AVIAN DIVERSITY OF WESTERN GHATS
DR SATISH PANDE
ELA FOUNDATION PUNE BIO-DIVERSITY HOTSPOTS IN INDIA
EASTERN HIMALAYAS
ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS
WESTERN GHATS WESTERN GHATS 80 N TO 210 N; 1600 KM 160000 SQKM AREA
NORTHERN GHATS CENTRAL GHATS FROM GOA GAP SOUTHERN GHATS FROM PALGHAT GAP
EASTERN OFFSHOOTS (MAHADEO, AJANTA, NILGIRI, BR BETTA, PALANI HILLS)
ARABIAN SEA - WEST DECCAN PLATEAU - EAST WESTERN GHATS N
NORTH CENTRAL SOUTH
C
S WESTERN GHATS STATES & N0. OF DISTRICTS
GUJARAT –3
MAHARASHTRA –11
GOA –2
KARNATAKA –10
TAMIL NADU –7
KERALA –14
TOTAL - 47 SALIENT FEATURES
LACK SEVERAL GUILDS UNIQUE TO TROPICAL FORESTS : (Antbirds, Hummingbirds, Birds of Paradise, etc.) POOR REPRESENTATION OF OTHER GUILDS (Pittas-1/12 SEA; Frogmouths-1/5 SEA; Trogons-1/5 SEA; Sunbirds-7/76 Africa) DISJUNCT DISTRIBUTION (RAINFOREST BABBLERS, LAUGHING THRUSHES IMPOVERISHMENT-56 NE INDIA) PATCHY DISTRIBUTION-LOCAL EXTINCTION BIO-DIVERSITY
BRYOPHYTES – 803 / 200 (25%) ENDEMIC GYMNOSPERMS – 4500 / 1720 (38%) ENDEMIC
INVERTEBRATES – SEVERAL (>5000 SP. IN MAJOR TAXA) BUTTERFLIES – 330 / 37 (11%) ENDEMIC; DRAGONFLIES & DAMSELFLIES – 178 / 70 (39%) ENDEMIC FISHES – 225 FRESH-WATER / 123 (55%) ENDEMIC AMPHIBIANS – 138 / 110 (80%) ENDEMIC REPTILES – 161 / 99 (61%) ENDEMIC MAMMALS – 120 / 12 (10%) ENDEMIC
AVES – 508 / 18 ENDEMIC (3.5%) ENDEMIC AVIAN HABITS
9% 33% n-48 ARBOREAL 46% n-178 n-178 AERIAL 12% TERRESTRIAL n-66 AQUATIC VEGETATION
TROPICAL EVERGREEN
MONTANE EVERGREEN
TROPICAL MOIST/DRY-DECIDUOUS / SEC.
TROPICAL THORN – SHRUB
MONTANE GRASSLAND - SHOLAS
WETLANDS – DAMS, SWAMPS, WATERFALL, LITTORAL MYCTERIA STANDS, PEAT BOGS
PLANTATIONS, GROVES % HABITAT OCCUPATION BY BIRDS Dec/Semi-Dec Scrub 30.00% Coast/Mang 25.00% Ev-Gr/Semi-EG 20.00% Marsh Water 15.00% Agr 10.00% Cliff 5.00% Urban River 0.00% Habitat Grove Grass AVIAN FOOD PREFERENCES
35.00% INSECTIV. 30.00% AQ. ANIM. 25.00% CARNIV. 20.00% FRUGIV. 15.00% GRAMN. 10.00% OMNV. SCAVN. 5.00% NECTAR 0.00% % FOOD CHOICE RESIDENTIAL STATUS
37.8% 62.2% RESIDENT MIGRATORY NESTING PERIOD OF LOCAL BREEDERS
70.00% NON-BR 60.00% BREEDERS 50.00% SUMMER-S 40.00% MONSOON-M 30.00% S-M 20.00% 37.8 62.2 22.6 M-WINTER
10.00% 24.3 7.2 7.6 YEAR ROUND 0.00% 0.5 BREEDING SEASON NEST TYPES OF 336 BREEDERS
17%
47.6% OPEN NEST
35.4% LAT. ENTR.
NO NEST / PARST. CLUTCH SIZE – CONSERVATION ANGLE
90.00% 80.00% 70.00% SINGLE 60.00% CLUTCH 50.00% 80.7% 40.00% MULTIPLE 30.00% CLUTCH 20.00% 10.00% 19.3% 0.00% CLUTCH SIZE % DISTRIBUTION OF PASSERINES
60.00%
50.00% 40.00% 59% GLOBAL 30.00% INDIA
20.00% 54% W GHATS
10.00% 37%
0.00% PASSERINES RELATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF AVIAN ENDEMICS
90 80 N=18 23% 70 60 W GHATS 50 40 INDIA N=78 30 20 10 0
ENDEMICS LIST OF ENDEMIC BIRDS *also recorded outside region
Low Elevation Rainforests
1. Malabar Parakeet Psittacula columboides *
2. White-bellied Tree-Pie Dendrocitta leucogastra
3. Grey-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus priocephalus
4. Rufous Babbler Turdoides subrufus *
5. White-bellied Blue Flycatcher Cyornis pallipes
6. Malabar Whistling Thrush Myiophonus horsfieldii *
7. Small Sunbird Leptocoma minima
8. Malabar Woodshrike Tephrodornis sylvicola LIST OF ENDEMIC BIRDS *also recorded outside region
Semi-Deciduous Forest 1. White-cheeked barbet Megalaima viridis * 2. Malabar Grey Hornbill Ocyceros griseus 3. Malabar White-headed Starling Sturnia blythii
Montane Forest 1. Nilgiri Wood-Pigeon Columba elphinstoni * 2. Black-and-Orange Flycatcher Ficedula nigrorufa 3. Nilgiri Flycatcher Eumyias albicaudata 4. Rufous-breasted Laughing-Thrush Garrulax cachinnans 5. Kerala Laughing-Thrush Trochalepteron fairbanki 6. Wynaad Laughing-Thrush Garrulax delesserti 7. Nilgiri Blue Robin Myiomela major 8. White-bellied Blue Robin Myiomela albiventris 9. Nilgiri Pipit Anthus nilghiriensis 10. Nilgiri Flowerpecker Dicaeum concolor LIST OF ENDEMIC BIRDS *also recorded outside region
Higher Grasslands
1. Malabar Lark Galerida malabarica
2. Indian Broad-tailed Grassbird Schoenicola platyura RELATIVE % OF THREATENED BIRDS : CATEGORY WISE
80 70 60
50 W GHATS 40 INDIA 30 20 10 0
EX CR VU EN CD NT DD CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BIRDS – CONSERVATION ANGLE
36.10 %
63.9 % KNOWN
NOT KNOWN THREATS >12000 BP THREATS EXIST
LOGGING TIMBER & FIREWOOD COLLECTION DEFORESTATION - MINING, ROADS, TOWNSHIPS AND DAMS FOREST FIRES ISOLATION – FRAGMENTATION HABITAT MODIFICATION/TRANSFORMATION HUNTING, POACHING, TRADE PROTECTION MEASURES PROTECTECTED AREAS (PA’s)
GUJARAT – 2 (1 NP,1 WLS) MAHARASHTRA –10 (2 NP,8 WLS) GOA – 6 (1 NP, 5 WLS) KARNATAKA – 17 (4 NP, 13 WLS) TAMIL NADU –9 (3 NP, 6 WLS) KERALA – 15 (3 NP, 12 WLS) TOTAL - 59
ELEPHANT RESERVES – 4 (KERALA & TN)
14,140.36 SQKM IN WG (9% IN PA NETWORK) RECOMMENDATIONS
STRICT ENFORCEMENT OF LAWS
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
SENSITIZATION OF LOCAL POPULATION – FIELD GUIDES, POSTERS, WORKSHOPS, ETC.
IN DEPTH ECOLOGICAL & BIODIVERSITY STUDIES OF LOWER / NEGLECTED TAXA
INVENTORIES - FAUNAL AND FLORA
ETHNOLOGICAL STUDIES CREDITS
SKETCHES – AMIT PAWASHE
PHOTOGRAPHS – VIVEK VISHWASRAO SATISH PANDE, PRAMOD DESHPANDE, NIRANJAN SANT
ASSISTANCE – DR ANIL MAHABAL FEW REFERENCES
ALFRED, J.R.B., DAS, A.K. AND SANYAL, A.K. 2001.ECOSYSTEMS OF INDIA, ENVIS-ZOOL. SURV. INDIA, KOLKATA. ALI, S. AND S. DILLON RIPLEY 1969. Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan together with those of Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka. Vol.3. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. DANIELS, RJ RANJIT & VENCATESAN J. 2008. WESTERN GHATS BIODIVERSITY.PEOPLE.CONSERVATION. RUPA & CO. PANDE, SATISH., TAMBE, SALEEL., FRANCIS, CLEMENT. M. AND SANT. NIRANJAN (2003). Birds of Western Ghats, Kokan and Malabar (including birds of Goa). Oxford Univ. Press, India. PANDE, SATISH; VISHWASRAO, VIVEK; SANT, NIRANJAN AND DESHPANDE, PRAMOD 2008. BIRDS OF LONAVLA AND KHANDALA (INCLUDING SOME BUTTERFLIES, REPTILES, AMPHIBIANS AND MAMMALS). ELA FOUNDATION, PUNE. RASSMUSEN, P. C. AND ANDERTON, J. C. (2005) Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Vols. 1 and 2. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions, Washington, D. C. and Barcelona. THANK YOU