ISSN 0375-1511

Rec. zool. Surv. India: 113(Part-2): 123-136,2013

CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF INDIAN MARINE MOLLUSCS WITH A NOTE ON THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS FROM OTHER COUNTRIES: FAMILY -

BASUDEV TRIPATHY, AMIT MUKHOPADHAYAY, MD. HAFIZ AND ABHIJNA GHOSH Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata - 700 053 E.mail: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION described only 11 and later another 6 In this paper, we have made an attempt to up­ species were dealt by Kiener (1839). Reeve (1960) date knowledge on marine molluscs of India of reported about 65 species of Turritellidae in his various individual families and to compile the Monograph in Conchological Iconica. Marwik collections present in NZC, both Indian and (1957) work upon the generic revision of foreign specimens and presenting an account of Turritellidae. Gerrad (1972) revised the the families with as much as details possible on Australian Turritellidae. In India two genera them. This is the sixth in the series of our and Haustator belonging to the contributions, and the earlier five were done by subfamily Turritellinae are reported. Subba Rao Zoological Survey of Indian's malacologist on the and Dey (2000) reported about 4 species of families Mitridae (Subba Rao and Dey, 1984) and Turritellidae belonging to two genera Haustator Donacidae (Subba Rao and Dey, 1986), Muricidae and Turritella from Indian waters. Subba Rao (Subba Rao and Surya Rao, 1993), Tellinidae (2003) described 5 species in his book Indian Sea (Dey, 2006), (Venkitesan and shell. Venkitesan and Mukhopadhyay (2011) Mukhopadhyay, 2011). recorded one species from Indian waters for the first time. This family is a large family commonly known as Turret shell, which is elongate, slender, multi­ DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES AND GENERAL whorled, ornamented with spiral ridges and ACCOUNT OF THE FAMILY usually brown or yellow. There is no umbilicus and Turritellidae, the tower shells, is a family of the thin outer lip is seldom complete even in mature small to medium-sized marine gastropod examples. is thin, chitinous and . Shells of this family are elongate, many multispiral. There are many species worldwide, whorled shells, similar to the terebrids in general living as herbivores in sandy or muddy plans, but shape but distinguished by not having either an few occur in Indian subcontinent. Identification is anterior or a posterior canal. The outer lip bears a difficult because shell vary greatly in ornament, large sinus, but the lip in the sinus area is very thin colour pattern and angle, even at one locality. and usually broken, even in life. The shape of the EARLIER WORKS sinus is best seen in the growth lines behind the growing edge. There is strong spiral sculpture, The Turritella has been some what but axial sculpture is restricted to growth lines of neglected by Conchologists. Lamarck (1822) the shape of the outer lip. The turritella shell shape 124 Rec. zool. Surv. India is somewhat variable and shells are thin, rough siphonal canal at the anterior end; operculum and not lustrous. The rounded mouth and ovate, with a terminal nucleus. complete absence of a siphonal canal at the SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT anterior end of the aperture are the distinguishing Family Turritellidae features of Turritellidae. The shells have, in Subfamily Turritellinae addition a very tall spire, numerous convex whorls, no umbilical opening, absence of folds on Family TURRITELLIDAE the columella, and a horny, flexible operculum Shell medium to large, thick, elongate, that is supported by flexible bristles. The slender, sharply conical; numerous whorls and operculum can be withdrawn far inside the shell somewhat small to medium rounded aperture; when the retreats. Outer lip thin, inner lip smooth; Umbilicus absent; The member of the family Turritellidae Whorls strongly sculptured with spiral ribs or generally live sub-tidally, down to at least 1500 keels; Anterior siphonal canal absent; operculum m from sea surface, but a few occur in the lower corneous and rounded with a central nucleus; intertidal as well. of this family are border thin. They are mainly herbivores. Lot of ciliary deposit feeders with limited crawling species present in worldwide but India represent ability. They lay upon or are partly buried in the only a few. substrate, usually soft muddy-sand, and filter Sub-family TURRITELLINAE minute particles from the sea water as it is drawn Outer lip of aperture arcuate, parasigmoid, or over their gills. The particles are then fed in a doubly sin used; columella curved or slightly mucous string to the mouth. Quite unlike the twisted; operculum multispiral with central mollusca, the Turritellids lacks the nucleus. venomous dart mechanism needed for an actively carnivorous life style. Many Turritellidae is a large family consisting of make use of their gills to filter out fine food five subfamilies comprising 18 genera and an particles much as clams do. In this family some estimated 150 species. Two genera under the species are dioecious, meaning they exist as family Turritellidae are found in India. They are male or female throughout their life. Sperm may Haustator and Turritella. be transferred from male to female in packets, or Genus Haustator broadcast into the water by males and captured Shell moderate, relative smaller than by females in the inhalant water stream. In some Turritella; suture indistinct, number of whorls 12- species fertilized eggs are brooded in the mantle 13, acuminately turreted, aperture sub­ cavity of the female, with juveniles either being quadrangular. Outer lip sinuses; sculpture with released into the plankton or released onto the three spiral ridges; concave intermediate groove substrate as crawling juveniles. Other species and concentric. Colour brown with chestnut to attach the egg mass to wood, rocks or other solid deep brown maculation present around the shell. substrate, from whence they hatch (Subba Rao, Apical portion of the fresh shell often seen tinged 2003). with violet or blue. The family Turritellidae is worldwide in Globally there are 11 species reported under distribution, but more number of species found in this genus. However, in India, the genus Haustator temperate seas. It is a large family consisting of is represented by a single species H. trisulcata. This five sub-families embracing 18 genera and 150 species was named by Lamarck (1822) and is an species. extant species. Similar families occurring in the area - 1. Haustator trisulcata (Lamarck) Terebridae: General shape of the shell similar to Turritellidae, but with a well-marked, notched 1822. Turritella trisulcata Lamarck, Hist. nat. Anim. Sans. Vert., (1)7: 58. TRIPATHY et al. : Contribution to the Knowledge of Indian Marine Molluscs 125

1906. Turritella cerea: Comber, J. BombaynatHist. Soc., 17: both sides of suture. Operculum circular, 209. corneous. 1906. Turritella (Hasutator) vittulata (Ad & RV): Comber, Remarks: The well rounded whorls, the J. Bombay nat Hist. Soc., 17: 209. riblets varying in size and spacing, allied with the 1952. Turritella cerea = bacil/um: Subramanyam, chestnut band at the suture, separate this from Karandikar and Murti, J. Univ. Bombay, 21(3): 32, other species of similar size. In this size range, C. fig. 33. cordismei also has rounded whorls and numerous 1982. Turritella trisulcata: Rajagopal and Mookherjee, threads, but there is a rib at the bottom of whorls, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No., 28: 18. and alternating brown and white markings on the 2003. Haustator trisulcata: Subba Rao, Rec. zool. Surv. ribs. Synonyms include Turritella fascialis Menke, India, Occ. Paper No., 192: 141, pl.23, fig.4. 1830 and Torcula parvus Angas, 1877. 2012. Turritella (Haustator) trisulcata:Venkataraman, Genus Turritella Lamarck Raj an, Satynanarayana, Raghunathan and Venkataraman, Marine ecosystems and Protected 1799. Turritella Lamarck, Mem. Soc.Hist. nat. Paris, p. 74. areas ofIndia, p.191. Zool. Surv. India. Characters: Shell elongately turreted, Material Examined: i) 13 exs., shore colI, lanceolately acuminated, never umbilicated, Mandapam camp, Coromandel coast, ColI. whorls numerous, mostly transversely ribbed or A.S.Rajagopal & H.P.Mukherjee, 31.1.1995,Regd. striated, never longitudinally sculptured. No. M21027/ 4;ii) 8exs., shore colI., Verrapandian Sculpture consists of spiral striations, destitute of pattinam, Coromandel coast, ColI. ASR. & varices, never spined or prickly, aperture rather H.P.M., 27.1.1978, Regd. No. M21029/ 4; iii) 2 exs., small, more or less rounded, margins disjoined, shore collection in front of circuit house, lip often sinuated in the middle, rounded or angle Tuticorin, ColI. ASR. and H.P.M., 21.1.1978, at the top, attenuated with 15-20 rounded whorls. Regd. No. M21028/4; iv) 1 ex., shore collection Outer lip is thin with a convex outer margin. In near port of New Tuticorin, ColI. ASR. and some, whorl strongly keeled in the middle with H.P.M., 22.1.1978, Regd. No. M20996/4; v) 10 exs., sloping upper part, curved lower part; thin, shore collection near Subramanium temple, circular chitineous operculum with a central Trichendur, ColI. ASR. and H.P.M., 25.1.1978, nucleus. Regd. No. M20994/4; vi) 1 ex., Setukkarai, Gulf of The best characters for the discrimination of Mannar, ColI. ASR. and Party, 19.1.1978, Regd. species reside in the first eight or ten whorls from No.M21428/4. the apex; beyond this point the sculpture varies Measurement: (mm) slightly or becomes obsolete, as the shell approaches maturity. The Turritella have a wide Length Width Aperture Length range of habitation and dwell at a considerable 36.30-10.00 11.20-3.80 6.20-1.40 depth as well as near the surface. Description: Protoconch of 3 whorls, KEY TO SPECIES teleoconch 18 whorls in adult shells. Whorls There are more than 87 species under the convex, suture impressed. Whorls spirally ribbed; genus Turritella. However, in India, only 11 latter whorls sculptured with up to 18 spiral species have been reported. Recently there is a rib lets, variable in size and spacing, some beaded. new species recorded from the state of Karnataka Axial sculpture of sparse growth lines in India (Venkitesan & Mukhopadhyay, 2012). conforming to shape of outer lip sinus. Inner lip of aperture reflected outwards at base; outer lip thin, 1. No. of whorl 20 or more ...... Turritella columnaris with moderate sinus, lip usually broken. Aperture No. of whorl less than20 ...... 2 higher than wide. Base with numerous unequal 2. Presence of spiral striation with keels ...... 3 threads. Colour off-white to pale brown, with Absence strong spiral striations or keels ...... 4 deep chestnut band either above, or below, or on 126 Rec. zool. Surv. India

3. One no. prominent spiral striation or keel 2003. : Subba Rao, Rec. zool. Surv...... T. attenuata India, Occ. Paper No., 192: 140, pl.23,fig.l . Two or more no. of prominent, median ridges/ 2007. Turritella attenuata: Ramakrishna, Dey, Barua and keel...... 5 Mukhopadhya, Fauna of Andhra Pradesh, State 4. Three prominent spiral striation from penultimate Fauna series, 5(7): 49, Pl. II, Figs. 15 & 16. Zool. whorl to ...... T. monilifera Surv. India. Two to more spiral striation present ...... 6 2008. Turritella attenuata: Mahapatra, Fauna of Krishna Estuary, Estuarine Ecosystem series, 5: 125. Zool. 5. Two no. of sharp prominent spiral ridges/keel, in Surv. India. the middle of the whorl, 14-20 whorls, sides of the whorls sharply keeled without painting. 2010. Turritella attenuata: Mahapatra, Fauna of Vamsadhara and Nagavali Estuary, Estuarine ...... T. duplicata Ecosystem series, 6:57. Zool. Surv. India. Two No. of conspicuous swollen keel at the base of 2010. Turritella attenuata: Raghunathan, Sivaperuman each whorl with bold style of painting below and Ramakrishna, In: Recent Trends in suture ...... T. bicingulata of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, pp. 6. Numerous spiral ridges present along the 255,258,262,266. Zool. Surv. India. body ...... 8 2012. Turritella attenuata: Venkataraman, Raj an, Two prominent spiral ridges present along the Satynanarayana, Raghunathan and body ...... 7 Venkataraman, Marine ecosystems and Protected 7. Two prominent spiral ridges present along the areas ofIndia, p.191. Zool. Surv. India. body, but not keeled with smooth outer lip, shell Material Examined: i) 2 exs., Coastal waters more or less glossy ...... T.fastigiata of Madras from High court to triplicane, ColI. A S. Two no. of spiral ridges with brown maculation Rajagopal & H.P. Mookherjee, 25.2.1975,Regd ...... T. maculata No.M20972/4; ii) 13 exs., coastal waters of 8. Body ornamented with reddish brown dots, Madras, North of Harbour, ColI. AS. Rajagopal & whorls about 20, spiral striation with uniform H.P.Mookherjee,29.2.1975, Regd.No.M20971/4; pattern ...... T. infraconstricta iii) 2 exs., coastal area of Puducherry up to Body white; each whorls encircled by strong Nallamkuppam, ColI. A.S. Rajagopal & ridges with lesser ridges between; fine straight or H.P.Mookherjee,18.2.1975, Regd. No. M21000/4; curved, axial striae between ridges ...... T. fultoni iv) 1 ex., shore collection, Santhome beach, South Genus: Turritella up to the mouth of Adyar, Madras, ColI. AS. & 1799. Turritella Lamarck, Mem. Soc.Hist. nat. Paris, p. 74. Rajagopal H.P.Mookherjee, 24.2.1975, Regd. No. M20998/4; v) 1 eX.,river bank in front of 2. Turritella attenuata Reeve Marine Biological Station, Madras, ColI. 1869. Turritella attenuata Reeve, Conch. Icon., 5: Turritella AS.Rajagopal, 11.12.1968, Regd. No. M20970/4; sp. No.A, pl.l,fig. 4. vi) 1 ex., Colva beach, Goa, ColI. AK. Das and 1942. Turritella attenuata: Gravely, Bull. Madras Govt. party, Feb, 1975, Regd. No.M22407/ 4; vii) 1 ex., Mus. New Ser. (Nat. Hist), 5(2):22. shore collection between Killai river mouth and 1952. Turritella attenuata: Satyamurti, Bull. Madras Govt. chinnavayakal village, Madras (Chennai), ColI. A Mus. NewSer. (Nat. Hist), 1(2):71, pl.4,fig. 9. S. R, 13.2.1968, Regd. No. M20968/4; viii) 1 ex., 1982. Turritella attenuata: Rajagopal and Mookherjee, Plliots beach, opposite radio station, Madras Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper NO.,28: 16. (Chennai), Regd. No. M17333/3; ix) 1 ex., Cortalim, Goa, ColI. K.S. Pradhan and Party, 1990. Turritella attenuata: Pinn, Sea Shells ofPondicherry, Nehru Science Centre, p.14,fig.15. 15.11.1967, Regd. No.M22455/4; x) 2 exs., shore collection, North of Fort, Tranquebar, ColI. AS.R. 1992. Turritella attenuata: Subba Rao, Dey and Barua, and H.P.M., 12.12.1975, Regd. No. M20999/ 4; xi) Fauna of West Bengal, State Fauna series, 3(9): 173, 5 exs., shore collection opposite to Fort, pl.4,fig.l0. Zool. Surv. India. Tranquebar, ColI. AS.R. and H.P.M., 11.2.1975, TRIP ATHY et al. : Contribution to the Knowledge of Indian Marine Molluscs 127

Regd. No. 21007/4; xii) 2 exs., Sea coast near 1982. Turritella columnaris: Rajagopal and Mookherjee, Chinna tarangapatti, 3 miles north of Tranquebar, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No.,28: 18. ColI. Dr. Menon and Ramakrishna, 20.2.1957; 1990. Turritella columnaris: Pinn, Sea Shells of Regd. No. M20997/ 4; xiii) 1 ex., Digha, West Pondicherry, Nehru Science Centre, p.14,fig.16. Bengal, ColI. Mr. F.M.J. Pinn, Regd. No. 1991. Turritella columnaris: Rao, Rao and Maitra, Fauna M20524/4; xiv) 5 exs, Eastern Sea, Regd. No.1442; of Orissa, State Fauna series, 1(3): 40. Zool. Surv. xv) 6 exs., Madras, Coromandal Coast, Regd. No. India. M18304/3; xvi) 1 ex., shore collection, from Cape 1995. Turritella columnaris: Subba Rao, Surya Rao and Comorin, ColI. Mr. C.V. Kurian, Regd. No. Manna, Fauna of Chilka lake, Wetland Ecosystem M26441/5; xvii) 7 exs., Suratkal beach, Karnataka, series, 1: 398. Zool. Surv. India. ColI. K.V.5.R., M.K. Ghosh and S.K. Roy, 2003. Turritella columnaris: Subba Rao, Rec. zool. Surv. 19.12.1970, Regd. No. M27081/5; xviii) 1 ex., Puri, India Occ. Paper No., 192: 140, pl.23, figs.2, 3. Regd. No. M1631/1. 2004. Turritella columnaris: Rao, Maitra, Barua and Measurements: (mm) Ramakrishna, Fauna ofGujarat, State Fauna series, 8(2): 289. Zool. Surv. India. Length Width Aperture Length 2007. Turritella columnaris: Ramakrishna, Dey, Barua 108.65-37.20 20.30-13.15 22.25-7.25 and Mukhopadhya, Fauna of Andhra Pradesh, Description: Shell sharply attenuated, nearer State Fauna series, 5(7): 50. Zool. Surv. India. to the body whorl with 15-16 rounded whorls, 2012. Turritella columnaris: Venkataraman, Raj an, gradually larger from the pointed apex to the Satynanarayana, Raghunathan and anterior end; on later whorls from 12-16 middle Venkataraman, Marine ecosystems and Protected striation becoming stronger and other gradually areas ofIndia, p.191. Zool. Surv. India. weak and obsolete making single distinct spiral Material Examined: i) 1 ex., Chhatrapur, cords and obscure few cords on each whorl; ColI; Unknown, Orissa, 24.11.1962, Regd. suture distinct; whorls strongly keeled in the No.M22537/5; ii) 1 ex., Madeli, Odisha, ColI. N.v. middle with sloping upper part and curved lower Subba Rao, 1.3.1964, Regd No. M22522/4; iii) 1 part. Aperture nearly round and sinuate, colour ex., Sea Coast, Adirampattinam, Palk Bay, ColI. light brownish to pinkish, upper part of the whorl A.S. Rajagopal & H.P. Mookherjee; iv) 1 ex., sandy tinged with blue. shore of South bar at the mouth Chilka, ColI. Remarks: This species is a ciliary R.N. Manna, 21.9.1987, Regd. No. M23327/ 4, -suspension feeder, sexes separate, fertilization M23326/4; v) 4 exs, Adatara beach, Okha, ColI. internal. Eggs are laid in a stalked capsule, K.V. Surya Rao, 10.8.1972, M26450/5; vi) 1 ex., attached to stones. Occurs in intertidal to offshore Hanumandandi, Okha, ColI. K.N. Reddy, beyond the low tide mark. Used as decorative 8.4.1977, Regd. No. M26451/5; vii) 7 exs, items in the shell craft ind ustry. Common. Hanumandandi, Okha, ColI. H. C.Ray, 23.1.1953, Regd. No. M26452/5. Distribution: India: Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal; Elsewhere: Eastern Measurement: (mm) Seas. Length Width Aperture Length 3. Turritella columnaris Kiener 95-66.30 16.25-12.35 4.30-1.15 1844. Turritella columnaris Kiener, Icon. Coq. Viv., 10: 10, Description: Solid, semi translucent, spire pl.7,fig.1. angle about 10°, very sharply lanceolately turreted 1952. Turritella columnaris: Subramanyam, Karandikar with about 30 whorls, the first two-keeled, keels and Murti, J. Univ. Bombay, 21(3):32. approximated, the rest rather flattened. Each 1961. Turritella columnaris: Menon, Datta Gupta and whorl overhangs succeeding whorl to make Das Gupta, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 58(2): 481, suture deep; sometimes flattened in the middle, pl.3,fig.31. base strongly angulated; strong spiral ridges on 128 Rec. zool. Surv. India lower part of whorls, lesser ridges above. Thin­ 2010. Turritella acutangula: Mahapatra, Fauna of edged aperture squarish, columella straight. Vamsadhara and Nagavali Estuary, Estuarine Ecosystem series, 6: 56. Zoo 1. Surv. India. Colour- Greyish-whitish heavily mottled 2010. Turritella duplicata: Rao, Field Guide to Corals and with brown fading to orange brown. Coral Associates ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands, p. Remarks: This species has the largest number 212. Zool. Surv. India. of whorls, and is the most elongated forms of the 2012. Turritella acutingula: Venkataraman, Raj an, genus. Occurs in muddy sand among stones in Satynanarayana, Raghunathan and the intertidal to sub tidal; mostly beyond the low Venkataraman, Marine ecosystems and Protected tide line. Plays an important role in the areas of India, p. 191. Zool. Surv. India. (error for environment as detritus feeder. Sexes separate, Turritella acutangula). fertilization internal, Eggs lay in clusters, attached 2012. Turritella duplicata: Venkataraman, Raj an, to stones. Uncommon. Satynanarayana, Raghunathan and Venkataraman, Marine ecosystems and Protected Distribution: India: Andhra Pradesh, areas ofIndia, p.191. Zool. Surv. India. Gujarat, Maharashtra, Odisha, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu; Elsewhere: Sri Lanka, Myanmar. Material Examined: i) 2 exs., Colva beach, Goa, ColI. K.S. Pradhan, 11.11.1967, Regd. 4. Turritella duplicata ( Linnaeus ) No.M22406/4; ii) 9 exs., Colva beach, Goa, ColI. 1767. Turbo duplicata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed.12: 1239. K.S. Pradhan, 11.11.1967, Regd. No. M21941/4; 1898. Turritella (Zaria) duplicata: Melvill and Sykes, Proc. iii)l ex., Cortalim, Goa, ColI. K.S. Pradhan, malac. Soc. London,3: 45. 15.11.1967, Regd. No. M21916/4; iv) 1 ex., Betul 1906. Turritella(Zaria) duplicata: Comber, J. Bombay nat beach, Goa, ColI. A.K.Das and Party; 3.3.1975, Hist. Soc., 17: 209. Regd. No. M21942/4; v) 1 ex., shore collection in 1940. Turritella duplicata: Crichton, J. Bombay nat. Hist. front of Karaikal medu village, Karaikal, Tamil Soc., 42: 339. Nadu, ColI. A.S.R. and H.P.M., 7.2.1975, Regd. No.M21006/4; vi) 2 exs., Colva beach, Goa, ColI. 1952. Turritella duplicata: Subramanyam, Karandikar and Murti, J. Univ. Bombay, 21(3):32, fig.31. K.S.Pradhan, 4.4.1966, Regd. No. M21919/ 4; vii) 5exs., Goa, ColI. K.S. Pradhan, Regd. No. 1986. Turritella duplicata: Tikader, Daniel and Subba M21917/4; viii) 7 exs, Madras, Regd. No. Rao, Sea shore animals of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Zool. Surv. India, p.167. M26435/5; ix) 7 exs., Madras, Regd. No. M18311/3; x) 2 exs., Bombay, Regd. No. 1990. Turritella duplicata: Pinn, Sea Shells ofPondicherry, Nehru Science Centre, p.14,fig.14. M18310/3; xi) 10 exs., Colva beach, Goa, 12.11.1967, Regd. No. M21223/4; xii) 1 ex., Port 2000. Turritella duplicata: Subba Rao and Dey, Rec. zool. Sikka, Gulf of Kutch, ColI. H.C.Ray, 13.1.1953, Surv. India Occ. Paper No., 187: 53. Regd. No. M26453/5;xiii) 1 ex. Nayabandar, Bedi, 2003. Turritella duplicata: Subba Rao, Rec. zool. Surv. India K.V.5.R., 20.8.1972,Regd. No. M26454/5; xiv) 1 Occ. Paper No., 192: 141, pl.23, figs.7-9. ex., Hanumandandi, Okha, ColI. K.N.R., 8.4.1977, 2004. Turritella duplicata: Rao, Maitra, Barua and Regd. No. M26455/5; xv) 3 exs., Gangolli beach Ramakrishna, Fauna ofGujarat, State Fauna series, harbor, Karnataka, ColI. K.V.5.R., 23.12.1970, 8(2): 289. Zoo 1. Surv. India. Regd. No. M27267/5; xvi) 7 exs, Suratkal beach, 2007. Turritella duplicata: Ramakrishna, Dey, Barua and Mysore, Karnataka, ColI. K.V.5.R. and Party, Mukhopadhya, Fauna of Andhra Pradesh, State 19.12.1970, Regd. No. M27073/5; xvii) 1 ex., Porto Fauna series, 5(7): 50, PI. II, Figs. 17 & 18. Zoo 1. Novo, Madras, ColI. A.5.R., 11.2.1968, Regd. No. Surv. India. M20942/4; xviii) 2 exs., between Killai River 2008. Turritella acutangula: Mahapatra, Fauna of Krishna mouth and Chinnavayakal village, Madras, ColI. Estuary, Estuarine Ecosystem series, 5: 124. Zoo 1. A.5.R., 13.2.1968, Regd. No.M20943/4; xix) 2 exs., Surv. India. Dammula Palem, Kakinada, A.P., 23.5.1955, TRIP ATHY et al. : Contribution to the Knowledge of Indian Marine Molluscs 129

Regd. No. M21202/4; xx) 2 exs., Chilka Lake, Tip Measurement: (mm) of South bar near mouth, ColI. KN. Manna, Regd. Length Width Aperture Length No. M23676/4; xxi) 4 exs., Kovelong, Madras, 105.859.00 31.00-3.60 18.90-2.30 ColI. ASK and H.P.M., 28.1.1975; Regd. No. M20955/4; xxii) 2 exs., Vaithikuppam, 3.2 km Description: Shell large, up to 107mm in North of Pondicherry, ColI. Dr. AG.K. Menon, height, elongate, sharply conical, about 18-20 8.2.1958, Regd. No. M20941/4; xxiii) 2 exs., whorls, the earlier whorls convex with many fine Karaikal, Madras, ColI. ASK and H.P.M., spiral ridges, on the other whorls two sharp ridges 7.2.1975, Regd. No.M20956/4; xxiv) 16 exs., in the middle, after the first six whorls the central Tranquebar, Madras, ColI. ASK and H.P.M., ridges becomes elevated into a strong keel, most 11.2.1975, Regd. No. M20957/ 4; xxv) 4 exs, Point of the others tending disappear, after about ten Calimere, ColI. ASK, 16.2.1968, Regd. No. whorls another elevated ridge begins to appear, M20952/4; xxvi) 1 ex., Tuticorin, ColI. AS.R., but less prominently, and over the last two or 25.2.1968, Regd. No. M20953/4; xxvii) 3 exs., three whorls both of these gradually become less rocky shore of Gulf of Mannar near quarantine conspicuous. Whorls rounded at both ends, camp, Mandapam, ColI. H.C Ray, 11.5.1955, sharply angular in the middle. Operculum Regd. No.M20940/4; xxviii) 10 exs., Madras, corneous, rounded, with many spiral coils and a north of harbor bottom, ColI. AS.R. and H.P.M., central nucleus. Colour :The upper half of each 29.2.1975, Regd. No. M21005/4; xxix) 2 exs., whorl medium dark brown and the lower pale Devgad, ColI. B.K. Tikadar, 14.11.1963, Regd. No. cream brown (Subba Rao, 2003). Ml7242/3; xxx) 1 ex., Adirampattinam, Palk Bay, Remarks: This species is a ciliary filter ColI. ASK and H.P.M. Regd. No.M20990/4; feeding animals drawing organic particles xxxi) 1 ex., Shore collection, Mallipattinam, Palk through the mantle cavity by means of ciliary Bay, ColI. ASK and H.P.M., 13.1.1978, Regd. No. welter currents, sorted by the small tentacles and M20989/4; xxxii) 3 exs., Virampattnam village, the tiny bristles of the opeculum, trapped in Puducherry, ColI. AS.R. and H.P.M., 19.2.1975, mucuous sheets on their gills and transferred to Regd. No. M20992/4; xxxiii) 1 ex., shore the mouth. Sexes are seperate, fertilization collection, Madras, 27.2.1975, Regd. No. internal. Eggs are generally laid in cluster of M20993/4; xxxiv) 1 ex., Rameswaram, ColI. spherical stalked capsules, attached to stones. A H.CRay, 6.5.1955, Regd. No. M20938/4; xxxv) 2 short planktonic larval stage usually present but exs., Kundugal Point, Madras, ColI. H.CRay, some species brood their eggs and embryos to 8.5.1955, Regd. No. M20939/ 4; xxxvi) 8 exs., Colva the crawling stage (Poutiers, 1998). Frequent beach, Goa, ColI. K.S. Pradhan, 11.11.1967, Regd. synonyms / mis identifications: Turritella No. M2120/4; xxxvii) 2 exs., Tranquebar, ColI. acutangula (Linnaeus, 1758); Zaria duplicata A.S.R and H.P.M., 12.2.1975, Regd. No. (Linnaeus, 1758). On sub-tidal sand and mud M20949/4; xxxviii) 1 ex., Tranquebar, ColI. ASK bottoms. Most common species. and H.P.M., 14.2.1975,Regd. No. M20950/4; Distribution: India: Andaman and Nicobar xxxix) 1 ex., Puducherry, ColI. ASK and H.P.M., Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Gujarat, 17.2.1975, Regd. No. M20951/4; xxxx) 1 ex., Puri, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu; Elsewhere: Myanmar, Odisha, Regd. No. 1466; xxxxi) 1 ex., Ganjam Sri Lanka. in the Southeast Asian region. Indo­ Coast, Odisha, ColI. Bengal fisheries, Regd. No. West Pacific, from Madagascar to Indonesia; M4506/1; xxxxii) lex., Ganjam Coast, Odisha, north to the Philippines and south to northern ColI. Bengal fisheries, Regd. No. M4507/1; Queensland. xxxxiii) 1 ex., coastal water of Madras off Thandiyarpet on board" Chhota Investigator" 5. Turritella jastigiata Adams and Reeve (Bottom Trawl), ColI. ASK and H.P.M., 1850. Turritella fastigiata Adams and Reeve, Zool. 25.1.1975, Regd. No. M20954/4. Sammal. Moll., (7):48, t12,fig.9. 130 Rec. zool. Surv. India

1986. Turritella fastigiata: Tikader, Daniel and Subba 1991. Turritella fultoni: Rao, Rao and Maitra, Fauna of Rao, Sea shore animals of Andaman and Nicobar Orissa, S tate Fauna series, 1 (3): 41. Zool. Surv. India. Islands, Zool. Surv. India, p.167. 2012. Turritella fultoni: Venkataraman, Rajan, 2000. Turritella fastigiata: Subba Rao and Dey, Rec. zool. Satynanarayana, Raghunathan and Surv. India Occ. Paper No., 187: 54. Venkataraman, Marine ecosystems and Protected 2004. Turritella fastigiata: Venkataraman, Jeyabaskaran, areas ofIndia, p.191. Zool. Surv. India. Raghuram and Alfred, Rec. zool. Surv. India,Occ. Material Examined: i) 1 ex., Off Puri, ColI. PaperNo. 226:325. S.W.K 2010. Turritella fastigiata: Rao, Field Guide to Corals and Measurement: (mm) Coral Associates ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands, p. 213. Zool. Surv. India. Length Width Aperture Length 2012. Turritella fastigiata:Venkataraman, Rajan, 18.00 5.60 4.42 Satynanarayana, Raghunathan and Description: Solid, opaque, spire angle about Venkataraman, Marine ecosystems and Protected 16-20°; rounded whorls separated by deep areas ofIndia, p.191. Zool. Surv. India. sutures; each whorls encircled by strong ridges Material Examined: i) 7 exs., Andaman, Regd. with lesser ridges between; fine straight or No.M18314/3. curved, axial striae between ridges. Thin-edged Measurements: (mm) aperture broadly ovate, columella straight. White Length Width Aperture Length ,or rarely with flame like orange-brown markings on the whorls. 43.05-16.70 10.9-4.7 6.8-2.5 Remarks: Some controversy exists as to the Description: Shell moderate in size, number taxonomic status of fultoni standing on the of whorls 14 or less, very minute spiral striation borderland between Turritella and Eglisia present, less than 25 spiral striations, evenly (Family- Epitonidae) which really calls for some spaced. Aperture quadra angular, shell turreted, attention . Ray (1968) wrongly identified this last whorl compressed, brown in colour, deep species to the genus Eglisia. Rare. chestnut brown body covered with white brown maculation. Two prominent spiral ridges present Distribution: India: Odisha: Puri; Elsewhere: along the body, but not keeled. Aperture circular Persian Gulf. : Omara Bay (its Type locality), with smooth outer lip, shell more or less glossy Henjam Island and Mussandam. than other Turritellidae, suture distinct, 7. Turritella infraconstricta Smith penultimate whorl and body whorl are convex. 1878. Turritella infraconstricta Smith, Proc. Zoo I. Soc. Remarks: The oblique clouded streaks of London, 1878: 817, PI. L, fig.20. painting are the diagnostic characteristics of this 1897. Turritella infraconstricta: Melvill and Sykes, Proc. species. Malac. Soc. London, 2: 170. Distribution: India: Andaman and Nicobar 1986. Turritella infraconstricta: Tikader, Daniel and Islands; Elsewhere: No records. Subba Rao, Sea shore animals of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Zoo1. Surv. India, p.167. 6. Turritella fultoni Melvill 2000. Turritella infraconstricta: Subba Rao and Dey, Rec. 1897. Turritella fultoni Melvill, Mem. Proc. Manch. Lit. zool. Surv. India Occ. Paper No., 187: 54. Phil. Soc. 41(7): 14, pl.6, fig. 12. (Type locality: 2004. Turritella infraconstricta: Venkataraman, Omara Bay, Persian Gulf). Jeyabaskaran, Raghuram and Alfred, Rec. zool. 1901. Eglisia fultoni: Melvill and Standen, Proc. Zool. Soc. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No. 226: 325. London, 2: 387, pl.21, fig.8. 2010. Turritella infraconstricta: Rao, Field Guide to Corals 1968. Eglisia fultoni: Ray, Indian Mus. Bull., 3 (1&2): 18, and Coral Associates of Andaman and Nicobar Textfig.,5. Islands, p. 213. Zool. Surv. India. TRIP ATHY et al. : Contribution to the Knowledge of Indian Marine Molluscs 131

2012. Turritella infraconstricta: Venkataraman, Raj an, 1986. Turritella monilifera: Tikader, Daniel and Subba Satynanarayana, Raghunathan and Rao, Sea shore animals of Andaman and Nicobar Venkataraman, Marine ecosystems and Protected Islands, Zool. Surv. India, p.167. areas ofIndia, p.191. Zool. Surv. India. 2000. Turritella monilifera: Subba Rao and Dey, Rec. zool. Material Examined: 6 exs., Andaman, Regd. Surv. India Occ. Paper No., 187: 54. No. 1455. 2004. Turritella (Haustator) monilifera: Venkataraman, Measurement: (mm) Jeyabaskaran, Raghuram and Alfred, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No. 226: 325. Length Width Length of the aperture; 2010. Turritella monilifera: Rao, Field Guide to Corals and 66.9-42.20 16.60-11.00 10.3-6.15 Coral Associates ofAndaman and Nicobar Islands, p. 213. Zool. Surv. India. Description: Shell moderate in size, subulate, 2012. Turritella monilifera: Venkataraman, Raj an, subturreted, whorls about 20, somewhat convex Satynanarayana, Raghunathan and at the top and sides, and sloping narrowed at the Venkataraman, Marine ecosystems and Protected base, thus making the width at the suture areas ofIndia, p.191. Zool. Surv. India. considerably less a little distance above it, Material Examined: i) 1 ex., Andaman, Regd. transversely finely lira ted, lirae varying in No. M26446/5. thickness, a few being a trifle coarser than the rest, two especially the upper, situated very near the Measurement: (mm) middle of the whorl, and the lower one at the Length Width Lengthoftheaperture; broadest part of it, being conspicuous and 42.05 11.80 6.7 forming indistinct angles. Last whorl excavated beneath, finely lirated and of uniform brownish Description: Shell acuminately pyramidal, white or pale pink tint with a rather acute ridge depressly concave and sharply angled at the base, circumscribing the base. Aperture irregularly whorls fifteen in number, with a broad keel obliquely quadrate, of the same colour as the beneath the sutures, concave in the middle, then exterior, columella slightly oblique and a little two-ridged; pinkish white ,keel ornamented with arcuate. distant oblique red-brown dots. Aperture nearly quadrangular, strongly angulated at base, and Colour: Brownish white ornamented with shell moderate in size. Whorls with three reddish brown dots. prominent spiral striation, prominent from Remarks: This species can be identified by the penultimate whorls to body whorls. form of the whorl, the character of the markings Remarks: The only painting in this species, and the spiralliration. The dottings on the ridges beyond its delicate violet-pink hue, consists in the are very small and are arranged under one necklace -like row of red-brown dots upon the another in oblique and more or less flexuous lines keel (Reeve, 1850) which are interrupted by numerous spiral sulci. Through the prominence, although slight of the Distribution: India: Andaman and Nicobar two principal lirae the whorls between them Islands; Elsewhere: No records. appear some what concave, and ridge around the 9. Turritella maculata Reeve base of the last whorl passes just above the labrum 1849. Turritella maculata Reeve, Conch. Icon., 5: Turritella and winds up the spire of sutural line (Smith, sp.No.,33. 1878). Uncommon. 2004. Turritella maculata: Rao, Maitra, Barua and Distribution: India: Andaman and Nicobar Ramakrishna, Fauna ofGujarat, State Fauna series, Islands; Elsewhere: No records. 8(2): 289. Zool. Surv. India. 8. Turritella monilifera Adams and Reeve 2005. Turritella maculata: Subba Rao and Sastry, Conservation Area Series, 23: 43. zool. Surv. 1850. Turritella monilifera Adams and Reeve, Zool. India. Sam mal. Moll., (7): 48. 132 Rec. zool. Surv. India List of the foreign species present in NZC: Si. Name of Collector Location Number of Regd. No. No. the species examples 1. Torcula clathrata Kiener Ceylon 1 1469

2. Turritella declivis Adam & Reeve Mauritius 3 M18309j3 3. Turritella fuscocincta Petit Australia 30 1453 4. Turritella sinuata Reeve Australia 9 1454 5. Turritella exoleta Linn. RW.Foster Tabago Island, 18 M19314/3 British West Indies 6. Turritella gunni Tasmania 4 1461 7. Turritella terebra Linn. Eastern Sea 6 M26447/5 8. Turritella broderipiana d' orb 1 1464 9. Risso Algiers 2 1462

10. Turritella vittulata Adam & Reeve China 7 1444

11. Turritella nivea Gray East Africa, 23 M18318/3 Gwadur, Baluchistan 12. Turritella nivea Gray Persian Gulf 8 M26445/5 13. Turritella capensis Reeve Cape of Good Hope 6 1459 14. Turritella capensis Reeve False Bay 12 M18306/3 15. Turritella cingulifera Sowerby Dr. J. Anderson Margui archipelago 1 16. Turritella sanguine natalensis Donar: Natal Natal (21.6.1989) 2exs. M23502/4 Smith Museum 17. Turritella variegates Linn. West Indies 5exs M18321/3. 18. Turritella punctata Kiener California 2exs. 1449 19. Turritella nebulosa hinds 1 20 Turritella bacil/um Hinds Prof.J. Meggitt Rangoon 2exs. Ml4492/2 21. Turritella bacil/um Hinds Hong Kong 1 1443 22. Turritella gonostoma 1 1463 Valenciennes-1832 23. Turritella chrysotoxa Tomlin Natal Meseum Aug, 1994. 3 M23529/4 24. Turritella carinifera Lamarck Cape 5 1447

25. Turritella rosea Quoy & Gaimard New Zealand 12 1452 26. Turritella hanleyana Reeve Ceylon 1 1456 27. Turritella triplicata philippi Algiers 1 M18319/3

28. Turritella fascialis Menke LRL.B. Maskat 13 M18313/3 Tomlin Esq. TRIP ATHY et al. : Contribution to the Knowledge of Indian Marine Molluscs 133

Si. Name of Collector Location Number of Regd. No. No. the species examples 29. Turritella fascialis Menke Ex. Tomlin Gulf of Oman 14 M13368/2 ColIn.

30. Turritella fascialis Menke Babylon Coast 2 3001/1 31. Turritella bicolor Reeve Japan 1 M18305/3 32. Turritella maculata Reeve Aden 15 33. waria Kiener Dr. Kobelt Gibralter 1 M18324/3 34. Turritella cornea Lamarck England 8 1457 35. Turritella incise Reeve Australia 1 1465 36. Turritella ungulina Linn. Tiachi Napoli 2 M18322/3 37. Turritella gracilis A.Ad. Japan 1 1458 38. Turritella multilyrata Singapore 16 1460 Adam & Reeve 39. Turritella capensis Reeve False Bay 3 M18316/3 40. Mesalia lacteal Miller Greenland 1 M18323/3 41. Mesalia brevialis Lamarck Japan 1 146

Material Examined: i) 7 ex., St. Mary's Island, chionia by Melvill, 1928:102 (Bosch, 1995), Udipi district, Karnataka, 01.01.2006., ColI. R. Distribution: India: Gujarat, Karnataka: St. Venkitesan and party. Mary's Island; Elsewhere: Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Measurement: (mm) Arabia. Length Width Length of the aperture; 10. Turritella bicingulata Lamarck 25.90-39.00 9.00-10.80 4.20-6.00 1822. Turritella bicingulata Lamarck, Anim. Sans. Vert. (Deshayesedit) 9:256. Description: Shell up to 39 mm, thin, semi translucent or opaque, acuminate turreted, 1860. Turritella bicingulata Lamarck, Reeve, Conch Icon, 5. P1.5, sp.no. 20. whorls about 11, and spire angle about 20°. Each whorl has 2 strong, rounded spiral striation, 2011. Turritella bicingulata Venkitesan and occasional spiral ridges and many fine spiral Mukhopadhyay Rec. zool. Surv. India, 111(2): 94-95. threads. Aperture thin edged, squarish. Outer lip sinuous. Keels sometimes obsolete. Material Examined: i) 17 ex., St. Mary's Island, Udipi district, Karnataka, 01.01.2006., ColI. Colour-Violet white with brown mottling and R. Venkitesan and party. stripes; fine, brown lines sometimes encircle whorls. Measurement: (mm): Remarks: The base of the shell is more Length Width Length of the aperture; concave , and is marked of numerous coloured 3.10-5.70 6.20-10.80 20.80-35.90 linear striae, but the upper margin of the whorl is Description: Shell medium in size, up to always distinguished by a row of irregular red 36.00 mm in height, acuminate turreted, whorls brown spots immediate beneath the suture.A about 11, aperture sub quadrangular, outer lip pure white form was named, unnecessarily, var. sinuous, sculptured with two spiral ridges, 134 Rec. zool. Surv. India which are equally distant and prominent, nearer species differs from T. bicingulata having in intermediate grooves concave and spirally difference in early whorls the keels are very striated. Ornamented with profusely flamed, prominent developed even to the apex. The base variegated with reddish brown markings. of the shell is more concave, and is marked of Suture rather deeply excavated, below the numerous coloured linear striae, but the upper suture spotted with reddish brown mottling and margin of the whorl is always distinguished by a stripes. Brown line encircles whorls. Brown line row of irregular red brown spots immediate seen through the aperture. Base concave and beneath the suture. neatly striated with violet colour. Shell white Distribution: India: Karnataka: St. Mary's with brown markings, white base marked with Island. Elsewhere: Pakistan and Adens. violet; brown markings and the interior of the ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS aperture purple rose. We are thankful to the Director, Zoological Remarks: It can be distinguished from other Survey of India for encouragement and by which a pair of conspicuous swollen keels and support. a bold profuse style of painting. T. maculata a

REFERENCES Bosch, D.T., Dance, S.P., Moolenbeek KG and Oliver, P.G. 1995. In Sea shell of Eastern Arabia (Edited by Dance. S. P.) Motivate Publishing, Dubai, pp.1-296. Garrad, T.A. 1972. A revision of Australian recent and tertiary Turritellidae. J. Malac. Soc. Aust., 2:267- 337. Marwick, J. 1957. Generic revision of the Turritellidae. Froc. Malac. Soc. Land ., 32:144-166. Kiener, L.c., 1839. Species General et Iconographie des Coquilles Vivantes, Genre Turritella, Rousseau, Paris. Pls.1-14. Merwick, J., 1957. Generic Revision of the Turritellidae, Froc. Malac. Soc. Lon., 32:144-166. Reeve, L.A. 1860. A Monograph of the genus Turritella, pIs 1-27 in Reeve, L.A. Conchologia Iconica. London; L. Reeve and Co. Vol.S. Subba Rao, N.V.2003. Indian (part I): Polyplacophora and , Rec .zool. Surv. . India, Occ. Paper No. 192: i-x,1-416. Subba Rao, N.v. and Dey, A. 2000. Catalogue of Marine Molluscs of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Rec. zool. Surv. India. Occ. Paper.187;p 53-54.

Manuscript received: 27-11-2012; Accepted: 30-07-2013 TRIP ATHY et al. : Contribution to the Knowledge of Indian Marine Molluscs 135 PLATE I

Fig. : 1. Turitella attenuata Reeve; Fig.2. Turitella infraconstricta Smith; Fig.3. Turritella bicingulata Lamarck; Fig. 4. Turritella maculata Reeve; Fig. 5. Turritella duplicata (Linnaeus ); Fig. 6. Turritella columnaris Kiener 136 Rec. zool. Surv. India

PLATE II

Fig. : 7. Turritella fultoni Melvill; Fig. 8. Haustator trisulcata (Lamarck); Fig. 9. Turritella monilifera Adam & Reeve; Fig. 10. Turritella fastigiata Adam & Reeve.