AVIAN DIVERSITY OF WESTERN GHATS

DR SATISH PANDE

ELA FOUNDATION PUNE BIO-DIVERSITY HOTSPOTS IN

„ EASTERN HIMALAYAS

„ ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS

„ WESTERN GHATS WESTERN GHATS 80 N TO 210 N; 1600 KM 160000 SQKM AREA

„ NORTHERN GHATS „ CENTRAL GHATS FROM GOA GAP „ SOUTHERN GHATS FROM PALGHAT GAP

„ EASTERN OFFSHOOTS (MAHADEO, AJANTA, NILGIRI, BR BETTA, PALANI HILLS)

„ ARABIAN SEA - WEST „ DECCAN PLATEAU - EAST WESTERN GHATS N

NORTH CENTRAL SOUTH

C

S WESTERN GHATS STATES & N0. OF DISTRICTS

„ GUJARAT –3

„ MAHARASHTRA –11

„ GOA –2

„ KARNATAKA –10

„ TAMIL NADU –7

„ KERALA –14

„ TOTAL - 47 SALIENT FEATURES

„ LACK SEVERAL GUILDS UNIQUE TO TROPICAL FORESTS : (Antbirds, Hummingbirds, of Paradise, etc.) „ POOR REPRESENTATION OF OTHER GUILDS (Pittas-1/12 SEA; Frogmouths-1/5 SEA; Trogons-1/5 SEA; Sunbirds-7/76 Africa) „ DISJUNCT DISTRIBUTION (RAINFOREST BABBLERS, LAUGHING THRUSHES IMPOVERISHMENT-56 NE INDIA) „ PATCHY DISTRIBUTION-LOCAL EXTINCTION BIO-DIVERSITY

„ BRYOPHYTES – 803 / 200 (25%) ENDEMIC „ GYMNOSPERMS – 4500 / 1720 (38%) ENDEMIC

„ INVERTEBRATES – SEVERAL (>5000 SP. IN MAJOR TAXA) BUTTERFLIES – 330 / 37 (11%) ENDEMIC; DRAGONFLIES & DAMSELFLIES – 178 / 70 (39%) ENDEMIC „ FISHES – 225 FRESH-WATER / 123 (55%) ENDEMIC „ AMPHIBIANS – 138 / 110 (80%) ENDEMIC „ REPTILES – 161 / 99 (61%) ENDEMIC „ MAMMALS – 120 / 12 (10%) ENDEMIC

„ AVES – 508 / 18 ENDEMIC (3.5%) ENDEMIC AVIAN HABITS

9% 33% n-48 ARBOREAL 46% n-178 n-178 AERIAL 12% TERRESTRIAL n-66 AQUATIC VEGETATION

„ TROPICAL EVERGREEN

„ MONTANE EVERGREEN

„ TROPICAL MOIST/DRY-DECIDUOUS / SEC.

„ TROPICAL THORN – SHRUB

„ MONTANE GRASSLAND - SHOLAS

„ WETLANDS – DAMS, SWAMPS, WATERFALL, LITTORAL MYCTERIA STANDS, PEAT BOGS

„ PLANTATIONS, GROVES % OCCUPATION BY BIRDS Dec/Semi-Dec Scrub 30.00% Coast/Mang 25.00% Ev-Gr/Semi-EG 20.00% Marsh Water 15.00% Agr 10.00% Cliff 5.00% Urban River 0.00% Habitat Grove Grass AVIAN FOOD PREFERENCES

35.00% INSECTIV. 30.00% AQ. ANIM. 25.00% CARNIV. 20.00% FRUGIV. 15.00% GRAMN. 10.00% OMNV. SCAVN. 5.00% NECTAR 0.00% % FOOD CHOICE RESIDENTIAL STATUS

37.8% 62.2% RESIDENT MIGRATORY NESTING PERIOD OF LOCAL BREEDERS

70.00% NON-BR 60.00% BREEDERS 50.00% SUMMER-S 40.00% MONSOON-M 30.00% S-M 20.00% 37.8 62.2 22.6 M-WINTER

10.00% 24.3 7.2 7.6 YEAR ROUND 0.00% 0.5 BREEDING SEASON NEST TYPES OF 336 BREEDERS

17%

47.6% OPEN NEST

35.4% LAT. ENTR.

NO NEST / PARST. CLUTCH SIZE – CONSERVATION ANGLE

90.00% 80.00% 70.00% SINGLE 60.00% CLUTCH 50.00% 80.7% 40.00% MULTIPLE 30.00% CLUTCH 20.00% 10.00% 19.3% 0.00% CLUTCH SIZE % DISTRIBUTION OF

60.00%

50.00% 40.00% 59% GLOBAL 30.00% INDIA

20.00% 54% W GHATS

10.00% 37%

0.00% PASSERINES RELATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF AVIAN ENDEMICS

90 80 N=18 23% 70 60 W GHATS 50 40 INDIA N=78 30 20 10 0

ENDEMICS LIST OF ENDEMIC BIRDS *also recorded outside region

„ Low Elevation Rainforests

1. Malabar Parakeet Psittacula columboides *

2. White-bellied Tree-Pie Dendrocitta leucogastra

3. Grey-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus priocephalus

4. Rufous Babbler Turdoides subrufus *

5. White-bellied Blue Flycatcher pallipes

6. Malabar Whistling Myiophonus horsfieldii *

7. Small Sunbird Leptocoma minima

8. Malabar Woodshrike Tephrodornis sylvicola LIST OF ENDEMIC BIRDS *also recorded outside region

„ Semi-Deciduous Forest 1. White-cheeked barbet Megalaima viridis * 2. Malabar Grey Hornbill Ocyceros griseus 3. Malabar White-headed Starling Sturnia blythii

„ Montane Forest 1. Nilgiri Wood-Pigeon Columba elphinstoni * 2. Black-and-Orange Flycatcher Ficedula nigrorufa 3. Nilgiri Flycatcher albicaudata 4. Rufous-breasted Laughing-Thrush Garrulax cachinnans 5. Kerala Laughing-Thrush Trochalepteron fairbanki 6. Wynaad Laughing-Thrush Garrulax delesserti 7. Nilgiri Blue Robin Myiomela major 8. White-bellied Blue Robin Myiomela albiventris 9. Nilgiri Pipit Anthus nilghiriensis 10. Nilgiri Flowerpecker Dicaeum concolor LIST OF ENDEMIC BIRDS *also recorded outside region

„ Higher Grasslands

1. Malabar Lark Galerida malabarica

2. Indian Broad-tailed Grassbird Schoenicola platyura RELATIVE % OF THREATENED BIRDS : CATEGORY WISE

80 70 60

50 W GHATS 40 INDIA 30 20 10 0

EX CR VU EN CD NT DD CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BIRDS – CONSERVATION ANGLE

36.10 %

63.9 % KNOWN

NOT KNOWN THREATS >12000 BP THREATS EXIST

„ LOGGING „ TIMBER & FIREWOOD COLLECTION „ DEFORESTATION - MINING, ROADS, TOWNSHIPS AND DAMS „ FOREST FIRES „ ISOLATION – FRAGMENTATION „ HABITAT MODIFICATION/TRANSFORMATION „ HUNTING, POACHING, TRADE PROTECTION MEASURES PROTECTECTED AREAS (PA’s)

„ GUJARAT – 2 (1 NP,1 WLS) „ MAHARASHTRA –10 (2 NP,8 WLS) „ GOA – 6 (1 NP, 5 WLS) „ KARNATAKA – 17 (4 NP, 13 WLS) „ TAMIL NADU –9 (3 NP, 6 WLS) „ KERALA – 15 (3 NP, 12 WLS) „ TOTAL - 59

„ ELEPHANT RESERVES – 4 (KERALA & TN)

„ 14,140.36 SQKM IN WG (9% IN PA NETWORK) RECOMMENDATIONS

„ STRICT ENFORCEMENT OF LAWS

„ ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION

„ SENSITIZATION OF LOCAL POPULATION – FIELD GUIDES, POSTERS, WORKSHOPS, ETC.

„ IN DEPTH ECOLOGICAL & BIODIVERSITY STUDIES OF LOWER / NEGLECTED TAXA

„ INVENTORIES - FAUNAL AND FLORA

„ ETHNOLOGICAL STUDIES CREDITS

„ SKETCHES – AMIT PAWASHE

„ PHOTOGRAPHS – VIVEK VISHWASRAO SATISH PANDE, PRAMOD DESHPANDE, NIRANJAN SANT

„ ASSISTANCE – DR ANIL MAHABAL FEW REFERENCES

„ ALFRED, J.R.B., DAS, A.K. AND SANYAL, A.K. 2001.ECOSYSTEMS OF INDIA, ENVIS-ZOOL. SURV. INDIA, KOLKATA. „ ALI, S. AND S. DILLON RIPLEY 1969. Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan together with those of Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka. Vol.3. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. „ DANIELS, RJ RANJIT & VENCATESAN J. 2008. WESTERN GHATS BIODIVERSITY.PEOPLE.CONSERVATION. RUPA & CO. „ PANDE, SATISH., TAMBE, SALEEL., FRANCIS, CLEMENT. M. AND SANT. NIRANJAN (2003). Birds of Western Ghats, Kokan and Malabar (including birds of Goa). Oxford Univ. Press, India. „ PANDE, SATISH; VISHWASRAO, VIVEK; SANT, NIRANJAN AND DESHPANDE, PRAMOD 2008. BIRDS OF LONAVLA AND KHANDALA (INCLUDING SOME BUTTERFLIES, REPTILES, AMPHIBIANS AND MAMMALS). ELA FOUNDATION, PUNE. „ RASSMUSEN, P. C. AND ANDERTON, J. C. (2005) Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Vols. 1 and 2. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions, Washington, D. C. and Barcelona. THANK YOU