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Kittlitz's Murrelet (Brachyramphus Brevirostris) Conservation Action Plan

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Kittlitz's Murrelet (Brachyramphus Brevirostris) Conservation Action Plan Kittlitz’s Murrelet (Brachyramphus brevirostris) Conservation Action Plan U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Migratory Bird Management Nongame Program Anchorage, Alaska September 29, 2009 Kittlitz’s Murrelet Conservation Action Plan - Draft September 2009 Kittlitz’s Murrelet (Brachyramphus brevirostris) Conservation Action Plan September 2009 A draft for review by the Kittlitz’s Murrelet Technical Committee Prepared by: Lynn Denlinger1 and Kathy Kuletz2 1 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Bird Management, Nongame Program, 1011 E. Tudor Rd., Anchorage, AK 99503; (907) 786-3945; [email protected] 2 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Bird Management, Nongame Program, 1011 E. Tudor Rd., Anchorage, AK 99503; (907) 786-3453; [email protected] Suggested Citation: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2009. Kittlitz’s Murrelet (Brachyramphus brevirostris) Conservation Action Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Migratory Bird Management, Nongame Program, Anchorage, AK. Kittlitz’s Murrelet Conservation Action Plan – Draft September 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. ii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ iv LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................................... v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 4 Legal and Priority Status .......................................................................................................... 4 Rationale for Selection as a USFWS Focal Species ................................................................ 4 Limited Distribution, Low Numbers, and Population Declines ........................................ 4 Threats .................................................................................................................................... 4 Spatial Extent of Action Plan ................................................................................................... 5 Action Plan Objectives .............................................................................................................. 5 DESCRIPTION OF TARGET POPULATION ......................................................................... 5 Species Description .................................................................................................................... 5 Taxonomy ................................................................................................................................... 6 Intra-specific Variation ......................................................................................................... 6 NATURAL HISTORY OVERVIEW .......................................................................................... 6 Life History Overview ............................................................................................................... 6 Breeding ...................................................................................................................................... 6 Juvenile Survival and Recruitment ......................................................................................... 7 Post-nesting Dispersal and Migration ..................................................................................... 7 RANGE AND DISTRIBUTION .................................................................................................. 8 Historical Range and Distribution ........................................................................................... 8 Current Breeding Range and Distribution ............................................................................. 8 Current Winter Range .............................................................................................................. 8 HABITATS .................................................................................................................................... 9 Nesting Habitat .......................................................................................................................... 9 Foraging Habitat ....................................................................................................................... 9 POPULATION STATUS AND TRENDS ................................................................................. 10 Population Status ..................................................................................................................... 10 Current Breeding Range and Distribution ........................................................................... 11 Population Trends ................................................................................................................... 11 LIMITING FACTORS ............................................................................................................... 12 Present or Threatened Destruction, Modification, or Curtailment of Habitat or Range . 12 Glacial Retreat ..................................................................................................................... 12 Sedimentation ...................................................................................................................... 13 Climate Regime Shift .......................................................................................................... 13 Hydrocarbon Contamination ............................................................................................. 13 Overutilization by Human Activities ..................................................................................... 14 Commercial Fisheries .......................................................................................................... 14 Recreational Activities ........................................................................................................ 15 Logging Activities ................................................................................................................ 16 Scientific Research ............................................................................................................... 16 ii Kittlitz’s Murrelet Conservation Action Plan – Draft September 2009 Disease ...................................................................................................................................... 16 Predation .................................................................................................................................. 16 Inadequacy of Existing Regulatory Mechanisms ................................................................. 17 FOCAL SPECIES POPULATION OBJECTIVES ................................................................. 17 CONSERVATION STRATEGY ............................................................................................... 19 ADDITIONAL RESEARCH AND MONITORING NEEDED TO ESTABLISH POPULATION OBJECTIVES AND A CONSERVATION STRATEGY ............................ 22 COMPLETED RESEARCH AND MONITORING PROJECTS FOR KITTLITZ’S MURRELETS .............................................................................................................................. 22 Population Trends of Kittlitz’s Murrelets ............................................................................. 22 Icy Bay .................................................................................................................................. 23 Kachemak Bay ..................................................................................................................... 23 Southeast Alaska .................................................................................................................. 23 Kachemak Bay ..................................................................................................................... 23 Icy Bay .................................................................................................................................. 24 Prince William Sound ......................................................................................................... 24 Pelagic Distribution of Kittlitz’s Murrelets .......................................................................... 24 Breeding Ecology and Nesting Habitat of Kittlitz’s Murrelets ........................................... 24 Agattu Island ........................................................................................................................ 24 Kodiak Island ....................................................................................................................... 24 Southeast Alaska .................................................................................................................. 24 Tin City and Capes Lisburne, Romanzof, Newenham ..................................................... 24 Effects of Human Disturbance on Kittlitz’s Murrelets in Glacier
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