RECYCLED GLASS, TYRE DERIVED AGGREGATES AND DEMOLITION MATERIALS IN GREEN ROADS AND FOOTPATHS
Prof Arul Arulrajah Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
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INTRODUCTION
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Recycled Materials in Roads and Footpaths
• Since 2006, several research projects at Swinburne on recycled materials in pavement bases/subbases. • Reduced impact on the environment; recycled materials on average are less energy intensive. • Promotes a significant reduction in waste to landfill.
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1 Schematic diagram of a road pavement
Asphalt Surface 25 mm
Pavement Base (Class 1 & 2) 100-250 mm
Pavement Sub-base (Class 3 & 4) 150-300 mm
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Schematic diagram of a typical footpath or shared path cross-section
Asphalt Wearing Surface 35 mm
100 mm Foothpath Base
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Annual stockpiles in Australia • 50 million tyres • 1 million tonnes of waste glass • 8.7 million tonnes of demolition concrete • 3.3 million tonnes of waste excavation rock • 1.3 million tonnes of demolition brick • 1.2 million tonnes of reclaimed asphalt
Sources: Tyre Stewardship Australia Arulrajah et al. 2013
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2 Demolition Works
(Swinburne - SE building 2008) 7 Photo by T. Aatheesan 7
Demolition Works
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(Swinburne - SE building, 2008) Photo by T. Aatheesan 8
Recycling Plant
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Photo by T. Aatheesan 9
3 Sorting
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Photo by T. Aatheesan 10
Crushing
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Photo by T. Aatheesan 11
Demolition materials: 20 mm minus
Crushed Concrete (CC or Crushed Rock (CR) Crushed Brick (CB) RCA)
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4 Recycled Glass (RG or FRG): 5 mm minus
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Tyre Derived Aggregates (TDA)
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RECYCLED GLASS: Laboratory Evaluation
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5 Unbound: Specialised testing
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Unbound: Particle Size Distribution
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Cement stabilised: UCS (3% GB cement)
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6 RECYCLED GLASS: Pavement Construction
Alex Fraser Recycling, Laverton 9 sections constructed Each approximately 80 m long 19
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Pavement Schematic
Glassphalt 50 mm
Recycled Glass + Crushed Concrete 200 mm (or Crushed Rock)
Pavement Base
Recycled Asphalt Pavement
200 mm Pavement Sub-base
0 - 400 mm Compacted raw feeds
Subgrade clay
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Layout of Trial Pavement
! " # $ # %# " # # $ & % " # $ ' # ( ' ! ( " # $ % % ( " # $ ) ' ( " # $ !
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7 Trial Pavement – Subgrade Finish Surface
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Trial Pavement – Subbase Finish Surface (RAP)
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Laying of Base Layer (RG + CR)
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(photo courtesy of Alex Fraser Group) 24
8 Compaction of Asphalt Surface
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(photo courtesy of Alex Fraser Group) 25
Finished Road
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(photo courtesy of Alex Fraser Group) 26
RECYCLED GLASS: Footpath Construction
Manningham City Council Andersons Creek Road / Deep Creek Road, Doncaster East
3 sections constructed 30% Recycled Glass and CR = 85 m length 15% Recycled Glass and CR = 30 m length 100% CR = 125 m length This project diverted 15 tonnes of recycled glass from landfill.
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9 Footpath Schematic
Asphalt Wearing Surface 35 mm
Foothpath Base
• 20 mm Class 2 CR + 30% Recycled Glass • 20 mm Class 2 CR + 15% Recycled Glass 100 mm • 20 mm Class 2 CR
2.5 m width
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Footpath Construction Site of the proposed footpath before construction
29 (photo courtesy of Manningham City Council)
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Footpath Construction Site clearing and preparation of subgrade for laying of footpath base.
30 (photo courtesy of Manningham City Council)
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10 Footpath Construction
Location of the 100% WR (Control Area)
After compaction of 15% RG base layer.
31 (photo courtesy of Manningham City Council)
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Footpath Construction
After compaction of the 30% RG base layer
32 (photo courtesy of Manningham City Council)
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Footpath Construction
After compaction of the 15% RG base layer
Location of the 100% WR (Control Area)
After compaction of the 30% RG base layer
33 (photo courtesy of Manningham City Council)
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11 Footpath Construction
34 (photo courtesy of Manningham City Council)
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Footpath Construction
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Arulrajah, A., Ali, M.M.Y., Disfani, M.M., Piratheepan, J. and Bo, M.W. (2013d) 35
TYRE DERIVED AGGREGATES (TDA): Laboratory Evaluation
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12 Tyre Derived Aggregates (TDA)
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Particle size distribution: 2% TDA + CC
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CBR: TDA + CC
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13 Permanent deformation: TDA-S + CC
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Resilient Modulus: 2%TDA-S + CC
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Wheel Tracker Test: 2%TDA-S + CC
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14 Wheel Tracker Test: 2%TDA-S + CC
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OTHER RESEARCH: Geopolymer stabilisation
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Geopolymer Stabilised C&D Materials
Australian Research Council (LP120100107): “Effect of geopolymer cement stabilization on the fatigue life of pavement sub-bases with recycled demolition aggregates”
Slide courtesy of Dr Alireza Mohammadinia
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15 Geopolymer Stabilised C&D Materials
Slide courtesy of Dr Alireza Mohammadinia
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OTHER RESEARCH: Discrete Element Modelling
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Single Particle Particle Crushing (SPC) Assembly Crushing (PAC)
Slide courtesy of Dr Tabassom Afshar 48
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16 Coarse Grains
7.5 cm CR Slide courtesy of Dr Tabassom Afshar 49
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Discrete Element Method (DEM) - PFC
Slide courtesy of Dr Tabassom Afshar 50
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Particle Assembly Crushing (PAC)
Slide courtesy of Dr Tabassom Afshar 51
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17 CONCLUSIONS
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Research Outcomes Recycled Glass (RG) 15% RG in subbases (2010; VicRoads 812, 820). 15% RG in CTCC (2014; VicRoads 812, 820). 15% RG in CTCR (Oct 2017). 20% RG + CC+ CR blends for rigidity reduction (Oct 2017) 30% RG in footpath bases (2011; MAV 2011). RG and plastics in concrete footpaths (Nov 2017).
Tyre Derived Aggregates (TDA) 2% TDA-S and 1% TDA-M with CC and CR (Jan 2017).
Demolition Materials 15% crushed brick in Class 3 subbases (2008; VicRoads 812, 820). 50% crushed brick in Class 4 subbases (2008; VicRoads 812, 820). 15% crushed brick in CTCC (2013; VicRoads 821, 820). 50% crushed brick in footpath bases (2011; MAV 2011).
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Conclusions Recycled glass, TDA and demolition materials are viable construction material for pavement bases/subbases and footpaths. Engineering properties comparable in performance to traditional quarry aggregates.
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18 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Federal and state government • Australian Research Council (LP120100107; LP150100043; LP17010072) • Sustainability Victoria • VicRoads • Municipal Association of Victoria
Recycling • Tyre Stewardship Australia • Alex Fraser Group •Tyre Cycle • Delta Group • Visy Recycling • National Packaging Covenant
Engineering and Construction • Geotesta Pty Ltd • Retic Pipelines Pty Ltd / Montdami Constructions
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REFERENCES
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References
o Arulrajah, A., Piratheepan, J., Disfani, M., and Bo, M. (2013). ”Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Properties of Recycled Construction and Demolition Materials in Pavement Subbase Applications.” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, 25(8), 1077–1088. http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29MT.1943-5533.0000652
o Sustainability Victoria (2015). “Recycled products in pavement construction”. http://www.sustainability.vic.gov.au/services-and-advice/local-government/recycled-materials- in-pavement.
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19 APPENDICES
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Tyre Derived Aggregates: Typical road section
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Costing analysis results for three different sizes of TDA with different proportions
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20 Tyre Derived Aggregates: Costing Cost difference for 100 m by 4.75 m stretch of road with 2% TDA-S is nominal ($2,162). • Based on $400/t for TDA-S and $18/t for crushed concrete • More competitive over time as production cost is reduced, as new markets open. TDA has lower density (0.4 t/m3) than other pavement aggregates (2.1 t/m3), • usage of small percentage will result in utilisation of larger volumes of TDA. Added benefits of TDA • More robust pavement system, with less rigidity and cracking thus resulting in longer pavement service life.
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