Technologie De La Cigarette Et Réduction Du Risque

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Technologie De La Cigarette Et Réduction Du Risque t Mise s au p oin p int Mise s au o Cigarette technology t and risk reduction Mise u p oin Pr Robert Molimard a Cigarette manufacturers have designed the s smoking machine to have a measurement of nicotine and tar yields under standard condi- t tions, in order to get a means of controlling p in strength and flavour of a given brand to a ise u o constant level, and to compare different M a brands. The purpose was not at all to measu- Technologie de la cigarette re their nocivity, although it resulted in a clas- s sification into full flavour, mild and ultra mild, which is absolutely delusive. et réduction du risque This paper describes the four main kinds of tobacco used to make cigarettes, their pro- cessing differences, the different kinds of Robert Molimard* cigarettes, the role of other components, paper, filters, additives. Special attention is given to nicotine and ammonia adjunction Les campagnes d’information semblent diminuer quelque peu la and to attempts to reduce yields of hazardous prévalence du tabagisme, mais aux dépens des petits fumeurs smoke components. As risk increases linearly with tobacco peu dépendants, laissant à peu près intact un noyau dur de consumption, but as the 4,5 power of smo- king duration, there is little improvement to be grands fumeurs invétérés dont on pense qu’ils ne s’arrêteront expected from a mere reduction of the daily number of smoked cigarettes, all the more as pas. C’est pourtant eux qui sont en plus grand danger. D’où smokers change their way of smoking to get l’idée de chercher à diminuer le risque à fumer. Ce “créneau” satisfactory intake of pharmacologically acti- ve compounds, (certainly not of nicotine commence à intéresser le marché des substituts nicotiniques. only). As nicotine is regarded as relatively innocuous, lowering its yield is illogical. Lowering tar yield is delusive, because it is Cependant il faut bien peser les limites de inhalée capable de satisfaire les besoins du too gross a marker of toxicity, as noxious ce que l’on peut espérer d’une telle fumeur. Cela exige une meilleure connais- compounds constitute a very small part of tar démarche. La notion de “paquets x sance du tabac, de ses processus de fabrica- weight and their concentration in tar may années”, chère aux pneumologues et censée tion et des voies de recherche actuelles greatly vary. We need research to lower the évaluer le risque à fumer, a la vie dure. visant à le rendre moins nocif. ratio of any identified dangerous compound Comme tente de le faire comprendre depuise to addictive substances in all the cigarettes on is the market, to prevent this improvement from des années CatherineM Hill, la puissance 4,5 qui affectait le nombre d’années dans la La cigarette telle quelle est becoming an argument for smoking promo- formule initiale rapportant le risque de can- s fumée en machine tion. cer du poumon à la consommationu taba- Key-words : cigarette smoking, nicotine, a tar, tobacco, ammonia, nitrosamines, gique journalière et à sa durée a été oubliée La cigarette la plus simple est du tabac harm reduction. (risque = paquets x années 4,5). Si doubler roulé à la main dans une mince feuille de la consommation multiplie le risquen par 2, papier. Le tabac utilisé est un tabac fine- doubler sa durée le multipliepo pari 24,5, soit mentt découpé en lanières dit scaferlati, mot par 23 (1). En passant de 20 à 10 cigarettes d’origine inconnue. Les papiers ont été de agricole. Sa composition varie selon les par jour, on ne peut espérer réduire le plus en plus fins et résistants et de porosité conditions climatiques de croissance de la risque que de 50 %, encore faudrait-il que calculée, l’usage des filtres s’est générali- plante. L’industrie a donc cherché à mesurer le fumeur ne compense pas par une façon sé. Une cigarette industrielle actuelle com- les paramètres lui permettant de contrôler les de fumer plus intensive. porte donc : mélanges de tabac de diverses origines, prove- Jouant sur la durée, l’arrêt du tabac est – un boudin de tabac roulé dans un papier nant de divers étages foliaires de la plante, donc le facteur de réduction de loin le plus fin ; pour obtenir la constance de composition de la puissant. Mais s’il n’est pas possible, il est – un filtre ; fumée fidélisant le consommateur à sa douteux qu’à toxicité potentielle égale de la – le papier “manchette”, souvent coloré en marque favorite. fumée, la réduction du nombre de ciga- jaune pour imiter le liège, qui solidarise la C’est l’industrie qui, dès avant la guerre, a mis rettes ait vraiment un effet très significatif. cigarette proprement dite et le filtre. au point une méthode artificielle par machine C’est pourquoi, dans une attitude pragma- La fabrication industrielle a été à l’origine à fumer, pour étudier le rendement de la tique, la seule manière d’agir efficacement de l’extraordinaire essor de la consomma- fumée en divers composants jugés essentiels. serait de diminuer le rapport entre la teneur tion. Les “cigarettes-toutes-faites”, comme Après avoir observé la façon de fumer d’alors, de la fumée en produits nocifs et son pou- on disait avant la guerre, ont largement sup- elle a finalement établi une norme internatio- voir rassasiant, c’est-à-dire la quantité planté celles roulées à la main, voire avec nale, définie par l’ISO (International de petites machines manuelles, qui n’ont Standardisation Organisation). Une cigarette pris un regain de popularité qu’en fonction est maintenue dans des lèvres artificielles en des récentes augmentations de prix. caoutchouc portées par une boîte contenant un Qui dit industrialisation dit normalisation. épais filtre Cambridge dont les pores sont de L’industrie avait intérêt à proposer au public 0,3 µ. La cigarette est allumée et le piston * Centre de tabacologie Paul-Guiraud, des produits relativement constants quant à la d’une seringue, mu par une bielle animée par Villejuif Cedex. force, au goût, etc. Or le tabac est un produit un moteur rotatif, aspire en deux secondes une Le Courrier des addictions (3), n° 1, mars 2001 10 t Mise s au p oin p int Mise s au o t Mise s au p oin p int Mise s au o le contenu réel d’une cigarette en nicotine peut ainsi varier de 8 à plus de 20 mg, alors que la quantité extraite selon la norme ISO est le plus souvent inférieure à 1 mg, jusqu’à 0,1 mg. Quant aux goudrons, ils sont produits par pyrosynthèse lors de la combustion. Le tabac d’une cigarette non allumée ne contient pas de goudrons.Mise 2. Aucun fumeur ne fumes selon les condi- tions ISO. Il apeutu jeter une cigarette après seulement deux bouffées ou au contraire allonger les bouffées,poin ce tqui augmente relati- vement plus le rendement en goudrons, lais- ser plus courts les mégots, qui sont un concentré de goudrons, augmenter le nombre de bouffées, obturer les orifices de ventilation des filtres. La réserve de nicotine d’une ciga- rette est telle qu’avec de telles modifications, Kozlowski a pu obtenir d’une cigarette fumée avec une machine un rendement en nicotine 22 fois supérieur à celui affiché (2). 3. Il est parfaitement illusoire de pré- tendre mesurer le rendement en nicotine Figure 1. Une cigarette contient entre 0,5 et 1 g de tabac, soit 8 à 20 mg de nicotine. Il n’y ou goudrons du tabac à rouler, ou de a pas de goudrons, ceux-ci étant uniquement produits par pyrosynthèse. La fumée est aspi- tabac fumé en pipe, tellement sont rée par une pompe selon les normes ISO, soit 35 ml en 2 secondes toutes les minutes, au variables le diamètre de la cigarette roulée travers d’un filtre Cambridge qui retient l’eau, la nicotine et les goudrons. La combustion à la main, le poids de tabac, son humidité, d’un fil 3 mm avant la manchette arrête la pompe. C’est le rendement en nicotine et gou- la façon dont il est tassé, etc. drons d’une cigarette ainsi fumée qui est affiché sur les paquets. Le volume d’air de la 4. La mesure est extrêmement grossière. pièce pénétrant à chaque bouffée à travers les microperforations du papier manchette Elle ne saurait refléter la nocivité de la diminue d’autant le volume réel de fumée aspiré, donc le rendement. cigarette. Les composants dangereux de la phase gazeuse, oxyde de carbone, aldéhyde bouffée de 35 ml, toutes les minutes, qui de combustion et sur la résistance au tirage. Le formique et irritants divers ne sont habi- traverse le filtre Cambridge. Un fil tendu à nombre des bouffées ainsi obtenu varie de 8 à tuellement pas dosés. La composition des 23 mm de l’extrémité buccale de la cigaret- 10. Des critères stricts de “fume” sont définis goudrons est très variable selon le tabac, la te ou, s’il existe un filtre, à 8 mm de celui- par la norme ISO : humidité du tabac, de l’air température de combustion, etc. Les com- ci ou à 3 mm du papier manchette (ou la ambiant, température et vitesse du courant posés carcinogènes ne représentent qu’une plus courte de ces deux mesures) brûle et se d’air autour de la cigarette, etc. Malgré ces partie faible et variable de leur poids. La rompt lorsque le foyer arrive à son niveau, conditions, la variabilité des résultats est telle carcinogénicité peut être très différente ce qui arrête la machine (figure 1).
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