National Aeronautics and Space Administration Evolvable Mars Campaign Overview to FISO Telecon

June 10, 2015

Douglas Craig Strategic Analysis Manager Advanced Exploration Systems Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate NASA HQ 2 Engagement Product Development: Pioneering Space (update to Voyages)

• Integrated agency-level document that articulates NASA’s top-level exploration strategy, encompassing robotics, human operations, and technology developments over the near- and far-term. Purpose is to: – Illustrate how the activities being implemented across the agency contribute to an integrated exploration strategy – Succinctly communicate our overall strategy of sustainable expansion of human presence across the system. Leave details with tailored documents and established processes within HEOMD and the Agency – Show that there are technically implementable ways to achieve human exploration beyond low Earth orbit. Each activity informs the next more ambitious objective in a real and tangible way.

• Target Audience is: – Internal NASA exploration team members – agency-wide – should be able to use this document to explain to an external audience how their work fits in the larger context of PS. – Informed, nontechnical policy makers and decision makers – White House, Congressional staffers, domestic aerospace industry executives – International space agencies – Advisory and special groups

• Pioneering Space document will be used to create other communication tools and techniques for the general public, formal programs and projects and other media

3 4 5 5 Pioneering Space - Goals “Fifty years after the creation of NASA, our goal is no longer just a destination to reach. Our goal is the capacity for people to work and learn and operate and live safely beyond the Earth for extended periods of time, ultimately in ways that are more sustainable and even indefinite. And in fulfilling this task, we will not only extend humanity’s reach in space -- we will strengthen America’s leadership here on Earth.”

- President Obama - April, 2010

6 NASA Strategic Plan Objective 1.1

Expand human presence into the solar system and to the surface of Mars to advance exploration, science, innovation, benefits to humanity, and international collaboration.

7 7 NASA Strategic Plan Objective 1.5

Ascertain the content, origin, and evolution of the solar system and the potential for life elsewhere.

8 8 Strategic Principles for Sustainable Exploration

• Implementable in the near-term with the buying power of current budgets and in the longer term with budgets commensurate with economic growth; • Exploration enables science and science enables exploration, leveraging robotic expertise for human exploration of the solar system • Application of high Technology Readiness Level (TRL) technologies for near term missions, while focusing sustained investments on technologies and capabilities to address challenges of future missions; • Near-term mission opportunities with a defined cadence of compelling and integrated human and robotic missions providing for an incremental buildup of capabilities for more complex missions over time; • Opportunities for U.S. commercial business to further enhance the experience and business base; • Multi-use, evolvable space infrastructure, minimizing unique major developments, with each mission leaving something behind to support subsequent missions; and • Substantial international and commercial participation, leveraging current International Space Station and other partnerships. 9 10 10 Evolvable Mars Campaign

EMC Goal: Define a pioneering strategy and operational capabilities that can extend and sustain human presence in the solar system including a human journey to explore the Mars system starting in the mid-2030s.

• Identify a plan that: – Expands human presence into the solar system to advance exploration, science, innovation, benefits to humanity, and international collaboration. – Provides different future scenario options for a range of capability needs to be used as guidelines for near term activities and investments • In accordance with key strategic principles • Takes advantage of capability advancements • Leverages new scientific findings • Flexible to policy changes – Identifies linkages to and leverage current investments in ISS, SLS, Orion, ARM, habitation module, technology development investments, science activities – Emphasizes prepositioning and reuse/repurposing of systems when it makes sense • Use location(s) in cis-lunar space for aggregation and refurbishment of systems

Internal analysis team members: External inputs from: – ARC, GRC, GSFC, HQ, JPL, JSC, - International partners, industry, KSC, LaRC and MSFC academia, SKG analysis groups

– HEOMD, SMD, STMD, OCS and OCT 11 EARTHNational Aeronautics and Space Administration RELIANT NEAR-TERM OBJECTIVES

DEVELOP AND VALIDATE EXPLORATION CAPABILITIES IN AN IN-SPACE ENVIRONMENT • Long duration, deep space habitation systems • Next generation space suit • Autonomous operations • Communications with increased delay • Human and robotic mission operations • Operations with reduced logistics capability • Integrated exploration hardware testing

LONG-DURATION HUMAN HEALTH EVALUATION • Evaluate mitigation techniques for crew health and performance in micro-g space environment • Acclimation from zero-g to low-g

COMMERCIAL CREW TRANSPORTATION • Acquire routine U.S. crew transportation to LEO

12 PROVING GROUND OBJECTIVES Enabling Human Missions to Mars VALIDATE through analysis and flights • Advanced Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP) systems to move large masses in interplanetary space • Lunar Distant Retrograde Orbit as a staging point for large cargo masses en route to Mars • SLS and Orion in deep space • Long duration, deep space habitation systems • Crew health and performance in a deep space environment • In-Situ Resource Utilization in micro-g • Operations with reduced logistics capability • Structures and mechanisms

• CONDUCT • EVAs in deep space with sample handling in micro-g • Integrated human and robotic mission operations • Capability Pathfinder and Strategic Knowledge Gap missions 13 Major Results to Date

• Regardless of Mars vicinity destination, common capability developments are required - Mars vicinity missions selection not required before 2020 • ISS provides critical Mars mission capability development platform • Lunar DRO is efficient for aggregation and potential refurbishment due to stable environment - Use of gravity assist trajectories enable use of DRO • Orion Block 1 is sufficient for Mars architectures with reusable habitats • SLS co-manifested cargo capability increases value of crewed missions and improves cadence • Deep-space habitation serves as initial starting point regardless of implementation or destination • ARV derived SEP vehicle can serve as an effective tool for human Mars missions - Reusability can enable follow-on use in cis-lunar space - Refuelability under study to enable Mars system follow-on use - Current SEP evolvability enables Mars system human missions • Mars Phobos /Deimos as initial Mars vicinity mission spread out development costs and meets policy objectives of Mars vicinity in 2030’s - Common crew transportation between Mars Phobos / Deimos and Mars Surface staging - Phobos provides 35% reduction of radiation exposure compared to other Mars orbit missions - Provides ability to address both exploration and science objectives - ARM returned asteroid at Lunar DRO serves as good location for testing Mars moon’s operations 14 Mars Vicinity Missions Provide the “Pull”

Mars Orbit Mars Moons Mars Surface • Opportunities for integrated human- • Opportunities for integrated human- • Opportunities for integrated human- robotic missions: robotic missions: robotic missions: - Real time tele-operation on Martian - Real time tele-operation on Martian - Search for signs of life surface surface - Comparative planetology - Mars sample return - Mars & moons sample return - Understanding Mars climate changes • Demonstrate sustainable human • Demonstrate sustainable human - Geology/geophysics exploration split-mission Mars concept exploration split-mission Mars • Planet provides radiation protection • Validate transportation and long- concept • Entry, descent, landing duration human systems • Moons provides additional radiation • EVA surface suits protection • Validate human stay capability in • In-situ resource utilization zero/micro-g • In-situ resource utilization • Validate human stay capability in • Validate human stay capability in low- partial-g g

15 Cis-Lunar Space: How the Earth and the Moon Interact

The contours on the plot depict energy states in the Earth-Moon A spacecraft at L2 is actually orbiting Earth System and the relative difficulty of moving from one place to another. at a distance just past the Moon, however if you look at it from the Moon, the orbit will look like an ellipse around a point in space giving them the name “halo orbits”.

Family of DROs in Earth-Moon Plane

The interaction of the Earth and Moon creates bends in the energy contours that can be used to lower the energy needed to move around the Earth-Moon system and beyond, such as this example of a low energy transfer between L1 and L2 .

The Lunar Distant Retrograde Orbit leverages these equilibrium and low energy contours to enable a stable orbit with respect to the Earth and Moon, that is accessible with about the same energy as L1 or L2. 16 SLS Block 1B & Mission Element Concepts Under Study

Mission concepts Mission concepts

with Universal Stage Adaptor with 8m and 10m fairings

MissionElements

Exploration Upper Stage Core Core Stage/ Boosters 30’ tall x 27.6’ dia

Orion with short- 5m fairing w/robotic Science ARM Mission 8m fairing with large 10m fairing w/notional duration hab module lunar lander & short- Missions aperture telescope Mars payload duration hab module total mission volume total mission volume total mission volume total mission volume total mission volume total mission volume = ~ 400m3 = ~ 400m3 = ~ 600m3 = ~ 400m3 = ~ 1200m3 = ~ 1800m3 17 ARM is a Stepping Stone to Higher Power SEP Needed to Support Human Missions to Mars

AsteroidARM Redirect Cis-Lunar Mission Mars Moons Mars Surface

50 kW 50-100 kW 100-700 kW 300-700 kW

SEP Chem/SEP Deep Space 1 Dawn ARM Mars Cargo Mars Crew

1 10 100 1000 Solar Array Power (kW)

18 18 Energy Comparison with SSME

SSME 300-kW SEP

1 P  m v2 2 T T  m v  m  x 3 x 6 v 1 P  Tv 2

Isp = 2000 s Isp = 453 s Thrust = 18 N (all 6 engines) Thrust = 2090 kN P = 195.3 kW (all 6 engines) P = 13,900,000 kW (all 3 engines) Burn Time: 10,000 hours Burn Time: 8 minutes Energy = 1,860,000 kW-hrs (all 3 Energy = 1,950,000 kW-hrs (all 6 engines together) engines together) Propellant Mass: 835,000 kg Propellant Mass: 32,500 kg

19 EMC Ground Rules & Constraints

• Humans to the Mars System by mid-2030’s – Could imply Orbital, Phobos/Deimos and/or Surface – Mars Mission opportunities throughout the 2030s will be evaluated to avoid overly restrictive mission availability • Propulsion technology will utilize solar-electric systems extensible from the Asteroid Redirect Vehicle (ARV) spacecraft bus • SLS Block 2B launch vehicle will be available (4xRS25 Core + EUS + Advanced Boosters + 10-m shroud) • Orion spacecraft will be available • SLS/Orion launch rate of 1 per year is sustainable • Vehicle checkout/aggregation in cis-lunar space may be advantageous • Crew of four to Mars system assumed • Crewed vehicle reusability is highly desirable for sustainability and potential cost advantages

20 FY2015 EMC Questions/Work Groups (A-F)

A. How do we pioneer an extended human presence on Mars that is Earth independent? – In-situ Resource Utilization to reduce logistics chain and increase sustainability B. What are the objectives, engineering, and operational considerations that drive Mars surface landing sites? – Mars exploration and science objectives – Landing Site Requirements and Constraints C. What sequence(s) of missions do we think can meet our goals and constraints? - Will concepts satisfy the strategic principles? D. Is a reusable Mars transportation system viable? - Can an evolved ARV provide required function of in-space transportation to transport to Mars vicinity? - Reuse of habitat - Can a 1000 day habitat be refurbished and reused for multiple missions? • Can the in-space habitat be used on Phobos? E. Can ARV derived SEP support Mars cargo delivery requirements? - Human class Mars lander • Can surface exploration be accomplished with an 18t lander? 27t? • Can an EDL system be developed for 18t lander? 27t? F. How can we maximize commonality across Mars ascent, Mars vicinity taxi, exploration vehicle and initial deep-space habitation component?

21 FY2015 EMC Questions/Work Groups (G-M)

G. What are the required capability investments for the EMC over the next five years? – What are the capabilities that need to be developed prior to sending crew to Mars vicinity? • What are the capabilities that need to be tested on ISS? • What are the capabilities that need to be tested in cis-lunar space? H. What is the appropriate habitation system? – What functions do habitation systems need to be able to perform? – Architecture sensitivities of transit habitat mass and volume – Identify evolvability of habitation systems into Mars architecture to include identification of functional requirements. I. Is Phobos a viable human target? - Concepts for Mars moon exploration by crew • Phobos exploration and notional science objectives • Potential exploration sites – What are the strategic knowledge gaps at Mars moons and potential pathfinder concepts? J. What are potential Mars surface pathfinder concepts? K. What capabilities are needed to enable elements to survive long dormancy periods in space? L. What communications capabilities are needed? M. Can humans survive 1000 days in deep space?

22 EMC ISRU Strategy – Phased Implementation

• ISRU implementation is phased to minimize risk to human exploration plans ‒ Prospect and Demonstrate – Mission Feasibility • Evaluate potential exploration sites: terrain, geology/resources, lighting, etc. • Demonstrate critical technologies, functions, and operations • Evaluate environmental impacts and long-term operation on hardware: dusty/abrasive/electrostatic regolith, radiation/solar wind, day/night cycles, polar shadowing, etc.

‒ Pilot Scale Operation – Mission Enhancement • Perform critical demonstrations at scale and duration to minimize risk of utilization • Obtain design and flight experience before finalizing human mission element design • Pre-deploy and produce product before crewed missions arrive to enhance mission capability

‒ Utilization Operations – Mission Enabling • Produce at scale to enable ISRU-fueled reusable landers and support extended duration human surface operations • Commercial involvement or products bought commercially based previous mission results • Identify technologies and systems for multiple applications (ISRU, life support, power) and multiple mission (Moon, Mars, NEOs) • Multinational involvement based on expertise and long-term objectives 23 Mars Site Selection: Early Stages of SMD/HEOMD Development

• SMD and HEOMD initiated a collaborative site selection study in Dec. 2014. – Co-chaired by Rick Davis (SMD) and Ben Bussey (HEOMD)

• Forward work in FY2015: – Identify existing work to identify a set of sites that would meet meet both human exploration and science requirements. – Identify those that have not yet been imaged by MRO and prioritize future observations – Refine HEOMD preliminary human landing site requirements – Jointly present Human Exploration Landing Site study at the MEPAG Mars 2020 site selection workshop in Aug. 2015

24 2015 Human Landing Sites Study

HEO + SMD Sponsors

1. Scientific Objectives

(SMD/MEPAG) June 4-5 September Briefing Briefing June 15 October 2. Engineering and Integration SR-EZ Operational EZ List Workshop SR Open Workshop Constraints 6. Identification accepted (HEOMD/HAT) Call of candidate ~1.5 days EZs ~2-3 days 3.ISRU/Civil Engineering (SMD/MEPAG and HEOMD/HAT)

4. Develop SR database and 7. Populate SR database

5. Planetary Protection Inputs (Starts March 24-26) Deliverables EZ List 8. New Recon Data Needs MRO request New recon data 3. Information and Cross-sharing Briefings

25 SR = Science Region-Exploration Zone Region EZ = Exploration Zones SEP Module Extensibility for Mars

Asteroid Redirect Mission SEP/Chemical Hybrid • 50-kW Solar Array • 190-kW Solar Array • 250 to 400-kW Solar Array • 40-kW EP System • 150-kW EP System • 150 to 300-kW EP System • 10-t Xenon Capacity with • 16-t Xenon Capacity • 24-t Xenon capacity with Xe refueling capability refueling capability

26 Largest Indivisible Payload Element and Options for Size of the Lander

2015 Assessment ISRU Plant 1.0t in work Power 8.0t

Mobility 1.0t landers 27 t Payload Total 10.0t 2 LOX and (57 t Lander)

CH4 Yes requires requires

Min. mission stay short First Support # of First ISRU? Landers Inerts 10.5t LOX Crew? Yes CH4 5.8t only ? LOX 19.2t No No None landers 18 t Payload

Total 35.5t 3 (43 t Lander)

Payload Elements Xfer tanks 0.6t Did Not Assess: requires requires

Power TBD 30t minimum mission stay short First Crew Mobility 1.0t payload Total TBD No Xfer

Surface Xfer landers

LOX 4 Minimum lander size Prop LOX and driven by Crew Ascent Xfer? Yes No only? Yes CH4?

Stage. Various techniques requires (and risks) for loading or No 15 t Payload mission stay short First producing propellant on (33 t Lander)

Yes Options LanderPayload Mars can reduce lander payload requirement from 40 t to 15 t (but lander

40 t Payload 1 increase number of (90 t Lander)

landers required). requires requires

First short stay mission mission stay short First 27 Extensibility of Habitation Systems - Commonality

• Habitation systems are under study in the EMC and considered the next habitation system following Orion. The new system would serve as the foundation for deep space testing and proto-flight vehicle for smaller/short- duration Mars exploration systems • Commonality can be leveraged across two major classes of vehicles: – Short duration/destination – initial deep-space habitation, Phobos Taxi, logistics carriers, Mars Surface/Phobos Mobility, Mars/Lunar Ascent, and possibly airlocks – Long duration – Transit Habitat, Phobos Habitat, Mars Surface Habitat Hab and logistics carriers constrained by early cargo capability (SLS cargo with crew and EELVs - ~4.6m x 10m) Mars/Lunar Phobos Mars Surface/Phobos Logistics Carriers Ascent Vehicle Taxi Mobility

30 – 60 Days Duration Short Cabin

Hab Transit/Phobos Hab Phobos Hab Mars Surface Habitat (docked to hab)

500 Days

Long Duration Long 28 Extensibility of Habitation Systems - Modularity

• Two paths for long duration habitation modularity

– Right to Left: Derive common long duration habitat systems and pressure shell commonality options from Mars lander and Phobos habitat transportation system (SEP) constraints.

Hab Transit/Phobos Hab Phobos Hab Mars Surface Habitat

– Left to Right: Build up long duration, in-space habitats from initial cis-lunar habitats, logistics carriers, and inflatables launched in sections that fit in SLS crew

cargo area and aggregated in LDRO

Habitat is common to either either to common is Habitat decision Approach approach. 2020 before not needed

Notional Notional Notional ?

29 Commercial Opportunities in Space with NASA

30 NextSTEP BAA Overview

• Solicited three critical areas for technology maturation: – Advanced Propulsion Systems – Habitation Systems (Including Life Support) – Small Satellite Missions (EM-1 secondary payloads) • Facilitates development of deep space human exploration capabilities in the cis-lunar proving ground and beyond • Continues successful public-private partnership model and spurs commercial endeavors in space • Selected 12 proposals and will proceed to enter into Fixed Price Contracts with technical/payment milestones with private-sector partners - Emphasis for eligibility and execution placed on contribution of private corporate resources to the private-public partnership to achieve goals and objectives - Selected partners with the technical capability to mature key technologies and demonstrate commitment toward potential commercial application 31 NextSTEP: Two BAA Small Satellite Awards

Two CubeSat projects will address Strategic Knowledge Gaps

Morehead State University Lockheed Martin Morehead, KY Denver, CO

6U Lunar IceCube Skyfire 6U CubeSat Prospect for water in ice, liquid, and GEO Technology Demo vapor forms and other lunar volatiles Will perform lunar flyby, collecting from a low-perigee, highly inclined lunar spectroscopy and thermography orbit using a compact IR spectrometer address both Moon and Mars SKGs for surface characterization, remote sensing, and site selection. 32 NextSTEP BAA: Three Propulsion Awards

Developing propulsion technology systems in the 50- to 300-kW range to meet the needs of a variety of deep-space mission concepts

Ad Astra Rocket Company Aerojet Rocketdyne Inc. MSNW LLC, Webster, Texas Redmond, Washington Redmond, Washington

Thermal Steady State Operational Flexible High Power Electric Testing of a VASIMR Demonstration of a 100 Propulsion for Exploration Rocket Core with kW Electric Propulsion Class Missions Scalability to Human System with 250 kW Spaceflight Nested Hall Thruster 33 NextSTEP BAA: Seven Habitation Awards (1 of 3)

NASA awarded seven habitation projects. Four will address habitat concept development, and three will address Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (ECLSS)

Lockheed Martin Bigelow Aerospace LLC Denver, CO Las Vegas, NV

Habitat to augment Orion’s The for deep-space habitation will capabilities. Design will draw support operations/missions in LEO, DRO, and strongly on LM and partner Thales beyond cis-lunar space Alenia’s heritage designs in habitation and propulsion.

34 NextSTEP BAA Habitation Awards (2 of 3)

NASA awarded seven habitation projects. Four will address habitat concept development, and three will address Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (ECLSS) Orbital ATK Boeing Dulles, VA Houston, TX

Habitat that employs a modular, building Developing a simple, low cost habitat block approach that leverages the that is affordable early on, allowing spacecraft to expand cis-lunar various technologies to be tested and long duration deep space transit over time, and that is capable of habitation capabilities and technologies evolving into a long-duration crew support system for cis-lunar and

Mars exploration 35 NextSTEP BAA Habitation Awards (3 of 3)

NASA awarded seven habitation projects. Four will address habitat concept development, and three will address Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (ECLSS)

Dynetics, Inc Hamilton Sundstrand Space Orbitec Systems International Huntsville, AL Windsor Locks, CT Madison, WI

Miniature atmospheric Larger, more modular Hybrid Life Support scrubbing system for long- ECLSS subsystems, Systems integrating duration exploration and requiring less integration established habitation applications. and maximize component Physical/Chemical life Separates CO2 and other commonality support with bioproduction undesirable gases from systems spacecraft cabin air 36 System Maturation Teams

• The SMTs are a standing team of subject matter experts that have been asked to identify capability performance requirements for each Capability Driven Framework (CDF) mission class. – Also used to review project proposals, recommendations for integrated ISS and ground testing and budget inputs for their perspective areas.

• SMTs generated data sets identifying state-of-the-art technology performance parameters deemed necessary for exploration systems – Used existing Design Reference Missions – Using data as input for OCT Agency technology road-mapping activity – Using data to engage international partners

37 NASA Technology Roadmaps & Investment Plan

Capability “Architecture” Spider Plots Functional Analysis

HOW Mission Needs HEOMD Identified OCT PPBE Goals and Technical (Architecture Available HEOMD Investment Alignment for Standards Challenges Capability Common Tech Priorities Identified HEO /STMD/ Developed Identified Developed and missions Implemented Capabilities) Identified SMD

Capability Mission Capability Capability DRM Functions Capabilities Performance Class State of Art Gap Goal Agency Tech Technology Technology Technology Technology Investment Project Implementation – Tech Developed State of Art Gap Roadmap Priority Plan OCT Led - Agency Technology Roadmap and

Investment Plan Efforts WHAT

Strategic SKG Science Required Knowledge Current Measurement Knowledge Measurement Investment Mission Implementation – SKGs Filled Knowledge Goal Knowledge Roadmap Gap (SKG) Priority Plan

Joint HEOMD and SMD Led - SKG Efforts Mission Directorate Mission Directorate Architecture Planning (HAT) System Maturation Teams

Program / Project Analysis Implementation (e.g., HEO, STMD, SMD) Implementation LEGEND In Completed Phase 38 Achieving Alignment for Pioneering Space

Office of Communications HUMAN EXPLORATION & OPERATIONS (HEOMD) SCIENCE (OCS/SMD) EXTERNAL PARTNERSHIPS AERO (ARMD) TECHNOLOGY (OCT/STMD)

Legislative Affairs

Commercial & International Partners • Other Government Agencies • Citizen Innovators 39 40 40