric may be judged. As Sen­ legislation was needed to overcome the moral ator Hubert H. Humphrey has put it, "It is of a politically "tolerable" level of unem­ myopia and economic bankruptcy of the Ad­ ployment. this element of guarantee--which parallels ministration's repeated assertions that more many federal guarantees on the operations of There have been i.nfiationary increases of unemployment was needed to reduce prices price and interest rates by a few big cor­ bank~ and corporations-that can make the and higher prices were needed to i.ncrease right to job opportunities a reality instead of porations capable of capitalizing on every production and employment. manmade or natural shortage in this coun­ a vague ideal. ... This is the first time that The result is "The Equal Opportunity and Congress has had the opportunity to con­ try or abroad. As a result, with the erosion Full Employment Act." If it is enacted with­ of the mass purchasing power needed to sider a legislative measure that not only sets out crippling amendments and administered forth in unmistakable terms every adult maintain "maximum employment and pro­ by an enthusiastic and vigorous administra­ duction," the United States has been re­ American's right to useful job opportunities tion, this measure will guarantee public at fai.r rates of compensation, but also backs turning to the old-fashioned roller-coaster policymaking to meet the most essential ride from one recession to another. Since up those rights by explicit executive, legis­ needs of the American people. It will provide lative, and judicial machinery." 1969, each downward dip has left more people the basis for fair, stable, and long-term prof­ officially reported as unemployed, and a large The most important thing about this its for American business. It will therefore affirmation of personal rights is that, in­ group of "nonemployed" excluded from of­ be a giant step toward "humanistic capital­ ficial statistics. Moreover, these recessions stead of merely leaving them dangli.ng in ism" and a more viable constitutional democ­ the air, the affirmation is backed up by every are now accompanied by rising prices, a com­ racy. bination often referred to as "stagfiation" or other section of the proposed law. The Na­ The measure's strength lies in its specifics. tional Purposes Budget provides for inte­ "slumpfiation." With the 1974-75 recession First of all, the measure strengthens the four grated policies and programs to assure the we have been suffering from more unemploy­ basic provisions of the Employment Act by: creation of enough job opportunities in ment and more inflation than at any pre­ ( 1) explicitly establishing and guaranteeing vious time since the end of World War II. both the proflt-maki.ng and the non-profit the rights of all adult Americans to equal sectors of the economy. In addition, and as Meanwhile, the most shortsighted elements opportunities for useful paid employment at a backup, the United States Employment in big business and government call for more fair rates of compensation; (2) requi.ring Service--to be renamed the United States unemployment to bring down prices and that the President's annual Economic Report FuZZ Employment Service--is to be put to higher prices to stimulate production and highlight the goals, priorities, and programs work under the Secretary of Labor 1.n help­ employment. Thei.r arguments and actions that can only be met through genuine full ing create the jobs to which job seekers may add up to an acceptance of-i.f not a hymn employment and that are necessary to attai.n be referred. This 1s to be done with a Job of praise to-the old-time busi.ness cycle. that genuine full employment; (3) strength­ Guarantee Office that is first of all required Thei.r devotion to more concentrated privi­ eni.ng the role of the CouncU of Economic to utilize all resources of the private sector lege leads them to accept as an unavoidable Advisers; and (4) expanding the role of the 1n placements, then to fund projects 1n fact of life the prospect that on its next up­ Joint Economic Committee of the Congress. either the private or public sectors with an ward climb the roller coaster will stm leave In addition, the blll: ( 5) combi.nes short­ overall presumption of full use of the pri­ the country with 7 to 8 percent officially term planning to counter current economic vate sector, and finally, where necessary, to reported unemployment. It leads them to slack with long-term planni.ng to attain assign job seekers to a Standby Jobs Corps reject the more farsighted business view­ America's highest purposes; (6) spells out for temporary employment pending place­ point that full employment and the i.ron­ the role of fiscal and monetary policy in full ment in more permanent jobs. More per­ ing out of the busi.ness cycle are the best way employment poUcymaking; (7) subjects the manent jobs would be developed locally to create conditions for long-term, stable Federal Reserve Board to the statutory full through a continuing reservoi.r of private profitmaking and to make capitalism work employment policy; (8) establishes backup and public employment projects. Anyone for the benefit of the entire population. In fac111ties to provide private or public em­ who felt he or she was getting the runaround view of this rejection by the Ford Adminis­ ployment projects wherever and whenever would be able to get a prompt hearing locally tration, and in face of the direct challenge needed; (9) expands the role of private en­ and carry an appeal all the way to Washing­ to capitalism in many parts of the world, terprise and state and local governments in ton, 1f necessary. Naturally, after all other there has now been revived in its strongest full employment planning; and (10) pro­ efforts had failed, a complainant would be form since World War II the old question vides for continuing research, both basic and able to sue in federal court. The administra­ ~recently featured on the cover of Ttme applied, on the problems of adjustment to a tive machinery, however, is so simple that (July 14, 1975): "Can Capitalism Survive?" genui.ne full employment society. legal analysts feel this would be a rare The editors of Ttme answer this question Let me now comment briefly on each of event. by linking capitalism's surVival to its abillty these ten points. 2. The National Purposes Budget. People to meet basic human needs. They call specif­ 1. Personal rights to fob opportunities. sometimes make the mistake of thinking ically for "a resumption of noni.nflationary "The Congress hereby declares and estab­ that to pla~ for genuine full employment growth" and action to reduce "vast dispari­ lishes the rights of all adult Americans able is merely to plan for more jobs rather than ties in income and wealth." Their views echo and willing to work to equal opportunities for the increased goods and services which those of Laurance Rockefeller, who, back in for useful paid empolyment at fai.r rates of would be available 1f there were enough jobs. 1973, in a book titled The Second American compensation" (Section 2-a) . This central In part, this fallacy was avoided by the Revolution, urged a "humanistic capitalism" provision of the new proposal is backed by a original Employment Act, under which the under which "there is full opportunity for clear and straightforward definition of "full President's Economic Report was to deal every member [of society) to contribute to employment" as a "situation under which with all the various economic programs of November 18, 1975 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 37253 the federal government, including those not group to be appointed by the President "from President's Economic Report under the new specifically aimed at increasing the number among representatives of industry, agricul­ law. of job opportunities. ture, labor, consumers, other public interest For the sake of mustration, let us sup­ In HR 50, even more clearly, the emphasis groups and state and local governments." pose that the b111 becomes law-as a Christ­ is on "the job to be done" in meeting human Thus the National Advisory Council would mas present to the American people--at the and national needs. Under Section 3, titled not be left hanging in the air; it would have end of December 1976. Within sixty days-­ "Full Employment and National Purposes," a direct and continuing channel of com­ that is, around the end of February 1977- the President 1s to present to Congress every munication with the President. The Council the President would have to submit an in­ year a "Full Employment and National Pur­ of Economic Advisers, on its side, could not terim Economic Report and National Pur­ poses Budget" which shall set forth not only operate in an ivory tower; it would have di­ poses Budget. Let us also suppose that offi­ broad goals for employment, production and rect and intimate contact with a broadly cially measured unemployment (seasonally purchasing power but also specific goals, representative group composed of people with adjusted) at that time is stUl at the level policies, and programs in eighteen areas of a diversity of interests, attitudes, and of July 1975: namely, 8.2 million people, or high priority national needs. The first areas opinions. 8.4 percent of the labor force. Then the gov­ are natural resources, housing, environment, 4. Expanded role jor the Congressional ernment's goal under the new law would be health, education, day care, mass transpor­ Joint Economic Committee. Since 1946 the to reduce the 8.4 percent to 3 percent (of tation, and agricultural production. Then Congressional Joint Economic Committee has a labor force that probably would have come nationwide equalization efforts, science, been reviewing the President's annual Eco­ grown in the meantime to about 95 million) cultural and recreational activities, federal nomic Reports. This has helped focus the by August 1978. This would mean reducing aid for public services and public works, the attention of legislative committees on basic the officially measured unemployed to 3 per­ liquidation of poverty within a decade, im­ economic issues that cut across and cent of 95 million, or about 2.9 million. proved income supports for those unable transcend the work of each legislative com­ To back up this effort, the bill provides for to work and their dependents, small business mittee. the appropriation of $15 billion to be used and competitive private enterprise, mmtary Under HR 50, however, the Joint Commit­ for public or private employment projects and international programs, and programs to tee would be involved in a totally new un­ or to serve as seed corn in getting under way cope with plant shutdowns. The final area dertaking of unprecedented importance: an any or all of the highest priority programs is transitional and supplementary employ­ annual Conference on Full Employment and under the National Purposes Budget. In the ment programs, both public and private, National Purposes. The major purpose would meantime, of course, executive and congres­ whenever all other policies and programs are be to "obtain a broad spectrum of popular sional action would be taken under each of insufficient to provide enough job opportu­ and informed opinion on the specific goals, the major elements in the National Purposes nities. policies and programs set forth in the Pur­ Budget. There is nothing breathtakingly new in poses Budget, including independent view­ 6. Fiscal policies for full employment. Un­ this list. Without exception, all these poli­ points, entirely apart from the President's der the Employment Act of 1946, the federal cies and programs have been articulated in proposals" (Section 8-a). government's fiscal policy was supposed to be one form or another by all recent Democratic This procedure would raise to a new level used to promote continuing full employment. presidents and the great majority of Demo­ of national attention the kinds of public In recent years, however, this has not been cratic members of Congress. Many of them hearings heretofore held on the President's properly done. have been supported by Republican presi­ Economic Report. It would accomplish the The new bill clarifies the original intent dents and by large numbers of Republicans major purposes of the one-time Economic of the drafters of the earlier legislation by in both houses of Congress. Summit convened by President Ford in the dealing specifically with policies on expendi­ But two things are new. Fall of 1974. However, it would be a continu­ tures, on revenues, and on deficits or sur­ First, under the proposed legislation these ing and wide open "congressional summit" pluses in the government's budget. high priority national goals are to be brought with a much broader ran~ of viewpoints On expenditures, it provides a clear guide­ together in an integrated fashion instead of presented. Above all, it would be oriented to­ line: federal expenditures are to meet na­ being pursued in a disjointed way. ward the definition and redefinition of Amer­ tional needs in accordance wit h democrat­ Second, in the context of guaranteed full ica's highest priorities within the context ically determined prtorities. It states that if employment, it now becomes possible to meet of the national commitment to a full em­ the economy should be subjected to "exces­ huge unfillen needs that can be met only by ployment society. This annual conference sive overall strain," the highest priority fed­ putting to work every adult able and willing would be backed up and supplemented by eral expenditures should not be reduced, but to work. public hearings by the appropriate congres­ any necessary cuts should be made, rather, And both of these things are done through sional committees "in as many labor market in "relatively less important or postponable the flexible democratic processes of executive areas as feasible, with special emphasis on op­ activities" (Section 3-d-1). initiative and thoroughgoing congressional portunities for hearing petitions and com­ Taxec:;, in contrast, are to be varied in ac­ review, adaptation, and decision. At any one plaints by individuals and groups who feel cordance with changing economic conditions, time, indeed, there might be different views that they have been denied their rights to being raised if total demand exceeds "capa­ on the relative proportions assigned to dif­ employment opportunities or have been in­ bll1ties at full employment and production" ferent high priority programs. Some might jured directly or indirectly by policies and and reduced whenever nece5S!Y'Y to "avoid a favor more emphasis on mass transportation, programs designed to guarantee the exercise fiscal drag upon the national economy dur­ housing, and public works. Others might of these rights" (Section 8-b). ing any periods of substantial slack as may favor more emphasis on health, day care, and Finally, within siXty days after the sub­ occur." education. No matter how these different mission of the President's National Purposes Finally, the relation between expenditures views would be compromised, however, the Budget, the Joint Committee would report and revenues would be such as to "balance total program would have to use all labor its recommendations thereon to the Senate the Federal Budget or create a surplus under resources rather than consigning available and the House. This would be accompanied conditions of full employment, production labor to wasteful idleness. by "a concurrent resolution setting forth a and purchasing power." 3. A stronger Council of Economic Advisers. general policy with respect to such Purposes Together, these provisions represent a leg­ Under the Employme~t Act of 1946, the Budget.... " The concurrent resolution islative crystallization of the fiscal wisdom Council of Economic Advisers was set up to serves as a guide to those committees of and experience gleaned during the last thirt~ help the President in pulling his economic Congress dealing with the relevant legisla­ years. program together. Instead of setting up some tion, the budget, and appropriations. Debate 7. The Federal Reserve System as a full new planning agency, HR 50 capitalizes on and voting on such a concurrent resolution employment agency. In past years the mone­ the past work of the Council by strengthen­ would also focus attention on those funda­ tary policies of the Federal Reserve System ing it (Sections 3-h and 3-i). mental issues that cut across all speclftc have often interfered serlously with efforts to First of all, the Council is specifically policies and programs. attain full employment or to combat reces­ authorized to act as the President's agent 5. Combining short-term and long-term sion. One of the many reasons for this is that in providing all the various executive agen­ planning. Many discussions on economic and the Federal Reserve System has never been cies of the federal government with the social policy are bogged down in artlftcial subjected to a statutory policy on full em­ guidelines needed for them to play their role distinctions between short-term and long­ ployment. Rather, it has been able to con­ in developing and administertng the National term approaches. H.R. 50 is based on the ceive of its mission as merely the mainte­ Purposes Budget. principle that the two are inseparably con­ n'!l.nce of the banking system's profitability. Second, to help free the Council from un­ nected rather than contradictory. It has often carried out this mission by rais­ necessary details, speclftc provision is made Thus with the passage of this bill immedi­ ing interest rates (under the rhetoric of for an intensive analysis of the American ate steps would be taken to initiate the long fighting inflation) to levels thwt promoted labor supply in the annual Labor Reports of overdue integration of long-term economic both infl-ation and unemployment at the the President (now called "Manpower" and social policies that can provide the only same time. In so doing, it has not violated Reports). intelligent perspective for immediate deci­ any law; it has merely violated common Third, the consultative work of the Council sion-making. At the same time, the bill sets sense and sound economic policy. would be enormously expanded by having lt an immediate objective of reducing full-time The new bill, therefore, would subject the provide the personnel and facillties for a new unemployment (as presently measured) to Federal Reserve System's Board of Gover- National Advisory Council on Full Employ­ 3 percent of the labor force within eighteen nors-along with all the so-called independ­ mnnt and National Purposes, a twenty-person months after the submission of the first ent federal commissions--to its well-de- 37254 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 18, 1975 fined objectives of genuine full employment terprise), voluntary asso~iations, and state against Latins from Mexico, Central America, (Section 2-f). It mandates "such growth in and local governments are encouraged and and the Caribbean for the small number of the nation's money supply as is required for facilitated to do as much as they can toward available jobs. Blacks, Latins, and native achieving and maintaining full employment, achieving the goals set forth in the Purposes Americans (that is, Indians) , in turn, are production and purchasing power" (Section Budget" (Section 3-c-f). The goals in the pitted against the whites. The divisiveness 3-d-3) . It requires the Federal Reserve Sys­ Purposes Budget are to include policies and and acerbity stretches much further-white tem's Board of Governors to prepare an in­ programs designed to promote the activities collar workers against blue collar workers, dependent statement every year on its "in­ of these various nonfederal institutions. professionals against white collar workers, tended policies for the year ahead . . . ex­ Moreover, as already indicated, representa­ unionized against nonunionized, the physi­ cally well against the physically handicapped, plaining how such intended policy will J'q tives from these areas will take an active part consistent with this A!:t a.nd the Purposes in goal formulation-not only as members of young against old, and women against men. Budget" (Section 3-d-4). This statement is the National Advisory Council on Full Em­ Instead of genuine affirmative action pro­ grams to aid the victims o:f past bias and dis­ to be sent to Congress in t.he Economic Re­ ployment and National Purposes but also as crimination, we now see negative action port, with whatever comment the President participants in the Joint Congressional Com­ programs designed to answer the question, may choose to make. . . mittee's National Conferences on Full Em­ "Who shall be fired first?" In a genuine full s. Back-up private and publte employment ployment and National Purposes. employment society, of course, with enough projects. A vital part of this measure, as al­ 10. Full employment research. Under the job opportunities for everyone, this would ready indicated, is the provision of a Standby Employment Act of 1946 there has never yet no longer be a serious question. Today it is Job Corps to which job seekers unable to been a broad program of basic or applied a devastating question that undermines the find employment elsewhere would be research into the many problems of adjusting mental and emotional stability of tens of promptly and temporarily assigned pending the American society to the transition from millions of American families. This question permanent job openings. Unfortunately, be­ the roller-coaster situation of the past thirty becomes particularly disturbing as people re­ cause this is an indispensable element in any years to a fut ure of sustained growth without flect on the possibility that the next reces­ genuine full employment program, some inflation. To fill this gap, the proposed legis­ sion will probably be much more devastating people have made the mistake of viewing it lation sets up a National Institute for Full than the one that started in 1974. as the totality. Rather, like the wheels of an Employment Research that would operate Unless action is taken along the lines set airplane, it is a factor in getting the Ameri­ t hrough grants to, or contracts with, individ­ forth in our "Equal Opportunity and Full can economy into full flight and helping u al researchers, universities, private or pub­ Employment Act," I see a prospect that is avoid any future crash. The basic thrust and lic research organizations, and other govern­ even more grim. I agree with Laurance Rocke­ lifting power, however, are outlined in the ment agencies (Section 9). feller's warning that, unless we attain a. previous seven points. Instead of giving complete carte blanche "humanistic capitalism" in America., the re­ others have erred in seeing the legisla­ on the subjects of research, a dozen prior­ sult will be chaos or authoritarianism of one tion as providing "public service" employ­ ities are listed. The first of these, naturally, type or another. Since Watergate, the vision ment only. Even a quick reading of Sec­ consists of the research problems defined by of "friendly fascism," as described by Pro­ tions 5, 6, and 7, however, will show that this the Council of Economic Advisers in accord­ fessor Bertram Gross, can no longer be re­ is not correct. The basic concept of these ance with its role as the President's central garded as a paranoic fantasy. The possibility ultimate job guarantee sections is to provide economic staff. Each of the eleven others re­ of a still more repressive despotism cannot "last resort" public funding of job opportuni­ fers to major problem areas in which, as yet, be discounted. Let us remember that Musso­ ties in both the private and public sectors. there are no firm answers. One of these, for lini emerged from the unemployment crisis Moreover, such job opportunities would be example, is "the identification of human po­ that wracked Italy after World War I and strictly temporary, pending the fruition of tentialities that are hidden, undeveloped or that Hitler's rise to power in Germany would the "first resort" programs provided for under underdeveloped because of the lack of suit­ have been impossible without the turmoil the National Purposes Budget. The basic able job opportunities, encouragement, ed­ of the mass depression that hit Germany in concept of these ultimate job guarantee sec­ ucation or training and various ways of re­ 1929. While there is little likelihood o:f com­ tions is of a strictly temporary nature, and leasing such potentialities" (Section 9-d-2). munism in the United States, there is a even in that respect an emphasis is placed Research work along these lines, of course, clear and imminent danger that a. nonhu­ upon the private sector. In other words, the would also tie in with the materials in the manistic capitalism could slowly and relent­ Job Guarantee Office in the U.S. Full Em­ Labor Reports of the President (Section 4) lessly be converted into a new form of au­ ployment Service could use its funds to and their mandated emphasis on part-time "enter into agreements with public agencies thoritarianism. employment opportunities. While we may disagree on many matters of and private organizations operating on ~ Another research area bears on one of the profit, nonprofit or limited profit basis principle or detail, I can also accept most complex problems of administration Laurance Rockefeller's view that a human­ (Section 5-e) . and implementation: "Alternative organi­ istic capitalism is one th at provae "full op­ Second, the jobs would not be limited to zational forms and operating methods for services. Thus, the section dealing with the portunity for every member [of society] to the local planning councils mandated under contribute to the society and to feel wanted developing of job reservoirs refers not only section 7, as well as additional methods of to various service a ctivities but also to such and n eeded in return." Such an opportunity encouraging participatory and decentralized is not provided by the empty exhortations matters as infrastructure construction, re­ planning of employment policies and pro­ pair, and maintenance; construction, repair, we now hear from the White House. It can­ grams." not be provided by unemployment compen­ or maintenance of public buildings; public In developing this research program, the transit; public recreation; and housing. sation, welfare checks, food stamps, and rent Institute is required to encourage divergent subsidies--no matter how generous they In additon, the measure tries to steer a approaches to each area of policy study. The could become. In the view of the drafters, middle course between the two extremes of results would be made available promptly not sponsors, and supporters o:f "The Equal Op­ overly centralized federal control and the only to the President's staff, but also to the portunity and Full Employment Act," it haphazard decentralization that might put Joint Congressional Committee and the lo­ can come only through a. new economic char­ job seekers at the mercy of powerful local cal administrators and planning agencies. ter for Ameria's future, based squarely on interests not yet committed to genuine full THE DANGERS OF INACTION "the right of all adult Americans able and employment. willing to work to equal opportunities for 9. The full employment role of nonfederal "Unemployment," warned Senator Hum­ phrey a few months ago at a meeting of the useful paid employment at fair rates o:f institutions. Under conditions of recurring compensation." boom and bust, the federal government in­ Full Employment Action Council, "could be evitably has to step in at the last moment America's second Vietnam." By this, of and expand its activities in all directions. course, he meant that a continuation of This kind of intervention is particularly existing unemployment, both OJ?en and hid­ da,maging under conditions of so-called stag­ den, could pull America apart. FRIENDS WITH FOOD-A WORTH­ flation, that is, the current combination of This warning, in my judgment, should be WHILE PROGRAM recession and rising prices. Neither private taken very seriously at a time when experts enterprise nor state and local governments on all sides-Republican and Democratic, can enjoy confidence in the economic fu­ conservative and liberal, reactionary and J. ture unless there is much more assurance of radical-seem to agree that serious unem­ HON. HENRY HYDE sustained growth and stability. The same is ployment wlll remain with us for another OF ILLINOIS true for t he volunt ary an d nonprofit insti­ few years even 1f business prosperity should IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tutions that contribute so much to American return. It is doubly serious at a time when the great majority of people are afillcted at Tuesday, November 18, 197 5 society. One of the purposes of HR 50 is to provide one and the same time with the twin hor­ Mr. HYDE. Mr. Speaker, we have a such assurance. Accordingly, it 1s provided rors of job insecurity and sharply rising very active senior citizen program in my that in each of his Economic Reports, the prices. district, under the very able leadership The process of pulling America apart has President "shall set forth programs and of Mrs. Edith Rush, chairman of the policies to promote an economic environ­ already begun. The black population of our ment in which private industry (especially central cities, already suffering from mass steering committee of "Fri-ends With small businesses and competitive private en- depression, not merely recession, is pitted Food." November 18, 1975 EXTENSIONS OF REMARK~ 37255 "Friends With Food" is a volunteer As usual the Army either does not North and South Vietnam, and Viet­ organization of men and women who know what it is talking about or its rep­ cong-controlled areas of South Vietnam. provide meals for senior citizens in the resentatives have been lying because the Of this, only $8 million came from Maywood, River Forest, Melrose Park, decision was made and no amount of UNICEF's general resources fund over Bellwood, Westchester and Broadview argument will be allowed to change it. I a 3-year period. The bulk of UNICEF communiti-es of Cook County. base this contention on a recent state­ assistance came from a Special Indo­ Their generous devotion of time and ment by the Army involving another china Fund to which the U.S. Govern­ energy to this worthwhile program de­ move. Over the objections of the con­ ment has not contributed. And of the serves encouragement and recognition. gressional delegation and the city, the $21.7 million, only $10,164,000-plus I am pleased to inform my colleagues of Army moved its Electronics Command program support-not $40.2 million­ this program and list the names of these out of Philadelphia to Fort Monmouth, went to North Vietnam and areas under dedicated volunteers: N.J. the control of the Provisional Revolu­ FRIENDS WITH FOOD VOLUNTEERS It was recently learned that the Army tionary Government--PRG-or Viet­ Edith Rush, Chairman of the Steering had overspent its procurement budget by cong. Committee. $165 million because according to the Moreover, between 1952-72 almost 97 Jackie Abbs, Coordinator of Volunteers. Pentagon there were "pricing errors, ac­ percent of UNICEF's assistance was Anne Ziegler, Assistant Coordinator. counting errors, failure to properly channeled through the non-Communist M-ary Schuler, Carol Kenney, Lucille Schil- record orders, loss of records, use of un­ governments of cambodia, Laos, and ling, Carol Worth, Bertha Doerr, Jeannette acceptable accounting practices and in­ South Vietnam. During that 20-year pe­ Kolb, Arlene Trebonsky, and Delayne Thake. adequate document control." riod no UNICEF aid went to Commu­ Linda Weinstock, Mary Walgren, Ann Pel­ Most of these problems were concen­ nist-held areas, and only $200,000 worth licane, Mr. and Mrs. Helge Hagen, Kay trated in the Electronics Command at of cloth for school children-donated by Merkes, Bernice Polkow, Mrs. Wayne Wezel, Fort Monmouth and Army officials and Lenore Popp. the Netherlands and Switzerland-was Mr. and Mrs. Herman Dreier, Elsa Rose, pointed out that these problems were directed to North Vietnam-and that Selma, Neil, Dorothy Dessing, Sara Kemski, caused by the fact that only 10 of the was not delivered until 1973. Only after Gerry Bott, Elizabeth Majors, Patricia Niel­ 200 employees in the command's financ­ the Paris Peace Agreement was signed son. ing and accounting office transferred did North Vietnam and Communist­ Alma Metz, Gladys Schroeder, Rosemary from Philadelphia to Fort Monmouth, controlled areas of Laos and South Viet­ Parkes, Adele Ott, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Prell, a relatively short distance. nam receive any UNICEF help. And Mr. and Mrs. Lou1s Alario, Mildred Shepherd, The fact is the same situation will oc­ Patricia Orelup. UNICEF programs in Cambodia from cur when the Frankford Arsenal is closed 1973 to the fall of Phnom Penh were Lois Gaddis, Mabel Herbert, Marie Golden, and the Army and the Nation will be June Barany!, Blanche Youngsteadt, Mr. and confined to that city and adjacent prov­ Mrs. Carl Elkins, Hazel Benz, Florence Rater­ forced to develop, over many years, the inces, when it was safe. round. competency and expertise which now Regarding charges that UNICEF de­ Ruth Daube, Mary Johnson, Barbara Good­ exists at the Frankford Arsenal. livered heavy equipment to North Viet­ win, Lois Jede, Mrs. Ralph Kirchenberg, nam, the State Department has informed Lucille McCuiston, Marge Barone, Dorothy the Subcommittee on International Or­ Sinclair. Carol Gambolis, Ruth Hensen, Myrtle FALSE CHARGES AGAINST ganizations, "At no time have any trucks, Goslin, Lorraine Koester, Father Fred Kono­ UNICEF bulldozers, or other forms of heavy con­ pasek, Gloria Schrilla, Mr. and Mrs. Edwin struction equipment been supplied to the Cervenka, Mr. and Mrs. George Sorina. countries of Indochina by UNICEF. Ma­ Mr. and Mrs. Louis Muller, Jean Tilly, Ida HON. DONALD M. FRASER terials were supplied for the building of Thresher, Fran Rhode, Joan Cadagin, Wil­ OF MINNESOTA some schools to replace those destroyed liam LaCompt, Mr. and Mrs. A. C. Rempert, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES during the war and for the equipment of Ruth Ann Hohler. regional health centers. UNICEF rep­ Sophie Kautz, Ruth Weinrich, Mrs. Frank Tuesday, November 18, 1975 Smith, Mrs. Peter Doyle, James Carbone, resentatives have inspected UNICEF­ Irene Mohr, Minna. Ruppel, Sue Wallace. Mr. FRASER. Mr. Speaker, charges assisted projects and have observed Doris Schramm, Ken Davis, Vera Babcock, have been raised in recent months that UNICEF supplies being put to their in­ Lorraine Clauss, Ma.ry Bosch, La.vonne Con­ the United Nations Childrens' Fund pro­ tended use." valle, Corrine Nowell, Helen Bohr, Joseph vided aid to Communist military opera­ Allegation: That UNICEF aid in Indo­ Clay, Terry Mondlock, Naomi Pauls, Elaine tions in Indochina. The allegations were china was tilted to favor Communist Stehlik, Jean St. Clair. first brought up in May 1975 by Detroit countries. News columnist Robert D. Heinl, and Fact: UNICEF operations in South have since reached and misinformed Vietnam began in 1952-21 years before FRANKFORD ARSENAL millions of people through repetition, assistance to the North or in cooperation most recently in an article by Represen­ with the PRG. UNICEF has operated on tative LARRY McDONALD in the National both sides of the battle in Laos and ran HON. JOSHUA EILBERG Enquirer. These charges are fast becom­ programs for children and mothers in OF PENNSYLVANIA ing conventional wisdom. However, they Cambodia while it was a neutralist coun­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES not only totally distort the nature of try and as it was receiving heavy U.S. UNICEF efforts in Indochina and im­ military and economic aid. Tuesday, November 18, 1975 pugn the reputation of this well-known If anything, UNICEF aid was biased Mr. En..BERG. Mr. Speaker, for the humanitarian organization, but they are toward the established non-Communist past year or more, I and the other mem­ wholly lacking in fact. governments in Laos, Cambodia, and bers of the Philadelphia congressional As one who has-along with six U.S. South Vietnam. Nearly 97 percent of delegation have been fighting the Army's Presidents and millions of Americans-­ UNICEF'S assistance from 1952 to 1972 proposal to close the Frankford Arsenal admired the decades of unstinting and went to those countries. Although the in Philadelphia. compassionate service rendered by percentage of aid to South Vietnam and One of our major contentions has been UNICEF to children and mothers Cambodia dropped between 1973 and that the expertise of the scientists, tech­ throughout the world, I feel that it is 1975, the actual value of assistance in­ time to set the record straight. I ask creased by almost $2 million for South nicians and workers at the Arsenal would Vietnam, and aid through Phnom Penh be lost if its functions were transferred my colleagues to consider the following: in 2 years exceeded the entire value of out of the city, especially if they were Allegation: That UNICEF gave $40.2 programs for the previous 20 years. The relocated at arsenals a great distance million to Communist countries in In­ increase in aid to Communist areas sim­ from Philadelphia which is exactly dochina which was converted into med­ ply reflected need-not favoritism. what the Army plans to do. ical supplies. trucks, and equipment used Allegation: That UNICEF assistance The response by the Army has been in the takeover of South Vietnam. to Communist countries in Indochina that this will not happen, that most of Fact: From 1973 through April 1975, went unsupervised, and funds were con­ the employees will transfer and those UNICEF delivered or obligated $21.7 mll­ verted to military purposes. that do not can easily be replaced in a lion in humanitarian assistance to chil­ Fact: UNICEF representatives regular­ short period of time by new personnel. dren and mothers in Laos, Cambodia, ly inspected projects in Laos, Cambodia, 37256 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 18, 1975 North and South Vietnam, and PRO­ Mr. Speaker, over the past three dec­ America's desire for detente must not held lands and observed UNICEF goods ades UNICEF has compiled an enviable cause us to forget the brave peoples of being used for their intended purposes. and laudable record of humanitarian aid Eastern Europe who have lost their free­ UNICEF's office in Hanoi has monitored to children around the world, without dom to Russian Communists. The United the use o.f UNICEF supplies in North discrimination on the grounds of race, States has never recognized Soviet im­ Vietnam. Also, UNICEF aid is generally religion, nationality or the political be­ corporation of Latvia. In the past I havf; in the form of commodities and goods, liefs of their parents. This is as true for supported resolutions reaffirming our not cash. Indochina as for the more than 100 coun­ commitment to the sovereignty of the Allegation: That UNICEF supplied tries where UNICEF operates. Now, with Baltic States. The recent agreements of food, clothing, and medicines to the Viet­ the very survival of hundreds of millions the European Security Conference should cong. threatened by international economic, not alter our position. We must continue Fact: According to a May 197 5 report energy, health, and food crises, it is more our support for Latvia and the other by UNICEF's executive director, pro­ important than ever before that UNICEF Baltic States. grams operated by the PRG in South receive full American support. The rec­ I urge my colleagues in Congress and Vietnam began in 1973 to help provide ord shows it deserves no less. all Americans to join in the commemora­ urgently needed items for health and tion of the establishment of the Republic school services as well as shelter mate­ of Latvia. Let us continue our support for rials and other relief supplies needed her sovereignty in the hope that one day after a typhoon disaster. Prior to the DESIRE FOR FREEDOM LIVES IN she will again be free. war's end, UNICEF programs in PRO­ HEARTS OF PEOPLE OF LATVIA controlled areas were aimed at the pro­ vision of essential supplies and equip­ HON. LAWRENCE COUGHLIN ment required to maintain and improve CHURCH CELEBRATES 125TH ongoing services of child health, educa­ OF PENNSYLVANIA ANNIVERSARY tion, and day care. In February 1975, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES UNICEF agreed to provide further edu­ Tuesday, November 18, 1975 HON. MARTIN A. RUSSO cational and health aid which included Mr. COUGHLIN. Mr. Speaker, 112 the supply of: paper, books, teaching OF n.LINOIS years ago tomorrow, Abraham Lincoln IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES aids, roofing material, cloth for students' spoke at Gettysburg and asked us to seek clothing and rainwear, sports equipment, "a new birth of freedom." Americans Tuesday, November 18, 1975 basic equipment for rural health kits, have responded by seeking to secure this Mr. RUSSO. Mr. Speaker, the Faith vehicles for mobile teams, drugs for blessing not only for themselves, but for United Methodist Church in Dolton, Til., health centers and village dispensaries, all peoples who are willing to struggle for is celebrating its 125th year of ministry. apd kindergarten equipment and cloth it. Today I would like to speak up for one What a rich and rewarding heritage this for day-care centers. Furthermore, country which has faced great obstacles fine church has. UNICEF representatives inspected as­ in that struggle. Its story dates back to 1849 when sev­ sisted projects in PRO-controlled ter­ Latvia today marks the 57th anniver­ eral German-speaking families moved ritory and saw UNICEF supplies being sary of her independence. In America, into the Sandridge area 18 miles south of used for their intended purposes. There our Independence Day is always a time of United Methodist Church in Dolton, Til., is no evidence whatsoever to suggest that great celebration, and the next one, They were followed by a Methodist cir­ such supplies were used for other than marking our Bicentennial, will be an cuit rider of the German-speaking humanitarian purposes. even bigger event. Sadly, Latvians have branch of the Methodist Episcopal Allegation: That over $6 million col­ little to celebrate. Church. The following year the Sand­ lected by American children during Hal­ Latvia has faced a constant struggle for ridge Methodist Episcopal Church was loween in 1974 was turned over to Com­ independence because of her more pow­ formally organized with sh charter mem­ munist countries in Indochina. erful neighbors. Historically, Germany, bers and five probationary members. Fact: According to the U.S. Committee Poland, Sweden, and Russia have battled Thus began a ministry which has contin­ for UNICEF, the Trick-or-Treat pro­ for possession of Latvia, over the resist­ ued uninterrupted to this day. gram in the United States collected a ance of her brave people. After World In 1970 the Sandridge church merged total of $3,125,857 for UNICEF'S general War I, Latvia finally achieved independ­ with the Dolton United Methodist resources fund in 1974, for child welfare ence by fighting off both Germany and Church and the Grace United Methodist programs in more than 100 countries. Of Russia. In August 1920, the Soviet Union Church to form the Faith United Metho­ that sum approximately $118,000 could renounced all claims to Latvia. Inde­ dist Church. As each of the three con­ possibly be labeled as "used for Indo­ pendent Latvia was recognized by West­ gregations has served their communities, china." ern powers, joined the League of Nations, so has Faith Church, with a congrega­ Allegation: That the United States and developed a fairly prosperous econ­ tion of over 1,000, played a major role contributes the majority of UNICEF omy. in ministering to the local community as funds and that UNICEF has disregarded With the outbreak of World War II, well as taking a responsible share in the American interests in the use of those powerful neighbors again plotted to con­ wider ministry of the church. funds. quer Latvia. The infamous Molotov-Rib­ I would like to share with my col­ Fact: According to the State Depart­ bentrop Pact between Nazi Germany and leagues a letter I sent to the senior pas­ ment, U.S. Government contributions to Communist Russia gave Russia the tor, Rev. Clark Holt, commemorating the the general resources of UNICEF for chance to invade the independent Baltic church's anniversary: worldwide use in 1973, 1974, and 1975, States. In June 1940, the Soviet Union OCTOBER 31, 1975. respectively, were $15 million, $15 mil­ attacked and 2 months later, it declared FAITH UNITED METHODIST CHURCH, lion, and $17 million. This comprises Latvia a Soviet republic. In 1941, Ger­ Dolton, Ill. about 22 percent--not a majority-of many drove out the Russians and began Attention: The Reverend Clark Holt. UNICEF funds. The U.S. Government DEAR REVEREND HOLT: So often we search a 3-year occupation. This ended only by for the opportunity to hear the Word of God has not contributed to the Special Indo­ Soviet invasion. from the grea-t men of our times. Too often china Fund and has expressed its reser­ Russian rule has been marked by mas­ we overlook the fact that they may be right vations over the use of $8 million-over sive deportation of native Latvians and in our hometown. These men, such as your­ a 3-year period in Indochina-from importations of Russians. A general pro­ self, have been the backbone of congrega­ UNICEF's general resources fund. The gram of russification has sought to sup­ tions throughout the world. They have dedi­ United States has a permanent repre­ press Latvian culture, religion, and poli­ cated their life to the teachings of tha gospel. sentative who serves on UNICEF's ex­ tics. Despite this cruel oppression, Lat­ In these troubled times it is a. pleasure to hear of a. church that is commemorating its ecutive board and speaks for American vians remain firm in their desire for free­ 125th AJurrlversary. concerns. Decisions of that body are dom. The dream of independence remains For the past 125 years, Faith United Meth­ usually arrived at by consensus. Of the in the hearts of Americans of Latvian odist Church has been an important and board's 30 members, 25 are from non­ origin and descent and in the hearts of vital part of the community. As the com­ Communist nations. their compatriots throughout the world. munity ha.s grown, so too, has the church November 18, 1975 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 37257

grown to fulfill the needs of its congregation. kind of "urban wilderness" needed by the If the experiences of the past are any les­ Through the years it has provided spiritual people of the Northeast. son, it may be a. very long time before this guidance and has served the town faithfully. S. 867 and my companion measure, H.R. plan is forthcoming. I can only believe that Its work and accomplishments are indelibly 3994, would provide the powers which the the most recent actions of the Park Service­ written not only in the hearts and minds experience of the past eleven years has proved the transfer of the remaining development of those it has touched, but upon the pages are necessary for the continued protection funds, and the consistent unwillingness to of the history of its heritage. of this dynamic barrier beach. Moreover, actively support this legislation-are a fur­ It gives me great pride and pleasure to be these b1lls would increase the present au­ ther attempt at stilling the concerned voices able to have this opportunity to offer my thorization for the Seashore, a vital step if of those who so ardently opposed the disas­ warmest and sincerest congratulations on we are to create a. truly outstanding national trous proposal embodied in the most recent your 125th Anniversary. urban park. Master Plan. Wishing you and your congregation all of Increasing the Park's funding authoriza­ We must not allow the Park Service to life's blessings, I remain, tion is absolutely essential. Nearly all of the dangle a sword over the public's head. The Respectfully yours, $16 million originally authorized for ac­ power to control land use must be granted MARTIN A. Russo, quisition of property and condemnation of and used-or there will be no Fire Island Member of aongres1. non-conforming land uses has been spent. barrier beach left to protect. · There has been no new money authorized for Fire Island. The Seashore remains the only [From the New York Times, Nov. 15, 1976) national oa.rk of the period which has not JAvrrs FAVORS Am To PROTECT FIRE ISLAND QUESTIONS CONCERNING FIRE IS­ Politics is fine and party support is fine, (By Prana.y Gupte) been proVided with additional funds. More­ LAND NATIONAL SEASHORE ON WASHINGTON, Nov. 13.-Bena.tor Jacob K. over, a. recent Park Service action has taken Ja.vits, Republican of New York, emphasizing LONG ISLAND the few remaining funds--about $25o,ooo-­ to the Golden Gate and Delaware Water Gap the need to protect fragile ecological areas, recreation area. accounts. This action has urged Congress today to authorize an ad­ J. left the Seashore completely penniless and ditional $10 million for the preservation of HON. THOMAS DOWNEY the Fire Island National Seashore. OF NEW YORK utterly incapable of stopping the kind of Testifying before the Parks and Recreation IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES urban encroachment which presently threat­ ens the natural character of the area. Until Subcommittee of the Senate Interior and In­ Tuesday, November 18, 1975 this b111 is enacted and additional Land sular Affairs Committee, the Senator warned and Water Conservation funds are provided that unless the money was forthcoming, Fire Mr. DOWNEY of New York. Mr. the Seashore will ha. ve no means of protect­ Island, a. 32-mile stretch of sparkling beaches Speaker, from time to time I have taken and woods off the south side of Long Island, ing its fragile resources. would be overrun by commercial develop­ the fioor of the House to discuss the vari­ Gentlemen, it would be naive of us to ous questions that have arisen surround­ ment. believe that these pressures are going to "It is in the national interest to protect ing the administration of the Fire Island wait for the Seashore to develop a new Fire Island," Senator Javits said. He noted National Seashore on Long Island in my master plan proposal, or for the Congress to that a bill he was introducing would provide district. Last Thursday, I had the priv­ enact this most necessary measure. The de­ for granting the National Park Service, which ilege of testifying with Senator JACOB spoiling has already begun and it will con­ supervises 26 miles of the resort island, the JAVITS before the Senate Interior Sub­ tinue unless we act. There has already been additional $10 million with which it could eommittee on Parks, in support of S. 867 a. 31% increase in the number of structures condemn and buy private property for public within the island's exempted communities in ownership. and my companion measure, H.R. 3994, the 10 years from 1964 to 1974. Further, which would provide the powers which Mr. Ja.vit's bill would also give the Park in the same period, 330 variances were Service the authority to take legal action the experience of the past 11 years has granted while only 31 were rejected. But per­ against developers who violate local zoning proved as necessary for continued pro­ haps even more frightening is the fact that laws. tection of this dynamic barrier beach. half of all new development is in violation of one or more of the Seashore's zoning cri­ TESTIMONY SUPPORTED My testimony, along with an article from teria, and 1,500 vacant building lots still re­ Mr. Javits was supported in his testimony the New York Times of Friday, Novem­ main. The Seashore has no master plan, and today by representatives Thomas J. Downey ber 14, is reprinted below. I look forward it has no money with which to condemn of Suffolk County and Stephen J. 8alarz of to prompt action on this legislation. these inconsistent developments. Brooklyn, both Democrats, who, along with STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE THOMAS J. Similarly, the foot-dragging and impotence a score of Long Island officials and residents, of the Park Service have served to point out detailed their concern about over develop­ DOWNEY the underlying weakness of the original 1964 ment of Fire Island. Mr. Chairman and distinguished Senators, statute. The existing law, by forcing the Serv­ They noted that although the Fire Island I thank you for affording me this opportu­ ice to rely only upon the power of condemna­ National Seashore was created by an act of nity to appear before you today to discuss tion to halt non-conforming land uses, Congress 11 years ago, the Park SerVice still the future of the Fire Island National Sea­ creates a. number of serious administrative did not have a. m.a.ster plan for the area. And shore. This is the first time since the creation diffi.culties. These problems have ultimately they altered the Sen91te subcommittee to the of the Seashore that Congress has had the lead to the recent Master Plan proposal fact that earlier this year, the Park Service opportunity to review and assess the prog­ which would have excluded the western 6 announced its decision to terminate Federal ress of Fire Island as a National Park. I urge miles of the Seashore from Federal control. protection of Fire Island against commercial this Committee to use these hearings to re­ It is interesting to note that this proposed development. affirm the commitment made by Congress in tract would have contained nearly all of Today, however, Nathaniel P. Reed, Assist­ 1964 ·to conserve and protect one of the last the exempted communities. Clearly, this was ant Secretary for Fish, Wildlife and Parks of vestiges of unspoiled and undeveloped beach not an acceptable solution to these prob­ the Department of the Interior, appeared to on the East Coast of the United States. lems and was dropped from the plan. back off from that controversial decision. But For concerned citizens in New York and The amendments we are considering today he also expressed his opposi.tton to the Jav!ts around the country this hearing is long over­ would significantly ease these diffi.culties. b1ll, suggesting that the Sen<e subcommit­ due. Over the eleven years since the Sea­ First, increasing the Seashore's authoriza­ tee defer action until the Park SerVice com­ shore's inception the Park Service has, in tion is a. vital and necessary step. Second, pleted its proposed master plan for Fire Is­ my opinion, evaded and at times Violated proViding the Secretary of Interior the au­ land. its statutory obligation to protect and con­ thority to seek injunctive relief from incon­ Mr. Reed's statement was challenged by serve this fragile barrier beach. The SerVice sistent land uses is a creative solution to a Representative Downey, who said that the has either failed or been unable to provide problem that has plagued the Seashore since "pressures of commercial development" were the kind of administrative commitment so its creation. Furthermore this new provision such that it would not be good policy for desperately needed if we are to support and would proVide a. balance between the present Congress to wa.it for the Park Service's mas­ maintain this national urban park, and I inaction of the Park Service and condemna­ ter plan. believe that this has been caused, in part, by tion, a. power the Service has been hesitant "We have already waited 11 years," Mr. the inability of the Park Service to deal with to use. Downey said. "All we've gotten is foot­ the kinds of tirban pressures so prevalent on But we still have no guarantee that Fire dragging by the Park Service." Long Island. Island will be administered properly. I am The Long Island Democrat is sponsoring a. The experience of the past years has shown bill similar to that of Senator Javits in the that the act which established this Park did concerned that the Park Service has at no House of Representatives. The additional $10 not provide the Park Service the tools it time come forward and supported either S. mlllion that these b11ls call for will comple­ needs to deal with these salient urban prob­ 867 or H.R. 3994. And now, even as this Com­ ment the $16 million the Park Service was lems-the problems of zoning, land use, and mittee considers this action, the Park Service allocated in 1964, when the Fire Island Na­ commercial development. Today we are faced has expressed its desire to see the Congress tional Seashore was creaJted. with the reality that unless we act, we may hold back until a. final Master Plan is ap­ At the present time, the Park SerVice has never be able to establish on Fire Island the proved. virtually no funds left with which to con- 37258 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 18, 1975 demn property. The Ja.vits and Downey bills community of nations. I trust that our MISSOURI FARMERS HAVE DOUBLE stress that if the Park Service were granted congressional recognition of the serious­ DIGIT INFLATION AND DOUBLE injunctive relief powers, areas of Fire Island could be preserved by legal aotion, a chea.per ness of their plight will help to provide DIGIT DEPRESSION method than land condemna.tion. human justice essential to the solution that will remove Soviet domination, un­ just treatment, discrimination and op­ HON. JAMES W. SYMINGTON pression of the human rights of the in­ OF MISSOURI IN COMMEMORATION OF THE 57TH dividual that is practiced in these occu­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ANNIVERSARY OF LATVIA'S PROC­ pied states by the U.S.S.R. and achieve Tuesday, November 18, 197 5 LAMATION FOR RECOGNITION national sovereignty for the states of AS AN INDEPENDENT DEMO­ these courageous people and insure then: Mr. SYMINGTON. Mr. Speaker, dur­ CRATIC REPUBLIC rightful place in international commun­ ing 1974 the American people experi­ ion with all nations and all peoples enced rampant inflation which reduced throughout the world. the amount of goods and services their HON. ROBERT A. ROE dollar would buy by more than 12 cents. OF NEW JERSEY At the same time, a large segment of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the population in my home State re­ Tuesday, November 18, 1975 ceived significantly fewer dollars. VOTER APATHY An article by Forrest Johnson in the Mr. ROE. Mr. Speaker, I wish to join October 2, 1975, issue of the Columbia with you and our colleagues today in Missourian presents an analysis of the commemorating the 57th anniversary of HON. ANDREW JACOBS, JR. large drop in Missouri farm income in the Proclamation of the People of Latvia OF INDIANA 1974. to gain independence as a sovereign na­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Feed prices went up, cattle prices went tion dedicated to the principles of an In­ Tuesday, November 18, 197 5 down, and the drought damaged crops, dependent Democratic Republic. which caused spendable income to fall Latvia, as one of the three Baltic Mr. JACOBS. Mr. Speaker, the follow­ by 20 percent and net worth, including States on the eastern shores of the Bal­ ing letter from Indianapolis Warren farm inventories, to decrease by 53 per­ tic Sea embracing 25,000 square miles Central High School teacher, John E. cent. and a population of 2 million people is Orr, together with the resolution by Roy This cost price squeeze continues to steeped in an historic and cultural herit­ Delk show why I am so proud of the 11th threaten farmers. Costs-particularly age that is an integral part of the uni­ District of Indiana: fertilizer, feed and fuel~f producing the sphere of the quality of life by an un­ Congressman ANDREW JAcoBs, J r., agricultural products is increasing faster verse of peoples and must not be stifled Indianapolis, Ind. than prices for these commodities, leav­ in the transaction of global affairs and DEAR CONGRESSMAN JACOBS: The recent ing farmers even further behind their just and cruel exercise of governmental election in Indianapolis brought home to me a problem that has plagued me for years­ urban cousins in income. authority. Voter Apathy! As a. Government teacher I I request that this informative and thereby abandoned and banished from have constantly strived to educate my stu­ timely article be inserted at this point As you know, I have consistently sup­ dents, not only of the right and privilege of in the Record: ported the resolution adopted by the 89th voting, but the duty of a voter to vote. [From the Columbia (Mo.) Missourian, Congress proclaiming the rights of the While I stood looking out at a beautiful Oct. 2, 1975] Baltic peoples of Latvia, Estonia, and day while working as a. judge in the Sixth NET INCOME OF MISSOURI FARMS DROPPED Precinct, the lack of voter turnout made me Lithuania as well as all other peoples 53 PER CENT LAST YEAR to self-determination and national inde­ angrier by the minute. The next day I brought my frustra.tions to my classes. (By Forrest Johnson) pendence. I reported that of the 388,000 registered Net farm income dropped 53 per cent in During the 94th Congress I have rein­ voters (which does not represent 100 % of the Missouri in 1974 according to the Missouri troduced my resolutions (H. Con. Res. eligible voters), the five candidates for mayor Crop and Livestock Reporting Service. 140 and H. Con. Res. 141) reaffirming our received a total of 237,848 votes. The lowest John Ragsdale, University professor of Nation's position in condemning the im­ voter turnout in 13 years. This meant that agricultural economics, said the drop is "a. perialistic policies of governmental rule 61% of the registered voters voted for mayor. combination of low production and price in the Baltic States that usurp funda­ The Winner, William Hudnut, received 124,- decline in some commodities." meLtal rights of people to religious and 090 votes, which represents 52% of the total But, he added, "That's not true in all cases. votes. However, what is most alarming, is We got a. good harvest of soybeans and the cultural freedoms as well as their States that when you stop and think about it, you price was good. But we had a. low price for rights to self-determination and national get the following: cattle. Hog production was down. The independence. 60% of the registered voters voted (re­ drought got our corn. We didn't have much I recently joined in sponsoring the res­ member, not every eligible voter is regis­ wheat acreage because it was too wet." olution-my bill House Concurrent tered). University agricultural economist Harold Resolution 462-expressing the sense of 52% of the voters voted for Hudnut. Breimyer blames the drop on changing in­ Congress that the recent signing in Hel­ 31% eleoted the mayor of Indianapolis. ventories. The average value of farm inven­ sinki of the final act of the Conference Truly, a. minority mayor. tories increased $2,431 in 1973, but declined I then challenged my students to go home $747 in 1974. "It was a. paper loss and a paper on Security and Cooperation in Europe and discuss this with their parents and on gain," said Breimyer. "What was significant did not change in any way the long Thursday, we discussed their reactions. Most was a. 20 per cent decline in realized income standing policy of the United States on of their parents were disappointed with the (income other than inventory changes)." nonrecognition of the Soviet Union's il­ low turnout, but no one came up with a new While a. verage gross income increased legal seizure and annexation of the three idea.. In one of my classes, a. student finally $1,000 in 1974, production expenses increased Baltic Nations of Latvia, Estonia, and suggested tha.t we do something. His sugges­ $2,000. "The cost of fuel and fertilizer ab­ Lithuania. tion was that since 1976 is our Bicentennial solutely went out of sight," said Columbia. year, why don't we challenge the American farmer Bill Wulff, 204 Defoe Drive. Mr. Speaker, in the final analysis the people to show their patriotism by voting in Feed prices went up, cattle prices went integrity and destiny of the future of all the Presidential election. I think it is a good down and the drought damaged crops. Some peoples throughout the world depends idea and would like to know if you can bring farmers were caught in a bad pinch. "It was on the solid foundation of the corner­ it up in Congress as a resolution, or at least a pretty bLack year," said Joe Gibbs, Route 1, stone laid by the founders of our democ­ talk it over with other Congressmen. "I'd say we went down about 125 per cent.'• racy which provided, first and foremost, Roy Delk Resolution: "We, the students of But high grain a.nd soybean prices kept human rights of the individual. Warren Central High School Government farmers who didn't raise cattle from being Here in America we can hope to as­ classes, challenge the people of America to hurt badly. It was a pretty decent year for show their pa,trlotism in this upcoming Bi· us," said Dwayne Shingleton, Route 2. sure the people of the captive nations of centennial year, 1976, by voting in the Presi· As a. result, livestock no longer is as im­ their identity as a people and continue dential election. Let us show the world that portant to the Missouri farmer. Livestock to strive to assist them through never Freedom means the right to vote and that we provided 67 percent of all farm receipts relenting on our concerted endeavor to cherish that right." in 1972, but only 53 per cent in 1974. attain universal understanding and sym­ Sincerely, The bulk of the decline was in cattle, down pathy from the worldwide international JoHN E. OaR. to 22 per cent from 31 per cent. But receipts November 18, 1975 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 37259 from hogs, milk, chickens and turkeys also that Cumbie know-how has saved the town political order cannot let that protection declined. 50 per cent on its street work. lapse. Meanwhile, receipts from crops increased Cumbie, a lean, muscular 155-pounder, is Sakharov stands for values that know no from 33 per cent to 47 per cent of farm in­ a member of the Teamsters Union, but he national, boundaries. Because of his citizen­ come. Receipts from soybeans went up from says neither the union nor contractors have ship, t he Soviet government can control his 15 per cent to 25 per cent. Corn, wheat and objected to his personal efforts. movements. Because of what h e is, the sorghum went up as well. Town Clerk Lovena Luttrell says the coun­ humane world must continue to insist on What are the prospects for this year? cil routinely calls for bids on the street proj­ his safety. Mixed. ects to comply with the law. Feed prices remain high and cattle prices "On the last resurfacing job, the lowest low. Hog prices are increasing, but produc­ bid was $18,900," she said. "George got it MOYNIHAN'S ATTACK ON OAU tion is low. for about $12,000." Grain prices remain high, but soybean prices are 25 per cent below 1974. Damp weather has delayed harvests and drought HON. CHARLES B. RANGEL has hurt some farmers badly. OF NEW YORK ANDREI S.AKH.AROV "This year is going to be worse," said Wulff, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES "We've plowed under 50 per cent of our soy­ beans." Tuesday, November 18, 1975 Nevertheless, the crop prospect generally HON. ALPHONZO BELL Mr. RANGEL. Mr. Speaker, in regard is bright. Grain and soybean harvests overall OF CALIFORNIA probably will not be far from the 1973 to the recent attack made by Ambassa­ records. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES dor David Moynihan on the Organiza­ Tuesday, November 18, 1975 tion for African Unity-OAU-I would like to submit a series of communica­ "LET GEORGE DO IT" GETS THINGS Mr. BELL. Mr. Speaker, as you know, tions for the information of my col­ DONE IN SURPRISE, ARIZ. the Soviet Union has recently denied per­ leagues to clarify what has been miscon­ mission for internationally renowned ceived to be an attack by the adminis­ physicist Andrei Sakharov to travel to tration on the OAU. HON. SAM STEIGER Oslo to accept his well-deserved Nobel First of all Ambassador Moynihan's OF ARIZONA Peace Prize. statements were a result of his confu­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES As the U.S. Government continues to sion about President Amin's own per­ pursue its policy of detente, we must not Tuesday, November 18, 1975 sonal beliefs and the stance taken by the forget that the Soviets continue to pur­ OAU concerning the expulsion of Israel Mr. STEIGER of Arizona. Mr. Speaker, sue their long-standing policies of the from the United Nations. Regardless of in view of recent events in which large denial of individual rights and basic civil Idi Amin's belief that Israel should be American cities are demanding that the liberties, even to their most internation­ expelled from the United Nations, the Federal Government come to their finan­ ally prominent citizens. OAU has consistently rejected this posi­ cial assistance, I would like to point out Now we learn from Mrs. Sakharov, tion. that there are communities in the United currently in Rome for medical treatment, Secondly, the White House has made States which still believe that the helping that her famous husband fears for his life it clear that it did not support Ambas­ hand is attached to the arm. in Russia. sador Moynihan's intemperate remarks In particular, I would like to cite the In this connection, I wish to recom­ but rather, highly regarded OAU for the example of Surprise, Ariz., and its out­ mend for the attention of my colleagues moderation that it had exhibited at the standing and hard-working mayor, Mr. in the Congress an editorial published Kampala Conference on the move to George Cumbie. recently in the Los Angeles Times, the expel Israel from the U.N. Mayor Cumbie was the subject of a complete text of which follows: Thirdly, I think it necessary to realize recent feature article written by Mr. [From the Los Angeles Times, Nov. 16, 1975] that the media has incorrectly construed Lester Schlangen of the Associated Press, A PRIZE-WINNING EMBARRASSMENT the White House position and has added and I ask that the story be reprinted in There is nothing surprising in the refusal somewhat to the source of confusion. the RECORD. of Soviet authorities to permit Andrei Sak­ Herewith, I submit the communica­ The article follows: harov to go to Norway next month to accept tions to set the record straight: "LET Gii:ORGE Do IT" GETS THINGS DONE the Nobel Peace Prize. T'N' SURPRISE The official reason for the refusal of an (Sent to Henry A. Kissb1ger, Secretary of exit visa is that the physicist possesses State, Washington, D.C., October 9, 1975.) ~ : URPRIS:H;.-When the town council here "state secrets" which implicitly he could We are shocked by the intemperate re­ says "let George do it," it really means Mayor not be trusted to keep once he passed beyond George Cumbie. marks of Ambass9idor Moynihan that, "It is Soviet control. The actual reason is that no accident, I fear, this racist murderer-as Cumbie, 54, the four-term mayor of this Sakharov is a political dissident who has farming community of 4,000 about 15 miles one of our leading newspapers called him doubly embarrassed the regime-first, by this morning-is head of the organization northwest of Phoenix, is personally respon­ speaking his mind freely, and, second, by sible for paving nearly all its 50 streets. of African unity," made at the AFL/CIO being internationally honored for doing so. Convention in San Francisco October 3. This A truck driver for a local paving contractor, From the Soviet point of view, the denial Cumbie looked over the dusty streets and the statement casts totally unfounded asper­ of an exit visa is logical. For authorities to sions on the OAU and its member states and town budget when he became mayor in 1968. • permit Sakharov to journey to Oslo would He decided it was a stalemate-with the town is therefore intolerable. We are neither de­ be officially to acknowledge the merit of the fending the internal policies of the President likely to continue enduring dust clouds un­ award, to accept the reasons for which it was less it could beat the high cost of improve­ of Uganda, or his statements at the U.N. as given, to 9/dmit that civil liberties in the President of Uganda. Our concern is Moyni­ ments. Soviet Union do not really exist and that "I knew how to run machinery and how to han's total disrespect for the office of the protest against their absence is an act of President of the OAU. In response to a spe­ surface streets," Cumbie says. "I figured it courage. A government that makes the most was time to get busy." cific question during our meeting August 19 strenuous efforts to avoid admitting its fail­ you assured us that Moynihan was not sent He rented equipment, tapped the town ings to its own people cannot be expected treasury for needed materials and recruited to the U.N. to engage in confrontational to cooperate in having those failings exposed politics with developing countries. We want a handful of city employes to begin work on before the outside world. key streets. to know if your silence re: Moynihan's afore­ Official Soviet organs have denounced Sak­ mentioned remarks represents a change in "It took a lot of teamwork and people who harov and the Nobel committee because of really know Wh9it they're doing," said Cum­ your p-revious position before we respond to the award. Sakharov's wife, in Rome for numerous media inquiries about our reac­ bie, who personally supervised the work. medical treatment, says that for the first For the $100 a month he's paid as mayor, time the outspoken dissenter fears for his tion to this matter. We trust that your in­ plus his wages 1! he's kept away from work, life. That concern must be taken seriously. terpretation will be forthcoming immedi­ the town council has reaped solid dividends The regime has available to it a variety ately. U.S. and your own credib111ty can be for its investment. of legal factions--to say nothing of customary seriously impaired unless this controversy "The population has grown about 1,000 in extralegal means-for silencing Sakharov. He is clarified as we try to work toward con­ the past year because it's a better place to has been protected up to now vnly by his structive relations with developing coun- live," said Cumbie. great international prominence and prestige. tries. Dale Head, the town attorney, says he's The part of the world community that CHARLES C. DIGGS, Jr., putting it conservatively when he estimates believes in personal freedoms and a decent CHARLES B. RANGEL. 37260 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 18, 1975 OCTOBER 16, 1975. remarks on Israel did not reflect the views THE NOT-SO-GRAND JURY Hon. CHARLES C. DIGGS, of the OAU. In that sense, President Ford has House of Representatives, not backed up Ambassador Moynihan's un­ Washington, D.C. called for criticism of the OAU but rather HON. HENRY HELSTOSKI DEAR MR. DIGGS: The Secretary has asked praised the OAU for "breaking the back of OF NEW JERSEY me to thank you for your telegram of Octo­ the gathering movement for suspension of ber 9 concerning Ambassador Moynihan's Israel from the U.N." IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES remarks in San Francisco about the Orga­ I think it is important for your readers Tuesday, November 18, 1975 nization of African Unity. Lest there be any to know that whatever our official quarrels misunderstanding of the Department's and with President Amin, Mr. Moynihan was Mr. HELSTOSKI. Mr. Speaker, as a. the Administration's regard for the OAU, I only speaking personally when he criticized cosponsor and firm supporter of H.R. enclose the White House Press spokesman's the OAU. Officially, the White House and 2986, the Grand Jury Reform Act of 1975, statement of October 10 on Ambassador others in our National Government realize I would like to bring to the attention of Moynihan's remarks. that the Organization of African Unity has my colleagues the following article by If I can be of further assistance to you, led the way within the Third World toward William J. Helmer entitled ''The Not-So­ please do not hesitate to let me know. moderation of the calls by Uganda and other Sincerely, States for the extinction of Israel or its ex­ Grand Jury." This article recently ap­ KEMPTON B. JENKINS, pulsion from the United Nations. Ambassa­ peared in a national publication and Acting Assistant Secretary for Con- dor Moynihan's intemperate and undeserved clearly outlines the weaknesses of our gressional Relations. criticism of the other African States which present grand jury system which have have supported the U.S. position on Israel's made it susceptible to governmental WHITE HOUSE PRESS SPOKESMAN 'S STATEMENT remaining in the U.N. can only serve to set abuse. I urge my colleagues to read this ON AMBASSADOR MOYNIHAN'S REMARKS AT back diplomatic efforts ov Israel's behalf. article which successfully describes the AFL-CIO. Sincerely, gap between the grand jury's constitu­ WILLIAM R. COTTER, We feel that the attacks made by Ugandan President, the African-American Institute. tional purpose and its use today as a tool President Idi Amin at the UN were out of for persecution: place and uncalled for, and in that context THE NoT-So-GRAND Juay I feel that Ambassador Moynihan said what (By William J. Helmer) needed to be said in reply. We recognize, however, tha.t all cxf President Amlru's Historically, the purpose of the grand jury remarks do not reflect the views of the OAU, TIME TO GIVE GOP CHANCE IN has been to protect people against the abuse and we do not want any misconceptions CONGRESS of government power. The American found­ about our attitude toward that institution, ing fathers got the idea from the British and for which we have very high regard. We con­ inserted it into the Bill of Rights. "No person sider the OAU one of the very important re­ HON. JOHN J. RHODES shall be held to answer for a capita-l or other­ gional organization in the world and one wise infamous crime, unless on presentment with which the United States will continue OF ARIZONA or indictment of a Grand Jury." The ldea, to develop and strengthen our good rela­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES simply enough, was to interpose a shield be­ tions. tween the individal and the state to show Tuesday, November 18, 1975 that its desire to prosecute somebody is based Mr. RHODES. Mr. Speaker, I read with on public interest, not political whimsy. THE AFRICAN-AMERICAN INSTITUTE, Furthermore, before the state could drag November 5, 1975. great enthusiasm the following letter which appeared on the editorial page of a man out of his house and put him on trial, EDITOR, it had to convince his neighbors that the New York Times, the Arizona Republic. Inaction on issues crime had been committed and that there New York, N .Y. such an energy, coupled with fiscal ir­ was reason to suspect him. So to protect the I think it is important to set the record responsibility, have been the hallmark man from frivolous or malicious accusa­ straight concerning the call by President of this majority's term. It is past the tions, the grand jury was to meet in secret. Amin of Uganda for the "extinction" of Is­ time for a change. I believe it is impera­ At least that's the way it was supposed to rael. That attack on Israel was made in his tive that the American voters come to work in 1791, when there was a healthy personal capacity as President of Uganda and realize this fact if we are to meet the skepticism about the motives of politicians not on behalf of the organization of Afri­ and their administrators. As it turns out, can Unity (OAU), whose Chairman he tem­ challenges we will face in the future. I the skepticism was well founded, because porarily is. Indeed, the African States at the am pleased to share with you Mr. Grif­ political leaders since then have managed to Kampala Conference in July of this yea.r fith's letter: transform this protective instrument into a specifically rejecte.d Amin's urging that Israel [From the Arizona Republic] tool of persecution and suppression by the be expelled from the United Nations. Conse­ TIME TO GIVE GOP CHANCE IN CONGRESS state. quently, it is clear that the Organization of Federal courts still respect the independ­ African Unity, far from calUng for the "ex­ (By T. P. Griffith) ence of a grand jury to a greater extent than tinction" of Israel, has, in fact, resisted Let's give the Republicans a chance to state or county courts do, but most grand recent moves by Amin and others to further show what they can do. juries can be manipulated and doininated isolate Israel in the diplomatic world. I think this should be the Republican by a prosecutor. Jurors, randoinly selected U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, Party's theme for the elections of 1976. from voter lists, hear only what the prosecu­ Daniel P. Moynihan, has, unfortunately, Why shouldn't the American people give tor wants them to hear, and thus often be­ helped to confuse these facts. When, in his them_ a chance to show what "their theories come rubber stamps despite themselves. San Francisco speech, he attacked Alhin as can do? The Democrats have had more than Here are the major weaknesses of the grand­ a racist murderer and said that it was "no ample time to show what they can do and Jury system as it's now set up : accident" that Am1n is this year's Chairman from all indications haven't done a very The secrecy of grand-jury proceedings is of the Organization of African Unity, he good job. easily violated when it suits the purpose of clearly misstated the OAU's record on Israel Whenever a sports team is not winning a prosecutor-for instance, when he wants and added to the confusion by implying that they change managers or coaches, whenever to embarrass some individual or group. Amin, in calling for Israel's extinction, was a company is not performing satisfactorily Unlike any other judicial proceeding, there speaking on behalf of the OAU. Amin was they change managers. Why then shouldn't are virtually no rules of evidence or proce­ not and this was made abundantly clear at the American people change Congress? Let's dure before a grand jury. A prosecutor can the time of his two-part address to the give the Republicans a majority in Congress bring out aspects of a person's private, pro­ United Nations. and see what they can do. fessional or political life; he can demand vir­ Perhaps the most troublesome problem, but the welfare of our country is at stake. tually any personal or business record with­ is that the New York Times, along with most Maybe even democracy is at stake. out explanation; he can put hearsay evidence other U.S. newspapers, has implied that Pres­ The Republican theories of government or mere gossip into the record. ident Ford backed Moynihan's criticisms of have not been given a chance. Having a two­ The prosecutor is not even required to tell Amin and the OAU. This was, in part, the party system is a good system, but in order the jury what an investigation is about or fault of the White House, which first said, for the full strength of a two-party system why he wants a particular bit of testimony. on October 8, that Mr. Ford felt that Moyni­ to be felt each party should be given a chance The prosecutor need not present any evi­ han, in San Francisco, had "said what needed since each has a different idea of how our dence or testimony that he knows exists 1n to be said." During that day's press briefing, government should be run. favor of the accused. the White House did not distinguish between I say let's give the Republicans a chance, Subpoenas can be issued for irrelevant Moynihan's attack on Amin on the one hand, give them a plurality in Congress in the records in order to conceal the true purpose and his gratuitous attack on the OAU on the next election. If they don't perform, then do of an investigation. other. However, on October 9, President not re-elect them. The American people have Courts have almost no control over the Ford's Press Secretary, Ron Nessen, made it been reelecting Democrats even though their conduct of a prosecutor before a grand jury. clear that the U.S. knows President Ainin's performance has been far from satisfactory. A grand-jury witness must face the prose- November 18, 1975 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 37261 cutor alone, without benefit of counsel; his on the administrative conference of the had vanished without a trace. Knowledge of attorney must walt outside. U.S. report on the Internal Revenue the survival of Jam estown and its products If a prosecutor makes a false or prejudicial Service. for trade undoubtedly was a factor in per­ statement to the grand jury while a witness suading the Pilgrims to make their landing or a suspect is absent, it can be stricken and The first hearing will be held in H208 at Plymouth Rock 12 years later, feeling that won't necessarily show up 1n the final record. in the Capitol beginning at 10 a.m. and they too could cope with the wilderness. The A witness who exercises his Fifth Amend­ will consider comments from ms officials survival of Jamestown as a result of the ef­ ment right can have immunity "forced" on on the conference's report. forts of these first Polish immigrants in­ him and can be jailed without trial for con­ sured the development of America as an tempt if he refuses to answer any questions: English-speaking nation. and despite this immunity a person can be Eventually the number of Poles at James­ prosecuted if evidence against him can be town totaled about 50. The descendants of obtained "independent" of his testimony. POLISH CONTRIDUTION TO the Jamestown Poles and of other Poles who Federal prosecutors can convene any num­ COLONIAL AMERICA had been welcomed by the Swedes and Dutch ber of special grand juries to conduct simul­ in their Ne World colonies and in other taneous and parallel investigations. These later English colonies are among the 1,000 juries may be used to fire off batches of sub­ and more names of unmistakeable Polish ori­ poenas to disrupt activities of a targeted or­ HON. PETER A. PEYSER gin on the American Continental Army ros­ ga.nizs.tion, harass its members and intimidate OF NEW YORK ter. In addition to these Polish name de­ its supporters. Such shotgun use of subpoena IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES scen dants on the roster, there may be added power can also bolster an otherwise weak case, a large number of descendants with non­ creating publicity and headlines that vir­ Tuesday, November 18, 1975 Polish names, the offspring of daughters who tually convict a. person on popular suspicion Mr. PEYSER. Mr. Speaker, recently an married English, Dutch and other colonists. that only an important criminal attracts so article appeared in the Herald Statesman The early Jamestown Poles made another much attention. most important contribution to the cause As to the jurors themselves, rarely, if ever, in Yonkers, N.Y., describing the contri­ of liberty-the first strike in America not are their fundamental duties explained to butions that early Polish settlers made for economic gain but for basic civil and them. They may never know, for example, during colonial times. I am submitting a political rights. The Poles had come from a that they can and should determine charges, copy of that article for the benefit of homeland that was one of the m ore politi­ call witnesses and ask questions; that their other Members: cally liberal states of Europe. Poland adopted, power to indict or investigate is not limited [From the Herald Statesman (Yonkers, N.Y.) in 1573, the first broad act of tolerance in to the accused person. If a grand jury refuses Nov. 8, 1975) Europe. The Act of Warsaw Confederation to indict, the prosecutor can take his case to guaranteed religious freedom for all. POLES HELPED BUILD FOUNDATION OF U.S. another; or if it indicts against his wishes Throughout most of the rest of Europe, re­ he can simply refuse to sign the true bill and (By Arthur 0. Lipinski) ligious dissidents were still persecuted. Sur­ end the matter there. Polish settlers contributed to the survival rounded as they were by absolute monarchies Reform is clearly needed, but what com­ of Colonial America and to the very language that coveted the Polish territories and even plicates the issue is that a grand-jury system and spirit of the American Declaration of resented the 11 berties accorded to the Poles cuts both ways; it gives prosecutors vast Independence. within their own country, the Poles were powers they can misuse, but it also gives the On October 1, 1968, the first Polish settlers very politically conscious of the necessity to Justice Department or a state's attorney an arrived at the English colony of Jamestown defend their freedoms. effective tactic for nail1ng Syndicate gang­ and established the first glass manufacturing When the first Virginia House of Burgesses sters, labor racketeers and corrupt pollticians, plant in America. They came, not as refugees, was organized, only the native English born such as former U.S. Attorney General John N. but at the special request of the able and were allowed to vote. The Polish residents Mitchell, former Vice-President Spiro Agnew colorful leader of the colony, Capt. John in Jamestown strongly objected to the denial and former President Richard Nixon-who Smith, who, years prior, had crossed through of equal rights-to vote, to possess property, were undone mainly at the g-rand-jury level Poland as a soldier of fortune escaping from to be treated equally in all respects. In pro­ (after a grand-jury cover-up faUed) rather Turkish captivity. test, the Poles refused to work, and sus­ than on the basis of the hard criminal evi­ Smith admired and respected the qualities pended all operations in what were called dence that must persuade a trial jury "be­ and capabi11ties of the Poles he met, the1r the Polish industries, the glass factory, the yond reasonable doubt." generous hospitality and assistance, their re­ tar distillery and the soap establishments. The fact that a grand jury can so easlly ligious tolerance, their hard work, progress, Practically all the profits of the London violate the spirit of the U.S. Constitution, for and skills as artisans and professionals. Company at that time came from the resale either good or evll, is what provokes both The names of this small group of Polish of the shipments from these Polish indus­ liberals and conservatives to call for reform. arrivals were Michael Lowicki, Zbigniew tries. Recognizing their indlspensibility, as A variety of reformist legislation already has Stefanski, Jur Mata, Jan Bogdan, Karol well as the simple justice and merit of their been introduced in the U.S. House of Repre­ Zrenica, and Stanislaw Sadowski. demands, the governor and the legislature sentatives and in the legislatures of several This small group of Poles was repeatedly quickly acceded to their requests. states. The main organization trying to re­ commended by Captain Smith in his letters In the Court Book of the first meeting of concile both sides of the issue is the Coalition and in his later account, "The True Travels, the Virginia House of Burgesses on July 21, to End Grand Jury Abuse, 300 Atlantic Build­ Adventures and Observations of Captain John 1619 is this entry: ing, 930 F Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20004. Smith." "Upon some dispute of the Polonians resi­ dent in Virginia, it was now agreed (not­ It is made up of legal, religious and civll­ He credited them with saving the colony from total collapse. After the first Jamestown withstanding any former order to the con­ liberties groups working to preserve the grand trary) that they shall be enfranchised, and jury but also to restore its original function winter, barely half of the original settlers were alive, and most of those were totally made as free as any inhabitant there whatso­ of serving both the individual citizen and the disheartened. Each of the Polish newcomers ever; And because their skill in making pitch public interest. had one or more special skills. and tar and soap ashes shall not die with By their example, they helped to spur the them, it is agreed that some young men English colonists, most of whom were "gen­ shall be put unto them to learn their skill tlemen adventurers," into doing the hard and knowledge therein for the benefit of the work necessary for their own survival. Smith's Country hereafter." WAYS AND MEANS OVERSIGHT SUB­ letters also praised their courage and loy­ The enunciation of principles of equality COMMITTEE ANNOUNCES HEAR­ alty. On one occasion, in 1609, when Capt. and universal suffrage in Jamestown !or all INGS ON ADMINISTRATIVE CON­ Smith was ambushed by Indians, the Poles its settlers, English and non-English alike, FERENCE OF THE U.S. REPORT ON saved his life. Two of them, Zbigniew Stefan­ as a result of the Jamestown Poles' peaceful THE INTERNAL REVE:rTUE SERV­ ski and Jan Bogdan, rushed from the nearby and unprecedented civil rights strike was a ICE glass plant to his rescue, and captured the tribute to their instincts of liberty and to Indian Chief. their political consciousness. It was a historic The newly arrived Poles set to work imme­ first and is a part of the fabric and lan­ HON. CHARLES A. YANIK diately with such diligence that the same guage o! the American Declaration of Inde­ ship (Good Speed} that brought them to pendence. OF OHIO Jamestown was able to return to London with The "enfranchisement" of the "Polonians" IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES a trail of glass products of their own making from this first glass factory in America to­ and the words of the Virginia House of Tuesday, November 18, 1975 gether with various wood products, distilled Burgesses' entry "as free as any inhabitant Mr. VANIK. Mr. Speaker, on Decem­ tar and pitch, soap ashes, and planking, to there whatsoever" was in effect a miniature show the English backers that the colony model and a forerunner of the American ber 4, the Ways and Means Oversight was economically viable. Declaration of Independence drawn up by Subcommittee will begin the first in what An earlier English colony at Roanoke had Thomas Jefferson, a Virginian, 157 years will probably be a series of hearings simply disappeared, and all its inhabitants later. 37262 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 18, 1975 PICKING UP THE TAB FOR City. The city m u st adopt an auster ity budg­ high potential, low-income students of NEW YORK CITY et if it is to regai::t its fiscal health. If fed­ all races. eral funds are used to prop up the city, one Throughout his career, Dr. Topping can be sure that an austerity budget won't HON. LARRY McDONALD be adopted. Public employe unions will in­ has invested the fullness of his genius, sist on maintaining unreasonably high energy, and humanity in service to the OF GEORGIA wage scales and pensions as usual. community, Nation and, indeed, the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES New York City must stew in its own juice. world. I take great pleasure in joining Tuesday, November 18, 1975 If there is a general strike, so be it. Let the his friends and colleagues in honoring Governor of New York State send in the him for his many outstanding Mr. McDONALD of Georgia. Mr. National Guard to man essential services. contributions. Speaker, if the vote today gives money Let New York State law against strikes by to New York City, a very dangerous prec­ public workers be enforced to the letter. edent will have been set. Certainly, with No bailout. No appeasement. That's the a planned deficit of arouil~ $70 billion only sane and practical way to proceed in the New York City situation. Vice President for the next fiscal year and a national Rockefeller's advice is as bad as his fiscal A HISTORIAN LOOKS AT THE NEW debt of around $600 billion, we will be leadership of the state during the years he YORK CRISIS giving money away that we do not have. was New York's chief executive. Somewhere, somehow, the wagon has to back up and the day of accounting has to HON. CHARLES B. RANGEL start. I suggest that the time is now. OF NEW YORK In this connection, I include for the RECORD the very fine newspaper column TRIBUTE TO DR. NORMAN TOPPING IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES on the subject of New York City by An­ Tuesday, November 18, 197 5 thony Harrigan released on October 23, Mr. RANGEL. Mr. Speaker, Arthur 1975, in his "Sensing The News" series. Hon. Yvonne Brathwaite Burke Schlesinger, Jr., has long been regarded The column follows: OF CALIFORNIA as one of America's foremost scholars in PICKING UP THE TAB IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES American history. Last month he wrote (By Anthony Harrigan) Tuesday, November 18, 1975 an article which appeared in the Wall The notion that everyone living outside Street J oumal. This cogent analysis de­ New York City should pick up the tab for Mrs. BURKE of California. Mr. lineated the very vital role American that spendthrift metropolis certainly quali­ Speaker, I am pleased to bring to your cities have played in the development of fies as the most unpopular idea of the year. attention the splendid contributions to our Nation. Specifically, he discussed Nevertheless, Vice rresident Nelson Rocke­ education made by Dr. Norman Topping, feller, who spent New York State into finan­ New York City's part in this growth, in cial trouble, is trying to sell that notion to the beloved chancellor of the University an effort to illustrate the need for Fed­ the public. There is very little chance that it of Southern California. Dr. Topping re­ eral assistance to aid New York through will go over with the taxpayers in Oklahoma cently was honored at a benefit celebrat­ its period of financial uncertainty. City, Milwaukee, New Orleans and other ing the 5th year of his chancellorship As we begin debate on the bill H.R. cities around the country. and marking the 5th year of the Norman 10481, I think it would be helpful if my Outside the boroughs of New York City Topping Student Aid Fund at USC. colleagues would :;.·eview these remarks. there is widespread agreement that a city As seventh president of USC and the that lives beyond its means must pay for its Although New York has mismanaged its excesses. second alumnus to hold that post, Dr. financial affairs, Mr. Schlesinger points New York City has spent more than four Topping gave shape to a master plan out that since a great deal of the present times as much per capita on public services that resulted in one of the most remark­ New York problem is due to Federal in­ as other cities in the nation. It is a symbol able achievements in the history of action on programs that they should of welfare liberalism at its most extreme. American education. During a single dec­ administer, then it is only equitable that For years, municipal authorities in New ade, Dr. Topping brought more fin an­ the Federal Government provide this York City have appeased public employe cial support, built more new buildings, unions. Huge pensions have been awarded assistance. city employes after short terms of service. and attracted more distinguished men The United States has always sought Overtime has been included in computing and women of learning to the university to provide comfort and assistance to for­ pensions so that some municipal pensions than in all of the preceding 81-year his­ eigners who seek a better way of life exceed the amount of salary received in the tory of the school. Because of his vision­ here in our Nation. I would agree with final year of employment. ary leadership, USC has won national Mr. Schlesinger that we must extend this No reason exists why communities which acclaim as a center of research and noble commitment to those at home, in operate on a fiscally sound basis should be graduate and und~Jrgraduate study. penalized. No reason exists why taxpayers in order that we will be able to continue to the hinterland should fork over their money Prior to assuming the o:filce of Presi­ afford foreigners these opportunities for so that public employes in Fun City can dent of USC, Dr. Topping demonstrated a better life. For my colleagues, I insert continue to enjoy their privileges and bene­ rare administrative and research talents the full text of Mr. Schlesinger's article: fits. during a brilliant 16-year career in pub­ [From the Wall Street Journal, Oct. 29, 1975] Proponents of a federal taxpayer bailout lic health. His research work included MAIN STREET'S REVENGE of New York City argue that large banks development of a series of lifesaving vac­ (By Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.) and investors will be hurt if the city de­ cines, one of which protected more than faults on its obligations. It is true that the For an historian there is something at once Rockefeller fainily bank, the Chase-Man­ 15 million American, British, and Cana­ professionally fascinating and civically scan­ hattan, may be hurt. I n deed Vice President dian servicemen from typhoid during dalous about the current rage against New Rockefeller's conflict of interest in this area World War II. In recognition of his York City. should have prompted him to refrain from unique administrative and research A student of the past inevitably finds a suggesting a bailout. capabilities, he was appointed Assistant sort of delight when he encounters histori­ Some New York City banks, it seems, made Surgeon General and Associate Director cal themes in a contemporary context. The unwise purchases of municipal bonds. They of the National Institutes of Health. mistrust of cities is almost the oldest, for a also may have made equally unwise loans Perhaps his most significant attribute, long time one of the most cherished and to shaky real estate trusts and to under evidently one of the most tenacious of Amer­ developed countries which were poor credit however, is his ability to build bridges ican traditions. Jefferson thought the Amer­ risks. between generations, cultures, and ideol­ ican people would remain virtuous as long as The federal government should not prop ogies. At his direction, multidisciplinary they lived on the countryside; but "when up banks that are poorly managed or that centers and consortium arrangements they get piled up upon one another in large have exercised bad judgment. Propping up were created on a national scale. His cities, as in Europe, they will become cor­ such banks is on a par with subsidizing sick great love for young people and abiding rupt as in Europe." "I always seem to suffer railroads. Direct or indirect subsidies for concern that all promising students be some loss of faith on entering cities," Emer­ private business are a threat to free enter­ son wrote Carlyle. "They are great conspira­ prise. Only the efficient and the prudent given an opportunity to learn, inspired cies.... You can scarce drive any craft here should be rewarded in our traditional free USC studenUi to initiate a student-sup­ that does not seem a subornation of the trea­ enterprise system. ported endowment program. This son." Morton and Lucia White in their illu­ Mr. Rockefeller was poorly advised to sug­ scholarship program, named in his minating book "The Intellectual Versus the gest a massive rescue mission for New York honor, provides financial assistance for City" show how deeply hostility to the city November 18, 1975 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 37263 entered into the 19th-century American interest. This writer, who was born in the sumed so many national burdens) the most mind. Middle West and grew up in New England vulnerable of our cities. If New York goes, This hostility sprang initially from polit­ has no great commitment to New York. I the chain reaction will affect · not just the ical philosophy. The Jeffersonians were con­ have lived here pleasantly enough for nine municipal bond market but the morale and vinced that a democratic republic required years but, though I vote and pay taxes 1n future of cities across the land. Nor will the a wide distribution of property, and that New York, I do not quite regard myself as a fall-out be confined to the United States, this in turn implied a nation of small free­ New Yorker. If I still lived in Ohio or as Helmut Schmidt of West Germany en­ holds in a predominantly agricultural so­ Massachusetts, I would feel just as astonish­ deavored in vain to point out to the Ford ciety. Cities meant commerce, finance, and ed by this extraordinary display of presi­ administration a little while ago. Now is the industry-militant and acquisitive wealth dential atavism. time perhaps for our President to start talk­ versus a propertyless and consequently de­ Jefferson, as he conceded in later years, ing about the domino theory. moralized working class. "The mobs of great lost his argument in his own lifetime. Cities The crisis of New York City is not, as cities,'' said Jefferson, "add just so much to are here to stay, banks, industries, mobs, our President seems to think, an isolated the support of pure government, as sores do immigrants and all. The United States must matter, locally manufactured, locally sus­ to the strength of the human body." stand or fall as an urban society. Our cities tained and local in its consequences. It is A "Simian" Rage are of course imperfectly governed. This not to be solved by resuscitating smalltown The hostility was nourished by the ro­ was true long before Lord Bryce wrote in bigotry about big cities. That attitude died mance of the wilderness and the frontier. It 1'888 that "the government of cities is the one in politics with Bryan. Gerald Ford's cam­ was nourished by the increase of immigra­ conspicuous failure of the United States." paign to bring It to life is a disgrace to tion, bringing alien peoples to the American American cities-New York preeminently the presidency. shore. It was nourished too, one cannot so-are far better governed today than they doubt, by rural and small-town envy of the were a century ago. No doubt New York illicit pleasures and excitements supposedly has been living beyond its income in recent rampant in the city. Mencken spoke of "the years, and no doubt this is reprehensible. AMERICAN TECHNOLOGY- yokel's congenital and incurable hatred of It does seem, however, to be a peculiar 1875-2075 the city man-his simian rage against every­ charge to be made with such Pecksniffian one that, as he sees it, is having a better time self-righteousness by the President who is than he is." This, Mencken argued without running up the largest peace-time deficit HON. OLIN E. TEAGUE in American history and is piling the na­ undue exaggeration, lay behind Prohibition, OF TEXAS the Mann Act, the Comstock laws, the anti­ tional debt to a size that would have seemed evolution laws and other statutes imposed unimaginable a short time ago. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES by the countryside on the city. New York City is in trouble in part be­ Tuesday, November 18, 1975 In due course the depravity alleged to cause of the errors of its elected officials­ be innate in all large cities was presumed errors abetted, it must be said, by the great Mr. TEAGUE. Mr. Speaker, my good to be concentrated in New York. William newspapers and banks of this city, which friend, Dr. Tom Paine, former Admin­ Jennings Bryan, speaking for the farmers, have had ample time over the last genera­ istrator of NASA and currently affiliated the fundamentalists, the prohibitionists and tion to compel a succession of mayors to un­ with General Electric Co. addressed a the other powers of rural and small-town derstand the folly of their ways. But New Symposium on Technology and Public America, called New York "the enemy's York City is more fundamentally in trouble because it has played a national role and Policy on November 6 at the Vanderbilt country." American cities, and New York University Centennial. I would like to most of all, as Morton and Lucia White assumed burdens for the whole country. For summed up the national indictment, were more than a century, for example, it has share these remarks with the Members deemed "too big, too noisy, too dusky, too assumed the primary burden of welcoming of this body: dirty, too smelly, too commercial, too immigrants to this land, finding them jobs, AMERICAN TECHNOLOGY 1875-2075 teaching them English, assimilating them to crowded, too full of immigrants, too full of (By T. 0. Paine) Jews, too full of Irishmen, Italians, Poles, American life. In recent years it has as­ sumed the additional burden of receiving A centennial celebration is a fine time to too industrial, too pushing, too mobile, too look beyond the current decade to the next fast, too artificial, destructive of conversa­ poor and dispossessed American citizens, thereby reducing tensions and taxes in the hundred years. The century since Vanderbilt tion, destructive of communication, too South and in Puerto Rico. These are na­ University was founded has certainly seen a greedy, too capitalistic, too full of automo­ tional burdens. They are not the product of lively interaction between technology and biles, too full of smog, too full of dust, too the individual fecklessness or wickedness of public policy. A hundred years ago America heartless, too intellectual, too scientific, in­ a single city. Herblock made the point ef­ was opening the west through railroad tech­ sufficiently poetic, too lacking in manners, fectively in his· cartoon showing a figure nology, a vigorous national program was too mechanical, destructive of family, tribal representing New York City, the Statue of raising agricultural productivity, mass pro­ and patriotic feeling." Liberty ("Give me your tired, your poor .. ,") duction based on steam technology was free­ Since 1920 more Americans have lived in his hand, saying to the Secretary of the ing industry from dependence on New Eng­ in cities than on the countryside. One sup­ Treasury: "Maybe you'd like to stand this land millstreams, the telegraph was uniting posed that the ancient hatred might have 1n front of some other city." our cities, gas illumination was displacing diminished. Of course a certain amount of Beyond this, New York has played a role the whaling industry, and coal-burning Schadenfreude was to be anticipated over of national leadership in vital areas of cul­ steamships were expanding American com­ the troubles of New York City. New York ture and communications. In communities merce and naval power around the world. has been full of itself too long, has drained across the Republic, music, painting, the The history of American progress on the too much talent and money from the hin­ dance, writing, publishing, the theater, tele­ frontier of technology is the history of our terlands, has been too proud and patroniz­ vision, design, museums, libraries, philan­ advance in national well-being and social ing, too careless and contemptuous, not to thropy are stimulated by and considerably welfare. The technological frontier is one expect that the rest of the country would dependent on what happens in New York. of the four frontiers that America has ex­ derive a certain pleasure when it fell into These are national, not local, services. If plored so productively in the past century; difficulties-much as the rest of the world Main Street sets out to punish New York the others include the geographical frontier derives a certain pleasure from the humili­ by forming a ring and cheering on its dis­ of our vast continent, and the institutional ations of the United States. comfiture, as Gerald Ford would have us frontiers of constitutional democracy and But Schadenfreude is hardly a rational do, the result will be to punish not New industrial free enterprise. Roll1ng back these basis for public policy. Yet a President of York alone but the nation as a whole. four richly interacting frontiers capitalized the United States, who has displayed such upon the collective vision and restless en­ solicitude for South Vietnam and Za.M-e, A NATIONAL ASSET ergy of a free people, creating dynamic new such compassion for Lockheed and Penn Contributions to the national well-being. institutions and the most widespread in­ Central, now denounces the idea of aid to It is a national asset. Its difficulties have to a dividual opportunity, freedom of choice, and New York City and raises cheap cheers substantial degree national causes. If Bill wealth ever known. Of course we're conscious around the country by plucking the old an­ Simon himself had been in Gracie Mansion of how far we still have to go in advancing ti-big-city nerve at every opportunity. "The for the last decade, New York would still be liberty and justice for all, but the democratic imminent fall of Saigon," as Senator Mc­ in trouble today. Its misfortunes are national technological society we're building has al­ Govern said the other day, "drove the Ford lnisfortunes. Its rescue is surely a national ready revolutionized the aspirations of peo­ administration to demand another billion responsibility-rather more, one would think, ple around the world. In the future I see dollars of aid, but the imminent fall of New than the rescue of South Vietnam and Zaire. even more exciting frontiers that can chal­ York finds that administration resistant even And New York's misfortunes are national lenge the vision and energies of our diverse to a bond guarantee." people and vitalize our free society for the misfortunes in another sense. For what 1s next century. That is why this historian finds Presi­ happening in New York City, as the U.S. To me the lesson of the past is clear. We've dent Ford's calculated effort to rekindle Conference of Mayors has done its best to progressed because pioneers extended Ameri­ the archaic American hatred of the cities, make clear to the Ford administration, is ca's geographical frontiers across the wilder­ however fascinating professionally, sad and Dart of a general urban crisis. New York is ness to the Pacific; traders applied "Yankee wierd from the viewpoint of the national only the most visible and (because it has as- Ingenuity" to build our commerce and world CXXI--2347-P.art 29 37264 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 18, 1975 trade; farmers and businessmen applied gest that America's geatest potential still nic literature and art are discouraged by new technology to raise the productivity of lies before us. To progress further this na­ the Soviets, Latvian writers and artists our farms, factories, and transportation sys­ tion must maintain our leadership in indus­ continue to display their talent. Also, de­ tems; statesmen developed dynamic new cor­ trial and defense technologies, for I believe that American economic and military spite religious discrimination, Latvian porate, labor, and government institutions; youth maintains deep religious convic­ scientists advanced the physical, social, and strength is the best hope for a better world. life sciences; and educators established uni­ In the next century we must continue our tions. versal public education and academic re­ successful extension of geographical and in­ The strong feeling of nationalism ex­ search to produce a new generation of tal­ tellectual frontiers: exploring the earth­ hibited by the people within Latvia plus ented young people with fresh ideas from moon system, other planets in the solar sys­ the support from Latvian-Americans and around the world. tem, and through space-based observatories, the United States, is the sole reason for The collective Vision, boldness, and energy the farthest reaches of the universe. We must advance the social science of industrial its existence as a nation today. of our free society has been spectacularly I will continue to support the U.S. pol­ successful, exceeding even the utopian democracy and global civilization. We should dreams of 1776. How incredible the founders completely eliminate diseases like Smallpox icy of non-recognition of the illegal an­ of this university in 1875 would find today's from the earth. We must conceive entirely nexation and colonization of the Baltic energy systems: natural gas tapped miles new technologies: electrified highways, com­ States by the Soviet Union. For soon it is beneath the earth piped across the conti­ puterized rail transport, solar energy systems, hoped that November 18 will truely be nent; half-a-million-ton cargoes of oil wireless power transmission, the clean "hy­ Latvian Independence· Day. hauled around the world in supertankers; drogen economy," domed cities, global in­ vast electrical networks powering homes and formation networks, synthetic protein, nu­ automated industry from a few pounds of clear fusion for power and space propulsion, satellite arms control systems, self-support­ uranium; and a new generation of explorers BILL LOGSDON: A PERFECT flying hundred-million-horsepower rocket­ ing space communities of diverse cultures, ships to frontiers on other worlds. and other bold and visionary enterprises in COWBOY So miraculous do these developments ap­ the forefront of humanity. We must press on pear that "Bleak Chic" doomsters can even to equalize the opportunity for all Americans sound convincing while denying modern to participate in these contributions With HON. SAM STEIGER technology's capabilities on color television men of good will everywhere. We should revi­ OF ARIZONA flashed around the world by communication talize long-range university research pro­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES grams in all fields of western thought, in­ satellites. That's one price we pay for the Tuesday, November 18, 197 5 cultural shock of rapid technical and eco­ creasing the flow of young people inspired to nomic advance; another is the high social expand human knowledge, individual free­ Mr. STEIGER of Arizona. Mr. cost of ill-managed rural immigration to our dom under law, and the quality of life throughout the world. Vanderbilt's bicenten­ Speaker, Mr. W. 0. "Bill" Logsdon of cities. But there's nothing new about "Get Kingman, Ariz., is the personification of a horse!" "You·n never get me up in one of nial should celebrate a second century of them things!" or "Modern living has sapped achievements far surpassing its first. the rugged western cowboy-rancher, our vitality!" History records, though, that Nowhere, will exploration proceed more although he is 78 years old, it is not un­ two score years after the "Model T" forty rapidly and productively in the next century usual for Mr. Logsdon to ride horseback million Americans owned cars; two score than one the space frontier. The new space­ 15 to 20 miles a day. At roundup time years after Lindbergh's pioneering flight shuttle rocketplanes flying to orbit at low last spring, he roped 70 head of calves. 20,000 people jetted across the Atlantic every cost Will open a rich new continent in earth Mr. Logsdon was the subject of a fea­ day; and this generation's athletes are orbit for permanent settlement and econom­ ic development. Space research and develop­ ture article written by Dick Tomlin of shattering all the historic olympic records. the Kingman Daily :Miner, and I would The doomsters' myopic vision fails to credit ment will generate whole new industries. In the potential of technical innovation and the 1980's the U.S. Shuttle w1l1 be operation­ like to share a portion of that article human ingenuity. This nation need not run al simultaneously with the European Space­ with others by having it reprinted in the out of critical resources if we apply our lab and large new Soviet boosters, creating RECORD. technical brainpower to create timely sub­ rich opportunities for cooperative advances The article follows: stitutes for scarce materials and develop our in space. From our new vantage point in space we will better comprehend the uni­ BILL LOGSDON: PERFECT COWBOY DESPrrE potential limitless energy sources. We can 78 YEARS substantially upgrade our health and envi­ verse, and the role of mankind as a vitalizing ronment while giving all of our citizens force propagating terrestrial life outward (By Dick Tomlin) broader access to the benefits of productive from its earthly cradle. Indeed, the next Two years ago, Bill Logsdon came home modern society. A much more challenging century may see the long divergent scientific saddened after selling the last horse out responsibility is to participate effectively in and religious quests to understand the rela­ of hundreds he had owned in his life. the industrialization of the third world, who tionship between man and creation recon­ In more than 60 years, he had bridled look to America for leadership and support verge, as scientists begin the serious experi­ a mount every day after grub and had ridden in raising their living standards. mental search for other life in the universe, out toward the long shadows of dawn. He Looking to the future, it's clear that the and we contemplate the deeper significance had worked a herd, patroled a fence and entirely new technologies of 2075 will be as of the human intellect strivnig to compre­ gone about the duties of a cowboy since incredibly advanced from our 1975 viewpoint hend the cosmos and itself. 1912, the year when Arizona became a state. as today's technologies would appear to the So when Bill Logsdon looked at that check, 1875 founders of Vanderbilt. The coming a piece of paper with a few words scribbled century of technical advance should obsolete on it to signify the end of his cowboy life, some technologies, including fossil fuel LATVIAN INDEPENDENCE DAY he did it with a heavy heart. boilers and gasoline cars; social advance "He looked at me and said, 'You know, should obsolete others, including weapons this is the first time in 60 years I haven't of mass destruction. I see greater potential had a horse,' said Fay, his wife of 48 years. rewards now from bold exploration on the HON. JOE MOAKLEY Within a short time, Logsdon had an­ frontiers of the physical and life sciences OF MASSACHUSETTS other horse, and now he is still out riding than at any time in the past. We are steadily IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES again, working daily as a 78-year-old cow­ boy. Logsdon is something special to area progressing toward a powerful intellectual Tuesday, November 18, 197 5 comprehension of man's total environment, ranchers, history buffs and those of us who from the innermost structure of subatomic Mr. MOAKLEY. Mr. Speaker, on marvel in a man's lifetime accomplishments. He remains a substantially unchanged matter to the grand architecture of the uni­ November 18, 1918, the nation of Latvia cowboy from when he and Fay arrived in verse, from the complex living code of the declared itself an independent demo­ Mohave County with 50 head of cattle in double helix molecule to the cognitive mys­ cratic country. This independence has 1934. Since that day, he has convinced King­ teries of the human mind. On every frontier been short lived for since the end of the man-area ranchers that he is possibly the America faces an exciting century of oppor­ Second World War, the Soviet Union has most knowledgeable horse doctor, water tunities on transcendent planes. occupied the small defenseless Baltic witch, prospector, roper, horseshoer and Of course we are rich enough 1n America state. every other kind of skliled rancher to ever for our elite to toy with the notion of tech­ The Latvian people have remained get stuck on a creasote bush. nological and economic stagnation, but the strong despite the attempts of the Soviet Bill can look at a range, estimate the interaction between government and tech­ tonnage of feed available and tell you how nology will continue to accelerate in other government's Russification process. This many cows to run. He can look at a head nations like the Soviet Union, whose leaders strength is displayed through the main­ and pick out the str.a.ys quicker than a prairie are technically trained, and I'm sure that it tenance of the Latvian language which dog can find his hole. will also accelerate in America. Our history, retains its identity apart from other Ger­ If you wanted to create a perfect cowboy, our character, and our opportunities all sug- manic and Slavic nations. Although eth- you might make Bill, all 78 years of him. November 18, 1975 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 37265 TOO MUCH GOVERNMENTAL index wound up with such items as children's Second, this data was expanded to a series of REGULATION? books, diapers, pot holders, and slide pro­ 17 accident scenarios, representing all the jectors. There were 369 classifications in all. common factors in the accident system. The commission's best guess, based chiefly Third, intervention strategies were developed HON. BILL ARCHER upon daily reports from 119 hospital emer­ in response to the accident scenarios, and gency rooms, is that some 20 million per­ performance guidelines for safer bathroom OF TEXAS sons are injured every year in "product­ products were considered.... " IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES related" accidents. The figure appears regu­ The consultants' most remarkable conclu­ Tuesday, November 18, 1975 larly in commission literature and crops up sion was that "slips and falls. are by far the constantly in the commissioners' speeches. most frequent type of bathtub accident, and Mr. ARCHER. Mr. Speaker, have we Not quite so much publicity is given to a these slips and falls frequently occur while gone too far along the road of govern­ corollary finding: In roughly 80 to 85 percent entering or leaving the tub or while changing mental regulation? The answer is in the of these accident cases, the fault lies not with between a sitting and standlng position." The affirmative. Governmental regulations the product, but with the user thereof. The foremost interventlon strategy, it appea.rs, is drunk who sprains an ankle in a fall from a slip-proof bottom for the tub. Meanwhile, create great problems for businessmen a ladder has sufi'ered a product-related ac­ consumers should be taught how to take and additional costs for the consumers. cident, but the offending product, statis­ baths safely. The impetus for more governmental con­ tically speaking, is the ladder, not the boore. A third mandatory standard in the commis­ trols over our lives has been a part of During the first few months of his chair­ sion's millis a standard for power lawn mow­ "governmental paternalism" which seeks manship, Mr. Simpson traveled about the ers. The proposal is being developed under a to protect consumers from anything gov­ country rattling a fearsome saber. He warned contract between the commission and Con­ ernmental bureaucrats deem undesirable businessmen repeatedly that his inspectors sumers Union, to the accompaniment of some orharmful. · would be searching for violations of the COn­ low moans of dismay from the Outdoor sumer Product Safety Act, and he promised Power Equipment Institute. On down the line One agency which has gone far beyond to provide "motivation" against future vio­ are standards for television sets, book its original purpose has been the Con­ lations by prosecuting to the fullest extent matches, extension cords, and space heaters. sumer Product Safety Commission. Col­ of the law. One such motivation, he said, is By 1982 the commission hopes to have 100 umnist James Jackson Kilpatrick in a a prison term. "Whereas corporations can mandatory standards in operation, aimed at perceptive article entitled "Carrying pay civil penalties, people who work for cor­ alleviating 75 percent of the product-related, Government Protectiveness Too Far"­ porations pay criminal penalties,'' he said. preventable accidents. "I am personally inclined in a criminal pro· Some of the commission's enforcement ac­ Nation's Business, November 1975- ceeding to seek out the board chairman or tivities have drawn congressional criticism. points out the overzealous actions of this the corporate president, in addition to other One case involved the Bradley Import Co. of agency. I commend this article to my officials, because I believe they are in the Los Angeles. Bernie Hartstein, president of colleagues as an excellent example for best position to assure corporate compliance the company, had built up a thriving business the case for regulatory reform: with CPSC regulations." by importing orna.mental, decorative dolls CARRYING GOVERNMEN'l' PROTECTIVENESS Too It hasn't worked out quite that way. The from Japan, and later, from Korea. These FAR Justice Department has filed three criminal were not toy dolls; they did not cry, wet their cases under the Flammable Fabrics Act, diapers, blink their eyes, or move their limbs. (By James J. Kilpatrick) but no board chairmen have wound up in the They were not meant to be dressed or un­ Once upon a time, ar so the dog-eared story dock. The criminal penalties (fines up to dressed. Many of the dolls were sold to brides goes, a young scholar was asked to write a $50,000 and prison terms up to one year) re­ as favors for their bridesmaids. These were review of a book entitled, "Birds of the main in the law, and Mr. Simpson insists the kind of dolls you find in glass cases at Antarctic." He wrote a splendid review. "This the commission is ready to demand them in flossy gift shops. book," he said, "told me more about penguins an appropriate case. Meanwhile, other activi­ None of this mattered to the COnsumer ' than I really wanted to know." ties proceed apace. Product Safety COmmission. On July 9, 1974, The Consumer Product Safety Commis­ One of the commission's major responsi­ without preliminary hearing or warning, U.S. sion, one of the newest and most industrious bilities is to prepare and promulgate man­ marshals swooped down on the Bradley ware­ agencies in Washington, is promoting safety datory standards for product safety. The house and confiscated nearly 80,000 dolls. with the same encompassing zeal. It is per­ first such standard came forth on Sept. 16. This was at the very peak of the Christmas haps telling us more about safety than we It is a standard for swimming pool slides. order season. Mr. Hartstein places his loss in really want to know. To a newsman's observation that swimming sales at $600,000. And what was the terrible This agency was created by the Consumer pool slides would not appear to rank high hazard that was thought to justify driving Product Safety Act, signed into law by Presi­ among those public concerns justifying the a businessman to the edge of bankruptcy? dent Nixon on Oct. 27,1972. The five-member full weight, majesty, and dominion of the The dolls had pins in them. That was the be­ commission, headed by Richard 0. Simpson, United States government, Mr. Simpson re­ an and end-a.ll. In order to hold the elaborate commenced operations the following May. In sponds by saying cheerfully that he wouldn't costumes in place, the Oriental dollmakers the pecking order of official Washington, the have given first priority to swimming pool had used a few pins. independent agencies oocupy the oatbird slides, either. But the National Swimming In the 12 years that Mr. Hartstein had been seat. They fty high above the sparrow offices Pool Institute and a major slide manufac­ importing and selling a half a million such and starling divisions of the established de­ turer petitioned for promulgation of an dolls, not a single complaint had reached partments-not in terms of protocol or so­ official standard, so now the rule is out for him of the pins hurting anyone. The com­ cial prominence, but in terms of their public comment. mission had received no complaints, either. autonomy. Under the proposed standard, on the top But a doll is a doll is a doll and, under com­ The 1972 act transferred to the new com­ step of every swimming pool slide a legend mission regulations having to do with mission several functions that had been ad­ must appear: "Look out for people and banned articles "intended for use by chil­ ministered by other agencies. In this fashion, objects below. One person only." On the dren," no pins may be placed in "any doll, the agency inherited enforcement of the Fed­ third step is to appear an additional instruc­ stuffed animal, or other similar toy." eral Hazardous Substances Act, the Poison tion: "Legs and arms forward." On slides Mr. Hartstein went to court, of course, and Prevention Packaging Act, and the Flam­ for use in water four feet deep, or deeper, a won hands down. Judge Louis C. Bechtle held mable Fabrics Act, and a few other miscel­ ·sign in red, light blue, and black must advise that the dolls in question plainly were never laneous duties. In its own right, the com­ all users: "Deep water. Swimmers only. Care­ intended for use by children. He ordered mission obtained a breathtaking mandate less belly slides can cause injury." To the the confiscated dolls released. A U.S. circuit from COngress. Some types of products are observation that this is a great deal for a six­ court sustained his ruling. The experience not within the commission's purview, but it year-old first grader to read, Mr. Simpson cost Mr. Hartstein a small fortune in legal is to oversee countless consumer products says adults can read the signs, and it is fees, and he is still fighting the unrepentant manufactured, imported, distributed, and mostly adults who break their necks on commission in a companion case in Ohio. sold at retail within the United States, to swimming pool slides, anyhow. Chairman Simpson is understandably un­ prevent "unreasonable risk of injury." The The commission also is actively at work willing to talk about the Harststein case, law lays sweeping requirements upon man­ on a mandatory standard for bathtubs. This since the litigation is in fact still pending, ufacturers and dealers to keep records, to is a slippery matter. In an effort to get some but he agrees .in principle that persons who report hazardous conditions, and to respond expert data to work on, the commission re­ are damaged by the commission's errors in to the commission's orders. tained a firm of consultants in Cambridge, judgment or plain mistakes should be en­ No one knows how many consumer prod- Mass., to make a study of bathtub and titled to sue for redress. Sen. James L. Buck­ -ucts are embraced in the commission's do­ shower accidents. The study cost the tax­ ley of New York is trying to push such a main, simply because the fact is unknowable. payers $142,000. It was a full-dress affair, provision through Congress. Mr. Simpson In September, 1973, the commission released requiring three principal authors, four "re­ supports the Buckley bill. "We could be," a "consumer product hazard index," based searchitects," and nine consultants. This is says the chairman, "a very dangerous upon the frequency and severity of injUries how the research proceeded: agency." reported to hospital emergency rooms. The "First, a literature search was performed, By his own description, Mr. Simpson is a index began with bicycles, stairs, doors, and significant factors associated with bath­ conservative Republican. He is as reasonable cleaning compounds, tables, and beds. The tub injuries were identlfied and prioritized. an administrator as one could ask for. and 37266 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 18, 1975 he is doing his best to keep the commission's some of the areas which are being hard Latvia continues to be governed from activities channeled strictly to "unreason­ hit in today's economy just as minorities Moscow, not from Riga, the country's able risks of injury." While he defends the agency's information program, specifically are making their presence felt. capital. Freedom of expression in re­ mandated under the law, he has been known The slump in homebuilding and con­ ligion, literature, and art is suppressed, to wince at some of the baby-talk reminders struction industry has occurred just and the Russians steadily continue their that flow from the press office: "Never ice when many minority construction com­ efforts to destroy the Latvian people as skate close to open bodies of water.... panies have knocked the kinks out of a nation and as a cultural entity. Avoid driving cars on lee .... Sledders their operations and are ready to roll. We find ourselves in continuing con­ should never hook rides on the bumpers of Naturally, these firms are the first to frontation with the Communists for the cars.... " go under in a sustained slowdown and minds of the people of the world, and The commission has asked for a. budget for particuarly if the crisis in New York is fiscal '77 of $54.8 million, permitting a staff although no one would disagree that all of 1,226. Present levels are $42.8 million and not quickly solved. efforts should be made to stop the nu­ 1,024 permanent positions. Chairman Simp­ It must be emphasized that while mi­ clear arms race, the spiritual struggle son looks hopefully to the day, perhaps seven nority business gains have been signifi­ between freedom and communism can or eight years hence, when the commission cant, minority entrepreneurs have only never cease. Current "detente" policies can be abolished or vastly reduced in size. By scratched the surface as far as their po­ have meant a weakening of determina­ that time, its 100 mandatory standards tential goes. For less than 1 percent of tion on the part of the United States and should be working. Meanwhile, a kindly and beneficient government will continue to in­ all minority firms have gross receipts in its allies in this spiritual struggle, and struct a docile people in how to strike excess of $1 million. because this contest will eventually de­ matches and how to take baths. The early gains minority firms have cide the fate of the world, far more would indeed be jeopardized should New emphasis should be placed by the United York default and the money market dry States on strengthening the will to resist. up. These firms are particularly vulner­ For if we lose this struggle for the minds able and if we are to preserve and en­ of men and women everyWhere, om· EFFECTS OF NEW YORK CITY'S courage such economic development weaponry will not prevaiL FISCAL CRISIS ON MINORITY within our minority community we must Mr. Speaker, I feel that our commit­ SMALL BUSINESS take the steps necessary to insure that ment to freedom compels us to dedicate they are not forced to bear a dispropor­ ourselves to the cause of freedom and to tionate share of the burden of default. support the continuing efforts of the HON. FREDERICK W. RICHMOND Latvian people to win the rights of self­ OF NEW YORK determination and liberty. This 57th an­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES niversary of Latvian Independence Day is a most appropriate occasion to pro­ Tuesday, November 18, 197 5 LATVIAN INDEPENDENCE DAY claim our precious heritage and remain Mr. RICHMOND. Mr. Speaker,! would firm in our sympathy for the aspirations like to take the opportunity to bring into of the Latvian people in their struggle focus the effect New York City's default HON. FRANK ANNUNZIO to resist this vicious system. may have on the 19,000 minority small OF ILLINOIS Mr. Speaker, the Captive Nations Com­ . businesses in our city. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES mittee, ably headed by Viktors Viksnins, Since 1969 there has been a 19 percent Tuesday, November 18, 1975 has issued a statement on the occasion increase in the number of minority busi­ of Latvian Independence Day, and I wish ness with their gross receipts increasing Mr. ANNUNZIO. Mr. Speaker, on No­ to insert that message on the signifi­ at a 56 percent rate. However, success vember 18, 1918, the courageous people cance of this 57th anniversary commem­ does not come easy for these businesses. of Latvia received their independence oration at this point in the RECORD. The Too often the black or Hispanic entre­ and with it the long-sought privilege of statement follows: preneur is isolated from the main­ determining their own fate as a people LATVIAN INDEPENDENCE DAY, NOV. 18, 1918 and of developing and enriching their stream of American business activity In 1940, the free and independent nations creating a communication gap between own social and cultural institutions in of Latvia., Estonia and Lithuania were ille­ the minority business community and accord with their distinguished tradi­ gally and forcibly made a part of the the large corporate community. tions and national will without the inter­ U.S.S.R. Now, 35 years later the Baltic na­ This gap contributes to the problems ference of foreign powers. tions are facing a crisis by the governments minority businessmen face in securing On Saturday, November 22, a com­ of the free world in recognition of the sign­ credit, getting insurance, and marketing memorative program in observance of ing of the Helsinki agreements. the 57th anniversary of Latvian Inde­ To appreciate the reasons of their de­ their products and services. A New York spair and utter disbelief and adding to the City deftmlt with its concurrent destruc­ pendence Day will be held at Carl Schurz dismay, is the fact that the Baltic people tion of the money market would, in my High School, 3601 North Milwaukee Ave­ were not informed or asked or their feelings opinion, have catastrophic effects on nue, by the United Latvian Associations to be considered in respect to their choice minority business. Already inflation, the of Chicago, the outstanding president in regard to the unique situation that has tight money market, increases in energy of which is Ilmars Bergmannis. Other been forced upon them. costs and material shortages have posed officers include Rev. Vilis Varsbergs, first No matter how President Ford, interprets threats to the viability of minority busi­ vice-chairman; Aleksandrs Osis, second the Helsinki agreement, the Latvian people ness. The default of our city would vice-chairman; Karlis Vanags, third in these United States feel that the Soviet greatly exasperate this condition. vice-chairman; and Mara Tomsons, sec­ government will interpret it as a recognition Access for minority businessmen to retary. of its annexation of Latvia and its continu­ equity capital is already limited while Latvia, a nation situated on the east­ ing dominance in the Baltic states. The their cushion is weak. Supplier relation­ ern side of the Baltic Sea, was privileged Baltic people fear that the Soviet government ships are new and often tenuous. Firms to enjoy only a brief period of national will intensify its policy of Russification of getting started would find insurmount­ independence between the world wars. Latvia. as a. result of the apparent Western abandonment of the Baltic people. able roadblocks to their dreams because In 1920, the Soviet Union signed a treaty The Latvian people have at a very great of the inability to produce the cash which recognized Latvia as a sovereign cost to themselves have resisted and are re­ necessary to meet rapidly rising prices nation "forever," but only years later 20 sisting the Soviet efforts to destroy them of raw materials. in 1940, Stalin cynically broke this agree­ nationally. They share a common belle! with Moreover, the unfortunate experience ment and the Red army marched in the American and other free people in the of many of our minority businessmen and began a brutal occupation of the right for all nations to self-determination has been that when they finally get their country, accompanied by forced deporta­ and independence. Their faith and that this applications, capital. and companies or­ tions of Latvians to Siberia and other belie! is shared by the free people of the ganized and their feet in the door, it is at remote parts of the Soviet empire in world and that the leaders of the free world a time when the majority of companies addition to wholesale jailings and exe­ have the courage of their convictions, not in that industry or field are leaving by cutions of Latvian patriots, cultural and to recognize the annexation of Latvia and way of the back door. government leaders, and other non­ the Baltic states by the Soviet government. Auto sales, gas stations, ~ast foods are Communists. Therefore; on November 18, 1975, is the an- November 18, 1975 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 37267 nual Latvian Independence Day observance AMERICA'S THIRD CENTURY boom took off, such material ownership was and the Latvian people must undertake the becoming no longer a source of economic task of informing the President of the power. United States and Congress to take steps to HON. MICHAEL HARRINGTON The Americans brought to poorer coun­ introduce and support Congressman Frank OF MASSACHUSETTS tries their best equipment, together with the Annunzio's resolution (H. Con. Res. 389), ex­ knowledge how to operate it in order to make pressing the sense of Congress that, it re­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the goods they previously exported, plus mains the policy of the United States not Tuesday, November 18, 197 5 their own capital and managerial skill to recognize in any way, the annexation (which proved to be either copiable or un­ of the Baltic nations by the Soviet Union, Mr. HARRINGTON. Mr. Speaker, I am transplantable). All parts of this system the President's signature on the Final Act of entering for publication in today's REc­ looked tailor-made to turn America's balance the Conference Security and Cooperation in ORD the fourth installment of Norman of payments toward deficit, although multi­ "Europe notwithstanding". Macrae's excellent survey of the future national corporations were orofitable only so The Captive Nations Committee, has of this country which I have been sub­ long as the dollar was over-valued-ie, so printed and distributed (20,000) cards re­ mitting in serialized form for the atten­ long as the Americans were expected to have questing the American government and the a strong balance of payments. people of the United States to recognize tion of my colleagues. A multinational corporation has now be­ and support Congressman Annunzio's Res­ Having been sent by the Economist to come a device for taking up an artificially olution on the House floor. It is frightening obtain a firsthand account of the Ameri­ weak bargaining posture versus the host to realize that the Kremlin has succeeded in can condition, Macrae recently returned government (which is able to say that the deceiving the Western powers, which, to England with a bicentennial birthday American company can open only in some threaten the security of the free world and present for us entitled "America's Third high-unemployment area to which native in our own country, conducting their decep­ Century" in which he peers into the com­ manufacturers won't go); versus marxists in tive propaganda to undermine the sacred ing hundred years and arrives at some the local parliament and ivory towers (who rights of all nations based on principles of genuinely believe that giant multinational democracy, self-determination and sover­ startling and scarey conclusions. corporations wield some strange meso-eco­ eignty within their respective ethnic boun­ In my opinion, the insightful results of nomic power); versus the trade unions back daries. Macrae's odyssey across America deserve home in America (who are liable at any mo­ The Captive Nations Committee, requests our thoughtful attention, in view of our ment to launch a world-wide strike against that special efforts must be made by the more than passing interest in the future an American multinational on the grounds United States towards an awakening of all of this country. that it is being unfair by exporting jobs to the moral forces, humane ideas and values The text of the fourth installment workers in lower wage countries, who will and at the same time when in the enslaved then join the strike in order to get higher countries where others are striving for follows: wages and thus export their own jobs back to liberty; here, too many are undermining [From the Economist, Oct. 26, 1975] America again); versus local business com­ freedom, and serving the cause of commu­ THE WAY OUT: How AMERICA'S BUSINESS petitors, whose normal practices (tax-dodg­ nist enslavement. CORPORATIONS MIGHT SURVIVE ing in Latin-European countries, giving American business corporations therefore bribes and arranging occasional coups d'etat face three problems: dynamism is becoming in poor countries) have to some extent to be unloved at home (and is called imperialism copied for survival by the multinationals, LATVIAN INDEPENDENCE DAY abroad), there is bureaucratisation of tech­ who are then castigated by American con­ nology and partly of business. Earnest Swedes gressional committees and the world's press. are making efficient straight assembly lines There is one group of countries whose HON. EDWARD I. KOCH run round in deliberately less efficient cir­ labour force is paid far below the standard of productivity appropriate to its high edu­ OF NEW YORK cles, in order to try to make business more popular. It will be a misfortune for the cation (because its non-market-oriented IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES hungry haLf of the world if America also economic system has made its entrepreneur­ Tuesday, November 18, 1975 conJ.es to believe that the problems of its ship so inefficient), and where there is no dying manufacturing age can thus best be danger of the trade unions turning bolshie. Mr. KOCH. Mr. Speaker, 57 years ago met by an unproductivity drive. These are the bolshevik countries of Russia today, on November 18, 1918, the leaders The key strategies for American business and east Europe. But the American system of and people of Latvia declared their in­ corporations should be ( 1) to move the bor­ technology transfer by multinationals has dependence, as our forefathers did 150 ing manufacturing jobs down to the poor made it politically difficult to transfer Amer­ south of the world, at maximum profit to ican knowhow with good profit there, and years earlier. And like our forefathers, has inhibited transfers to many of the poor Latvians paid a huge price in lives for both the poor south and themselves; (2) to redesign their domestic structures to fit the countries (except about a half-dozen which freedom while expelling two invaders, in new knowledge-processing, unobsequious, are temporarily very well-ruled and about 1918 and 1919. That Republic which rose post-manufacturing age. another dozen which are very corrupt). Also from the ashes of World War I surely Manufacturing is going to continue its multinationals' executives often don't like had every hope and chance of success. march out of America anyway, much faster living in poor dictatorships, and when they Latvia had educated, devoted leaders, a than you think. In 1900, about 43 % of Amer.,­ do there is a danger that their expatriate sense of nationa! purpose, a victorious ica's workforce was in the two largest em­ living habits in excolonial milieus can bru­ ployments of agriculture and domestic serv­ talise the society. At the back of every multi­ army, fertile lands, and hardy farmers. national's mind is the thought that in one of The Latvians proved their devotion to ice; that proportion is down below 5 % now. Today only about 23 % of America's work­ the 50 or so coups d'etat in poor countries democracy by establishing an advanced force is in manufacturing, and I expect it to during the next three years, some incoming form of representative government, with drop to below 5 % over the next few decades. government is llkely eventually to execute a parliament, cabinet, president, and Awkwardly, at this moment when Ameri­ the presidents of all local American multi­ freely organized parties. All the basic ca's main exports should be of jobs and tech­ nationals, probably very slowly in the public freedoms enunciated in our own Bill of nology, America's main mechanism for ex­ square as a populist spectator sport. The Rights were guaranteed to Latvians. porting jobs and technology has run crazy. state department will then issue a protest. So American manufacturing multinationals In the Soviet Union invaded Lat­ While novelists write best-sellers predicting 1940 that by 2020 the world will be ruled by six have gone especially to western Europe, via and destroyed the independence of giant American multinational corporations, which was the next-richest area to America that small Republic. Thirty-five years the day of the big multinationals is now and therefore the next where manufacturing later, it appears that most countries have likely to be ending. was bound to become uneconomic once Eu­ accepted the status quo by signing the rope had stopped importing the temporary END OF MULTINATIONALS migrant workers to whom the natives were Helsinki Agreement. But this Congress Probably because the accountant-presi­ does not accept the Helsinki Agreement, unfriendly but on whom European manu· dents predicted the future by extrapolating facturing relied. notwithstanding President Ford. In fact, the past, the originally sensible device of the we believe that the people of Latvia will­ American multinational corporation has EVERYBODY AS ENTREPRENEUR? and should be-free and independent. surged out of its cost controls. Compared I stick to what I forecast in The Economist The 57th anniversary of Latvian inde­ with the moneymaking method of selling in 1971: pendence provides all of us the oppor­ the knowhow through some licensing ar- As a prototype for the most successful rangement, the establishment of a multi­ sort of firms in 30 or 40 years' time, tt may tunity to rededicate ourselves to the prin­ national subsidiary was supposed to have be most sensible to visualise small groups of ciple of self-determination for all coun­ the great advantage of maintaining owner­ organizers of systems designers, all Uv1ng In tries, especially for Latvia, where the fire ship of the use of the process for the dear their own comfortable homes ln pleasant of freedom burns fiercely in the hearts of old firm; but multinational corporations parts of the world and communicating with all Latvian patriots. failed to notice that, just as their emigrant others In the group (and with the systems de- 37268 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 18, 1975 signers) by picturephone: arranging for the lem that peoples in the rich countries (who sensible, sometimes because they are more telecommunication of the latest best compu­ will generally be the most educated, and criminal); and my guess is that there is a terised learning programme on how to make therefore include many of the most poten­ greater hope that American corporations may a better mousetrap (or, more probably, how tially productive) are going to become weary move towards becoming confederations of to make the next successor-but-five to inte­ of working hard to grow richer long before entrepreneurs and showplaces of consumer grated circuits) rooftop to rooftop to about people earning $200 a year do. Jreedom. But American businesses have not 2,000 quickly trainable, even if only newly In rich societies, such as America has be­ considered this yet. literate workers assembled before their two­ come, the decision whether any worker wants American society has not considered the way-teaching in computer terminals by some to get off the growth escalator should be an even more exciting 200th birthday possiblll~ just tolerably efficient organising subcon­ entirely personal one for the rest of man­ ties lying ahead of it either. tractor (also taught by long-distance tele­ kind. Rich countries need to redesign their communicated computer lessons) in West business systems so that each individual can Africa or Pakistan." decide whether to take his own share of the That, however, raises a problem. next decade's potential doubling of gap per FOREIGK AID AND SELF-HELP America invented powerful manufacturing head in another doubling of his accumu­ business corporations in the first or 1876- Lated stock of material goods or in an extra 1925 half of its past century, the half one six months holiday a year. Then while I go HON. DON BONKER fishing most of you will fortunately choose can call the Carnegie-Ford corporation age; OF WASHINGTON but I have just argued that in the years to go on frenetically redoubling gwp like ahead manufacturing will be most profitable now. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 1! operated out of the world's poor south. The first step should be for workers to be Tuesday, November 18, 1975 American business spread dynamism round able to state the job satisfactions they seek. the world in the second or 1926-1975 half Maybe Smith just wants $12,000 a year made Mr. BONKER. Mr. Speaker, too many of its past century, the half one can call the with the smallest attendance at work at Americans seem to feel that foreign aid multinational corporation age; but I have dates chosen by him. Maybe Miss Jones is wa.sted on foreigners. It is hard for wants to work under a father figure. Maybe them to see the connection between our just argued that this age is now ending. Mrs. Buggins wants a gossip at work (put American business corporations will there­ her on a Swedish circular production line?) vital security interests and our propping fore need to lead the world in their third Maybe Browne wants to be a lazy genius, up of unpopular dictators, or between revolution into a new mode within a cen­ and Braun to be a frenetic one. Maybe total our sense of charity and our bailing out tury. The requirement for the knowledge­ fiexitime is imporant to some people, and corrupt causes. Even the most humani­ processing age will be to become the most total orderliness to others. tarian aid sometimes seems just a self­ efficient incentive-offerors to get a generation Computerised job data banks must even­ of very highly-educated Americans to use perpetuating handout. tually be set up within big companies, so That is why I am proud that Prof. Roy their imaginations, instead of being the that the job-wants expressed can be matched most efficient at supervising how American to the job-offers provided by corporations, Prosterman of the University of Wash­ non-operators don't turn a screw. The mode through a fiexlble market system. If a huge ington has long been pressing for reform that most appeals to me is one of John number of people said they wanted six of our aid principles and programs. Fi­ Diebold's concepts of perh.a.ps gradually mak­ months of each year (which I would not ex­ nally his suggestions have been incor­ ing American busines corporations more into pect), then the wage attractable by the few porated in legislation on its way to "confederations of entrepreneurs". who were ready to stick to their job year­ conference. If our aid is conditioned on In the most extreme version of this very round would go up proportionately and that self-help efforts of recipient countries, broad idea (and the most extreme versions attractable by the long-vacationists would seem to me the most probable, as witness as the Senate version of H.R. 9005 pro­ go down (which would both infiuence firms quite what happened with Carnegie-Ford corpora­ to change their working habits so as to be poses, it ought to be productive. tions and then with multinationals), a big able to use the bargain long-vacationists and The aid will no longer seem wasted, be­ business corporat1on would codify the costs also make long-vacationing· suddenly less cause it will rebound to our benefit as and output required from its existing de­ popular). If a large number of people showed well. partments: transport department, typing they wanted to be entrepreneurs (which I Mr. Speaker, I commend to my col­ pools, etc. think is very likely), then the performance leagues a recent New York Times edi­ Then individuals or groups within the contracts offered would become meaner, but, corporation could bid if they thought they torial reinforcing this hope, and I insert the vanity of entrepreneurs being greater it in the REcoRD at this point: could produce the stipulated output more than the eagerness of those going on siX competitively than the eXisting department months' holiday with the wife, I think we AND ECONOMIC Am, Too did. If the tenders looked sensible, they would still get a lot of entrepreneurs at that American economic and development aid is could either take over the job on one of the bargain price-and some would succeed, another matter. The pending $1.3 billion au­ sorts of contract discussed below, or (more which is exactly what we need in a world thorization bill for development assistance, usu.a.lly at first) compete with the eXisting where there are too few entrepreneurs on which goes to conference committee in a few departments. offer at present. days, will still leave the world's richest nation Some contracts for the internal entrepre­ The more one mulls over this broad idea, near the bottom of the list of aid contribu­ neurs could sometimes be "very enterpre­ the more it makes sense that rich countries tors in percentage of gross national product. neurial": eg. pay you something much less will have to move towards something like it. In 1961 the United States gave 51 percent of than your existing salaries, but the new typ­ It is plain that free people in industrial coun­ all the world's development aid; it was 19 ing pool which you are running-which tries need to be given a greater say in what percent in 1974. The rejection by half of would be able to subcontract work out and they choose as their conditions of work. This Black Africa and other Third World countries in-would be a subsidiary company 49% will either have to be consumer freedom, or of the American campaign in the U.N. against owned by you. It could eventu.a.lly be sold, producer democracy. the anti-Zionist resolution doubtless refiects, making you millionaires if you prove to have Consumer freedom is what you have when at least in part, the decline of stature that struck on a wheeze to make typing pools you can buy your groceries at several com­ has accompanied the decline in American very much more productive in terms of what peting supermarkets; we need to be able to generosity toward the world's impoverished people. is actually wanted from them. choose our lifestyles with at least as much freedom as we choose our brands of soap (and One way to halt the erosion of Congres­ Other contracts could be almost-salaried sional and public support for foreign aid is to (which would come to little more than a bid our choice between soaps is now wide and good). Producer democracy means you choose improve the chances that aid will do the job by a respected employee that he thought he most Americans feel it should be doing-and could reorganise some function in the com­ by voting who will run your workplace, just when electorates all over the world are find­ has failed to do. The Senate version of the pany better, so let him try, but at nearly full ing that voting for Nixon-Agnew or McGov­ development assistance bill would do that by salary plus bonus if he succeeds). ern-and-originally-Eagleton is no good way requiring the President progressively to con­ Obvious new products, by-products and of choosing who should run a whelkstall. Pro­ centrate the bulk of American aid on the poor products the corporation has not thought ducer democracy would also put more power countries that take the most vigorous action of could most especially be handled in this into the hands of trade unions. Although to help themselves in four critical areas. Aid "confederation of entrepreneurs" way. trade unions all over the world are telling would be related to achievements in land re­ WORKERS' PARTICIPATION? form, greater self-sufficiency in food produc­ governments that is what the people insist­ tion, reduced infant mortality and control of That would provide more freedom and ently demand, yet people all over the world population growth with annual reports to the excitmenrt at work for those who want to are showing in public opinion polls that they Congress on what has been achieved. become entrepreneurs. But it would be an want precisely the opposite. The greatest advances in food output have integral part of any scheme for "confedera­ In Europe the power of trade unions is been made in countries that have given land tions of entrepreneurs" that non-entreprene­ already so large that they may force unsuc­ to the tiller as well as better fertilizer and urial people should also have a wider choice cessful experiments in producer democracy. technology. Better nutrition, in turn, is of job satisfactions open to them. This may In America the power of trade unions is demonstrably the most effective way to re­ be the only viable way of solving the prob- smaller (sometimes because unions are more duce infant mortality, which, paradoxically, November 18, 1975 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 37269 helps to reduce rather than to increase popu­ tied, it would have the power to deprive that claiming Latvia an independent demo­ lation growth. Farm parents who firmly ex­ company of tax benefits for up to 10 years. cratic republic. pect their first two or three children to live The legislation bins are filled with other It remains the hope of the free world turn away from the practice of having seven examples. In the 93rd session of Congress, or eight children as insurance against child­ 26,222 bills and resolutions were introduced. that once again freedom and independ­ hood deaths. That's an average of almost 50 submissions ence will return to Latvia which, as the The pending Senate aid bill, if approved ln per member of Congress. Could anyone do a result of a series of unfortunate histori­ conference, could put development assistance proper job of researching and writing that cal events, remains under the panoply on this right track. It would encourage help number, much less read the 26,000 submitted of Soviet domination. I do not recognize from those who help themselves, but it would by others? Has anyone ever considered legis­ the forcible incorporation of the three not forestall any subsequent Congressional lation limiting each lawmaker to five bills a Baltic States, Estonia, Latvia, and Lith­ action to discourage Third World govern­ year? uania into the Soviet Union. ments from undermining the United Nations The flow of rules also can be seen ln the and human rights worldwide. "Federal Register,'' which in 1974 needed The Soviet Union appears to interpret 45,422 pages to print decrees, up substantially the Final Act of the Conference on Se­ from the ~5.591 pages used in 1973. Here, too, curity and Cooperation in Europe, signed the trendline of confinement is continuing at Helsinski, as giving permanent status "FREE ENTERPRISE" IS DEAD­ upward. to their illegal annexation of these LET'S SAVE WHAT WE CAN Meanwhile, the White House has placed the states. I support the trenchant, long­ cost to consumers of what it calls unneces­ standing, official policy of the United sary and wasteful regulations at $130 bil­ States on nonrecognition of the Soviet HON. J. WILLIAM STANTON lion-or $2,000 for every family in the United Union's forcible incorporation and an­ States. OF OHIO These few examples certainly defy Web­ nexation of the Baltic nations which is IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ster's definition of "free enterprise." in no way affected by the results of the Tuesday, November 18, 197 5 Scores of other items could be listed, but European Security Conference. they all would point to the same conclusion: The suppression of freedom and the Mr. J. WILLIAM STANTON. Mr. That all of us in business--whether a multi­ denial of self-determination must end; Speaker, several of my constituents re­ billion-dollar concern or the corner drug and I will continue to support efforts to cently brought to my personal attention store---are being stifled by an overabundance allow liberty to prevail. an article by the president of Firestone of regulations. And even as individual con­ sumers, we already have paid an inordinate Tire & Rubber Co., Mr. Richard A. Riley. price. The article entitled, "Free Enterprise In the tire industry, for example, each tire Is Dead-Let's Save What We Can," is has to be registered with the manufacturer ANNIVERSARY OF LATVIA'S such a thought-provoking discussion of through the retailer. The industry's average INDEPENDENCE Government controls that I am sure that cost per replacement tire for registration, in­ all of my colleagues will want to study it. cluding manpower, is about 35 cents, or an The article follows: annual expenditure of about $55 million. Yet HON. HENRY HELSTOSKI from the time the rule went into effect in "FREE ENTERPRISE Is DEAD-LET'S SAVE 1968 through 1974, only .08% of the 1.48 btl­ OF NEW JERSEY WHAT WE CAN lion car and truck tires produced in those IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES (By Richard Riley) years have been subjected to recall. Obvi­ Tuesday, November 18, 1975 It's time to admit that the term "free en­ ously this rule has been of great cost but terprise" is dead. little benefit. Mr. HELSTOSKI. Mr. Speaker, today, Realistically, and regretfully, we must face Our industry also now is faced with uni­ November 18, 1975, marks the 57th an­ the fact that this nation now operates un­ form tire quality grading which will cost the niversary of Latvia's declaration of in­ der a "controlled enterprise" system. And consumer another 75 cents per tire---$150 mil­ dependence. It is a time to consider the unless the head-long dash to regulate our lion a year-and give the buyer more head­ hopes and dreams of the people of Latvia individual and business lives comes to a halt aches in making a decision, rather than help­ who long for the freedom they have been soon, we even will have to eliminate the word ing him select the proper tire. The system is "enterprise." just too confusing. It would confront the denied as residents of this oppressive The battering of the once-proud term buyer with at least 150 possible grade com­ nation. comes mainly from the proliferation of gov­ binations. It's another example of over-pro­ On November 16, 1917, the First Lat­ ernment laws and regulations which are tection for the consumer, who will end up vian National Assembly was established. stifling creativity and initiative. It also re­ paying the bill without receiving a co~­ The main contribution of this assembly flects the actions of those who believe their mensurate benefit. was a resolution that was issued in hope role in life is to protect all of us from each Someday the consumer, who has been pay­ of starting a nationwide fight for Lat­ other. ing the bill for this "protective" rule-making, How did we let this economic system, is going to look around, peer into his wallet via's independence. Although this feeling which has provided this nation with the best and wonder how he ever got into this spread rapidly among its citizens, politi­ standard of living in world history, become situation. cal obstacles remained. the target of such widespread abuse? I am not suggesting that all regulations are These proud and self -determined Perhaps it was because too many lost counterproductive. But I feel they should be people fought against Russian and Ger­ sight of what the system is supposed to be, developed on a sound, rational basis for a man attempts to suppress their inde­ as defl.ned by Webster's: definite need-not just because of an emo­ pendence. On November 18, 1918, an in­ "Freedom of private business to organize tion8J. desire. dependent Latvian Government was es­ and operate for profit in a competitive sys­ We have seen enough of the latter and all tablished in Riga. tem without interference from government Of us are paying the consequences. Perhaps beyond regulation necessary to protect pub­ it is too late to salvage the term "free enter­ As exemplified by many new nations, lic interest and keep the national economy prise," but if more of us speak out we might · these first few years showed tremendous in balance." be able to protect our hobbled system from economic and cultural growth. Foreign Is that what we have today? further erosion. We might even be able to domination ceased and enjoyment of the There are too many current examples have some of the more useless rules reversed. personal freedoms and rights finally be­ which suggest otherwise. It's worth a try. came a reality. We have a U.S. senator seeking legislation Latvia also excelled in the sphere of to create a commission with power to dis­ international affairs. A peace treaty was mantle and restructure individual compa­ LATVIA'S 57TH ANNIVERSARY nies, individual markets and even entire in­ signed with Russia on August 11, 1920. dustries. The auto industry seems to be the Russia also surrendered all rights over prime target. If he succeeds in splintering the Latvian people and territory. The this industry, thereby charging an enormous HON. JOHN D. DINGELL United States extended diplomatic rec­ price for success, the proposed commission OF MICHIGAN ognition to Latvia when it became a full then would level its sights at industries such IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES member of the League of Nations in as steel, chemicals and drugs, communica­ tions and others. Tuesday, November 18, 1975 1921. On February 5, 1932, Latvia and the Congress also has before it a bill which Mr. would permit the Department of Labor to de­ Mr. DINGELL. Speaker, as a time­ Soviet Union signed a treaty of nonag­ termine whether a company will be permit­ ly preface to our country's Bicentennial gression. Once again, Russia strength­ ted to close or relocate a plant. If the De­ celebration, it is my privilege to com­ ened its commitment of nonintervention partment decides any such action not justl- memorate Latvia's 57th anniversary pro- in Latvian affairs. 37270 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 18, 1975 In June 1940, Russian troops occupied I know this program would cost a lot greatly reduced the cost of solar electri­ Latvian territory. The Russian regime of money. But it is necessary. cal generating cells. Recalling the history was eventually ousted by the Nazis when In the words of Congressman JoHN of major technological breakthroughs of Hitler invaded the Soviet Union in 1941. CONYERS of Detroit: recent decades, he points out that eco­ Although control had changed hands, It is necessary if we are to insure the right nomically viable solar generation may be Latvia was again under foreign rule. of all members of our society to lead a decent far closer than is commonly expected. German domination lasted for 2 years. life, and it is necessary if we wish for every Yet, as Mr. Morris also points out, The turning point of World War II child to realize her or his potential as an funds for solar R. & D. are not going to led to Russia's reoccupation of this ter­ adult. these creative small businessmen but to ritory. At the end of the war, Latvia Where would the money come from? the industrial giants such as General became a part of the Soviet Union. The current military budget is a Electric and Westinghouse, which have After the war, 100,000 Latvians emi­ bloated $100 billion. If it were cut sub­ major capital commitments to nuclear grated to the free world. Others were not stantially, 4.8 million jobs could be cre­ power, no experience in the solar field, so fortunate. Many suffered the effects ated, a net gain of 2.7 million jobs. and sufficient capital-generating ability of mass deportation while those whore­ I say reduce the military budget. To to enter solar without a Government sub­ mained learned how to survive under me "national security" means full em­ sidy. communistic rule. Characteristics of this ployment. The best "line of defense" is To all of my colleagues who are trou­ rule, such as collective farming, became a life filled with dignity for all persons. bled by the administration's energy a natural way of life. Big business could also help pay for course and its coziness with big business, It is heartwarming to note that full employment. Over $50 billion is lost I commend Mr. Morris' provocative col­ throughout this long and difficult strug­ annually by the Government, because of umn. gle, Latvians have still maintained their tax giveaways and subsidies. In addition, The text of the article follows: language and cultural identity. Although taxing excessive profits would provide [From The Washington Post, Nov. 11, 1975] physically controlled, their minds and more job creating revenues. SoLAR CELL ENERGY hearts cannot destroy the desire for free­ It is time big business paid us back­ (By David Morris) dom that was once a reality. ! say pay us back with full employment. For over 20 years the United States has I call upon my fellow colleagues to Full employment. had the technology to use sunlight for the join me in commemorating their culture It can no longer be a dream. It must production of electricity. There is increas­ and heritage. We must not forget the in­ become a reality. We can no longer ing evidence that within a decade such de­ justices that have been inflicted upon throw away money on repressive regimes vices will cost no more than other means of these people. overseas. We must look homeward anc1 generating electric power and that they could look after our own citizens. produce significant quantities. Yet govern­ ment policy seems indifferent. The devices are called solar cells. Most solar cells are made from silicon which is made of JOBS NOW ordinary sand. The cell is wafer thin and SOLAR CELL ENERGY produces electricity when sunlight hits it. Developed primarily for the space program, HON. JOE MOAKLEY these "power plants" were very costly in the OF MASSACHUSETTS 1960's. Early in the 1970's, however, one small IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES HON. MORRIS K. UDALL manufacturer began making solar cells for use on earth. Within two years the price had Tuesday, November 18, 197 5 OF ARIZONA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES dropped by a factor of five. Although the Mr. MOAKLEY. Mr. Speaker, all this price is still too high for widespread use (it talk about whether we are in a reces­ Tuesday, November 18, 1975 is now about 17 times the cost of tradition­ ally generated electricity), these cells are sion or a depression is pointless. Mr. UDALL. Mr. Speaker, every Mem­ being sold, at a profit, for such uses as medi­ If you are out of work, you are in a ber of this House is rightly distressed cal auxiliary stations, radio repeater units, depression. There is no such thing as a over the high energy costs imposed on highway warning lights, and weather monit­ recession for a working man. us by the OPEC cartel. All of us hope to oring stations. They are used in places where And a lot of men and women in Boston see the United States reduce its reliance it would be more expensive to install electric are out of work-far more men and on expensive and unreliable foreign fuel lines and are supplemented with storage bat­ women than the people who put together producers. teries for cloudy days. unemployment statistics would ever care Yet the administration, for all its ex­ Government reports, expert testimony and the manufacturers of solar cells agree that to admit. But the statistics are only part pressed concern, is committed to achiev­ the technology works. In contrast to nuclear of the story. They do not tell us about ing this and through rationing by wealth. fusion or the breeder reactor we have in­ the discouraged jobseeker who has It believes that simply raising the price creasing experience with its reliability. The dropped out of the labor force for lack of every energy use-the wasteful as only obstacle to the widespread use of solar of employment opportunities, or the un­ well as the necessary-will somehow cells is their high cost. skilled individual who cannot gain entry strengthen our energy position without Everyone admits that the cost can only be for the same reason. further crippling the economy. reduced by creating a market large enough to And the statistics cannot tell us about Further, the administration's quest for permit the automated production of solar cells. More research and development funds the human anguish that is generated by new energy sources focuses primarily on are of no help at all. unemployment. Numbers cannot convey incredibly expensive synthetic fuels, en­ At present, the foremost cost component the disappointment and frustration suf- . vironmentally troublesome coal strip is labor. Yet, solar cells are semiconductor fered by a middle-aged electrician from mining, and potentially catastrophic nu­ devices that are easier to manufacture than Jamaica Plain who has been out of work clear power. integrated circuits and that lend themselves for 6 months-or a Roxbury mother who All but lost in these energy priorities is readily to automation. Several manufac­ cannot find a job--or a young professor the largest, cleanest, safest potential en­ turers as well as independent consultants who was laid off by a local community ergy source-the sun. Apparently con­ have come up with remarkably similar charts that show how prices would drop as sales college almost a year ago. vinced that solar power can never become increased and production methods improved. Mr. Speaker, that is why earlier this economically viable, the Energy Research The conclusion is that if the amount of solar year, I joined the United Steel Workers, and Development Administration has al­ cell produced electricity were tripled each the UAW, the Congressional Black located only a tiny fraction of its R. & D. year, the price would drop low enough for Caucus, and many other concerned or­ budget to solar. residential use within a. decade and meet one ganizations in support of H.R. 50 "a bill A column in last Tuesday's Washing­ percent of the nation's electricity. In 25 years they could meet anywhere from 30 percent to establish and guarantee the rights of ton Post, written by David Morris of the to 100 percent of the country's need, depend­ all adult Americans, able and willing to Institute for Local Self-Reliance, chal­ ing on factors that have nothing to do with work, equal opportunities for useful paid lenges this basic policy assumption. Mr. the cost or production of cells. The most im­ employment at fair rates of compensa­ Morris points out that small aggressive, portant of these factors is experienced per­ tion." competitive entrepreneurs have already sonnel. November 18, 1975 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 37271 These production tables are not based on LAND LEASING OF OUTER CONTI­ environmental, and economic costs and bene­ romantic visions, but on experience in re­ NENTAL SHELF fits, primary attention might well be directed lated industries. to the potential workability of this sort of In the early 1950's, the Defense Depart­ participatory planning. ment was faced with a similar situation with HON. GEORGE MILLER Despite doubts that a. plan worthy of legis­ respect to transistor development. The tran­ OF CALIFORNIA lative consideration could be developed by sistor was expensive--some 20 to 100 times seven regional commissions composed of more expensive than the vacuum tube. The IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES part-time, unpaid appointed commis­ Defense Department, however, thought 11 Tuesday, November 18, 197 5 sioners--doubts expressed by opponents of important to develop the transistor for mili­ the act-the job· has been done. There is a tary reasons. With its help the price dropped Mr. MTI..LER of California. Mr. Speak­ plan, it is being finished on time, and it is by a factor of almost 100 within ten years. er, for the past several months, commit­ likely to be taken seriously by the Legisla­ Unfortunately there is at present no such tees of this Congress have been engaged ture. Although much of the credit for this commitment on the part of the Defense De­ in revising laws under which the Federal should go to the state commission's chief partment to do the same with solar cells. Government leases lands on the Outer planner, J.ack Schoop, its executive director, One would think that national security argu­ Continental Shelf to private industry for Joe Bodovitz, and the state and regional ments are even more persuasive in this in­ commission staffs, suggestions and ideas stance. Increased solar cell use would de­ the purpose of oil and gas production. contributed by citizens and groups interested crease our reliance on foreign fuels. Solar Both in the Senate and in the House, in coasta.l zone mana,gement have added sig­ cell devices can be built efficiently in small there has been a comprehensive effort to nificantly to the development of a plan in the power units (as opposed to nuclear reactors rewrite the laws to provide for proper en­ time alloted. which require large market areas) making vironmental protection and for a fair re­ our power supply less vulnerable to enemy CAST OF THOUSANDS attack. Quite possibly, too, they might halt turn to the public of the profits from the Regional and state commissioners and the proliferation of nuclear plants with sale of public resources. commission headquarters have been flooded their potential for making weapons. Would I have frequently spoken of the need to from the start with communications from all it not be better to supply foreign countries postpone any lease sales until the Con­ kinds of individuals and groups. There were with solar cells than nuclear reactors? gress has completed this revision process, ideas scribbled on postcards, suggestions Why doesn't the Defense Department con­ and until the coastal States have had neatly typed for attorneys hired to evaluate sider the case for solar cells comparable to time to enact the coastal plans mandated elements of the plan, and thick documents that of transistors? Why such lukewarm sup­ by the Coastal Zone Management Act. I detailing specific concerns. While few of those port? who have participated in the planning proc­ Last June the Energy Research and De­ have introduced legislation, cosponsored ess will be completely satisfied with the plan, velopment Agency elevated solar energy to by a bipartisan coalition of 32 Members none can legitimately charge that there was the same status as nuclear fusion and the from California, to postpone the precipi­ insufficient opportunity to take part in creat­ breeder reactor. Yet funding for the coming tous sale of over one million acres of OCS ing it. Thousands of citizens were involved year shows a gross disparity among the three. off southern California now scheduled for in discussions on the local level where re­ Equal priority is meaningless if solar energy early December. gional plans were developed a.fter technical gets only a fraction of the money the others I would like to submit into the REcoRD review by members of interest groups and get, if the chief energy official, Frank Zarb, professionals. More than 1,500 Californians publicly urges that nuclear energy be pushed a recent article from the California Jour­ received planning materials, and their com­ aggressively, if the government is still intent nal which illustrates the substantial ments and reactions to the materials were on building one nuclear reactor a month for work undertaken by the California later solicited. In addition, hundreds of the next fifteen years and if the Federal Coastal Zone Commission in drafting a groups and governmental entities sent rep­ Energy Administration sets up a special office comprehensive coastal plan for ratifica­ resentatives to testify before one or more to lobby for nuclear energy within the tion by the legislature. This article shows of the commissions prior to the writing of the government. the tremendous job which the Commis­ preliminary state plan. Anyone who expressed Yet, the production versus cost tables sion has done in thoroughly studying the an interest in an aspect of the plan was show that the government could develop placed on a mailing list to receive additional solar cells at minimal cost. question of coastal management and information. More than 15,000 copies of the The first thing needed is a survey to find planning. I submit that for the Interior 400-page preliminary plan were distributed existing federal facilities where the use of Department to ride roughshod over this free statewide prior to public hearings, and solar cells would be economically feasible Commission, which was created by the many other copies were placed in public Coast Guard officials agree, for example, that voters of California, is a serious violation libraries. reliable solar cells could save the money of the spirit of the law and an abandon­ What is it about the coastal act that on their 12,000 minor lighting systems and ment of the Federal/State cooperation sparked so much citizen interest and partici­ buoys. Their purchase alone would almost which the administration claims to _pation? Some of the following characteristics double the production of the infant industry of the planning process used may have been and almost surely lead to cost reductions. encourage. responsible: The trouble is that big government and I intend to raise these objections on Commission proceedings have been visible, big business do not yet know how to deal Thursday when Secretary Kleppe will commissioners have been accessible, com­ with the new device. Government reports appear before the OCS committee. For mission files have been open and, where pos­ consistently note that solar cell electricity the moment, I would like my colleagues sible, meetings were held at times and places will first become cost competitive for house­ to know of the impressive efforts being convenient to the most people possible. hold and community use. Yet government made by the people of California to pro­ Outside suggestions have been incorporated officials insist that the cell must be proven in the successive drafts of regional and state successful as compared with existing utility duce a constructive and intelligent plan elements. words systems. coastal plan despite the unpardonable Those with a stake in the allocation of It also seems clear that the government attitude of the Interior Department. coastal zone resources have expressed their does not like to deal with small business. Yet The article follows: concerns and interests, thus generating views it is the small manufacturers who entered THE NOBLE ExPERIMENT IN DRAFriNG THE and values that might not otherwise have the field when the big boys were not inter­ COASTAL PLAN been analyzed. ested, who have reduced the cost of solar (By Judy B. Rosener) Ideological clashes at public hearings at­ electric power, who have gained experience tracted press coverage of the pLanning process and who have demonstrated that solar power NoTE.-The author is a faculty member of that increased citizen awareness of the com­ is not just a dream. the Graduate School of Administration at the plexity of the issues. It therefore makes little sense that recent University of California, Irvine, and a public Commissioners were insulated from certain research and development contracts in the member of the South Coast Regional Coastal kinds of political pressure, allowing for de­ solar cell field have gone to large corpora­ Commission.) cision-making freedom not always enjoyed tions, such as General Electric and Westing­ From its inception California's Coastal Zone Conservation Act, approved by the by elected officials. house, which have no experience and enough Since resource-allocation decisions in­ capital of their own to enter the field without voters in 1972 as Proposition 20, has been a government assistance. These contracts are of unique experiment. Its intended product-a volved, besides market considerations, such much greater help to small manufacturers plan for the use of coastal zone resources-­ planning options as preservation of low-in­ who lack capital but have invested years of is a first, but the attempt to resolve coastal come neighborhoods and a variety of life­ effort. management confiicts by public debate and styles, new kinds of citizens were drawn into First of all, a bewildered public needs a consensus-building "out front" has so far the planning process. great deal more honest information about been its most striking characteristic. While Because the commission also dealt with the potential of solar generated electric!Jty as Governor Brown and the legislators look over implementing the plan, methods of public an alternative to nuclear power. the proposed plan for clues to its political, acquisition of land were a major concern CXXI--2348-Part 29 37272 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 18, 1975 and produced new ideas relating to both ac­ cupied their nation in 1940. Since that dangers of overexpansion, and the neces­ quiring land and financing its acquisition. time, Latvia has been the object of an sity for keeping the program operating on a sound basis. COSTS AND BENEFITS intense russification program, and its Therefore, the National Association of Life Is this planning experience relevant to people have been denied their constitu­ Underwriters has adopted the following other areas of state concern, such as health, tional rights to express their will. The specific policies with respect to Social Secu­ transportation, criminal justice, education, Latvian people have suffered religious rity: and housing? Or should only "experts" plan? discrimination, cultural repression, and 1. Every employed person should be cov­ Do the political and financial costs of citizen economic plunder at the hand of the ered under Social Security, unless such cov­ participation outweigh the benefits? The erage would result in an undue duplication question of costs--$2.5 million annually is Soviet Union. As a proponent of a peoples' right to of government benefits. Such universal cov­ spent by the seven commissions-is a. legiti­ erage is necessary so that the effectiveness of mate one. But so is the question of benefits. freedom, it is the obligation of the United the program wlll not be impaired by people How do we measure the fact that hard-hats States to continue to insist that all peo­ moving in and out of coverage as they change and environmentalists, lawyers and surfers, ple be free to govern themselves. I would employment, and is also necessary in order the rich and the poor, the young and the old, like to note that the Committee on Inter­ that the true long-range cost of the program resource-owners and resource-users all were national Relations today approved House may be more accurately determined. drawn into a. public arena. where they had to Concurrent Resolution 401, a measure 2. As a. general rule, men and women talk to ea.ch other rather than about each should be treated equally by the Social Se­ other? How do we measure the fa.ct that local that declares it in the sense of the Con­ gress not to recognize the Soviet annexa­ curity system. Benefits for spouses, however, governmental officials have begun to reassess should be coordinated With all governmental values and priorities in a. time of rapidly tion of Latvia, and the other two captive employee benefit programs in order to avoid changing attitudes concerning the use of Baltic nations. I urge my colleagues -to duplication of payments. coastal resources? support this resolution when it reaches 3. With respect to minimum benefits un­ Is it enough to price out the Coastal Plan the :floor. der Social Security, if a retiree is receiving in terms of only the obvious costs of land benefits from a governmental employee bene­ acquisition? What of these values, hard as fit program and Social Security, the Social they are to price. Security benefit should be limited to that The value of having citizens informed NALU PROPOSALS FOR which the person's individual earnings rec­ about planning decisions before the deci­ SOCIAL SECURITY ord would produce without reference to arbi­ sions were made. trary minimums established for workers with The value of having groups of people tra­ long histories of low earnings. Legislated ditionally locked out of land-use decision­ Hon. G. V. (SONNY) MONTGOMERY minimums can benefit certain individuals, making learn to ask hard questions, articu­ OF MISSISSIPPI such as retired government workers, inequi­ late their demands, and, when all else fails, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tably since they can receive their rightful go to court. government pensions, plus Social Security The value of the plan's reflection of the Tuesday, November 18, 197 5 benefits based upon minimum connection variety of interests and attitudes found in Mr. MONTGOMERY. Mr. Speaker, with employment covered by Social Security. the electorate. the National Association of Life Under­ 4. The present Social Security computa­ FEDERAL REQUIREMENT tion formula. can produce an anomalous sit­ writers has recently developed a position uation wherein a relatively younger worker The Federal Coastal Zone Management paper on social security and its future. Act of 1972 clearly states that evaluation of with dependents can qualify for greater sur­ state programs Will concentrate on the ade­ In view of the ongoing consideration of vivor benefits than a relatively older worker quacy of the state processes for dealing With proposed changes in our social security With a. significantly longer work history at key coastal rone issues, and not the wisdom law, I feel we should have the benefit maximum levels and with the same number of specific land- and wat er-use decisions. of as many different proposals as pos­ of survivors. NALU is opposed to this in­ Since the federal act provides for the awa.rd.­ sible. Because of its timeliness, I include equity, and recommends that corrective ac­ ing of funds for use in coastal zone manage­ tion be taken immediately. the following policy paper on social se­ 5. Social Security benefits should provide ment, it is important to note that the proc­ curity by the NALU for the information only for basic needs, but should be kept up ess Will in large part determine the fund­ of my colleagues: to date, automatically, for enrolled benefi­ ing of California. coastal planning activities. ciaries if the cost of living rises. If, however, Only if a state's planning process are fair THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF LIFE UNDER­ WRITERS POLICY ON SOCIAL SECURITY over a period of years the Consumer Price Will the efforts be eligible to be considered Index (the scale used to determine automat­ for federal funds. The Social Security program was designed ic adjustments) should increase more than One important lesson learned through to provide a. basic floor of protection against wages, the rise in benefits should be mod­ proposition 20 has been that while public economic want and need, financed by ear­ erated and not be permitted to increase at a participation may produce conflict and be marked taxes imposed upon employers, em­ more rapid rate than wages. NALU believes time consuming it also generates ideas and ployees and self-employed individuals and that the level of benefits should be main­ staff support that are rarely available to by earnings on the Social Security trust tained at its historical relative replacement publlc officials. The Coastal Plan stands as funds. It was intended that upon this basic ratio of approximately 30-32 percent of final evidence that citizens can work With public floor, each covered person, by individual ini­ wages. . officials and professionals and a.!So contrib­ tiative, would plan and build additional The entry level of future beneficiaries to ute to solving complex problems. That taste economic security for himself and his fam­ the benefit rolls should be determined by of participation in planning in a. time of ily by means of private savings, investments, means of a sepa:rate, decoupled computation widespread distrust of government may well insurance, pension programs and the like. formula. which results in a rational and sta­ be the most valuable benefit of all. As thus originally conceived and designed, ble benefit structure, so that benefits will not the Social Security program is socially and increase out of proportion to a. person's ac­ economically desirable; but it is essential tual earnings record, and people will be more that the program be soundly maintained. encouraged to provide for their own eco­ LATVIAN INDEPENDENCE DAY Overexpansion of the program must be nomic security through private means. An avoided, since such overexpansion would u n reasonable and unstable benefit structure substantially increase the tremendous finan­ wlll cause Social Security taxes to become HON. LESTER L. WOLFF cial burden already facing present and future an unduly heavy burden on employers, em­ OF NEW YORK Social Security taxpayers, and pose a. threat ployees and self-employed individuals. to the safety and continued existence of the 6. NALU believes that further reduction IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES program itself. in the age at which covered workers become Tuesday, November 18, 1975 Every unwarranted expansion of existing eligible to receive Social Security retirement Social Security benefits, or the unnecessary benefits is neither necessary nor desirable. Mr. WOLFF. Mr. Speaker, I would like addition of new types of benefits, would un- In view of the increased life expectancy and to call to my colleagues' attention the duly lessen the traditional incentive of Amer­ useful economic life of the average American, fact that 57 years ago today, on Novem­ icans to provide economic security for the Association believes that to the extent ber 18, 1918, Latvia proclaimed its inde­ themselves and their families through vol­ that any further reduction in the eligibility pendence as a democratic republic. untary, private programs. In addition, the age would operate to induce covered workers Though our Nation has enjoyed unin­ increased Social Security taxes necessary to to choose, or be forced into, earlier retire­ terrupted freedom since our Declaration finance each such expansion would unjusti­ ment than normal, such a result would tend of Independence, the Latvian people have fiably reduce the financial ability of Amer­ to be detrimental both to the best social and icans to undertake and carry out such vol­ economic interests of the workers themselves not. untary, private programs. and to the economic growth of the nation. The brief period of freedom enjoyed by Above all, the American people should al­ Moreover, there should be no further re­ the Latvian people was ruthlessly ended ways be aware of the true nature of the duction in the age at which wives and wid­ when the Soviet Army invaded and oc- Social Security program, of its cost, of the ows become eligible for retirement or sur- November 18, 1975 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 37273 vivor benefits for the reason, among others, TEXAS REHABILITATION ACT­ However, clowning goes far beyond the that any such further reduction could, in AND DR. LOUIS NAU confines of the circus performance. Clowning turn, create strong pressures for a comparable is a true performing art. It is appropriate in reduction in the eligibillty age for covered many settings. It requires physical skllls and workers. HON. J. J. PICKLE stamina, theatrical and dramatic ability, a However, if a further reduction in the keen sense of humor and timing, fertile im.ag­ eligibility age is to be enacted into law, it OF TEXAS in.ation, sound understanding of human should be accompanied by an actuarial re­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES nature and behavioral psychology, and a duction in the amount of benefits to be paid Tuesday, November 18, 1975 basic love and concern for people of all ages at the reduced age to prevent a substantial and conditions. Such qualities offer the in­ increase in the cost of the Social Security Mr. PICKLE. Mr. Speaker, over the gredients which have moved clowning and program. years the Texas Rehabilitation Commis­ rehabilitation into a new and exciting func­ 7. A meaningful retirement earnings test sion has compiled a very enviable record tional relationship. ("work clause") should be retained, for one in restoring those who have suffered The Kapitol Klowns, as professional non­ of the acknowledged basic purposes of the from debilitating injuries or diseases to circus clowns, are undertaking a unique Social Security program is to provide benefits approach in the practice of this art form. only to those persons who, by reason of their fulfilling positions in society. Early this year, through the interest of Frank advanced age or disability, no longer have The headquarters for the TRC is lo­ "Fashoo" Wisnieski in sensory handicapped the ability or the opportunity to engage in cated in Austin and its director of re­ individuals, contact was made with Dr. Boyce substantial gainful employment. search is Mrs. Carol Whitcraft, Ph. D. Williams, Director of the Office of Deafness 8. There should be no further liberaliza­ When she visited Washington, Dr. Whit­ and Communicative Disorders of RSA. Their tion of the qualifications for cash disability craft informed me about some of the discussions centered upon the importance of benefits under the SOcial Security program. newest techniques being used in dealing recreation and entertainment in the rehabili­ Strict administration of the disability pro­ with handicapped persons, especially the tation of deaf people. It was noted that some visions of the program is necessary to keep progress has been made in recent years in the cost of disabillty benefits at a support­ deaf. music and drama, through organizations able level. In particular, Dr. Whitcraft told me like the National Theater Of The Deaf, The 9. The Social Security program should be about the activities of Dr. Louis Nau who Gallaudet College and Rock Gospel For The kept on an essentially pay-as-you-go basis is director of planning and research, for Deaf. Clowning, however, because of its pre­ with a balance between tax receipts and Architectural and Transportation Bar­ viously mentioned attributes, was seen to benefit payments being maintained. Social rier Control of the Rehabilitation Serv­ be an art form which could be utilized in the Security tax rates should be revised periodi­ reha.billtation of the deaf and hearing im­ cally and the wage base adjusted automati­ ices Administration here in Washington. Dr. Nau has been successfully applying paired, not only as recreational rehabilitation cally to a level reflecting the average wage but even as a therapeutic process. of covered workers. Under the foregoing ar­ his avocation, clowning, to work with In order to test the efficacy of clowning rangement, the Social Security trust funds the deaf. It is a moving and touching as a technique in recreational rehabilitation should be kept at levels sufficient to make story. through the adaption of sign language, the good any current deficits in the prograD'l I would like to insert Dr. Nau's article spoken word, and mime (pantomine being a which may result from such factors as un­ from the American Rehabilitation maga­ primary tool of the practicing clown) into a derestimation of the Social Security tax rates unique total communication process, the en­ and temporary periods of low employment. zine which details his innovative tech­ niques: tire membership of the Kapitol Klown Alley 10. To keep the Social Security program began studying sign language through the on as sound a financial basis as possible, if CLOWNS COMMUNICATE WrrH DEAF PEOPLE assistance of the staff Qf the New York Uni­ benefits are expanded, the tax rate increase (By Louis Y. Nau, Ph. D.) necessary to finance each expanded benefit versity Deafness Research and Training Cen­ should become effective at the time the ex­ "All the world loves a Clown." Few individ­ ter. Through the cooperation of Dr. Jerome pansion becomes effective. uals would challenge this well known state­ D. Schein and the work of Mrs. Carol Tipton 11. It is undesirable to finance the Social ment. Yet in the silent world of deafness of the NYU staff, special language materials Security program by increasing the taxable and severe hearing impairment, the sensory were prepared to "nonverbalize" clown di­ earnings base. The wage base was never in­ thrill derived from the antics and repartee alogue used in acts and skits. The combina­ tended to operate as a financing mechanism, of clowns is greatly diminished. Through a tion of signs, graphics, p-antomine, costum­ and using it as such will ultimately result combined effort of Kapitol Klowns, the Me­ ing, makeup, and stage props were then in­ in financing deficits. Increasing the earnings tropolitan Washington, D.C. Area Alley corporated into a full performance, specifi­ base beyond a level reflecting the average (chapter) of Clowns of America, the New cally designed to entertain deaf audiences. wage of covered workers would provide in­ York University Deafness Research and As outgrowth of this activity, through the creased benefits to indiViduals with above­ Training Center, and the Office of Deafness work of Bernard "Sandwich" Hamburger, average earnings who are least in need of and Communicative Disorders of the Re­ With RSA staff, arrangements were made to such benefits. At the same time, because of habilitation Services Administration of the present this innovative production as an en­ the weighted nature of the benefit formula Department of Health, Education, and Wel­ ter:tainment feature at the Seventh World in f-avor of lower income groups, individuals fare, an important attempt is being made to Congress of the Deaf, held at the Washing­ With above-average earnings would be re­ bring the "total communication" process in­ ton-Hilton Hotel, Washington, D.C. this week quired to bear an unduly disproportionate to the art of clowning. This article is offered of August 3, 1975. InterestingLy, this Congress share of the financing of the program. to describe the historical background of performance and National Clown Week occur 12. Under no circumstances, directly or clowning, the current actiVities in clowning simultaneously, a fitting coincidence for such indirectly, should further resort be made to for the deaf, and a discussion of possible long a novel occasion. (At this writing, final prep­ general revenues for the purpose of financing range results which could accrue through arations for this performance are still in any benefits provided under the Social Se­ such an approach. progress.) curity program. Financing of the program Olowning, as a performing art, has an his­ Rehabilitationists working in the field by means of special, earmarked taxes paid torical origin which is difficult to date or of deafness are excited about the prospects by employers, employees and self-employed place. Early Chinese art depicts clown-like of clowning as a new technique in broadening individuals is essential to provide not only characters and traces of clowning are found the entertainment and recreational options necessary control over both the types and in ancient Greek burlesque and on the Ro­ for the deaf and other hearing impaired. levels of Social Security benefits, but also a man stage. Fools and jesters, also clowns, The Kapitol Klowns, on the other hand, feel greater measure of assurance that scheduled were an important part of the court of kings that the adaptation of these new communi­ benefits Will in fact be paid. during the Middle Ages. Later, on the stages cation skills can add another dimension to 13. NALU believes that not all income in France, Pierrot and Harlequin popularized the art of clowning. should be subject to Socla.l Securi·ty taxes. clowning among the common people. Still From the clown's point of view, a basic In addition to the exclusion granted to un­ later in Italy, clowning began to reach its training program for hearing clowns could earned income and income above the earn­ zenith through Pantaloon, through Leon­ be developed and made available to any of ings base, NALU believes that income de­ cavallo's "Pagliacci," and most particularly the some 4,000 clowns who maintain mem­ ferred for retirement should be considered through the genius of the namesake of all bership in the Clowns of America Associa­ clowns, Joseph "Joey" Grimaldi. analogous to pension plan proceeds and, tion, and also to clowns affiliated with other In this country, clowns and clowning orig­ organizations. For many years, the Shrine therefore, not subject to Social Security inated under the "big top" of the circus, taxes. NALU also believes that persons at age through such men as the famous Emmett Temples of the Masonic Order, many Knights 65 shoUld be able to elect, on a nonrevocable Kelley. Through his work, and through the of Columbus chapters, some police, and other basis, to receive a refund of employee taxes efforts of many other clowns, the Hobo, the fraternal organizations have maintained on earnings for subsequent years on the con­ Tramp, the Whiteface, the Policeman, and clown units which have performed for vari­ dition that their benefit will not be increased other clown characters became the symbols ous handicapped groups. It is believed that by the earnings after age 65 or by the 1% of fun, laughter, and entertainment in a cir­ training to include total communication for delayed-retirement increment. cus setting. the deaf, as a part of clowning skills could 37274 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 18, 1975 increase the scope and effectiveness of these Subcommittee on Small Business Legis­ He may remain, in 1975, an unduly afilicted artists. lation attests to the wisdom of the Con­ being, but no one can say that he has been Kapitol Klowns also believe that through gress in providing this committee with forgotten. The level of taxation has become their approach, hearing impaired or deaf in­ legislative authority and jurisdiction. a major political issue, which even the most dividuals could be encouraged to become spendthrift of politicians has to take account clowns, thus offering hobbles or even em­ of. ployment for persons interested in this Meanwhile, however, a whole new class of pursuit. forgotten men has emerged. Like his counter­ From the rehabllitation point of view, THE NEW FORGOTTEN MAN part of yesteryear, today's forgotten man is­ some rehabilitation specialists believe, as do if the opinion polls are to be believed-a some clowns, that because of certain unique fairly respected and well-regarded citizen. No characteristics of clowning, this medium one is leading a crusade against him, and could be used as a therapeutic process in HON. DON H. CLAUSEN it is probable that no one really wants to. rehabilitation. OF CALIFORNIA He is merely being chivvied, harassed, ruined, Clowning is based. on a variety of philo­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and bankrupted by a political process that takes him for granted and is utterly indif­ sophical and psychological principles related Tuesday, November 18, 1975 to role modeling and role relationships. It ferent to his problematic condition. I refer is presumed that through the use of train­ Mr. DON H. CLAUSEN. Mr. Speaker, to the small businessman. ing in makeup, costuming, through psycho­ yesterday the House passed amendments AN INVISmLE FIGURE drama, skits and acts, the deaf and hearing to the Occupational Safety and Health It is astonishing and dismaying how little impaired and perhaps other severely handi­ Act which will provide a step forward in interest there seems to be in the condition capped persons could be afforded an oppor­ our efforts to assist small businessmen of small business in the United States today. tunity and structure to learn coping be­ Big business is in the spotlight to such a haviors required in making appropriate per­ in dealing with and better understanding degree, and is the focus for such passionate sonal and social adjustments necessary in the labyrinth of Federal laws and regu­ concern (pro or con), that the smaller busi­ successful rehabilltation. It is felt that the lations with which they are faced. nessman is an invisible figure, offstage some­ opportunity to act out various inhibitions This step is one in a growing march where. through the art of clowning, as well as the against the maze of rules and regulations One can understand why and how this confidence building aspects involved in such which have literally strangled our small has happened. Big business is certainly far activity, could be important tools in devel­ business community. This stranglehold more important today, economically and oping the full potential of disabled people. has caused a massive erosion of the inno­ politically, than it ever was. Economically, This all sounds like a. strange combina­ because the overall health of the economy, tion--clowning and rehabilitation. "Laughter vative contributions and the financial in terms of investment, economic growth, is the best medicine", however, is an adage stability that small business has pro­ employment, hinges very ~uch on the health which has been proven true so many times, vided to and for our communities. (or lack thereof) of big business. Politically, that failing to explore this new relationship Through repressive taxation and regula­ because the struggle for control over the would be a. loss to handicapped people. Who, tory policies the Government has shown decision-making process of the large corpo­ besides the clown and the comic, 1s better only one face to business-that of an ration-which is what "regulation" is all fitted to provide this pleasant "medicine"? agent of harassment, punishment, and about--will certainly have a profound effect Who besides the sick, the suffering, and the on the ultimate status of the private sector handicapped are so in need of the "cure"? overly burdensome regulations. And, as vis-a-vis the political sector, in our still­ I said yesterday, and the day before, and mixed economy. Both our collective pros­ will continue to say, it is about time that perity and individual liberty, therefore, are those of us who are concerned about the very much at issue in the current controver­ ·· future of free enterprise in America sies over the ways in which big business LEGISLATIVE SUBCOMMITTEE OF should be organized and operated. HOUSE SMALL BUSINESS COM­ stand up and be counted, and in this regard, I commend to my colleagues the But if small business is of lesser economic MITTEE IS EFFECTIVE AND EFFI­ significance than it used to be, its economic CIENT following article by Irving Kristol, which role is still terribly-important. And the fact appeared in the Wall Street Journal of that the future of the large corporation in­ November 13, 1975. It provides an excel­ volves the future of our private sector should HON. JOE L. EVINS lent insight into the problems and poten­ not obscure the more basic fact that small business preeminently is the private sector. OF TENNESSEE tial of small business in America: THE NEW FoRGOTTEN MAN Economically, small business plays a criti­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES cal role in the process of innovation. When (By Irving Kristol) Tuesday, November 18, 197 5 one surveys the new products and new proc­ It was about a hundred years ago that the esses of the past 25 years, it is extraordinary Mr. EVINS of Tennessee. Mr. Speaker, American social theorist William Graham how many of them were introduced by ag­ as you know, this year for the first time Sumner coined (or popularized) the phrase, gressive entrepreneurs or smaller business the House Small Business Committee "the forgotten man." He was referring to the firms. The Xerox copier, the Polaroid camera, has legislative authority and I am pleased average taxpayer, not poor enough to be the the mini-computer, high-fidelity recordings, object of official compassion, not rich enough frozen foods, wash-and-dry clothing, etc.­ to report that the Subcommittee on to remain basically unaffected by official the list is long and impressive. Nor is it only SBA and SBIC Legislation is conducting depredations. There never was any popular product innovation that small business is its business efficiently and effectively animus against such a person; the political so good at. It also rates high marks for con­ under the able leadership of the gentle­ process simply ignored him, even as it af­ ceptual innovation, for coming up with a man from Iowa (Mr. SMITH), subcom­ flicted him. new way of organizing older services. Con­ mittee chairman. The phrase caught on, and those of us of tainerization; the discount store; the motel; The subcommittee has worked hard a certain age can well remember the stand­ franchising the sale of hamburgers, fried ard cartoon, on the editorial pages of the chicken, and other food products-these, and has handled bills referred to the more conservative press, in which a naked among others, were ideas in the head of all committee with dispatch and with due John Q. Citizen, his nudity concealed only individuals that proved fruitful. and benefi­ deliberation and consideration. by a barrel, pathetically clutched the last cial because our economic system permitted Some 53 bills have been referred to few dollars of his after-tax income and des­ them to compete with existing ideas as to the subcommittee; action has been com­ perately pleaded that attention be paid to how things should be done. Obviously, not pleted on 27 bills with 20 days of hear­ him. all the innovations of entrepreneurs suc­ ings; 3 bills have been reported and During the years of the post-war boom, ceeded; indeed, most of them fail, as "they 1945-1965, this image rather faded from the are bound to in a high-risk, high-payoff 3 bills passed the House; 2 small popular imagination. Taxes grew steadily in situation. But this brash willingness to risk business bills out of the House are pend­ this period, to be sure, but incomes rose even failure is itself one of the major merits of ing in the Senate, and 1 bill is in con­ faster, and the average citizen was not per­ a system of "free enterprise." ference. ceived to be suffering much, nor did he him­ The large corporation may be the end­ I should point out that a number of self seem to feel any particular distress. In product of "free enterprise" but it is not its bills referr-ed to the subcommittee were the late '60s, of course, all this began to quintessential representative, either in theory similar and were incorporated in bills change, as inflation took hold, economic or practice. It is true that, in the United reported and passed. growth slowed down, and the spirit of a tax­ States as compared with the Soviet Union, the payers' rebellion began slowly to intrude it­ large corporation is relatively innovative, does All bills passed reflects great credit on self into the political consciousness. The preserve an entrepreneurial aspect. {To the Chairman NEAL SMITH and the other average taxpayer, a relatively small minority degree that government gets involved in deci­ members of the subcommittee. of the population in Sumner's day, is now sion-making, it is always the avoidance of Certainly the effective action of the the overwhelming bulk of the citizenry. risk that will take priority.) But even at its November 18, 1975 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 37275 best, the large corporation will never be as small business. I note that the House Ways the Soviet Union of Latvia, Estonia, and enthusiastic about innovation as its tiny and Means Committee has just decided to Lithuania. competitors. It has a huge investment in continue a lower tax rate on the first $50,000 May today's commemoration of Lat­ existing products and procedures that it of corporate income, after which the full vian Independence Day serve to renew would prefer not to write off too quickly. It 48% rate applies. What a pitiful gesture! usually makes more economic sense for it to Why shouldn't the corporate income tax be in each of us an unfaltering commit­ seek marginal improvements in productivity far more graduated than this, so that the full ment to the cause of individual freedom rather than to concentrate on a new product 48% rate applies only when a firm reaches, and integrity throughout the world. that may or may not sell, or a new process say, the $2 million income level? That would that may or may not work. And its vast make a difference. Why doesn't a Republican bureaucracy is always, to some extent, a con­ administration, concerned about the survival spiracy against innovation: layer upon layer of liberal capitalism, press for such a re­ MORE ARMS SALES TO SAUDI of experts-lawyers, engineers, marketing form? Why does it persist in trying to lower ARABIA: TIME FOR REVIEW men-are at hand to point out all the the tax ceiling for all corporations-a pro­ things that can go wrong. These objections posal which Congress will certainly ignore, will have both merit and force; a corporate while it just might be willing to give smaller officer will have to take them seriously. Only business a break? The answer, I suggest, is HON. FORTNEY H. (PETE) STARK the entrepreneur, with little to lose, can that it is so concerned-we are all today so OF CALIFORNIA boldly ignore them. concerned-about "macroeconomic" phe­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES But small business is even more important nomena that the economic and sociological politically than economically. It is integral to and political importance of the smaller busi­ Tuesday, November 18, 197 5 that diffusion of power and wealth, and to the nessman or smaller business firm has sim­ Mr. STARK. Mr. Speaker, I am con­ economic and social mobility which are the ply been overlooked. cerned about recent reports about in­ hallmarks of a liberal society. It is the small One also may properly wonder why no businessman who builds up those large for­ greater efforts are made to protect smaller creased sales of military services to Saudi tunes which then sustain the not-for-profit businesses from the horrendous burden which Arabia. sector-the universities, foundations, philan­ the newer regulatory agencies impose on This past September, the administra­ thropies-which is so important a buffer be­ them. Big business finds it difficult enough tion proposed a sale of services under the tween the public and private sectors. (Cor­ to cope with all the expensive changes re­ Foreign Military Sales Act of some $1.45 porate executives almost never accumulate quired to meet new rules governing air pol­ billion to Saudi Arabia, to include con­ that amount of capital, despite their high lution, water pollution, noise, safety, etc. But, struction of an army base known as the salaries.) It is the successful small business­ in the end, big business has the resources to man who maintains his roots in a local com­ survive this experience, harrowing as it is. AI Batin Cantonment. Due to the sheer munity, becomes a visible symbol of success Small business will not survive it, and is not. magnitude of this proposal and the un­ to everyone, gives the politicians in our All over the nation, smaller firms are being availability of information on it, I in­ smaller towns and cities their own access to pushed into liquidation of mergers by their troduced a resolution of disapproval to funds (and therefore a greater independence inability to cope with these new burdens. allow the Congress an opportunity to from national organizations), supports all They need more time, more generous (albeit consider its ramifications. ' those local activities-social or cultural­ temporary) exemptions. Why don't we hear After several briefings and hearings, which keeps community morale high. And it more voices, and louder ones, demanding that is in the small business sector that those they receive such differential treatment? it appears that this base will cost not who are discriminated against, whether it be If small business is going to survive in $1.45 billion, but somewhere around $3-4 for their politics, race or religion, can find, this country, it is going to have to organize billion-maybe up to $7 billion. It will be and have traditionally found, sanctuary. itself more effectively so that its interests a military city with an airfield, runway, Indeed, when we talk about "liberal capi­ are respected. Just why it has so far failed troop barracks, housing, schools, rifle talism," we are talking specifically about a to do this, I do not know. But I do know that ranges, and all other basic necessities. political-economic system in which small unless it does, it will perish from neglect. Apparently, based on a population of business is given the opportunity not only to And much that is precious to the American 40,000 people-projected by the Army, survive, but to prosper. If Yugoslavia or Rus­ way of life will perish with it. sia were, tomorrow, to permit their major and on conservative Army cost estimates nationalized industries to sell shares to the of a total of $4 billion, this base will public, in order to raise capital, it would not cost at least $100,000 per person to build. involve any grand reformation of their sys­ Now we see reports that the Saudis tems. On the other hand, if they gave entre­ COMMEMORATING LATVIAN want yet another base and plan to involve preneurial freedom to small business, it most INDEPENDENCE DAY our Army Corps of Engineers again in certainly would. Then, and only then, could construction and design plans. This, ac­ one talk seriously about "liberalization." Similarly, in the "capitalist" countries the cording to press reports, is scheduled to very largest of our corporations are already, HON. ROBERT McCLORY be a $2.2 billion contract to provide hous­ and will surely remain, "quasi-public" insti­ OF ILLINOIS ing, construction, and training in connec­ tutions. That is the way they are described IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tion with the F-5 fighter jets we have in all the business-school texts; that is the been selling the Saudis. It will no doubt way they are referred to casually by politi­ Tuesday, November 18, 1975 be similar to an Air Force base, although cians and the media; and, in truth I have yet Mr. McCLORY. Mr. Speaker, on this the Saudi air force at latest count num­ to hear the chairman of a major corporation day, Latvian Americans and Latvians bered only about 15,000 people. While the publicly insist that what he commands is a species of private property, in the tradi­ throughout the world will commemorate contract has not yet been let, nor the tional sense of that term. (The exact mean­ the 57th anniversary of the day Latvia letter of offer proposed, I wish to indi­ ing of "quasi-public," of course, is unclear, proclaimed independence as a democrat­ cate my strong reservations over any con­ and its definition is what the fighting is all ic republic. Observance of this event struction plan of this scope in Saudi about.) should serve to remind us of the plight Arabia. DIFFERING ATTITUDES suffered by the Baltic countries since In response to several questions on the Small business, in contrast, even where 1940. Forced to exist under the illegal oc­ subject, we were assured by the Army there is public ownership of shares, is still cupation of the Soviet Union, the con­ Corps during our briefing on the AI Batin generally perceived to be a species of pri­ tinued restrictions upon the peoples of vate property and to possess the legitimacy Cantonment that there was absolutely which most Americans are still willing to these countries in their freedom of ex­ no consideration given in the letting of concede to private property. In this respect, pression and cultural independence will contracts or subcontracts to specific bid­ the United States is very different from West­ never be tolerated or accepted by the ders on the basis of race, religion, or sex. ern Europe. Here, it is only big business that United States. The Army told us specifically that the public attitudes are likely to be hostile to. I join with the Latvian American Saudis made no formal or informal con­ There, all business falls under a shadow o! community and all those who cherish ditions of this kind, and that no de facto distrust and disfavor. Popular opinion there _is inclined to be antibusiness per se-l.e., freedom and the right to self-deter­ or de jure discrimination was practiced. anti-capitalist. We are still, in principle and mination in the hopes that once again Since those briefings, reports have to a large degree in actuality, a liberal-capi­ freedom and independence will return emerged which indicate that the Saudi talist society. And it is small business that to Latvia. To this end, I have joined with Government has refused to admit women, makes it so. my colleagues in sponsoring House Con­ blacks, or Jews in a highway construction It is therefore all the more paradoxical gressional Resolution 469, which reaf­ program it has contracted for with the that, in our taxation and regulatory policies, firms U.S. policy to refuse to recognize State Transportation Department in the so little attention is paid to the needs of the illegal seizure and annexation by State of California. Let me.make it very 37276 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 18, 1975 clear right here and now that if the Now is the time to end permanently the frail barriers of civility and restraint, Army Corps, which has been involved in the discriminatory treatment of dedi­ and the press has been in the vanguard of this kind of project since the late 1950's, cated nonappropriated fund blue collar the new aggressiveness. This is not to suggest employees. in any way that the press ought to pull its has misled us in this regard, I will have punches, much less be required to do so, on no reservations about opposing every matters of political substance. I myself have single one of their projects as well as not been particularly backward about criti­ every Saudi project requested by the ad­ cizing presidents and their policies, and I a.m ministration. Such reported attitudes are FULBRIGHT ON THE PRESS hardly likely a.t this late date to commend shocking, and our Nation-especially such inhibitions to others. I do nonetheless our Government-should refuse to con­ HON. ELFORD A. CEDERBERG deplore the shifting of the criticism from done them either officially or unoffi­ policies to personalities, from matters of OF MICHIGAN tangible consequence to the nation as a. cially. IN THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES whole to matters of personal morality of Mr. Speaker, I am very distressed uncertain relevance to the national interest. about these reports and emphasize once Tuesday, November 18, 1975 By and large, we used to make these dis­ again the need for a reformed procedure Mr. CEDERBERG. Mr. Speaker, it is tinctions, while a.lso perpetuating the useful to allow the Congress to review proposed a pleasure to bring to the attention of myth that "the king can do no wrong." One foreign military sales. The House Inter­ method frequently employed when things my colleagues an excellent article by the went wrong was .simply to blame someone national Relations Committee is present­ distinguished former senior Senator from else-in a. ceremonial way. When I began ly in markup on relevant legislation, and Arkansas, Bill Fulbright. publicly to criticize the Johnson Adminis­ I hope they will act to enable Congress to In the article I believe Bill Fulbright tration, .first over the Dominican interven­ assess the impact of such sales both en touches on some very serious questions tion is 1965, then over the escalating Viet­ m~se and individually. I very much hope related to media coverage of events of nam war, I was a.t some pains to attribute the that the Saudi sales, in particular, will the past few years. While we are all errors of judgment involved to the "presi­ dent's advisers" and not to the president be reviewed when the letter of offer is aware of some of the serious problems sent to the Hill in the near future. himself-although I admit today that I was we have encountered, I think that it not wholly free of doubts about the judg­ would do the press well to give some ment of the top man. serious thought to the points which our Our focus was different in those days from former colleague makes. The Nation's that of more recent investigations, especially NONAPPROPRIATED FUND FEDERAL best interest is served when all elements Watergate, but also the current inquiries of our society work together to solve concerning the CIA and the multinational BLUE-COLLAR WORKERS corporations. It was sometimes evident in problems, and I hope that Bill's advice hearings before the Foreign Relations Com­ on facing the future will be taken to mittee on Vietnam and other matters that liON. WILLIAM (BILL) CLAY heart. facts were being withheld or misrepresented, The article, from the November-De­ but our primary concern was with the OF MISSOURI cember 1975 issue of the Columbia events and policies involved rather than with IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Journalism Review, follows: the individual officials who chose-or more Tuesday, November 18, 1975 FuLBRIGHT ON THE PRESS often were sent-to misrepresent the admin­ istration's position. Our concern was with Mr. CLAY. Mr. Speaker, on October 29, (By J. William Fulbright) correcting mistakes rather than exposing, 1975, with the cosponsorship of my dis­ Heresy though it may be, I do not sub­ embarrassing, or punishing those who made tinguished colleague from Michigan, Mr. scribe unquestioningly to the Biblical them. aphorism that "the truth shall make you FoRD, I introduced H.R. 10419. This bill, In contrast, a new inquisitorial style has free." A number of crucial distinctions are evolved, w.hich is primarily the legacy of when enacted, will provide nonappro­ swept aside by a.n indiscriminate commit­ Watergate, although perhaps it began with priated fund blue collar employees, who ment to the truth-the distinction, for in­ the Vietnam war. That protracted conflict are performing identical duties as ap­ stance, between factual and philosophical gave rise to well-justified opposition based propriated fund blue collar employees, truth, or between truth in the sense of dis­ on what seemed to me-and stlll does-a. ra­ with full parity in wages and fringe ben­ closure and truth in the sense of insight. tional appreciation of the national interest. efits. All my adult life I have fought There are also certain useful fictions-or But it also set loose a.n emotional mistrust­ against discriminatory employment prac­ "myths"-which we invest with a. kind of even hostility-to government in general. meta.phoricaJ. truth. One of these is the Somehow the policy mistakes of certain lead­ tices. Certainly, these dedicated Federal fiction that "the king can do no wrong." He ers became distorted in the minds of many blue collar employees whose wages are can, of course, and he does, and everybody Americans, especially young ones, as if they paid from nonappropriated funds have knows it. But in the course of political his­ had been acts of premeditated malevolence been victimized by a system which denies tory it became apparent that it was useful rather than failures of judgment. The lead· them equal pay for equal work. to the cohesion and morale of society to ers who took us into Vietnam and kept us The failure of the Federal Wage Sys­ attribute certain civic virtues to the chief there bear primary responsiblllty for the of state, even when he patently lacked them. loss of confidence in government which their tem to adequately compensate these em­ A certain dexterity is required to sustain ployees is readily apparent when one policies provoked. I a.m as certain today as I the fiction, but it rests on a. kind of social ever was that opposition to the Vietnam looks at these existing pay schedules. contract-an implicit agreement among war-including my own and that of the Most nonappropriated fund employees Congress, the press, and the people that Senate Foreign Relations Committee-we.s are in the lower grades (1-3). The vast some matters are better left undiscussed, not justified and necessary. Nonetheless, I feel majority of these employees are paid, out of a. desire to suppress information, but bound to recognize that those of us who not from a schedule based on wages paid in recognition, a.s the French writer Jean criticized the war as mistaken in terms of Glra.udoux put it, that "there are truths the national interest may unwittingly have for comparable work in the private sec­ which can k111 a. nation." What he meant, it tor, but rather from an artificially con­ contributed to that surge of vindictive emo­ seems, was that there are gradations of truth tionalism which now seems to have taken on structed schedule which merely complies in a. society, and that there are some truths a. virulent life of its own. with minimum wage provisions of the which are more significant than others but The emotionalism has not survived with· Fair Labor Standards Act. which are also destructible. The self-con­ out cause, to be sure. The Watergate scandals H.R. 10419 would end the disparate fidence and cohesion of a. society may be a. provoked a. justified wave of public indigna­ treatment of 94,000 nonappropriated !act, but it can be diluted or destroyed by tion, and a. wholly necessary drive to pre· other facts such as the corruption or crim­ fund blue collar employees. In the St. vent such abuses in the future. Moral indig­ inality of the society's leaders. Some­ nation, however-even justified, mora.lindig­ Louis area, nonappropriated fund em­ thing like that may have been what Voltaire ployees doing the same work as appro­ na.tion--crea.tes certain problems of its own, had in mind when he wrote, "There are notably the tendency of lndigna.tlon, unre­ priated fund employees receive 30 to 60 truths which are not for all men, nor for all strained, to become self-righteous and vin­ percent less in hourly wages. In 1972, times." Or as Mark Twain put it, even dictive. Whatever the cause and antecedents, Congress granted partial relief to some more cogentLy, "Truth is the most valuable whatever too the current provocation, the nonappropriated fund employees by en­ thing we have. Let us economize it." fact remains that the anti-Watergate move­ In the last decade-this Vietnam and ment generated a kind of inquisition psy­ acting Public Law 92-392-Wage Grade Watergate decade-we have lost our ability to chology both on the part of the press and in Act. That this gradual approach has "economize" the truth. That Puritan self­ the Congress. failed is evidenced by the significant dis­ righteousness which is never far below the If once the press was excessively orthodox, parity in pay. surface of American life has broken through and unquestioning of government policy, it November 18, 1975 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 37277 has now become almost sweepingly icono­ nifl.cant for the national interest as Presi­ bombastic accusation, a groundless, irre­ clastic. If once the press showed excessive dent Nixon's extraordinary innovations · in sponsible prediotion, or, best of all, a "leak," deference to government and its leaders, it foreign policy. The NiXon detente policy was will usually gain a congressman or senator has now become excessively mistrustful and by no means neglected, but it certainly took his heart's content of publicity; a reasoned even hostile. The problem is not so much second place in the news to watergate. discourse, more often than not, is destined the specific justi:flcation of speci:flc investiga­ Similarly-to take a more recent topic of for entombment in the Congressional Record. tions and exposures-any or all must have interest to Congress and the press-it strikes A member of the Foreign Relations Commit­ merit-but whether it is desirable at this me as a matter of less than cosmic conse­ tee staff suggested that the committee had stage of our affairs-after Vietnam anct Wa­ quence that certain companies have paid made a mistake in holding the 1974 detente tergate-to sustain the barrage of scandalous what in some cases may be commissions, and hearings in public; if they had been held in revelations. Their ostensible purpose is to in others more accurately bribes, to foreign closed session and the transcripts then bring reforms, but thus far they have officials to advance their business interests. leaked, the press would have covered them brought little but cynicism and disillusion. Such laws as may have been violated were generously. Everything revealed about the CIA or dubious not our own but those of foreign countries, We really must try to stop conducting our campaign practices may be wholly or largely and thus far the countries involved have affairs like a morality play. In a democracy true, but I have come to feel of late that exhibited far less indignation over these pay­ we ought to try to think of our public serv­ these are not the kind of truths we most ments than over their exposure by a United ants not a.s objects of adulation or of revile­ need now; these are truths which must in­ States Senate subcommittee. I should not ment, but as servants in the literal sense to jure if not kill the nation. have to add, I trust, that I do not advocate be lauded or censured, retained or dispe~ed Consider the example of the CIA. It has corporate bribery either abroad or .at home· with, according to the competence with been obvious for years that Congress was nor would I object to legislation prohibiting which they do the job for which they were neglecting its responsibil1ty in failing to ex­ the practice. At the same time the subject hired. Bitter disillusionment with our leaders ercise meaningful legislative oversight of the does not strike me as deserving of a harvest is the other side of the coin of worshipping nation's intelligence activities. A few of us of publicity. It disrupts our relations with them. If we did not expect our leaders to be tried on several occasions to persuade the the countries concerned, and what is worse, demigods, we would not be nearly as shocked Senate to establish effective oversight pro­ it smacks of that same moral prissiness and by their failures and transgressions. cedures, but we were never able to master The press has always played up to our meddlesome impulse which helped impel us national tendency to view public figures as more than a handful of votes. Now, encour­ into Vietnam. Furthermore, "commission" aged by an enthusiastic press, the Senate­ either saints or sinners, but the practice has payments are not unknown in government been intensified since Watergate. President or at least its special investigating commit­ business in the t;nited States, and hypocrisy tee-has swung from apathy to crusading Ford was hailed as a prince of virtue and is not an attractive trait. Even in our busi­ probity when he came to office. Then he par­ zeal, offering up one instance after another ness dealings with Italy or Saudi Arabia of improper CIA activities with the apparent doned President Nixon and was instantly there is relevance in the lesson of Vietnam;' cast into the void, while the media resound­ intent of eliciting all possible public shock whatever the failings of others, we are sim­ and outrage. It seems to me unnecessary at ed with heartrending cries of betrayal and this late date to dredge up every last grue­ ply not authorized--or qualified-to serve as disillusion. Many theories, often conspira­ some detail of the CIA design against the the self-appainted keepers of the conscience torial, were put forth in explanation of the late President Allende of Chile. Perhaps it of all mankind. Nixon pardon-all except the most likely: A recent instance of misplaced journalistic that the president acted impulsively and would be worth doing-to shake people up­ priority, which came within my own domain if Watergate were not so recently behind us. someWhat prematurely out of simple human But the American people are all too shaken was the media's neglect of the extensive hear~ feeling. up by that epic scandal, and their need and ings on East-West detente held by the For­ Secretary Kissinger, for his part, has been desire now are for restored stability and eign Relations Committee during the sum­ alternately hailed as a miracle worker and confidence. The Senate knows very well what mer and fall of 1974. The issues involved­ excoriated as a Machiavellian schemer, if not is needed with respect to the CIA-an ef­ the nuclear arms race and the SALT talks, indeed a Watergate coconspirator. I myself fective oversight committee to monitor the economic and political relations between the was criticized by some of the Klssinger­ agency's activities in a careful, responsible United States and the Soviet Union and hating commentators for "selling out" by way on a continuing basis. No further reve­ China--were central to our foreign policy cooperating with the secretary on East-West lations are required to bring this about; and even to our national survival. At the detente and the Middle East. Until that time all that is needed is an act of Congress to same time that the media were ignoring the it had never occurred to me that opposition create the new unit. Prodding by the press detente hearings, they gave generous cover­ itself constituted a principle, and one which to this end would be constructive, but the age to the nomination of a former Nixon aide required me to alter my own long-held views new investigative journalism seems preoccu­ as ambassador to Spain, a matter of tran­ on Soviet-American relations and the need pied instead with the tracking down and sient interest and limited consequence. for a compromise peace 1n the Middle East. punishment of wrongdoers, with giving them To cite another example: the press and My point is not that the character of our television gave something like saturation their just deserts. statesmen is irrelevant but that their per­ My own view is that no one should get coverage in 1974 to Congressman Wilbur sonal qualities are relevant only as they everything he deserves-the world would Mills' personal ~fortunes; by contrast I do pertain to policy, to their accomplishments become a charnel house. Looking back on the not recall reading anything in the press or lack of them in their capacity as public Vietnam war, it never occurred to me that about the highly informative hearings on the servants. Lincoln, it is said, responded to Middle East, and another set on international charges of alcoholism against the vi.ctorious President Johnson was guilty of anything terrorism, held in the spring of that year by worse than bad judgment. He misled the General Grant by offering to send him a case Congressman Lee Hamilton's House Foreign of his favorite whiskey. Something of that Congress on certain matters, and he misled Affairs Subcommittee on the Near East and me personally with respect to the Gulf of spirit would be refreshing and constructive South Asia. The crucial ingredient, it seems, in our attitude toward our own contempo­ Tonkin episode in 1964. I resented that, and is scandal--corporate, political, or personal. I am glad the deceit was exposed. But I never rary leaders. None of them, I strongly Where it is present, there is news, although suspect-including Dr. Kissinger, President wished to carry the matter beyond exposure, the event may otherwise be inconsequential. and that only for purposes of hastening the Ford, and former President Nixon-is either Where it is lacking, the event may or not be a saint or a devil, but a human like the rest end of the war. President Johnson and his news, depending in part, to be sure, on its advisers were tragically mistaken about the of us, whose proper moral slot is to be found intrinsic importance, but hardly less on com­ somewhere in that vast space between hell­ Vietnam war, but by no standard of equity peting events, the degree of controversy in­ or accuracy did they qualify as "war crim­ fire and the gates of heaven. volved, and whether it involves something A free society can remain free only as long inals." Indeed, had Mr. Johnson ended the "new"-new, that is, in the way of dis­ war by 1968, I would readily have supported as its citizens exercise restraint in the prac­ closure as distinguished from insight or tice of their freedom. This principle applies him as my party's candidate for reelection. perspective. W~tergate, one hopes, has been consigned with special force to the press, because of The national press would do well to recon­ its power and because of its necessary im­ to the history books, but the fame and suc­ sider its priorities. It has excelled in exposing cess won by the reporters who uncovered munity from virtually every form of restraint wrongdoers, in alerting the public to the high except self-restraint. The media have be­ the scandals of the Nixon administration crimes and peccadilloes of persons in high seem to have inspired legions of envious col­ come a fourth branch of government in every places. But it has fallen short-far short­ respect except for their immunity from leagues to seek their own fame and fortune in its higher responsibility of public educa­ by dredging up new scandals for the delecta­ checks and balances. This is as it should be-­ tion. With an exception or two, such as the there are no conceivable restraints to be tion of an increasingly cynical and disillu­ National Public Radio, the media convey placed on the press which would not be sioned public. The media. have thus acquired only fragments of those public proceedings worse than its excesses. But because the an unwholesome fascination with the singer which are designed to inform the general press cannot and should not be restrained. to the neglect of the song. The result is not public. A superstar can always command the from outside, it bears a special responsibility only a.n excess of emphasis on personalities attention of the press, even with a. banality. for restraining itself, a.nd for helping to re­ but short shrift of significant policy ques­ An obscure professor can scarcely hope to, store civllity in our public affairs tions. It is far from obvious, for example, even with a striking idea., a new insight, or a. For a. start, journalists might try. to be less that Watergate will prove to have been as sig- lucid simplification of a complex issue. A thin-skinned. Every criticism of the press is 37278 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 18, 1975 not a fascist assault upon the First Amend­ that our presidents have been viewed as what has often seemed to me an arbitrary ment. One recalls, for example, that when either saints or sinners. What I perceive in and projudiced standard of "newsworthi­ former Vice President Agnew criticized mem­ this approach is not a genuine moral di­ ness" in the national press, particularly as bers of Congress and others, the press quite lemma, or even an authentic paradox of per­ applied to the Middle East. I have noted properly reported his rem-arks, taking the sonality, but another manifestation of that repeatedly, for example, the quantitative matter more or less in their stride. But when Puritan dogmatism which pervades our na­ disparity between the press coverage of he criticized the media, the columnists and tional life, including-to a far greater degree Palestinian guerilla attacks within Israel editorialists went into transports of out­ than is recognized--{)ur liberal intellectual and of Israeli attacks upon South Lebanon, raged excitement, bleeding like hemophlliacs community. In the case of the eastern lib­ although the loss of civilian life in the lat­ from the vice-president's pinpricks. eral press, the dogmatism is reinforced by ar­ ter has almost certainly been greater. I even More recently, since Watergate, the press rogance-the arrogance of people who regard made a statement on the subject in the Sen­ has celebrated its prowess with a festival of themselves as duly appointed arbiters not ate in August 1974, but the statement itself self-congratulation, and politicians have only of the nation's style and taste but also was ignored, consigned to entombment in joined with paeans of praise. The politicians' of its morality. The "paradox" posed about the Congressional Record. tributes should be taken with a grain of salt me by a number of writers has never greatly Another instance of dubious "newsworthi­ in any case-they have seen the media's impressed or interested me because it is not ness" arose following my final major speech power and few are disposed to trifle with it. really my paradox but theirs. "How," they as a senator, a discussion of the Middle East The real need of the press is self-examina­ are asking, "can a man who shares so many at Westminster College in Missouri. The tion, and a degree of open-mindedness to the of my opinions and prejudices fail so woe­ New York Times reported the main theme­ criticisms which are leveled against it. Jour­ fully to share them all?' which was the danger of a world crisis aris­ nalists bear an exceedingly important re­ In fact there are a few rather simple ex­ ing out of the Arab-Israeli conflict-with sponsibility for keeping office holders honest; planations to the so-called "paradoxes" in reasonable accuracy, although the head­ they have an equally important responsibil­ my career. While believing in the necessity line-"Fulbright, at Fulton, Gloomy on ity for keeping themselves honest, and fair. of international cooperation and of the World"-.suggested that the gloom lay not I make these general criticisms of the press United Nations idea, I have also believed so much upon the world as on the speaker. with some embarrassment, because during that education and economic opportunit~ The Washington Post-not for the first time my thirty-two years in public life I was were the best avenue to racial justice in involving a statement critical of Israel-did treated for the most part with understanding the United States. I did not vote for civil­ not report the speech at all, although it was and generosity by the press, most particu­ rights legislation prior to the late sixties for otherwise widely reported around the coun­ larly by the major newspaper in my home two very simple reasons: first, because I try. Some months later, by contrast, the state of Arkansas. Such complaints as I doubted its efficacy; second, because my Post found prominent place, including a have-and I have a few-are essentially as­ constituents would not have tolerated it. I picture, for an article recalling adverse com­ pects of the more general problems cited felt able to challenge some of their strong ments I had made on black voting in the above. feelings on such matters as the Vietnam Arkansas Democratic primary back in 1944. To my considerable personal discomfort I war, I did not feel free to go against them Still another instance of dubious "news­ have found myself from time to time under on the emotionally charged issue of race. And worthiness" in my experience occurred in journalistic examination to determine-it as far as the "paradox" of world peace as Apl"il 1971 upon the occasion of a lecture I would seem-whether I was a saint or an against the price of cotton is concerned, I see delivered at Yale University, again concern­ agent of the devil. Knowing full well that I no conundrum at all-I have always been ing the Middle East. On that occasion too I was not the former, and daring to hope that I interested in both. was critical of IsraeH policy. The New York was not one of Satan's minions either, I have Coming finally to the "paradox" of my Times and other newspapers provided fair sometimes experienced a curious sense of de­ "urbane" internationalism as against my and accurate coverage. The Washington Post tachment when reading about myself, as 1f "provincial" Arkansas constituency, I take did not report the speech at all, but on the the subject were really someone else. In truth, this as no more than a conceit of the eastern following day carried an article on the Israeli I have never thought of myself as anything "establishment." It has not been my obser­ reaction to my speech, headlined ISRAELI but a politician-until my recent retire­ vation that the representation in Congress PRESS LASHES OUT AT FULBRIGHT. Later Still ment-trying to advance the national inter­ of New York, Massachusetts, or California one of the Post's columnists devoted a whole est. as best I understood it, while also doing has been notably more responsible, intellec­ column of vituperation to my unreported my best to service my constituency, readily tual, sophisticated, or humane than that of speech. Recently, the Post may have had a 1f not happily compromising between the two Arkansas. I have always felt attuned, re­ change of heart as they did publish on the when that seemed necessary. sponsive, and at one with my home state, op-ed page of July 7, 1975 a statement of The Arkansas press-including the two and although the voters of Arkansas decided my views concerning the appropriate settle­ statewide newspapers, the Gazette and the after thirty years that they wanted a change, ment of the conflict in the Middle East. Democrat----came closer than others to ac­ I have little doubt that I survived a lot The ultimate test of the press's fairness cepting me on those terms, reporting my longer in politics in Arkansas than I ever is its coverage of opinions of which the often heretical views on foreign policy with would have in New York or Massachusetts. writers and editorialists do not approve. In reasonable objectivity while also noting my Rather than for my moral qualities I my own experience as a critic not of Israel efforts on behalf of agriculture, education, should prefer to be evaluated for my specific itself, but of the Israeli lobby and of what and industry in Arkansa&-efforts in which I positions on specific issues, for my con­ has seemed to me the excessive responsive­ took and still take considerable personal tributions or lack of them as a public serv­ ness of the United States government to pride. Even in my last, losing primary cam­ ant. That is what counts in a democracy, demands made upon it by the government of paign in 1974 I was pleased and proud to or in a mature society. It matters little to Israel, the press has frequently failed to have the support of the Gazette and the the nation or to posterity whether a presi­ meet the test of fairness and objectivity, Democrat. dent or senator met some individual's or tending both to an arbitrary standard of The sophisticated national press--though group's or newspaper's particular standard newsworthiness and to a shifting of attention usually generous and sometimes flattering to of political "purity." For my own part I do from the event to its author, from statement me personally-has nonetheless had a ten­ not regard myself as a fitting or even in­ to motive, from song to singer. I have in re­ dency to pose certain rather tedious--and in teresting subject for priestly exorcism. If cent years been called "cranky," "crochety," my opinion largely meaningless--"para­ my career is judged worthy of review by jour­ doxes" about my personality and my role. Is and "obsessive" about Israel and the Middle nalists or historians, I very much hope that East--by contrast, it is sometimes lamented, Fulbright truly a humanitarian idealist, or it will be for what I contributed or failed with my "courageous" or "inspiring" lead­ a racist under the skin? An "international to contribute to my country and my state. ership on Vietnam. All this signals to me peace prophet," as one friendly writer re­ The purity or lack of it in my motives is an is that the writer does not sympathizle with cently put it, or "plain old Bill," regaling issue_strictly between me and my Maker. Arkansas rubes with talk about the price of my views and has devised an excuse to avoid I cannot stress too strongly that my crit­ reporting them. To my knowledge the re­ cotton and chickens? How too, they have icism of the press in this regard is not es­ porters who have made these personal asked, anguishing on my behalf, can an pecially personal. Looking back over my long charges have neither general psychiatric "urbane" internationalist like Fulbright sur­ career-to my many speeches on foreign quallfications nor specific familiarity with vive in a southern "hllibUly" state like Ar­ policy, to the hearings, legislation, and other my state of mind. If indeed I have been kansas? But most of all my friends in the activities of the Foreign Relations Commit­ "crochety" about the Middle East, it is not national press have pointed-more in sorrow tee during my chairmanship-! am bound to Israel which has brought me to that state than 1n anger-to the "paradox" of my "hu­ conclude that I have been treated by the but journalists who have thwarted my ef­ manitarianism on a. global scale" a.s against press with overall fairness and generosity. forts to communicate views which could, I my early opposition to civll rights legislation It is the general practice of moralizing to readily concede, be judged mistaken under and, more recently, my dissent from aspects which I object, rather than the moralizing dispassionate examination, but which I my­ of our Middle East policy and my differences which has been directed toward me, most self have long believed and still believe to with the Israeli lobby in Congress. of which has been generous, some of which be rational, at least arguable, and pertinent All these questions have been posed as a indeed has been flattering. to the national interest. "moral" dilemma, in much the same way I have been more distressed personally by I have always had a good deal of admira- November 18, 1975 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 37279 tion for Washington's overshadowed even­ LATVIAN INDEPENDENCE and Cooperation in Europe in no way ing newspaper. The Star suffers from the alters our longstanding U.S. policy. ignominy of having achieved few if any Today, on the 55th anniversary of Lat­ Watergate scoops, but over the years it has HON. JAMES J. DELANEY vian independence, I salute my fellow demonstrated certain less flamboyant vir­ OF NEW YORK citizens of Latvian descent and call upon tues, such as confining its opinions to its IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Mr. Brezhnev to live up to his country's editorial page. The Star has rarely been friendly to me or my positions on foreign Tuesday~ November 18, 197 5 treaty obligations. policy in its editorials; at the same time it has usually given fair and objective treat­ Mr. DELANEY. Mr. Speaker: ment to my statements and to the proceed­ Russia unreservedly recognizes the inde­ ings of the Senate Foreign Relations Com­ pendence, self-subsistency, and sovereignty SENIOR CITIZENS mittee. The Star even published a favorable of the Latvian State and voluntarily and for­ review of my 1972 book, The Crippled Giant, ever renounces all sovereign rights over the although the paper's editorial writers could Latvian people and territory which formerly HON. STEPHEN J. SOLARZ belonged to Russia ... hardly have approved its main thrust, while OF NEW YORK the Post sought out as its reviewer an obs­ So stated the Union of Soviet Socialist lN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES cure controversialist from Pine Bluff, Arkan­ Republics when it signed the Latvian­ sas, who had little to say about my book Tuesday, November 18, 1975 but a great deal to say about my signing ot Soviet Peace Treaty of August 11, 1920. the "Southern Manifesto" in 1956 and m-y From ancient times when the Baltic lit­ Mr. SOLARZ. Mr. Speaker, the demise many personal shortcomings as he perceived toral constituted one of the outer limits of the extended family in our society has them. of the known world, through the Riga created a host of hardships for our coun­ In addition to The Washington Star and Latvian cultural renaissance of the last try's senior citizens. Foremost among the press in general in my home state of half of the 19th century, even down to these is the lack of opportunities open Arkansas, I have always felt a special regard our own day, Latvians have been proud to older Americans for meaningful and for the smaller, regional newspapers around the country. The steady decline in their of their national heritage. But now that productive lives after they have left the numbers and variety is a substantial loss to heritage is weighted beneath the yoke of work force. While not as dramatic and the country. Few of them have scored any tyranny. visible as the problem of material dep­ great scoops of investigative journalism, but The First Latvian National Assembly rivation, the loss of the sense of per­ many of them combine a genuine regard for was formally convened at Valka on No­ sonal worth and dignity caused by inac­ objectivity in the news with a good deal of vember 16, 1917. Two days later it un­ tivity can be as painful and damaging. common sense and sound judgment in their animously proclaimed the Latvian Provi­ The Senior Citizen Higher Education editorials. Their principal failing in my opin­ sional National Council and called for a Opportunity Act which I am introducing ion has been an excess of deference to the large, national newspapers. united country, whose internal govern­ can help to fill a void that now exists The special strength of the writers for ment and foreign relations would be de­ in many senior citizens' lives. If enacted, the smaller newspapers is journalistic "dis­ cided by the will of her own people. But it would establish a national program of tance"-a virtue much celebrated but rarely Latvia was caught within a web of So­ tuition-free college courses for senior practiced by their more famous Washing­ viet-German treachery at Brest-Litovsk citizens, by requiring each institution of ton-based colleagues. The latter tend to ex­ and only with the end of World War I higher education receiving certain forms press "distance" through vituperation, but could her leaders, bearing in mind Wil­ of Federal assistance to allow older more commonly cultivate all possible inti­ macy with the high officials whose activities son's clarion-call for self-determination, Americans to enroll in classes on a space they report. The officials in turn usually find proclaim an independent government. available basis. it advantageous to respond, with the result They did this on November 18, 1918, in As a New York State Assemblyman, I that some of the elite of the Washington Riga, with Karlis Ulmanis as Prime Min­ helped initiate a similar program at the press corps have effectively made the transi­ ister. It is this date we celebrate today. City University of New York. That pro­ tion from observers to participants in the For the next 2 years, Latvia was battle­ gram, which is now 3 years old, has been making of public policy. Free as their writers ground for German ambitions and Rus­ a great success as is evidenced by the are from such temptations and aspirations, sian intrigue until the Soviet aggressors the smaller newspapers seem to me, by and nearly 1,000 senior citizens who are now large, to come closer to fulfilling their jour­ were finally driven from Latgalia and attending courses throughout the city nalistic obligations to report the news accu­ Russia signed her peace in August 1920. university. In addition to enriching the rately and interpret it with personal de­ Mr. Speaker, over the following 19 lives of its participants, the city uni­ tachment. They often seem better able, as the years, the brave Latvian people enjoyed versity's policy can boast of one feature historian Bernard A. Weisberger expressed it, prosperity and freedom. On February 5, which very few Government programs "to see men and events in whole and human 1932 they signed a treaty of nonaggres­ can claim-it costs practically nothing perspective-that is, always fallible, and not sion with the U.S.S.R.; on April 4, 1934 at all. This is because the program only always the masters of their own destiny. Or, in short, historically." they strengthened this treaty with a fur­ allows senior citizens to enroll in classes I commend to the press, in conclusion, a ther protocol in Moscow. Then, in 1939, which regular students have not filled; renewed awareness of its great power and the infamous Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact therefore, no additional teaching, main­ commensurate responsibility-a responsibil· was arranged between Stalin and Hitler. tenance, or building costs are incurred by ity which is all the greater for the fact that It contained a Secret Protocol dividing the university. The only additional bur­ there is no one to restrain the press except Eastern Europe into "spheres of inter­ den that may be caused by this program the press itself, nor should there be. After a est." In October, Latvia was compelled, is an incalculable administrative cost. long era of divisiveness and acrimony in our under threat of invasion, to give Russia national life, we are in need of a reaffirmation This legislation does not use a heavy­ of the social contract among people, govern­ military, naval, and air bases on her ter­ handed approach in attempting to ment, and the media. The essence of that ritory. For a while, the Soviet Union pre­ achieve the goal of free higher educa­ contract is a measure of voluntary restraint, tended to recognize the independence of tional opportunities for senior citizens. an implicit agreement among the major the Baltic nations, but on June 16-17, It deliberately does not make capitation groups and interests in our society that none 1940 the Red Army invaded and purge grants, or student loans and grants con­ will apply their powers to the fullest. For all expert A. Y. Vishinsky supervised estab­ tingent upon the plan mandated by the the ingeniousness of our system of checks lishment of a puppet government. Al­ and balances, our ultimate protection against bill, because programs are critical to the tyranny is the fact that we are a people who though Latvia briefly passed under Nazi financial survival of most colleges and have not wished to tyrannize one another. tyranny, the Soviets had her firmly in universities in this country. It does, how­ "The republican form of government," wrote control by 1944 and proceeded to deport ever, make some less critical programs Herbert Spencer in 1891, "is the highest form thousands of her loyal sons to Siberia. dependent on compliance with the pro­ of government: but because of this it re· Mr. Speaker, the. United States has visions of the act. While these programs quires the highest form of government: be­ never and does not now recognize this reach many colleges and universities, cause of this it requires the highest type of forcible and illegal seizure. I urge the very few such institutions are dependent human nature--a type nowhere at present Congress to act swiftly on passage of the existing." We have shown in times of adver­ on them for their financial well-being. sity in the past that we are capable of this updated Baltic Resolution, individually For instance, the college library resources "highest type of human nature." We would submitted or cosponsored by many of us program, which would be contingent on do well, if we can, to call it into existence on both sides of the aisle. The final act compliance, grants funds to 2,000 insti­ once again. It has never been needed more. of the Helsinki Conference on Security tutions -of higher education, or over 80 37280 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 18, 1975 percent of the nationwide total, but does grams of such institution on a space avail­ SEc. 9. Title X of the Act is amended by in­ not give any one institution more than able basis. serting at the end thereof the following new $5,000 a year. It is my understanding " (c) For the purposes of this section­ section: that the other programs, with the pos­ "(!) the term "qualified senior citizen" "LIMITATION means an individual who is sixty years of "SEc. 1081. No funds made available under sible exception of the strengthening de­ age or older and who has completed all this title shall be paid to any institution of veloping institutions program, are sim­ course requirements manda:ted by the in­ higher education which is not in compliance ilar in this regard. stitution of higher learning for enrollment with section 114(b) of this Act.". It is not the purpose of this legislation in the scheduled class or program. to coerce the colleges a.nd universities "(2) a class or program shall be deemed SUMMARY OF PROVISIONS OF SENIOR CITIZEN to do something that will adversely af­ to have 'space available' if such class or pro­ HIGHER EDUCATION ACT gram is not fully subscribed by students fect them. Given the success of the senior other than nonpaying senior citizens. SECTION 1---'l'ITLE citizen program at the city university, " (d) The Commission shall prescribe such section 2-Amends the Higher Education I believe that after a few years of having regulations as may be necessary to carry out Act of 1965 to mandate that each institution such a policy most institutions of higher the purposes of this section and to assure of higher education have, as a condition of learning will realize how little the pro­ compliance with its requirements.". eligibility for receipt of funds made available gram costs and how much senior citizens SEc. 3. (a) Section 202 of the Act is under Titles I, II (parts A&B), III, V through can add to the entire educational experi­ amended- Vlli and X of the Act, a plan for providing ence that they will voluntarily continue ( I) by striking out "and" at the end of tuition free courses to qualified senior citi­ paragraph (2), zens on a space available basis. this program as a part of their commun­ {2) by striking out the period at the end B. The term qualified senior citizen is de­ ity relations. However, before these in­ of paragraph ( 3) and inserting in lieu there­ fined as an individual who is 60 years of age stitutions have some first hand experi­ of"; and"; and or older and who meets the educational pre­ ence with the program, they will have (3) by inserting immediately after para­ requisites required of other students for ad­ unfounded fears which will deter them graph (3) the following new paragraph; mission to the course. from adopting it on their own. It is for "(4) provides satisfactory assurance that C. A class or program is deemed to have this reason that I believe the threat of the applicant is in compliance with the re­ space available if such class or program is the withdrawal of certain Federal funds quirements of section 114(b) of this Act.". not fully subscribed by students other than (l;l) section 203 of the Act is amended by non-paying senior citizens. is a necessary part of the legislation. inserting at the end thereof the following Section SA-Restricts fund appropriated "Youth," the old saying goes, "is new subsection: under Title II A of the Higher Education wasted on the young". This is especially " {c) The Commissioner shall not approve Act, the College Library Resources Program, true when it comes to education. Too the application for a supplemental grant of to institutions of Higher Education which often the competition for grades or the any institution of higher education which he have the required program. anxieties of adolescence divert young determines is not in compliance with the B-Restricts funds appropriated under college students from a real appreciation requirements of section 114(b) of this Act.". Title II B, the Library Training and Research (c) Section 204 of the Act is amended by Program, to institutions of higher education of a liberal arts education. With their inserting at the end thereof the following which ha.ve the required program. wealth of leisure and their freedom from new subsection: Section 4-Restrict funds appropriated un­ career ambitions, the elderly are more " (c) The Commissioner shall not make any der the Developing Institutions Program, often able to enjoy the full value of the special grant to any institution of higher Title ITI of the Higher Education Act to insti­ knowledge they acquire. The Senior Citi­ education which he determines is not in com­ tutions of higher education which have the zen Higher Education Opportunity Act, pliance with the requirements of section required program. at no cost to the Government, will enable 114(b) of this Act.". Section 5--Restricts funds appropriated many older Americans to escape their SEc. 4. section 302(a) (1) of the Act is under the Education Profession Development amended- Program, Title V of the Higher Education Act boredom by experiencing the joy of (!) by striking out "and" at the end of to institutions which have the required sen­ knowledge which may have eluded them clause (c): ior citizen program. in their younger days. (2) by striking out the period at the end of Section 6-Restricts funds appropriated At this point I would like to place in clause (d) and inserting in lieu thereof "; under the Financial Assistance Program for the RECORD a copy of the act, a summary and"; and the Improvement of Undergraduate Instruc­ of its provisions and a brief description (3) by inserting immediately after clause tion. of the programs under the Higher Edu­ (D) the following new clause: Section 7-Restricts funds appropriated cation Act which will be affected by "(E) is, in the judgment of the COmmis­ under the Title vn of the Act which provides sioner, in compllance with the requirements funds for the construction of academic my proposed legislation: of section 114(b) of this Act.". facllities to institutions of higher education H.R. 10605 SEc. 5. Section 508 of the Act is amended­ which ha.ve the required program. A bill to require recipients of Federal aid ( I) by inserting "(a)" immediately after Section 8--Restricts funds appropriated to higher education to provide senior "SEC. 508."; and under the Networks for Knowledge Program, citizens with access, on a space available (2) by inserting at the end thereof the fol­ Title VITI of the Act, to institutions of higher basis, to already scheduled courses and lowing new subsection: education which have the required program. programs. "(b) No funds made available under this section 9-Restricts funds appropriated Be it enacted by the Senate and House of title shall be paid to any institution of high­ under the Community College and Occupa­ Representatives of the United States of er education which is not in compliance with tional Education Program, Title X of the America in Congress assembled, That this section 114(b) of the Act.". Act, to institutions of higher education which Act may be cited as the "Senior Citizen SEc. 6. Section 609 of the Act is amended­ have the required program. Higher Education Opportunity Act". ( I) by inserting "(a.)" immediately after Description of the programs effected by SEc. 2. Title I of the Higher Education Act "SEC. 609."; and the Senior Citizen Higher Education Act: of 1965 (hereinafter in the Act referred to (2) by inserting at the end thereof the Title !--Community Service and Continu­ as "the Act") is amended by inserting at the following new subsection: ing Education Programs: Under this Title, end thereof the following new section: "(b) No funds made available under this grants are given to institutions of higher ed­ part shall be paid to any institution of higher ucation for research prograinS and univer­ "SENIOR CITIZEN ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION education which is not in compllance with sity extension courses or continuing educa­ "SEc. 114. (a) Notwithstanding any other section 114 (b) of this Act." tion offerings which are designed to assist provision of this title, no funds made avaU­ SEC. 7. Title VII of the Act is amended by in the solution of community problems. In able under this title shall be paid to any inserting at the end thereof the following fiscal year 1976, 695 such institutions are institution of higher education which has new section: scheduled to receive $12,125,000 under this not established a.nd fully implemented a "LIMITATION program. senior citizen access plan as provided in sub­ "SEc. 783. No funds made avalla.ble under Title II A-College Library Resources: Un­ section (b). this title shall be pa.id to any institution of der this program grants are given to in­ "(b) Ea.ch institution of higher education higher education which is not in compliance stitutions of higher education for the pur­ shall, as a. condition of eligibility for receipt wth section 114(b). of this Act.". pose of helping them acquire library of funds made avaUable under titles I, II resources. Two thousand seven hundred SEc. 8. Title VIII is amended by inserting (parts A and B), Ill, V through VIII, and X such institutions will receive $9,975,000 1n of this Act prepare, submit to the Commis­ at the end thereof the following new section: fiscal yea.r 1976 under this program. sioner, a.nd implement to the satisfaction "LIMITATION Title IT B--Library Training and Re­ of the Commissioner, a senior citizen access "SEC. 804. No funds lllOOe available under search: Under this Title grants are given to plan which shall provide for the registering this title shall be paid to any institution of development of librar1anship. In fiscal 1976, of qualified senior citizens, without charge higher education which is not in COlllpllance under this Title, 80 institutions will be get­ or tuition, for scheduled classes and pro- with section 114{b) of this Act.". ting $500,000 for library career training pro- November 18, 1975 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 37281 grams and 19 institutions will be receiving records. Furthermore, the present law is NUCLEAR POWER-OUR TECHNO­ $1,000,000 for library research and demon­ wasting law enforcement resources. Let LOGICAL VIETNAM stration projects. me put that waste in terms of dollars Title ill-Strengthening Developing In­ stitutions Program: This is a. program of and cents. There are at least 13 million special assistance to strengthen the aca­ Americans who smoke marihuana on a HON. FREDERICK W. RICHMOND demic quality of developing institutions of regular basis. If in one fell swoop, we OF NEW YORK higher learning which are trying to estab­ were to place those regular users in jail IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES lish themselves in academic life. Under this for 1 year, the cost to the American pub­ program 250 such institutions will receive lic at more than $6,000 per person per Tuesday, November 18, 1975 $110,000,000. year would be over $79 billion. Does any­ Mr. RICHMOND. Mr. Speaker, for the Title V-Education Professions Develop­ one suggest that this is practical? Yet ment Program: This program was designed past year, Members of Congress have to improve the quality of teaching and to equal application of the law would de­ been grappling with the question of what help meet critical shortages of adequately mand such action. direction our Nation's energy research trained educational personnel. The Title My bill, H.R. 6108, which would lower and development program should take? used to include the Teacher Corp program the penalty for personal possession of an Should we follow the lead of the Ford and grants to institutions of higher educa­ ounce or less of marihuana in Federal administration and go full steam ahead tion to train teachers. The program is not jurisdictions to a civil fine of up to $100, into nuclear power? Or should energy funded for fiscal year 1976. now has 25 cosponsors in the House: Ms. Title VI-Financial Assistance for the Im­ conservation become a reality and not provement of Undergraduate Instruction: ABZUG, Mr. BADILLO, Mrs. BURKE of Cali­ just a public relations gimmick for the Under this Title, grants were made for pro­ fornia, Mr. JOHN BURTON, Mr. PHIL BUR­ Federal Energy Office? Should solar grams designed to improve the quality of TON, Mr. CONYERS, Mr. DELLUMS, Mr. energy projects and experiments be given undergraduate instruction. Such programs DRINAN, Mr. DUNCAN of Oregon, Mr. ED­ the complete funding they demand? could include anything from the purchase GAR, Mr. EDWARDS of California, Mr. GUDE, What are the realistic prospects for elec­ of equipment to conducting of workshops Mr. HARRINGTON, Ms. HOLTZMAN, Mr. LEG­ trical power, given the new and possible for college teachers. For fiscal year 1976 no GETT, Mr. McCLOSKEY, Mr. MITCHELL of technological developments in the fields monies have been appropriated for this pro­ Maryland, Mr. NIX, Mr. RANGEL, Mr. Ros­ gram. of coal gasification, shale oil reclama­ Title VII--Construction of Academic Fa­ ENTHAL, Mr. SCHEUER, Mrs. SCHROEDER, tion, the harnessing of tidal energy, or cilities: Under this Title, grants a.re made to Mr. SOLARZ, Mr. STARK, and Mr. WAXMAN. the fusion process. institutions of higher education to help pay If we leave those decisions up to the the cost of construction of academies fa­ administration and President Ford's En­ cilities. Under this program, 71 such insti­ energy Independence Authority-the nu­ tutitons will be receiving $22,000,000 in fiscal LATVIAN INDEPENDENCE DAY clear industry's Christmas present--we year 1976. will undoubtedly be led down the prim­ Title VIII-Networks for Knowledge: Un­ der this program grants were given to carry rose path toward nuclear powerplant programs designed to encourage institutions proliferation. of higher education to share technical and HON. RONALD A. SARASIN This week's "critical mass" conference other educational and administrative fa­ OF CONNECTICUT organized by Ralph Nader, in Washing­ cilities and resources. This program is not IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ton serves an important function in funded for fiscal year 1976. Tuesday, November 18, 197 5 clarifying the direction of our Nation's Title X--Community Colleges and Occu­ energy debate and the many issues sur­ pational Education: Mr. SARASIN. Mr. Speaker, many of rounding the development of nuclear Part A-Creates a system of grants for the us here may not be aware that Novem­ power. For it provides the public with establishment and expansion of community ber 18 marks the 57th anniversary of colleges. No funds have been appropriated the opportunity to study first-hand the for this program in fiscal year 1976. the day that Latvia was proclaimed an answers to many of the questions which Part B-Creates a. system of grants to pro­ independent democratic republic. How­ have been plaguing the Congress. grams designed to encourage and promote ever, the significance of Latvian Inde­ Undoubtedly there are questions of occupational education. No funds have been pendence Day is sadly marred by the judgment on the quality of life for our appropriated for this program in fiscal year present reality of her existence under citizens which cannot be measured in 1976. bondage to the Soviet Union. It is, there­ Btu's or ergs. Specifically what alterna­ fore, important that we commemorate tives to energy development are elimi­ this day, to remind ourselves of the free-· nated once the decision is made to allo­ DECRIMINALIZE POSSESSION OF doms that we are fortunate enough to SMALL AMOUNTS OF MARI­ cate billions of dollars to nuclear power? enjoy, and the denial of these same free­ Whom is our national energy policy to HUANA doms to peoples around the globe. benefit the consumer or the large power Thirty-five years ago, the Baltic na­ utilities? Where does the Energy Re­ HON. EDWARD I. KOCH tions of Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania search and Development Administration OF NEW YORK were forcibly annexed by the Soviet propose to store the deadly nuclear Union. The passage of time must not du:ll · IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES wastes whose toxicity will last longer our memory of the cruel actions of the than all of recorded history? Tuesday, November 18, 1975 Soviet Union against the people of the Has anyone asked the American people Mr. KOCH. Mr. Speaker, the decrim­ Baltic nations. The United. States has if they want to sacrifice many of our inalization of marihuana is an issue that stood in steadfast opposition to this valued civil liberties in order to safeguard the Congress, sooner or later, will have forcible annexation of territory ·and sup­ the Nation's nuclear fuel and prevent nu­ to confront. Six States have already re­ ports the desires of the Baltic nations clear blackmail? And how does the liquid duced the penalty for possession of small for freedom and independence. This re­ metal fast breeder reactor which pro­ amounts of marihuana to a civil fine of solve has not changed. The declaration duces more plutonium than it uses and up to $100, and other States are likely to of the Conference on Security and Co­ the accompanying plutonium economy follow. Law enforcement authorities, operation in Europe in August of this affect the type of society we want for our from the Federal level on down, are de­ year supports the possibility of peaceful children and our grandchildren? emphasizing their efforts to detect and border changes, of self-determination for Basically, the issue revolves around prosecute marihuana users in order to all peoples, and for respect of basic how much a large scale nuclear power pursue traffickers and abusers of hard human rights. program, which may not at all be neces­ drugs. It is my hope, and that of the Latvian­ sary, will cost the citizens of this Nation And yet last year, over 400,000 arrests American community that these words in terms of their safety, health and for marihuana possession took place. En- can be transformed into reality, and freedom. forcement of the present law is adversely that Latvia along with its sister Baltic As a cosponsor of the Fish-Pattison affecting the lives of otherwise law-abid­ nations may one day see the light of 5-year moratorium bill, I believe that ing young people by giving them criminal freedom and independence. these questions and many more must be 37282 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE November 19, 1975 answered before we commit this Nation legally and forcibly made a part of the ation has proven successful and benefi­ down a course of action which, as Ralph U.S.S.R. Now, 35 years later the Baltic na­ cial to the community of Santa Barbara tions are facing a crisis by the governments in general and to their patients in par­ Nader has so aptly suggested, may well of the free world in recognition of the sign­ indeed be our technological Vietnam. ing of the Helsinki agreements. ticular. Their practice of dentistry has To appreciate the reasons for their despair always been on the highest possible ethi­ and utter disbelief and adding to the dismay, cal level; their devotion and generosity is the fact that the Baltic people were not to their patients and their continuous LATVIAN INDEPENDENCE DAY informed or asked or their feelings to be service to the Santa Barbara community considered in respect to their choice in re­ for a combined total of 82 years consti­ gard to the unique situation that has been tutes an outstanding achievement. HON. MARTIN A. RUSSO forced upon them. Because of this lifelong dedication to OF ILLINOIS No matter how President Ford, interprets the practice of the dental profession, I IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the Helsinki agreement, the Latvian people in the United States feel that the Soviet ask the Members of the House to join Tuesday, November 18, 1975 government will interpret it as a recognition with me in extending congratulations to Mr. RUSSO. Mr. Speaker, today is of its annexation of Latvia and its continu­ Helen Gregory Lee, D.D.S., and Robert ing dominance in the Baltic states. The R. Lee, D.D.S. Latvian Independence Day. It is a day Baltic people fear that the Soviet govern­ when Latvian-Americans and Latvians ment wlll intensify its policy as Russifica­ throughout the free world commemorate tion of Latvia as a result of the apparent the 57th anniversary of the day Latvia Western abandonment of the Baltic people. LATVIAN INDEPENDENCE was proclaimed an independent demo­ The Latvian people have at a very great cratic republic. cost to themselves have resisted and are re­ Latvia, along with Estonia and Lithu­ sisting the Soviet efforts to destroy them HON. HENRY J. NOWAK nationally. They share a common belief with ania, is one of the three Baltic States on the American and other free people in the OF NEW YORK the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. Sur­ right for all nations to self-determination IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES rounded by more populous and power­ and independence. Their faith and that this Tuesday, November 18, 1975 ful neighbors, the Latvians have never­ belief is shared by the free people of the theless always managed to retain their world and that the leaders of the free world Mr. NOWAK. Mr. Speaker, today cultural, if not political, identity and in­ have the courage of their convictions, not to marks the 57th anniversary of the day dependence. recognize the annexation of Latvia and the Latvia proclaimed itself an independent In recognition of Latvian Independ­ Baltic states by the Soviet government. democratic republic. ence Day and to honor these courageous The era of freedom and self-govern­ people, I want to share with my col­ ment, however, that began with the proc­ leagues the remarks of Mr. Viktors Viks­ lamation on November 18, 1918, ended nins, chairman of the Captive Nations ROBERT R. LEE, D.D.S., AND HELEN abruptly in 1940 with an occupation by Committee in Chicago. G. LEE, D.D.S., HONORED FOR Russian troops that also engulfed the His words are a poignant reminder LONG SERVICE neighboring Baltic States-Lithuania that there are still many people in the and Estonia. Regrettably, Soviet domina­ world who must struggle for liberty each HON. ROBERT J. LAGOMARSINO tion of these nations continues today. day of their lives, whose battle for sur­ OF CALIFORNIA Today's commemoration permits us vival is an on-going struggle. Mr. Vik­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES to share with Latvian-Americans and snins and his countrymen of the Baltic Latvians throughout the free world the nations remain unmoved in their deter­ Tuesday, November 18, 197 5 hope that genuine freedom some day mination to regain their sovereignty. Mr. LAGOMARSINO. Mr. Speaker, of soon will return to their homelands. Ob­ I applaud their resolve and I am proud the inevitable things that happen in our servances such as this, however, also are to be a cosponsor of the House resolution lives, such as taxes and birthdays, one a reminder that the United States must for which they are urging support. It is a universally unhappy occasion is a visit continue to press for the rights of self­ resolution exprtJssing the sense of Con­ to the dentist. Anticipation of the visit is government for peoples throughout the gress that it remains the policy of the most often worse than the visit; however, world. This message should be an inte­ United States not to recognize in any we feel more comfortable when we know gral part of our negotiations with the way the annexation of the Baltic nations the doctor has long experience in back Soviet Union as we continue to explore by the Soviet Union, the President's of him. the area of detente. signature on the Final Act of the Con­ I am pleased to tell you that in my As the leader of the free world, we ference on Security and Cooperation in congressional district there are two den­ have a moral obligation to promote a Europe notwithstanding. tists who, having graduated from U.S.C. climate that encourages the expansion Here are Mr. Viksnins thoughts on the Dental School in 1933, have practiced of human rights. It is a pleasure, there­ occasion of Latvian Independence Day: their profession in Santa Barbara, Calif., fore, to join today in marking the dec­ LATVIAN INDEPENDENCE DAY, since 1934. More unusual is the fact that laration of Latvian independence and NoVEMBER 18, 1918 these two dentists are husband and wife, the undying spirit of freedom and self­ In 1940, the free and independent nations Robert R. Lee and Helen Gregory Lee. determination that this observance sym­ of Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania were 11- This unique and very unusual associ- bolizes.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES-Wednesdqy, November 19, 1975 The House met at 12 o'clock noon. guide us, and for those who share with THE JOURNAL The Chaplain, Rev. Edward G. Latch, us the benefits of freedom. The SPEAKER. The Chair has exam­ D.D., offered the following prayer: We thank Thee for our homes where ined the Journal of the last day's pro­ 0 give thanks unto the Lord; tor He dwells the spirit of love, for churches ceedings and announces to the House is good,· tor His mercy endureth Jor­ where we can worship as we desire, and his approval thereof. ever.-Psalms 136: 1. for the opportunity which is ours to serve Without objection, the Journal stands Almighty God, Creator and Sustainer our people in the Halls of Congress. approved. of Life, without whose Spirit all our labor We pray that Thou wilt continue Thy There was no objection. is in vain, we come to -thank Thee for blessings to us and to our children from Thy generous gifts which come to us and generation to generation. By our daily living and our daily labor may our for Thy manifold mercies which sustain MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE us day by day. thanksgiving in word become a thanks­ We thank Thee for our country, for giving in deed and in truth. A message from the Senate by Mr. the good laws and good government un­ With grateful hearts we offer this our Sparrow, one of its clerks, announced der which we live, for great leaders to morning prayer. Amen. that the Senate agrees to the report of