RECYCLED GLASS, TYRE DERIVED AGGREGATES AND DEMOLITION MATERIALS IN GREEN AND

Prof Arul Arulrajah Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia

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INTRODUCTION

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Recycled Materials in Roads and Footpaths

• Since 2006, several research projects at Swinburne on recycled materials in pavement bases/subbases. • Reduced impact on the environment; recycled materials on average are less energy intensive. • Promotes a significant reduction in waste to landfill.

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1 Schematic diagram of a pavement

Asphalt Surface 25 mm

Pavement Base (Class 1 & 2) 100-250 mm

Pavement Sub-base (Class 3 & 4) 150-300 mm

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Schematic diagram of a typical or shared path cross-section

Asphalt Wearing Surface 35 mm

100 mm Foothpath Base

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Annual stockpiles in Australia • 50 million tyres • 1 million tonnes of waste glass • 8.7 million tonnes of demolition • 3.3 million tonnes of waste excavation rock • 1.3 million tonnes of demolition • 1.2 million tonnes of reclaimed asphalt

Sources: Tyre Stewardship Australia Arulrajah et al. 2013

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2 Demolition Works

(Swinburne - SE building 2008) 7 Photo by T. Aatheesan 7

Demolition Works

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(Swinburne - SE building, 2008) Photo by T. Aatheesan 8

Recycling Plant

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Photo by T. Aatheesan 9

3 Sorting

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Photo by T. Aatheesan 10

Crushing

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Photo by T. Aatheesan 11

Demolition materials: 20 mm minus

Crushed Concrete (CC or Crushed Rock (CR) Crushed Brick (CB) RCA)

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4 Recycled Glass (RG or FRG): 5 mm minus

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Tyre Derived Aggregates (TDA)

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RECYCLED GLASS: Laboratory Evaluation

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5 Unbound: Specialised testing

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Unbound: Particle Size Distribution

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Cement stabilised: UCS (3% GB cement)

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6 RECYCLED GLASS: Pavement Construction

Alex Fraser Recycling, Laverton 9 sections constructed Each approximately 80 m long 19

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Pavement Schematic

Glassphalt 50 mm

Recycled Glass + Crushed Concrete 200 mm (or Crushed Rock)

Pavement Base

Recycled Asphalt Pavement

200 mm Pavement Sub-base

0 - 400 mm Compacted raw feeds

Subgrade clay

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Layout of Trial Pavement

                    !        "  #    $   # %#        " # #    $ &   %        "  #    $    '        #         ( '    !       ( "  #    $ %    %       ( "  #    $ )    '       ( "  #    $ !

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7 Trial Pavement – Subgrade Finish Surface

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Trial Pavement – Subbase Finish Surface (RAP)

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Laying of Base Layer (RG + CR)

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(photo courtesy of Alex Fraser Group) 24

8 Compaction of Asphalt Surface

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(photo courtesy of Alex Fraser Group) 25

Finished Road

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(photo courtesy of Alex Fraser Group) 26

RECYCLED GLASS: Footpath Construction

Manningham City Council Andersons Creek Road / Deep Creek Road, Doncaster East

3 sections constructed 30% Recycled Glass and CR = 85 m length 15% Recycled Glass and CR = 30 m length 100% CR = 125 m length This project diverted 15 tonnes of recycled glass from landfill.

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9 Footpath Schematic

Asphalt Wearing Surface 35 mm

Foothpath Base

• 20 mm Class 2 CR + 30% Recycled Glass • 20 mm Class 2 CR + 15% Recycled Glass 100 mm • 20 mm Class 2 CR

2.5 m width

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Footpath Construction Site of the proposed footpath before construction

29 (photo courtesy of Manningham City Council)

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Footpath Construction Site clearing and preparation of subgrade for laying of footpath base.

30 (photo courtesy of Manningham City Council)

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10 Footpath Construction

Location of the 100% WR (Control Area)

After compaction of 15% RG base layer.

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Footpath Construction

After compaction of the 30% RG base layer

32 (photo courtesy of Manningham City Council)

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Footpath Construction

After compaction of the 15% RG base layer

Location of the 100% WR (Control Area)

After compaction of the 30% RG base layer

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11 Footpath Construction

34 (photo courtesy of Manningham City Council)

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Footpath Construction

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Arulrajah, A., Ali, M.M.Y., Disfani, M.M., Piratheepan, J. and Bo, M.W. (2013d) 35

TYRE DERIVED AGGREGATES (TDA): Laboratory Evaluation

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12 Tyre Derived Aggregates (TDA)

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Particle size distribution: 2% TDA + CC

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CBR: TDA + CC

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13 Permanent deformation: TDA-S + CC

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Resilient Modulus: 2%TDA-S + CC

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Wheel Tracker Test: 2%TDA-S + CC

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14 Wheel Tracker Test: 2%TDA-S + CC

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OTHER RESEARCH: Geopolymer stabilisation

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Geopolymer Stabilised C&D Materials

Australian Research Council (LP120100107): “Effect of geopolymer cement stabilization on the fatigue life of pavement sub-bases with recycled demolition aggregates”

Slide courtesy of Dr Alireza Mohammadinia

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15 Geopolymer Stabilised C&D Materials

Slide courtesy of Dr Alireza Mohammadinia

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OTHER RESEARCH: Discrete Element Modelling

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Single Particle Particle Crushing (SPC) Assembly Crushing (PAC)

Slide courtesy of Dr Tabassom Afshar 48

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16 Coarse Grains

7.5 cm CR Slide courtesy of Dr Tabassom Afshar 49

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Discrete Element Method (DEM) - PFC

Slide courtesy of Dr Tabassom Afshar 50

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Particle Assembly Crushing (PAC)

Slide courtesy of Dr Tabassom Afshar 51

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17 CONCLUSIONS

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Research Outcomes Recycled Glass (RG)  15% RG in subbases (2010; VicRoads 812, 820).  15% RG in CTCC (2014; VicRoads 812, 820).  15% RG in CTCR (Oct 2017).  20% RG + CC+ CR blends for rigidity reduction (Oct 2017)  30% RG in footpath bases (2011; MAV 2011).  RG and plastics in concrete footpaths (Nov 2017).

Tyre Derived Aggregates (TDA)  2% TDA-S and 1% TDA-M with CC and CR (Jan 2017).

Demolition Materials  15% crushed brick in Class 3 subbases (2008; VicRoads 812, 820).  50% crushed brick in Class 4 subbases (2008; VicRoads 812, 820).  15% crushed brick in CTCC (2013; VicRoads 821, 820).  50% crushed brick in footpath bases (2011; MAV 2011).

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Conclusions Recycled glass, TDA and demolition materials are viable construction material for pavement bases/subbases and footpaths. Engineering properties comparable in performance to traditional quarry aggregates.

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18 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Federal and state government • Australian Research Council (LP120100107; LP150100043; LP17010072) • Sustainability Victoria • VicRoads • Municipal Association of Victoria

Recycling • Tyre Stewardship Australia • Alex Fraser Group •Tyre Cycle • Delta Group • Visy Recycling • National Packaging Covenant

Engineering and Construction • Geotesta Pty Ltd • Retic Pipelines Pty Ltd / Montdami Constructions

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REFERENCES

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References

o Arulrajah, A., Piratheepan, J., Disfani, M., and Bo, M. (2013). ”Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Properties of Recycled Construction and Demolition Materials in Pavement Subbase Applications.” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, 25(8), 1077–1088. http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29MT.1943-5533.0000652

o Sustainability Victoria (2015). “Recycled products in pavement construction”. http://www.sustainability.vic.gov.au/services-and-advice/local-government/recycled-materials- in-pavement.

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19 APPENDICES

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Tyre Derived Aggregates: Typical road section

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Costing analysis results for three different sizes of TDA with different proportions

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20 Tyre Derived Aggregates: Costing  Cost difference for 100 m by 4.75 m stretch of road with 2% TDA-S is nominal ($2,162). • Based on $400/t for TDA-S and $18/t for crushed concrete • More competitive over time as production cost is reduced, as new markets open.  TDA has lower density (0.4 t/m3) than other pavement aggregates (2.1 t/m3), • usage of small percentage will result in utilisation of larger volumes of TDA.  Added benefits of TDA • More robust pavement system, with less rigidity and cracking thus resulting in longer pavement service life.

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