MILESTONES & WAYMARKERS

THE JOURNAL OF THE MILESTONE SOCIETY

VOLUME TWO

2006

ISSN 1479-5167

Editorial Panel Carol Haines Terry Keegan Tim Stevens David Viner

Printed for the Society by Carreg Limited MILESTONES & WAYMARKERS The Journal of The Milestone Society

This Journal is the permanent record of the work of the Society, its members and other supporters and specialists, working within its key Aim as set out below.

© All material published in this volume is the copyright of the authors and of the Milestone Society. All rights reserved - no material may be reproduced without written permission.

Submissions of material are welcomed and should be sent in the first instance to the Hon Secretary, Terry Keegan: The Oxleys, Clows Top, Kidderminster, Worcs DY14 9HE telephone: 01299 832358 - e-mail: [email protected]

THE MILESTONE SOCIETY

AIM • To identify, record, research, conserve, and interpret for public benefit the milestones and other waymarkers of the British Isles.

OBJECTIVES • To publicise and promote public awareness of milestones and other waymarkers and the need for identification, recording, research and conservation, for the general benefit and education of the community at large • To enhance public awareness and enjoyment of milestones and other waymarkers and to inform and inspire the community at large of their distinctive contribution to both the local scene and to the historic landscape in general • To represent the historical significance and national importance of milestones and waymarkers in appropriate forums and through relevant national organisations • To organise and co-ordinate relevant practical projects at both national and regional/local levels, thereby enhancing public access • To protect, preserve and restore milestones and other waymarkers through the planning process, representing their significance to appropriate authorities locally and nationally • To manage the Society's affairs in ways which maintain effective administration and appropriate activity, including the establishment of regional groupings through which to delegate and devolve the Society's business. MILESTONES & WAYMARKERS The Journal of The Milestone Society

Contents

Editorial: The Road We Travel - David Viner 1

Surveying Norfolk's Milestones - Carol Haines 3

Guernsey Milestones - John Harland 6

The Milestones and Mileplates of the Dartmouth Turnpikes of Devon - Tim Jenkinson 10

The London to Exeter Road: one of the Great and Direct Roads of England. The Road through Hampshire - Keith Lawrence 14

On Roads and Milestones in County Galway, Ireland -

Peadar O'Dowd 28

Casting New Suffolk Mileposts - Alan & Carol Haines 39

Review Article - David Viner 43

Book Reviews - Keith Lawrence and Michael Knight 48

What's in Print - edited by David Viner 52 Editorial: The road we travel by David Viner

David Viner is the Society's founder chairman, experiences manage to be both high profile and dis- also chairing the steering group, which set up the tressing for ourselves and others. Society in 2000/01. Interested in road history for The Society's growing range of Good Practice guid- over three decades, he has written mostly on West ance takes a high profile approach, seeking to imple- Country subjects, and is about to complete a ment proper and lasting conservation measures whilst long-planned study of the roads of Dorset, which at the same time raising the profile of individual mile- remains along with Gloucestershire one of his stones and posts as features of the roadside. A higher favourite counties. appreciation of the community value of such locally distinctive features is considered the best way of increasing support and combating neglect as well as With the publication of its second Journal, the Society casual and deliberate loss. Five years on we should feel also celebrates another milestone of its own, the com- confident about the success of that approach. pletion of five years since its first formal AGM in To the national database of milestones and 2001. During this period it has also achieved charitable way-markers can now be added a parallel approach to status (no. 1105688). Modest enough maybe, but the tollhouses (both bridge and turnpike), developing in early years of any amenity society, functioning also as partnership with the Chiltern Open Air Museum where a campaigning group through the local work of its it began as a voluntary project. Indeed the protection of members, are critical to its long term success. surviving roadside heritage is further evidenced in the In taking stock, we might legitimately feel well very welcome publication from the Department of established; there is a firm membership base, a strong Transport of its very useful leaflet on Traditional financial base, a committee structure strong on partici- Direction Signs (Traffic Advisory Leaflet 6/05, June pation as well as experience, and an events programme 2005), produced with the support of a variety of agen- which has now found a regularity of pattern, with a cies including our Society. Period road signs are another commitment to spread the Society's influence around endangered species, perhaps to be better regarded now all four of the Home Countries over time, and not set- as the result of such efforts. tling merely for an English heartland. All this spreads both the opportunity and the work- As to its status as an amenity body, there is recogni- load. The Society's principal Aim remains "to identify, tion by national bodies such as English Heritage as record, research, conserve and interpret for public ben- well as local authorities of the value of the Society's efit the milestones and other waymarkers of the British national database and network of member contacts (as Isles". Some recent brainstorming about our role pro- well as a range of other supporters) across the land. duced interesting thoughts about a definite time-frame Such resources are increasingly being utilised for a in which any or all of these tasks might be regarded as variety of initiatives and campaigns, and external fund- completed. Whilst the initial auditing stages (to identi- ing drawn down from a variety of sources, all very wel- fy and record) are well advanced, these pages show the come. enormous (and arguably still largely untapped) poten- If the total stock of surviving historic milestones and tial for accompanying research. The longer-term con- waymarkers is a finite resource, it remains nevertheless servation and interpretation opportunities are suffi- a threatened one, and much exposed to risk, as our ciently challenging to keep the Society and its many Society records and publications clearly illustrate. supporters active for years to come. Damage and loss as the result of neglect remains com- It is in this context that the Society's publications monplace; the threat from grass cutting equipment continue to grow. The bi-annual Newsletter has now remains considerable and road traffic accidents take reached eleven issues, full of updates on activities at their toll. Theft (encouraged it has to be said not least local level, not just by Society members. The introduc- by the growing popularity of internet trading) is a sig- tion of the annual On The Ground provides an addi- nificant problem, albeit one now at least better docu- tional voice of information sharing for individual cam- mented than ever before. paigns. So too the pages of Milestones & Waymakers, More needs to be done. However much an increased the Society's Journal and place of permanent record. interest has led to better care and conservation of a As with the first issue, the range of material in this growing number of milestones and mileposts, losses Journal is varied both by geographic spread and by continue to occur, casual as well as deliberate damage subject range. We welcome the first contribution from remaining a scourge to all our efforts. Frequently such the Republic of Ireland, and the islands series contin-

The Journal of the Milestone Society Page I ucs with a shared study of Guernsey milestones, a quality of its first journal and for setting up a national reminder also of the benefits of sharing local knowl- database so early in its-history, which already lists edge. Individual studies in Norfolk and Devon show 4,000 milestones or waymarkers.' The aim must be to what can be done locally, as does the study of an maintain such standards. important part of one of the Great Roads of England. August 2006 One of the measures of the healthy interest in any subject is the quantity and quality of published literature about it, and this is also reflected in this volume. Five recent titles are reviewed here and there is a respectable listing of recent and significant studies. The Journal is intended as an occasional publication, published when material demands and funding allows, but an annual or alternate year sequence remains the aim and material is always welcomed for all our publications. An error crept into Roger Long's article on The Milestones of Jersey in the first volume, where the cap- tions to figures 6 and 10 were transposed. Apologies. Otherwise the Editorial Panel is grateful to this partic- ular author for his 'congratulations on a fine first issue, an excellent publication'. Another Society member wrote to tell us how delighted she was with our first effort, 'an absolutely brilliant first journal'; that was very welcome too. Another notice, in Industrial Archaeology News (no.136 for Spring 2006 p.19) gave both our Journal and On The Ground a warm welcome, noting amongst other comments that 'considering the inevitable limita- tions of a small print run, the quality of illustrations is good. The Society is to be commended for the overall

The Society's archives continue to grow; it has recently been given a collection of over 250 slides of milestones, signposts and other roadside features. These photographs were taken by Mr W. Askin of Leeds during the late 70s and early 80s during his travels around the country. There are examples from Scotland to Cornwall and Kent to Yorkshire: the latter is well represented as one might expect The images have been scanned to provide an archive for the Society and further reference material for local groups tracking the history of individual stones.

Page 2 The Journal of the Milestone Society Surveying Norfolk's Milestones by Carol Haines

Although a founder member of the Milestone em OS 1:50000 map, a pencil mark being made where Society, the author had been interested in the sub- the milestone was no longer shown. The destinations ject and concerned about the preservation of and distances given on the 6" maps also helped to trace milestones long before the Society was set up. She the routes of the former turnpikes and other main roads. is coordinator for Norfolk and is updating and Evidence from maps showed that there had once been adding to earlier records. nearly 700 milestones in the county. When each surviving milestone was found, details were made on an index card, including a rough sketch. THE START OF THE SURVEY As the years have passed any information gleaned about a particular stone has been added to its card (e.g. It is impossible to pin-point the moment that an inter- which maps it is marked on, when damage or repaint- est is born. My records show that I first started making ing was noticed, any historical details found). These notes on milestones in Norfolk in 1983, possibly cards are still invaluable for taking out in the field. At because I was intrigued by the variety of shapes and first photographs were only taken of stones in reason- styles to be seen all over Britain. Little information able condition. Later, when a better camera had been seemed to be available on milestones generally, which acquired, every stone was photographed, but unfortu- made me more determined to investigate. I decided to nately not before some of the milestones seen at the start close to home and sought out all those within a beginning of the survey had disappeared without a comfortable cycling distance, i.e. within about a twenty record. mile radius. Living close to Norwich this provided an interesting assortment as ten turnpikes had once RESEARCH radiated out of the city. Fortunately Arthur Cossons had researched the county's turnpike roads and his arti- To try to date some of the milestones, the surviving cle became a valuable aid (1). records of the turnpike trusts were consulted (2). It soon became obvious that research was needed Although the clerk usually noted in the minutes when before setting out on a search. A librarian friend lent me new milestones were ordered, the entries were often an almost complete set of 2nd edition Ordnance Survey not specific enough to determine which stones were 6" maps dated about 1907. All milestones marked on meant when there was a mixture of styles along the them were noted and their position translated to a mod- road. The Norwich to Cromer Turnpike, for example,

Fig. 4. Post cast by Sturges of Bradford, Wisbech-Downham Market Fig. 1. CI8 stone on Fig. 2 One of a long Fig. 3 Stone with Turnpike (IT 573012). The the Norwich-Thetford series on the former caul iron plate made in decoration may refer to the. Turnpike at Wymondham mailcoach route from 1868 for the River Nene crossing at (TG 126026) King s Lvnn to Wells-next- Norwich-Swaffham Cross Keys Wash. the-Sea (TF 769438) Turnpike. N. Tuddenham (TG 057136)

The Journal of the Milestone Society Page 3 has four designs, in addition to later concrete Norfolk The Women's Institute Milestone Project also County Council Main Road posts, and only by weigh- brought the subject to wider attention, many WI mem- ing up all the available evidence can a guess be made bers also being involved with Parish Councils. It has at the date of each style. Few turnpike records have resulted in the replacement of a milestone which was survived, however, and many roads with milestones buried during the construction of a cycle path, and the were never turnpiked. Norfolk had only about 350 proposed replacement of a metal plate which was prob- miles of turnpiked roads, although it can boast one of ably removed during WW2. Other stones have been the first - that between Wymondham and Attleborough repainted or cleared of vegetation and made more visi- set up in 1695. By 1766 this toll road had been extended ble, and further information has been received, such as to run from Norwich to Thetford and its milestones how a milestone made a few years ago to replace an rated a special mention in Paterson's Roads (1786): older one which had been badly damaged came to read 'The Mile-Stones from Thetford to Norwich are well Buckingham instead of Buckenham - an error in the adapted for Travellers in Carriages, having two Sides instructions to the stone mason! A collection of photo- towards the Road, not square, but slaunted [sic] so as graphs of about one hundred of the county's milestones the Number may be seen at a great Distance.' Could taken in the early 1980s has also been acquired, which this signify that they were some of the first to set the has proved invaluable. trend for angled faces? Four of these stones still stand. With a small number of Society members in a large Between 1986 and 1997 the results of my survey were county, meetings are not practical. A group newsletter published in the Journal of the Norfolk Industrial is sent out twice a year in about April and September to Archaeology Society (3). These seven articles were keep members up to date. While there is still much to updated and published as a separate booklet in 2001 to do, the message is getting heard that milestones matter mark the inauguration of the Milestone Society (4). A and progress is being made. computer database has also been made of every mile- REFERENCES stone for which there is evidence in Norfolk, whether or not it still exists. Much of the other information 1. Cossons, Arthur: 'The Turnpike Roads of Norfolk', gleaned over the years from most parts of England was Norfolk Archaeology, Vol.30 (1952), pp. 189-212. incorporated into my book, Marking the Miles: a 2. Records of the following turnpike trusts are in the History of English Milestones (see below). Norfolk Record Office: Norwich-Thetford, Norwich- Swaffham, Norwich-North Walsham, Wells- PRESENT AND FUTURE WORK Fakenham. The records of the Norwich-Cromer Turnpike are kept in Aylsham Town Hall. Since the creation of the Milestone Society each mile- 3. Haines, Carol: 'Norfolk Milestones', Journal of the stone is being revisited and records and photographs Norfolk Industrial Archaeology Society, 4, No.l updated for entry in the national database. Members (1986), pp.27-30; 4, No.2 (1987), pp.46-52; 4, No.4 have located stones that I missed previously, and the (1989), pp.137-42; 5, No.l (1991), pp.34-42; 5, No.3 Norfolk Women's Institute Milestone Project in 2002/3 (1993), pp.193-99; 5, No.5 (1995), pp.363-72; 6, No.2 produced further new records, some from private prop- (1997), pp.35-45. erty, one from MoD land which is usually out of 4. Haines, Carol: Norfolk Milestones. Norfolk bounds, and confirming the continued existence of Industrial Archaeology Society, 2001. many others. The recording is still under way, but it is hoped that the final total of surviving milestones will Other useful references: be about 400. Allard, Peter: 'Local Milestones', Gt Yarmouth The backing of a national organisation such as the Archaeological Society (2000), pp.32-34. Milestone Society made it easier to approach local Fone, J.F.: 'The Stoke Ferry Turnpike', Norfolk authorities to try to get action on endangered stones. Archaeology, Vol.38 (1982), pp.195-203. The response was often patchy but it brought to their Robinson, Bruce & Rose, Edwin: Norfolk Origins. 2: attention that there was a concern about milestones and Roads & Tracks. Cromer: Poppyland, 1983. an interest in preserving them. Recent discussions with the Landscape and Heritage department at County Hall EDITORIAL NOTE will hopefully lead to a strategy for liaising more effec- tively with the Highways Department and District In the five years since the Society was formed, and Councils. The possibility of Parish Councils taking since the publication of Carol Haines' Marking the over responsibility for their local milestones is also Miles, her book has become established as a primary being considered. Only 14 wayside milestones are list- source of information on the subject and an introduc- ed but this has not prevented some of them being badly tion into the work of others. Self-published and in the damaged or moved without permission, and it is debat- spirit of enterprise which the Society itself seeks to able whether listing confers any benefit.

Page 4 The Journal of the Milestone Society encourage, it was well received and a significant idiosyncratic styles, but she uses this material in a review from one of the specialists in the field is repro- coherent manner to enliven her text, not as an antiquar- duced here for information and record. ian collection of facts and oddities. She has provided a clear account of the development of the road system as MARKING THE MILES: A HISTORY OF reflected in its milestones. Having whetted our appetite ENGLISH MILESTONES by demonstrating the appeal of the subject, she has a by Carol Haines final, short chapter on 'Research and Fieldwork', Published in Norwich by the author, 2000. 188 pp., showing how to locate and record the surviving exam- illus. ISBN 0 9538885 09. ples. £12.00 inc. p/p from author, 2 Shakespeare Way, Naturally, she is mostly concerned with the mile- Taverham, Norwich NR8 6SH. stones of the turnpike era and in so doing achieves the Reviewed by David Hey, Professor Emeritus at the limited objectives of the present book. She provides a University of Sheffield bibliography that will help those who want to go fur- ther than mere recording to research the wider history This history and description of English milestones is of road transport. My only criticism is that she has little very timely, for surviving stones are attracting a lot of to say about guide stoops, those pre-turnpike mile- interest up and down the land and co-ordinated efforts stones that feature in W. B. Crump's classic account of are at last being made to preserve them. Carol Haines Huddersfield Highways down the Ages (Tolson started by surveying her local milestones and describ- Museum, Huddersfield, 1949 and later editions). We ing them in the Journal of the Norfolk Industrial need to add to her bibliography Howard Smith's Archaeology Society, but she has gone from there to detailed surveys: The Guide Stoops of the Dark Peak write a short general history with numerous appealing (ISBN 0 9521541 3 7) and The Guide Stoops of illustrations and a gazetteer of the most interesting Derbyshire (ISBN 0 9521541 1 0), published by the ones in each county. The book (which she and her hus- author at 9 Woodland Road, Sheffield, S8 8PD. These band have published themselves) will appeal both to two small books and the one under review show what the general reader with a love of the English country- can be done by good amateur historians with an enthu- side and to those who are actively engaged in, or at siasm for a particular subject. Carol Haines's book present just thinking about, recording and preserving should encourage others to do intensive surveys of milestones. It can be recommended as an accurate and their own districts before any more of these delightful well-written introduction that serves its purpose and instructive artefacts are lost. admirably. [This review first appeared in Industrial The author has gathered a great deal of interesting Archaeology Review vol. XXIII No.2 for 2001, p.153 and often curious information and has photographed and is reproduced with kind permission of the author many splendid examples of milestones constructed in and the Association for Industrial Archaeology],

Fig. 5. Metal plates Fig. 6. Memorial to on the Lynn Southgate the end of the Crimean Fig. 7- Early C20 Fig. 8. County Council Turnpike. The Chequers War, 1856, in Attleborough. County Council post cast stone at Sutton Inn, Downham Market, Mileages are inscribed by Pertwee & Back, Gt was demolished in the around the base (TG 386236) Yarmouth, on the A1065 (Photo by Ann Daniells) 1960s (TF 619043) (TM 049953) (TF 909285)

The Journal of the Milestone Society Page 5 Guernsey Milestones by John Harland with contributions from David Kreckeler and Gillian Lenfestey

John Harland is a Highway Civil Engineer in how many stones were placed in total or the name(s) of East Yorkshire with a long-standing interest in the contractor (if such there was) employed to do the roadside furniture. This article acknowledges the work or quarry the stone. extensive and invaluable research carried out by It is however only in 1826 that the existence of two islanders, David Kreckeler, much of which stones is first noted in another publication (1). formed the subject of articles in the Guernsey Although not perhaps the most reliable of sources, in Evening Press in 1971 and 1978, and more 1830 Jacob's Annals perhaps records the year of their recently Gillian Lenfestey at the invitation of the provision by stating that milestones were placed on National Trust of Guernsey. island roads in 1823, although research in archives has not separately confirmed that date. This same reference INTRODUCTION also indicates sixty milestones in number, which may or may not be the correct figure for the time but seems The Channel Islands comprise two Bailiwicks, Jersey to be an exaggeration (2). and Guernsey; the latter being made up of the inhabited An alternative view is that there only ever were the islands of Guernsey itself, Alderney, Herm, Sark, same number of stones as there still are i.e. 26. Brecqhou, Jethou and Lihou. Guernsey measures Milestones were the property of the States of Guernsey approximately 5 miles by 8 miles and has an area of and were of advantage not least to the military and about 23 square miles. militia as they moved around the island. Their removal The Civic head is known as the Bailiff and is Crown without permission would have resulted in prosecution. appointed with the Crown's representative being the A map dated 1900 (3) shows some milestones but a Lieutenant Governor, both of whom liaise with the number were not picked up on the survey, these being island's Government known as the States. The island is the number I in Queens Road, II in Route de St. self-governing and, whilst British, islanders are not cit- Andrew (Les Mauxmarquis) and II in La Route izens of the United Kingdom and loyalty is to the Militaire. Crown and not the UK Government. THE ROUTES HISTORY RELATING TO THE MILESTONES Stones have been recorded on seven routes all starting at the Parish Church in St. Peter Port (locally called the The Actes des Etats dated 11 September 1813 (vol.3, Town Church), and this equates with Lenfestey's sur- p.335) first relates to milestones when it records "the vey (4), which includes location details for each stone. States are asked to deliberate on a proposition from the However, one further route may have existed, as Royal Court that a line of Bornes (milestones) to mark argued by Kreckeler in 1978 (5), and is included here each mile of distance on the main routes from the as Route 8 below. It is known that there is another num- church of the town be set up and if they are agreeable ber III stone in existence, which was at one time in to this, then to nominate a committee for placing the storage at a stonemason's yard in Rocquaine. It is milestones". understood that this was placed in an auction in 1982 Although the record does not show who originally and it is now in private ownership. It is said to have pressed for such activity, it is reasonable to assume that once been stored in a States of Guernsey stoneyard the Governor of the day was behind the proposal. The close by the end of Petites Mielles before going to States agreed that they would be erected, if not as part Rocquaine in the 1960's. There is also information that at least in association with the main road building pro- a number II milestone was in the churchyard at St. gramme that was to take place between 1813 and 1821 Sampsons but this was lost into the Longue Houge and which began as early as 1806. In 1819, the quarry as the result of a landslide in 1969. Both these Committee of Finance agreed to fund the cost. stones had been removed some time previously from The Mecure de Guernesey dated 15 September 1821 their original positions, and whilst it has not yet been (vol.4 p.303) shows, in a second report of the possible to be certain about these original positions, Committee of Finance, that funding was approved for Route 8 is nevertheless postulated as a solution. 'milestones voted by the States for the major roads', The routes are shown on Fig. 1 as from south to the final cost being £65.00. It does not however show north.

Page 6 The Journal of the Milestone Society Road with milestone and its number

Possible route and milestone positions

Town church

St. Peter Port

Fig. 1 Milestone routes on the island of Guernsey, drawn by author

Route 1 Route 3 Town church, Cornet St, Hauteville, George Rd, Fort Town church, High St, Smith St, St. James' St, Rd, La Route de Sausmarez, Grange Rd, Les Gravees, De Les Camps, La Grande Rue, Rue Maze, La Route des Beauvoir, RohaisI, Rohais de Haut, Route de L'Eglise, Cornus, Forest Rd, Le Bourg, Rue du Preel, Rue des Eturs. Rue des Landes, Route de Farras, Route de Plaisance, (1+2=3 stones in position) Route du Longfrie, Route des Paysans, Route des Adams. (7 stones in position) Route 4 Route 2 Town church, High St, Smith St, St. James' St, Town church, High St, Smith St, St. James' St, Grange Rd, Les Gravees, De Grange Rd, Queens Rd, Mount Row, Beauvoir, RohaisI, Rohais de Bas, Rue des Varendes, Le Vauquiedor, Route de St. Andrew (Les L'Aumone, Route de CoboII, Mauxmarquis), Route de St. Andre, Rue Mont D'Aval, St. George's Rd, Rue des Delisles, Rue Prairies, Route de St. Andre (Le Bouillon), Route de de la Porte, King's Mills Rd, L'Is sue, Route des Bas Courtils, Les Grands Moulins, Rue du Dos D'Ane, Mont Saint, Rue du Gron. La Grande Rue. (4 stones in position) (1+4=5 stones in position)

The Journal of the Milestone Society Page 7 Route 5 Town church, High St, Smith St, St. James' St, Grange Rd, Les Gravees, De Beauvoir, RohaisI, Rohais dc Bas, Rue des Varendes, L'Aumonc, Route de CoboII, Route de Cobo (continuation). (2+1=3 stones in position)

Route 6 Town church, High St, Le Pollet, St. George's Esplanade, Les BanquesI, Les Bas Courtils Rd, Lcs Grandcs Maisons Rd, New Rd, Vale Ave, La Route du Braye, Le Grand Fort Rd, Les Petites Capelles Rd, Route du Camp du Roi, Landcs du Marche. (1+4=5 stones in position)

Route 7 Town church, High St, Le Pollet, St. George's Esplanade, Les BanquesI, Vale Rd, La Route Militaire, L'Ancresse Rd. (1+2=3 stones in position)

Route 8 Town church, High St, Le Pollet, St. George's Esplanade, Les BanquesI, Le Murier, Duveaux Rd, Baubigny Rd, Lcs Gigands Rd, Route Carre, Les Petites Mielles. This is the possible route mentioned above. (1+0=1 stone in position; see above).

The road names with the superscript numerals indicate that the same milestone is used for a number of routes ie. RohaisI shows that the stone with the numeral I, on that road, is used to mark the first mile on routes 3, 4 and 5. THE MILESTONES Fig. 2 Milestone II on Route 7, La Route Militaire

All the stones on Guernsey arc of the same simple rec- Obviously, milestones have been placed mainly at the tangular form, carved from the local granite. They are edges of the carriageway although over the years some 11¾ inches wide and 8½ inches deep but the visible have been incorporated into the boundary walls of height varies, presumably dependant upon what road- properties (Figs. 4 and 5). works have taken place in the past adjacent to each A stone with the same dimensions as the milestones, location. The tallest is the number II situated at 'The but with no number, is situated at the junction of Rue Chestnuts', La Route Militaire (Route 7). It is used as du Felconte and Route des Adams (Fig. 6). It is unclear a gate pillar and measures 48 inches high with some what its purpose is, since it is 8/ miles away from the 'undressed' stone visible at the bottom (Fig. 2). The 10 number V stone on La Grande Rue; it may have been shortest is the number III opposite the village store on installed to mark the termination of the route although L'Ancresse Road which measures a mere 12 inches this does not occur elsewhere on the Island. high, (also Route 7). This is due to a combination of wear and tear and the ground level being almost to the SOURCE OF MATERIAL bottom of the numerals (Fig. 3). A recess has been carved into the face of each stone, As to the source of stone for the milestones, Guernsey measuring 9½ inches wide, 7½ inches high and ½ was renowned for its granite, which was exported com- inch deep, which has left the numerals, Roman in form, mercially for over 100 years. During that time there raised at the same level as the face of the stone. were literally hundreds of quarries on the island, but

Page 8 The Journal of the Milestone Society THE FUTURE

For over 175 years milestones have been in place at the roadside on Guernsey and is it remarkable that no less than 26, perhaps the original total and in unbroken sequences, have survived developments, hedgecutting, and the ever-present risk of damage by vehicles and theft. Only one is now in private hands, whilst all the remainder are now listed structures under the protec- tion of the Culture & Tourism Department of the States of Guernsey, and the Public Thoroughfares Committee takes great care when carrying out roadworks to pro- tect them. It is pleasing that their significance has been recognised and that their continued preservation seems assured.

Fig. 4 Milestone III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Fig. 3 Milestone III on on Route I. Route 7, L'Ancresse Road Thanks in the preparation of this article are due espe- cially to David Kreckeler and Gillian Lenfestey, and to Mr Richard Burton. Secretary of the Public very few if any records were kept of any businesses, let Thoroughfares Committee of the States of Guernsey. alone stone samples, and apart from being able to sug- Useful contemporary map references include The gest that the milestones appear to have originated from official States of Guernsey 1:25,000 wall map (2002 the same quarry, and appear to have been made by the edition) published by The Guernsey Geographical same stonemason, it would be very difficult to identify Information Service, and Perry's Professional Guide even the area of the island from which the stone came, Maps of Guernsey (2003 edition) published by let alone the individual quarry. However, they have all Channel Publications. the hallmarks of a single set, perhaps produced at the same time, or certainly from stone set aside for the pur- Editorial Note: an earlier paper on this same subject pose even if they were carved over a period of a few was submitted in 2002 for consideration for the first years. volume of Milestones & Way-markers but has since been published elsewhere (see Bibliography below). Some useful correlations from that survey have been incorporated into this article, with the author's kind permission.

REFERENCES

1. Cochrane J.J. 1826. A Guide to the Island of Guernsey (St. Peter Port, Guernsey). 2. Jacob 1830. Annals of Guernsey, Alderney and Sark, 222. 3. Ordnance Survey, 1900, subsequently revised in 1939. 4. Lenfestey, Gillian 2004. 'Guernsey Milestones', Report & Transactions of La Societe Guernesiaise vol. XXV, pt. Ill for 2003, 537-44. 5. Guernsey Evening Press and Star 29 October 1971 and 10 May 1978.

Fig. 5 Milestone IV Fig. 6 Uninscribed All photos by author. on Route 4. milestone situated at the junction of Rue du Felconte and Route des - Adams.

The Journal of the Milestone Society Page 9 The Milestones and Mileplates of the Dartmouth Turnpikes of Devon by Tim Jenkinson

Tim Jenkinson has been county co-ordinator for with the shingle beach. As recently as February 2001 Devon since October 2003. He has a particular a section near Strete Gate was undermined and closed interest in the milestones and granite guide to traffic for two months before a traffic-controlled sin- stones of Dartmoor and the South Hams region of gle carriageway was opened prior to a new road being the county, areas that retain a good number of built in 2002. During the period of closure, vehicles markers set up by the various Devonshire turn- were diverted across country through narrow lanes. pikes of the 18th and I9lh centuries. Tim has had a From Torcross the road climbed through the villages number of articles on the subject of milestones of Chillington, Frogmore and West Charleton before published in local journals and magazines. reaching Kingsbridge, a distance of 15 miles or so from Dartmouth. This is largely the same road that visitors use today, but is still in parts a narrow and convoluted Today Dartmouth is one of Devon's premier tourist route considering its A379 classification. A number of attractions. Situated on the west bank of the River Dart milestones were placed in accordance with Turnpike as it prepares for its union with the English Channel, it regulations, many of which still survive. All show dis- is a picturesque and bustling holiday resort steeped in tances between the two towns and at one time those naval history. nearer Dartmouth bore an inscription that was picked The road networks of the town and its smaller coun- out in black paint on a white background. The 2,3,4 terpart Kingswear across the river to the east still com- and 6 mile markers from the town retain their paint prise narrow streets that weave their way through the cover, the best of which being the 2-mile stone just out- two resorts. The success of the tourist industry upon side Stoke Fleming that has been recently renovated which Dartmouth now depends rests upon the ease of and stands on a grass bank above a minor road to vehicular access to the town, which can be reached Dartmouth Castle (Figure 1 at SX 8666 4938). Stones from Totnes via roads to the north and west and nearer Kingsbridge are less easy to find. There is one Kingsbridge from the south. Dartmouth can also be sunken in the bank at Torcross at the 8-mile point with accessed from neighbouring Kingswear via the 14th century ferry that brings a succession of cars from the north and east across the river. However, it was not until improvements during the 1970s that the long descent into the town from the west and south was made easier through widening and later the introduc- tion of a park and ride scheme at Townstal to ease con- gestion.

KINGSBRIDGE AND DARTMOUTH TURNPIKE TRUST

In thc18th century two Dartmouth Turnpikes straddled the river and in total catered for some 107 miles or so of roads in the area (1). The earliest Dartmouth Trust was combined with Kingsbridge on the west side from 1759 and eventually managed over 60 miles between the two towns and surrounding villages of the South Hams. Up until cl 824 the main coastal road followed a long and tortuous route to Kingsbridge passing at one time through the narrow streets of Stoke Fleming and Strete before embarking on a sometimes hazardous track-like stretch across Slapton Sands. It was not until 1864 that this old packhorse route was eventually turnpiked by the Trust (2). Even today Fig. I Recent renovation at Stoke the road is liable to storm damage as it runs parallel Fleming (SX 8666 4938).

Page 10 The Journal of the Milestone Society Torquay

Dartington Collaton Paignton Totnes St. Mary

Brixham

Harberton Stoke Gabriel

Hillhead

Halwell Moreleigh Dartmouth Kingswear

Modhury

Stoke Fleming

Strete

Slapton Bigbury Kingsbridgc

Torcross

Thurlestone Beesands

Malborough. Hallsands

Salcombe

just its top edge showing (SX 8242 4258). Stones at mile marker in Loddiswell (Figure 2 at SX 7194 4876) the 9 and 10-mile point are still in evidence but from and a run of dilapidated granite stones towards Totnes. here only two others have failed to succumb to the road Virtually all of these latter markers have suffered as a improvements of the 20th century. result of road widening, most of which are now embed- In 1824 an Act of Parliament was passed to improve ded in banks covered in mud and hopelessly redundant. roads between Dartmouth and Modbury via Halwell They perhaps demonstrate more vividly than most the and Moreleigh (3), and this is when some villages that disrespect that present day road builders seem to have had previously been involved in the route were by- for historical artefacts. passed by new sections of road. Milestones were placed at the roadside, a few of which are still extant DARTMOUTH AND but most are in need of repair having endured decades TORQUAY TURNPIKE TRUST of neglect since the demise of the Trust in the late 19th Century. The east side of the River Dart was managed from The Turnpike also had responsibility for roads south 1765 by the Dartmouth and Torquay Turnpike Trust but of Kingsbridge into Salcombe (present day A381), all at one time also incorporated the Shaldon Bridge Trust. of which are still extant, and north of the same town as It eventually covered some 44 miles of roads from far as Halwell on the road to Totnes. It also managed Dartmouth into Torquay and all of the Torbay area as the route north of Kingsbridge to Wrangaton as far as well as going as far north as Shaldon and north-west to Kitterford Cross through Loddiswell. Some milestones Newton Abbot. The range of the Trust responsibility is are still extant on all these -roads most notably the 3- still marked to this day by terminus stones in Brixham

The Journal of the Milestone Society Page 11 at the old fish market quayside (Figure 3 at SX 9256 5631) and in Newton at East Street outside the Hospital (SX 8617 7114). Though rather worn and at risk of damage from passing traffic, Devon County Council is nevertheless currently seeking Grade II listed status for this stone because of its significance. The various surviving markers from this era and subsequent years present themselves as a fascinating cluster of roadside artefacts. The start of the Trust begins on the slipway at the lower ferry in Kingswear (Figure 4 at SX 8818 5102) where a flat-topped mile- stone shows distances to a number of destinations in South Devon including Exeter, all of which are meas- ured in miles, furlongs and poles. At the start of the road to Paignton some 400 metres uphill at the point known locally as the 'Banjo' (4) (Figure 5 at SX 8839 5114) there is the first example of a mile plate much favoured by the Trust as mid 19th century replacements for older granite markers. This once rather rusted example was carefully restored to its former grandeur in August 2004 by Devon County Council and also shows a variety of distances to locations. However, there are a few inconsistencies in the recorded mileage when compared with the lower stone. To date there are just three other surviving mile plates in the Torbay area of which two, one in Babbacombe and one in St Marychurch, are awaiting replacement having been removed at some point, reclaimed and in one instance restored by a local histo- ry group. The plate in Babbacombe is especially rare in so much that it is actually sited alongside the older Fig. 4 Milestone at lower ferry in marker, placed in adjacent pillars outside the site of the Kingswear (SX 8818 5102)

old St Kilda Hotel which is currently undergoing rede- velopment into flats. Milestones are quite rare on this side of the river. There is one showing From/Newton/14/Miles at Hillhead (SX 9019 5336) and others in Higher Brixham and Stoke Gabriel marking distances to Dartmouth and Brixham respectively. In the Torbay area itself mile markers are extremely rare mainly because of the boom in tourism during the mid to late 19th century and early 20th century when considerable road widening took place in the bay to accommodate motor traffic. Some disturbance would have also occurred during the laying of tracks for a tramway sys- tem in Torquay in the early 1900s. The trams ran for a period between 1907-34 (5). There is evidence in the bay that mileplates from St Marychurch and Goodrington have been taken over the years but whether this is due to theft or as a result of the Removal of Direction Signs Order of 1941 during the Second World War (6) is difficult to determine. Milestones however, are still extant on the A379 to Fig. 3 Trust terminus Teignmouth as far as Shaldon. The road, which runs stone at the old fish market out of Torquay along Union Street through Torre quay in Brixham (SX 9256 Fig. 2 At Loddiswell towards Babbacombe and Watcombe retains all but one (SX 7194 4876) 5631)

Page 12 The Journal of the Milestone Society of the original stones culminating in a recently restored the South Hams district is most encouraging, with evi- miles, furlongs and poles marker at the south end of dence of some important restorations taking place and Shaldon Bridge (Figure 6 at SX 9313 7247). A smaller others planned in the future. marker at the foot of the aptly named Horse Lane leading up from the village to the junction with A379 REFERENCES shows Torquay/7/Miles (SX 9354 7223). 1. Kanefsky J (1984). Devon Tollhouses, University of CONCLUSION Exeter, p.33. 2. Dunning M (2000). South Hams: Photographic Together with Kingsbridge and Torquay the Dartmouth Memories, Frith Book Company Ltd Wiltshire, p.110. Turnpike Trust managed somewhere in the region of 3. Albert W (1972). The Turnpike Road System in 107 miles of road in South Devon either side of the England 1663-1840, Cambridge University Press, River Dart during the 18th and 19th centuries. The p.221. roads in their care on the west side were often narrow 4. Belsey V R (1993). British Roads Past and Present: and convoluted spreading though the very heart of the Devon, Past and Present Publishing Ltd. Peterborough, South Hams region. The somewhat easier passage that p.58 we use today was not created until the important road 5. Barham F (1979). Torbay Transport, Glasney Press improvements between 1824-36. Many milestones Falmouth, p.92. placed at the time, now in varying states of repair, are 6. Masson Phillips E (1972). 'Roadside stones in surprisingly still extant having somehow survived the Devon', Devon Historian October 1972, pp.16-18. pace of change in the 20th century. On the east side of the river roads passing to the north into and out of the Photographs by the author, taken in 2004. popular resorts of Torquay, Paignton and Brixham have Map kindly provided by John Harland. unfortunately lost most of their markers but those that do remain such as mile plates and two terminus stones are of considerable significance. It is important that our attention is drawn to these roadside artefacts to ensure that they are protected from the inevitable but some- times careless intrusion of modern life. The willing- ness of some Parish Councils to care for their stones in

Fig, 6 At the south end of Shaldon Bridge, this recently Fig. 5 Restored plate at the Banjo in Kingswear restored stone lists miles, furlongs and poles (SX 8839 5114) (SX9313 7247).

The Journal of the Milestone Society Page 13 The London to Exeter Road: one of the Great and Direct Roads of England. The road through Hampshire. by Dr Keith Lawrence

Keith Lawrence is the Society s co-ordinator for Andover via Overton and Whitchurch. Again on the Hampshire, and has a long-standing interest in outskirts of Andover a ring road - Churchill Way roads and turnpike history. In this study he looks -breaks the line of London Road. An isolated remnant of at one of the major routes crossing the county, the 'Exeter Road' lies between SU 3817 4591 and SU and presents a model on how the evidence for 3770 4580. This section of London Road joins such a route in all its forms can be collated and Mitcheldever Road to form London Street as it presented. approaches Andover Town Centre. Leaving Andover the route heads southwest on Salisbury Road to The Wallops. Nearing Lopcombe The 'Exeter Road' leaves London and passes through Corner the road crosses the county boundary to enter the counties of Middlesex, Surrey, Hampshire, Wiltshire. The route now runs through Wiltshire as the Wiltshire, Dorset and Devon before passing into A30 to Salisbury and the A3 54 to Dorchester. However Cornwall and terminating at Land's End. the A354 briefly re-enters Hampshire at Grimsdyke This article deals with the cartographic and turnpike Granaries (SU 0691 2222) before passing into Dorset history of the 'Exeter Road' in Hampshire with partic- near the Bokerley Ditch (SU 0322 2091). ular reference to milestones. There are five sections: More detailed descriptions of the entire route of the 'Exeter Road' have been published by Charles Harper 1. The route of the 'Exeter Road' in Hampshire. (1899) and Margaret Baker (1968). a. A description of the route today b. An annotated cartobibliography 1675-2003 SECTION IB : CARTOBIBLIOGRAPHY 2. Recorded mileages from London to, and distances OF SELECTED MAPS FROM 1675 TO between, selected towns in Hampshire from con DATE WITH ANNOTATIONS temporary maps. 3. Turnpike History including Dates of Acts and sites This cartobibliography is based on information from of tailgates. Box (1932-34) & (1935-1937), Fordham (1916), 4. A review of coach traffic during the 18th and 19th Penfold (1994), the Map collection of Hampshire century. County Council Museum Services, facsimile copies of 5. Extant remains: Milestones, Parish Boundary various books and atlases, and the Old Hampshire Stones and Toll Houses Mapped Website maintained by Martin and Jean Norgate (http://www.geog.port.ac.uk/webmap/hantsmap/ SECTION 1A : THE ROUTE OF THE hantsmap/hantsmap.htm). For detailed information 'EXETER ROAD' IN HAMPSHIRE about the history of Ordnance Survey maps reference should be made to the publications of the Charles Close The 'Exeter Road' leaves Surrey and enters Hampshire Society. at the crossing of the River Blackwater (SU 8545 5989). It then follows the line of the modern A30 to 1675 Ogilby's Britannia. Direct Independent Road. Basingstoke passing through Hartley Wintney, Hook The Road from London to Land's End. (Facsimile and The Hatch. The ring road on the outskirts of from Osprey Publications Ltd, Reading, Berkshire. Basingstoke obscures the route but, after a short devia- 1971) tion along the Ringway South (SU 6526 5180 to SU Plate 24, Strip B-C clearly shows the entry of the road 6481 5161), it can be re-gained at Old Common Road. in to Hampshire at the crossing of the 'Blackwater flu'. London Road then leads in to Basingstoke Town Basingstoke is shown on Plate 25, Strip D-E, while Centre and the 'Exeter Road' continues along Whitchurch and Andover are on Strip E-F. The map is Winchester Street, Sarum Hill, Worting Road and Old not detailed enough for the exact route through these Worting Road. towns to be determined. The road enters Wiltshire north As Old Worting Road is a 'No Through Road' we of 'Lobcocks Corner...at ye Ashe tree'. The route set need to re-trace our steps to Worting Road to re-join the out in Ogilby is essentially the same as the modern B3400. The line of the B3400 takes the road to roads described above. However route variations in

Page 14 The Journal of the Milestone Society comparison with existing roads are many and can be This map is firmly based on John Ogilby's 1675 reviewed on the Old Hampshire Mapped website Britannia being essentially a half size reduction to make (http://www.geog.port.ac.uk/webmap/hantsmap/ a more readily usable book. However the Hampshire hantsmap/ogyanal/o25_3tpf.htm). County map (page 262) is so reduced as to make it dif- Mileages within the cartouche indicate the distances ficult to read and the roads are poorly defined. There are between towns while those on the strip maps show the some evident differences to the 1675 version in that the distance to the Standard in Cornhill, London. The car- cartouche on the title page for the road (page 59) shows touche for the Road from London to Aberistwith (Plate two sets of mileages - computed and measured. There 1) shows mileages being measured using a surveyor's are significant differences, with the measured mileage wheel (Dimensurator, see other synonyms such as per- being 4 miles longer at Staines, 15 miles by Shaftsbury ambulator, hodometer or waywiser) and being fol- and 62 miles at Senan (Land's End). lowed by a colleague on a horse carrying a theodolite. The computed mileage was based on differences in latitude and longitude and the measured mileage is as 1695 William Camden's Britannia by Robert recorded by a surveyor's wheel. There is no evidence Morden (Facsimile from David & Charles, Newton that Bowen re-surveyed the roads but he has made cor- Abbot. 1972) rections and updated the spelling of town names. One The Hampshire County map shows the roads to the of these corrections involves the 'Exeter Road'; in the southwest via Andover as well as those to 1675 version on Plate 25, Strip C-D there are two Southampton and Portsmouth. The 'Exeter Road' is 38-mile markers as the 37-mile marker east of clearly identifiable as are the towns and villages on Hartley Row has been mislabelled 38. This has been route. There are no mileages recorded on the map corrected in the Bowen version. although a 'Scale of Miles' is present that allows rough Mileages from London to selected towns on route estimates of distances between major market towns. (in the cartouche) and marked every mile on the strip maps were measured from the Standard in Cornhill. 1719 and editions to 1757 John Senex. An actual survey of all the Principal Roads of England and 1742 Thomas Badeslade. Chorographia Britanniae. Wales; described by One Hundred Maps from cop- A set of Maps of all the Counties in England and per plates. On which are delineated all the Cities, Wales to which are prefixed ..... III. Map of the Towns, Villages, Churches, Houses and Places of Great Roads. Engraved and published by William Note throughout each road. As also Directions to the Henry Toms, London Curious Traveller what is worth observing through- The map of the 'Great Roads from London to all parts out his journey. The whole described in the most of South Britain' shows the 'Exeter Road' passing easy and intelligible Manner. First performed and through Bagshot, Basingstoke, Andover and Salisbury. published by John Ogilby, Esq. and now improved The Hampshire County Map on page 18 also shows the very much corrected and made portable by John road but there is little detail. Senex. Volume 1. Containing all the Direct Roads The most valuable element of this atlas is the Table from London. The Road from London to the Land's 1 (with a binding instruction 'to follow Plate 3') regis- End in Cornwall tering the distances along the 'High Roads through John Senex's strip maps are clearly based on John England'. The Great Western road from London to the Ogilby's 1675 Britannia, although there are some dif- Lands End in Cornwall is recorded in detail with both ferences especially the recording of 'the Hutt' at computed and measured miles and furlongs from 'Lobcocks Corner' (Plate 26). This is a well-known London to the towns on route. The computed mileage landmark on the 'Exeter Road' that was used through was based on differences in latitude and longitude and to the Road Books of Paterson and Cary. There is again the measured is as recorded by a surveyor's wheel. On no detail of the route through the major towns of the 1763 Kitchin's Most Accurate Map of the Roads of Basingstoke, Whitchurch and Andover. England and Wales that was included in the London Mileages from the Head of Cornhill in London are Magazine there is a telling comment on computed recorded to all major towns and cities on route and are mileage. "We have wholly omitted the Computed marked every mile on the strips. The cartouche on the Distances on the Roads, they being nothing better than title page of the road (Plate 25) records that the roads the effect of wild and random Imaginations..." were 'Actually Surveyed by a Wheel'. 1744 I. Cowley (Geographer). 'The Geography of 1731 Edmund Bowen. Britannia Depicta or Britain' Done in the manner of Gordon's Ogibly's Improved Road Atlas of England and Geographical Grammer. R. Dodsley Printer, Wales. The Road from London to the Land's End in London Cornwall. (Facsimile Britannia Publications, This map of Hampshire is very sketchy on detail. The Tiverton, Devon. 1979) road beyond Andover is shown dividing to go to either

The Journal of the Milestone Society Page 15 Truro or Senan. The 'Exeter Road' is that marked Roads in England and Wales, extended to Edinburgh, Senan and the Truro road represents the current A303. Scotland identifies the, roads by number with the Mileages are shown between Market Towns. 'Exeter Road' being 25, the number of the strip map page. The strips are difficult to distinguish from John 1759 Isaac Taylor (surveyor), R. Benning Hinton's map of the same year. (Engraver). Map of Hampshire and the Isle of Mileages to the Market towns on route are even Wight. One inch to one mile recorded in identical cartouches but are measured from This is the first one inch to the mile map of Hampshire the Royal Exchange, London. It is perhaps surprising and was produced in an attempt to win the 1759 Royal then to find the mileages on John Hinton and Thomas Society Premium of £100 for an accurate county sur- Kitchen's maps are identical. vey at this scale. This map is notable as it was the first submitted and the first to be rejected; in 1765 a map of 1776 Daniel Paterson. A New and Accurate Derbyshire by Benjamin Donn won the £100 award. Description of all the Direct and the Principal Cross The detail of the 'Exeter Road' exceeds all the previous Roads in Great Britain maps of Hampshire with the route through major towns The frontispiece is a map entitled: A General View of such as Basingstoke and Andover being well defined. the Roads of England and Wales 1776. Engraved by J. However with the exception of the weighing engine Ellis. While the 'Exeter Road' is only represented by a near Basingstoke the main feature of the map is single line joining Bagshot to Basingstoke, Andover 'Gentlemen and their estates and rectors and their and Salisbury there is a detailed description of the road parishes'. Indeed the dedication in the lower left corner on pages 19/20 and 23/24. is quite revealing, " Estates are accurately surveyed Mileages from London are measured from Hyde and Maps of them neatly drawn at the Customary Park Corner. Price". There are no mileages shown on this map with one 1785 Daniel Paterson. Paterson's British Itinerary. exception, a road running from Beurn Chine near Carington Bowles (Publisher), London. Volume 1. Christchurch is labelled 5 miles & V2 To Pool. Later versions show the Printer as Bowies and Carver 1765 Gentleman's Magazine. The Road from A road book of strip maps with two strips per page. The London to the Land's End, and the Road from 'Exeter Road' is covered by strip 37 and 44 to 59, with Exeter to Truro, scale about 2 inches to the mile. the Hampshire section of the road by strips 45^47. Published as a supplement to the 12 monthly issues These maps are notable for the relative detail of the The whole journey is covered on one sheet over 12 route through the towns of Basingstoke, Whitchurch strips, with the journey through Hampshire being and Andover. There are new spellings for the notable recorded on Strips II to IV. The route through major landmarks of 'The Hut' and 'Lapcombe Corner' where towns cannot be clarified from the maps. the 'Exeter Road' leaves Hampshire. Mileages are shown to London, measured from The header for each page shows the mileage to the Hyde Park Corner. notable towns on the two strips initially from the com- mencement of the strip and then between the towns. 1767 John Hinton. Universal Magazine of Each mile from London is shown measured from Hyde Knowledge and Pleasure, London. The Road from Park. London to the 204th Milestone in the Way to the Land's End in Cornwall 1785 John Cary. A New and Correct Atlas. Plate X shows a by now 'standard' strip of the road. Hampshire The journey carries over 8 strips with the road through A detailed single sheet county map with the 'Exeter Hampshire on Strips 2 and 3. Road' clearly delineated. Mileages to the individual Market Towns are shown Mileages from London are shown on all the major in the cartouche with each individual mile being shown routes and between towns on the cross roads. While not on the strips. The distances are measured from indicated on the map the London mileages are clearly Cornhill, London. measured from Hyde Park.

1767 Thomas Kitchen. Kitchen's Post Chaise 1791 Thomas Milne. Hampshire or the County of Companion through England and Wales; contain- Southampton including the isle of Wight. Surveyed ing all the Ancient and New additional roads with by Thos. Milne in the years 1788, 89 & 90 executed every topographical detail relating thereto. For the and published at the private expense of the use of travellers on one hundred and three copper Proprietor W.Faden, Geographer to his Majesty, plates. Carington Bowles (Publisher), London The Charing Cross, London This is the second of the 1 General Map of the Direct and Principal Cross inch to 1 mile maps of

Page 16 The Journal of the Milestone Society Hampshire. The map in the Collection of Hampshire Mileages from London are only shown for Market County Council Museum Services (item HMCMS: Towns so on the 'Exeter Road' it is limited to FA1998.124) is a six sheet map dissected in to 48 Basingstoke, Whitchurch and Andover. While there is pieces, and mounted on a linen backing. This map is a no indication on the map the distances to London major advance over Isaac Taylor's map of 1759 because would appear to have been measured from Hyde Park of the clarity of the engraving and printing. Not only is Corner. the 'Exeter Road' easy to follow but also the detail allows the identification of tollhouse sites, a weighing 1816 Ordnance Survey One-inch First Edition. engine and individual milestones not just mileages from Sheet 8. Dorking London. The road from Exeter is clearly labelled on the The sheet has been reprinted by David & Charles as map as 'GREAT ROAD TO LONDON'. Sheet 79 Dorking and Kingston (2nd impression 1979) There are two sets of mileages shown with a mile- but it is from a much later date of 1862. This sheet cov- stone pictogram and the mileage to London in roman ers the 'Exeter Road' from the River Blackwater to numerals and Arabic script for the distance between Hartford Bridge. towns. This map also records Direction Posts, both in On the reprinted Sheet 79, mileages from London words and as a pictogram, that would have also been are shown along the major roads. erected under for instance the General Highway Act 1778. "The Justices, at their special sessions, shall give 1817 Ordnance Survey One-inch First Edition. order to the Surveyor to erect Direction Posts ...... , Sheet 12. Whole of Surrey with portions of where necessary. The surveyor neglecting to execute Hampshire, Wiltshire, Berkshire, Middlesex and such order for three months, after it is directed and Sussex delivered to him, shall forfeit 20s" (Scott 1778). This sheet was primarily a map of Hampshire in spite This also became a clear responsibility of the of the title. It was reprinted by David & Charles in the Turnpike Trusts so that we find in the General Turnpike 1970s as Sheet 78 Basingstoke for the 1886 edition Road Act of 1822 (3 GeoIV Cap. 126) in paragraph printed in 1909. The sheet covers the 'Exeter Road' CXIX the following instruction: "...and also such from Hartley Row to Abbots Anne, just south of direction post at the several roads leading out of any Andover. such road, or at any crossing, turning or terminations There are no mileages recorded on Sheet 78, thereof, with such inscriptions thereon denoting to although it appears that the milestones may be being what place or places the said roads respectively lead... represented by height datum points along the major (Bateman 1822). Two Direction Posts are shown on the roads. 'Exeter Road' at the junction of the modern A30 and B3016 (SU 781 583) and at Lopcombe Corner at the 1822 Owen's New Book of Roads or a Description of junction of the A30 and the A343 (SU 249 354). The the Roads of Great Britain being a Companion to second of these Direction Posts even makes it into Owen's Complete Book of Fairs. Illustrated with a Paterson's Roads (1829) on page 44. neat and correct Map, describing the principal Roads and chief Towns in England and Wales 1805 W.C. Oulton. The Travellers Guide or English The frontispiece is a map of the Mail Coach and Itinerary. Published by James Cundee, Ivy-Lane ; Principal Post Roads in England and Wales. The Exeter and C. Chappie, Pall-Mall, London. Two volumes Road is illustrated via Kingston, Basingstoke, The frontispiece is a coloured map of England and Whitchurch, Andover and Salisbury. A detailed Wales showing the counties and the major roads. The description of the route with mileages from Hyde Park 'Exeter Road' is not represented on the map rather the Corner is presented on pages 27/28, with the road alternate routes from Basingstoke to Salisbury follow- entering Hampshire at Blackwater - 30 miles from ing the current A30 and the route from Andover to the London. The book is set out in a clearer manner than south-west along the current A303. However mileages Paterson or Cary with no additional information about to London are recorded in the text for the major towns the local gentry. in Hampshire. 1826 C & J Greenwood and N L Kentish. Map of 1806 S. Neale on behalf of J. Wilkes, London. the County of Southampton. From an actual survey Hampshire, published as the Act directs made in the years 1825 and 1826 by C & J A single sheet county map with a very clear delineation Greenwood and N L Kentish. Most respectfully of the major and cross roads. The major roads are iden dedicated to the Nobility, Clergy & Gentry of tified using a much thicker line and greater width Hampshire by the Proprietors Greenwood, Pringle between the lines. This leads to a much clearer repre & Co., London sentation of the route of the 'Exeter Road' through the A 1 inch to 1 mile map in the Collection of the major towns. * Hampshire County Council Museum Services

The Journal of the Milestone Society Page 17 (HMCMS: FA1965.589). The copy has six sheets cut would be most help to a traveller from Exeter being into 60 pieces and mounted on a linen backing. shown as "From Salisbury" and "To London". There Comparisons with Milne (1791) show many differ- are no mileages shown on the map. ences in the shape of ponds, parks, woodlands and road details. Where these can be compared with a modern 1840 J. Pigot & Co's British Atlas. Counties of map the Greenwood map appears more accurate. The England. Comprising the Counties of England with 'Exeter Road' can be followed to show details of additional maps of England, Wales and London. toll-gates, toll bars and side gates. (Facsimile copy, slightly reduced in size, Bramley Mileages are shown between towns in the same Books. 1997) form as Milne (1791). In the Introduction there is a summary of 'Routes from London'. The London to Falmouth road describes the 1826 Smith's New Pocket Companion to the Roads route of the 'Exeter Road' through Hampshire with dis- of England and Wales and part of Scotland, Charles tances between towns and an accumulative mileage Smith & Sons, London from London. The frontispiece is entitled "A General Map of The County section for Hampshire identifies the England and Wales to Accompany Smith's Pocket 'Exeter Road' as a Mail Road but shows no mileages Companion to the Roads". While the 'Exeter Road' along the route. The accompanying text contains an can be clearly seen the detail is revealed in Strip Maps 'Index of Distances from Town to Town in the County 17 to 25. of Hants". Mileages from London are recorded to the nearest half-mile for significant landmarks on the route. The 1874-1877. Ordnance Survey 6 inch edition distances appear to have been measured from Hyde (1:10,560). (Website www.old-maps.co.uk. Park Corner. Landmark) These maps give excellent cover of the 'Exeter Road' 1828 John Cary. New Itinerary or an Accurate including the text on the milestones. The sheets are Delineation of the Great Roads, both Direct and accessed on the web-site via a Gazetteer of town and Cross, throughout England and Wales. Eleventh village names. To cover the whole course of the road in Edition with Improvements Hampshire you will need to look in Blackwater (1874 Frontispiece is a "New Map of England and Wales, edition), Hartfordbridge (1874 edition), Hartley Adapted to Cary's New Itinerary, showing the whole of Wintney (1874 edition), Hook (1875 edition), Nately the Roads Direct and Cross contained in this volume". Scures (1875 edition), Hatch (1877 edition), The 'Exeter Road' is shown as a Mail Road but there is Basingstoke (1877 edition), Church Oakley (1877 edi- little detail in the map; this contrast with the detailed tion), Overton (1877 edition), Freefolk (1876-1877 written description of the route of the London to Land's edition), Whitchurch (1876-1877 edition), Andover End Road on pages 51/52 and 63/64. Down (1876 edition), Andover (1876 edition), Anna Distances from London and between towns are Valley or Little Anne (1876 edition) and Middle recorded in the route description. The distances to Wallop (1876 edition). London are measured from Hyde Park Corner. Each milestone has destination and mileage but while guideposts are shown they are not treated in the 1829 Edward Mogg. Paterson's Roads: being an same manner. entirely original and accurate description of all the Direct and Principal Cross Roads in England and 1924-25. Harry R.G. Inglis. The 'Contour' Road Wales. Eighteenth Edition Map of England. A series of elevation plans of the Frontispiece is a "General Map of the Roads of roads, with measurements and descriptive letter- England and Wales. Engraved for Mogg's Improved press. Gall & Inglis, London Edition of Paterson's Roads". The 'Exeter Road' is Route 513 is the road from London to Salisbury and identified as a Mail Coach Road but the detailed Exeter. The state of the road in the mid-1920's is description of the route, with mileages from London described, along with the mileages to the market town (Hyde Park Corner) and Land's End is set out on pages on route from Hyde Park Corner, London. What makes 42 to 51. Mogg keeps the spelling of Labcombe corner this book of particular interest is that the maps show near Salisbury as in the 1785 Paterson's Roads. the elevation of the road, the hills and valleys, as this was an important consideration for early motorists. 1835 Robert Creighton (Surveyor) and J & C Likewise this was one of the factors that affected the Walker (engravers). Samuel Lewis's Topographical speed of coaches being pulled by horses with the coach Dictionary. Andover drivers looking for 'galloping grounds' - long flat sec- This map is useful for tracing the route of the 'Exeter tions of road - on which to show their prowess. Road' through Andover. The labelling of the roads One of the most famous of these 'galloping

Page 18 The Journal of the Milestone Society grounds' was the Hartford Bridge Flats .. ."where they 1:50,000 series sprang their horses over it for all they were worth, See sheets 184, 185 & 186 to follow the 'Exeter Road' through Hartley Row and Hook" (Harper 1899). The through Hampshire. Not all milestones are shown on map on page 381 shows the climb from Blackwater at these maps especially when there is a lot of information 200 feet above sea level to the Hartford Bridge Flats at in the immediate area. 1:25,000 series just over 300 feet with a five mile long plateau before See sheets 131, 144 & 145 to follow the 'Exeter Road' the road heads down hill through Hartley Row to through Hampshire. Most milestones are shown on Hook. The time for the "best five miles for a coach in these maps but there are still exceptions to this rule. England" (Tristram 1893: 1973 facsimile) was just over 20 minutes - a speed approaching 15 miles per SECTION 2 : RECORDED MILEAGES hour. This was not the only 'galloping ground' on the FROM LONDON TO, AND DISTANCES Exeter Road. The four mile stage from Wincanton to BETWEEN, SELECTED TOWNS IN Last Gate also proved tempting with the four miles HAMPSHIRE FROM being covered in as little as 12 minutes - a speed of 20 CONTEMPORARY MAPS miles per hour (St. Maur 1889). The mileages from London to selected towns in Modern Ordnance Survey Maps Hampshire are presented in Table 1 and the distances Popular Edition and New Popular Edition until the between towns in Table 2. 7th series The mileages can help to provide context for the fig- See sheets 167,168 & 169 to follow the 'Exeter Road' ures shown on the milestones bearing in mind the ini- through Hampshire. Many of these maps do not show tial dates of the Turnpike Acts. milestones, especially those produced during and immediately after the Second World War.

Year Name of Mapmaker Miles from London to Blackwater Hartley Row Basingstoke Whitchurch Andover 1675* Ogilby 33 38 48 59/60 66 1719* Sennex 33 38 48 59/60 66 1731* Bowen 33 38 48 59/60 66 1742* Badeslade - 38 48m 1f - 66m 2f 1765$ Gentleman's Magazine 30 35 45 56/57 63 1765* Hinton 33 38 48 60 66 1767+ Kitchen 33 38 48 59/60 66 1785$ Paterson 30½ 36½ 46½ 58 65 1785$ Paterson 30 36 46 58 65 1785$ Cary 30 36 46 58 65 1791$ Milne XXX XXXVI XLV LVII LXIV 1805$ Oulton 30m 1f 36m 1f 45m 1f 56m 6f 63m 4f 1806$ Neale - - 46 58 65 1816 OS Sheet 8 Dorking 30 - - - - 3 1822$ Owen 30 36¼ 45 56 /4 63½ 1826$ Smith 30½ - 45 56 63 1828$ Cary 30m 1f 36m 1f 45m 1f 56m 6f 63m 4f 1829$ Mogg 30½ 36¼ 45¼ 56½ 63 ½ 1840$ Pigot - - 45 57 64 1893$ Tristram 45m 1f 56m 6f 63m 4f 1924 Inglis 33½ 48½ 60⅛ 66⅞

* - London mileage measured from Standard in Cornhill $ - London mileage measured from Hyde Park Corner + London mileage measured from Royal Exchange

Table 1 Mileages to significant Hampshire landmarks and towns on the 'Exeter Road'

The Journal of the Milestone Society Page 19 Year Name of Mapmaker Hartley Row to Basingstoke to Whitchurch to Basingstoke Whitchurch Andover 1675 Ogilby 10 11 7 1719 Sennex 10 11 7 1731 Bo wen 10 11 7 1742 Badeslade 10m 1f - - 1744 Cowley 8 10 6 1765 Gentleman's Magazine 10 11 7 1765 Hinton 10 12 6 1767 Kitchen 10 11 7 1785 Paterson 10 11½ 7 1785 Paterson 10 12 7 1785 Cary 10 12 7 1791 Milne X XI VII 1806 Neale - 12 7 1822 Owen 8¾ 11¾ 6¾ 1826 Greenwood 9 6 1826 Smith - 11 7 1828 Cary 9 11m 5f 6m 2f 1829 Mogg 9 11¼ 7 1840 Pigot - 12 7 1924 Inglis - 11⅝ 6¾

Table 2. Distances between Hampshire towns on the 'Exeter Road'

SECTION 3 : TURNPIKE HISTORY Basingstoke and it will be evident from the dates of the INCLUDING DATES OF ACTS AND initial Turnpike Acts in Table 3 that the visitor is cor- SITES OF TOLLGATES rect but if he had travelled four or five years later A foreign visitor after travelling on the Great things would have been different. From the first of the Western Road to Exeter during 1752, wrote in the initial Turnpike Acts covering the 'Exeter Road' to the Gentleman's Magazine .. "after the first 47 miles from last was 61 years, although the latest section is strictly London, you never set an eye on a turnpike for 220 in Wiltshire. The early pressure for the turnpiking of miles. What fine roads from London to Land's End or the Blackwater to Basing section could well reflect the even to Exeter .... ; you have such roads as the lazy underlying geology, which is initially an Upper Eocene Italians have fruits, namely, what God left after the merging in to a Lower Eocene or 'London' Clay. It is Flood" (Webb & Webb 1913). only as the road reaches Basingstoke that chalk starts to The first 47 miles from London takes us to dominate as it does for the rest of the journey through

Hampshire. Identity of Section of road There are six Toll Gates recorded on the length of Date Turnpike Act covered road through Hampshire. The main sources of informa- 1737 10GeoIIc.l2 Blackwater-Basing tion were the one inch to one mile maps of Milne (1791), Greenwood (1826) and the First Series Ordnance Survey (1817). Additional information was 1755 28 GeoII c.44 Basing- Andover-Winterslow provided by Cary's Roads (1828) and Harper (1899); indeed Harper's description of the Andover Tollhouse 1753 26 GeoII c.30 Winterslow-Harnham Bridge gives an additional insight in to 'what is a milestone?'. He writes... "Just out of Andover, on the rising road, 1798 38 GeoIII c.38 Winterslow-New Sarum stands the old toll-house that commanded either route, New Sarum with the mileages to various towns still displayed 1756 29 GeoII c.54 -Dorchester prominently on its walls." This does not exactly coin- cide with the photograph of the Round House, Andover Table 3. The Dates of the initial Turnpike Acts for the included in a history of Andover (Greenway undated) sections of the 'Exeter Road'passing through Hampshire.

Page 20 The Journal of the Milestone Society National Grid Site name Reference Reference Phoenix Green Milne 1791, Greenwood 1826, SU 7585 5568 (Hartley Row Gate) OS 6 inch to mile 1874. Eastrop, Basingstoke Milne 1791*, OS First Series 1817, SU 6499 5200 (Newram's Turnpike) Greenwood 1826, Cary 1828. Greenwood 1826, OS SU 6106 5176 Worting Gate First Series 1817. Milne 1791, OS First Series 1817, SU 5740 5 106 Clerken Green Greenwood 1826, Cary 1828, Viner 1969 SU 5123 4958 Overton Hampshire Treasures Volume 2, page 241, entry 10

Milne 1791, Greenwood 1826, Viner 1969. SU 4701 4822 Whitchurch Hampshire Treasures Volume 2, page 342, entry 9. Milne 1791, Greenwood 1826, SU 3598 4540 Andover West Harper 1899

* - Weighing Engine shown at site

Table 4. Toll house sites identified from maps and written sources. in which only destination boards are shown bolted to There is usually little information on the distances the walls. The sites are shown in Table 4. run between changes of horses. We have an interesting account of a London-Basingstoke coach (St. Maur SECTION 4 : A REVIEW OF COACH 1889) with the following stages from London:- TRAFFIC ON THE 'EXETER ROAD' DURING THE 18TH AND 19TH St Pauls to Bedfont (Middlesex) - 15 miles

CENTURY

Pawson (1977) showed an increase in the speed of Time Miles Arrival at:- Actual time coaches between London and Exeter between 1750 and allowed 1811, with the fastest coaches reducing the travel time 30.5 3h 55m Bagshot 11.55pm from 40 hours to just under 21 or an increase in speed 20 2h 30m Basingstoke 2.25 am from 4¼ to 8¼ miles per hour. During the final flourish of the 'Coaching Age' in 1836 the fastest coaches were 8.5 1h 10m Overton 3.35 am The Defiance and The Exeter Subscription coach at 19 28.5 3h 40m Salisbury 7.15 am hours and The Telegraph at 18 hours. However even Thirty minutes are allowed for Breakfast in then there were coaches still taking up to 37 hours for Salisbury the trip (Anderson & Anderson 1973). A General Post Office Time-Bill for the 1790s is 10 1h 20m Woodyears 9.05 am reproduced in Table 5 and the timings for the Exeter 12.5 1h 40m Blandford 10.45 am Mail from 1836 (Bates 1969) in Table 6. A sample of 16 2h 10m Dorchester 12.55 pm the coaches moving through Basingstoke and Andover in 1830 (Pigot 1830) are presented in Table 7. Thirty minutes are allowed for Dinner etc. in Speed of travel is not a measure of the number of Dorchester coaches using a road and a Commons Committee of 27.5 4h 0m Axminster 5.25 pm 1752 during investigations of Turnpike Trusts showed 9.5 1h l5m Honiton 6.40 pm that the Basingstoke to Hartfordbridge Trust had one of the lowest incomes at only £300 per annum. Most other Post Office, 16 2h 10m 8.50 pm trusts had at least double that income with the best at Exeter ten times being £3,000 per annum (Pawson 1977). Total distance 179 miles However as the 'Coaching Age' drew to a close over 30 Total travel time 24h 50m coaches a day were passing through Hartley Row (Wintney) until the arrival of the London & South Table 5. A reproduction of a time-bill from the London to Western Railway killed the trade. Exeter Mail coach leaving the General Post office in London at 8pm. (after Baker 1968)

The Journal of the Milestone Society Page 21

From To Each milestone and Parish boundary stone was sur- London London veyed and its position established using an 8 figure National Grid reading derived from a hand-held GPS LONDON receiver. The position of the tollhouse was also estab- 7.30 pm Swan with Two Necks 5.57 am lished using the GPS receiver but it was not surveyed. Bell & Crown Viner (1969) as part of the University of Southampton Industrial Archaeology Group (SIAG) reported a sur- General Post Office, 8.00 pm 5.42 am vey of Hampshire Roads. As this survey represents an London important comparator to show the loss of milestones 9.56 pm Staines 3.46 am over the last 35 years there is a preamble to facilitate a 2.42 am Andover 11.00pm ready comparison. The SIAG survey was set out under 4.27 am Salisbury 8.50 pm modern road numbers; so to follow the 'Exeter Road' within this document it would be necessary to use the 6.41 am Shaftesbury 6.48 pm A30 information to MS inscr in central reservation 8.53 am Yeovil 4.30 pm 693532 (page 159) then move forward to the B3400 10.12am Crewkerne 3.40 pm (page 171) and back to the A343 to MS displaced 11.00am Chard 2.55 pm 349448 (page 165). The milestones along the 'Exeter Road' through 12.31 pm Honiton 1.27pm Hampshire are presented in Table 8. A total of 32 mile- 2.12pm Exeter 11.50am stones were found during the most recent survey, although one stone (SU 4419 4636) was only present as Table 6. The timings of the Exeter Mail -1836 (after Bates shattered remains and a further stone (SU 0532 2116) 1969) had been knocked over. The distance from the Surrey/Hampshire County Boundary to the Bedfont to Bagshot (Surrey) - 13 miles Hampshire/Wiltshire Boundary is some 40 miles; taken Bagshot to Hartley Row - 13 miles along with the three mile section of the A 354 on the Hartley Row to Odiham - 4 miles Hampshire/Dorset Border we have 32 stones left out of (no change of horses) Odiham a potential of 43 or over a 70 per cent survival. On the to Basingstoke - 6 miles 4 sets of A30 one stone is recorded in Viner (1969) and was not horses used - 16 in total Total found in the current survey (SU 784 584) and one stone distance 51 miles was missed by the SIAG survey (SU 6486 5201); Total journey time 5 hours (starting at 9.30 am) therefore on this section of road there has been the loss Average speed 10 mph. of a single stone due to a junction improvement scheme where the A327 joins the A30. A London to Southampton Railway had been proposed The design of the stones in this section of the in 1831 (Stephens 1831) with the company, London & 'Exeter Road' are relatively complex with a rectangu- South Western, being incorporated on July 25th 1834 lar base set with a leading edge to the road with a (Ellis 1956). The railway reached Basingstoke on 10th carved top to allow a rounded surface with a triangular June 1839 but the coaches still ran to Exeter. facet below (see Figures 1a: SU 6922 5306, 1b: SU Basingstoke became the terminal of the West Country 8156 5885 & 1c: SU 7076 5319). It is perhaps unfortu- coaches with the Exeter Telegraph and the Davenport nate that the first stone recorded on this route shows the Mail (Quicksilver) travelling to and from London by wrong mileage; the distance to London (Hyde Park train but being 'horsed' on the remainder of the journey Corner) should be 31 miles but is recorded as 30 miles. (Anderson & Anderson 1973). The Great Western The remainder of the stones record the mileage to Railway eventually killed the coach trade on the London accurately. Travelling from the Surrey border 'Exeter Road' when a branch from Bristol to Exeter the mileages are recorded initially to Hartfordbridge was opened on 1st May 1844 (Beckett 1980). What and from Bagshot (Bagniol on the stones). There is probably surprised many at the time was that Chaplin then a change, to Basingstoke, from Hartfordbridge -the greatest of the coach proprietors - moved to active- with London being a constant feature. Most of the ly support railways. Indeed he was, for many years, the stones also record the distance to Hyde Park Corner on chairman of the London & South Western Railway. the face away from the road. SECTION 5 : EXTANT REMAINS Two stones (SU 8315 5909: SU 7076 5319) mention -MILESTONES, PARISH BOUNDARY Odiham; in the first case a simple mileage but in the second to record a distance to London via Odiham. The STONES AND TOLL HOUSES Blackwater to Basing Turnpike Trust also covered the road to Odiham and Pigot's 1830 Directory records The information in this section was derived from a sur- Joseph Monk's coach running from Basingstoke to vey undertaken by the author during 2002 and 2003.

Page 22 The Journal of the Milestone Society Route and Time of Time between Name of Coach Distance between Speed Departure Towns and Towns Towns (miles) (mph) (24 hour clock) (hour.minutes) Defiance (2) London to Devonport Basingstoke 21.30 Andover 24.00 2.30 18 7.2 Devonport to London Andover 6.00 Basingstoke 8.00 2.00 18 9.0 Hero (1) Bridgewater to London Basingstoke 2.00 Andover 22.00 3.00 18 6.0 Magnet London to Weymouth Basingstoke 11.00 Andover 13.00 2.00 18 9.0 Weymouth to London Andover 13.00 Basingstoke 15.00 2.00 18 9.0 North Devon London to Barnstable Basingstoke 19.45 Andover 22.00 2.15 18 8.0 Barnstable to London Andover 2.00 Basingstoke 5.45 3.45 18 4.8 Phoenix London to Devonport Basingstoke 14.00 Andover 16.30 2.30 18 7.2 Devonport to London Andover 5.00 Basingstoke 7.00 2.00 18 9.0 Royal Mail (Devonport) London to Devonport Basingstoke 1.00 Andover 3.00 2.00 18 9.0 Devonport to London Andover 24.00 Basingstoke 1.45 1.45 18 10.3 Royal Mail (Exeter) London to Exeter Basingstoke 1.00 Andover 4.00 3.00 18 6.0 Exeter to London Andover 23.00 Basingstoke 1.00 2.00 18 9.0 Subscription Devonport to London Andover 9.00 Basingstoke 11.30 2.30 18 7.2 London to Devonport 18 Basingstoke 22.30 Andover 1.00 2.30 7.2

Table 7. Timetable of coaches travelling on the 'Exeter Road' through Hampshire in 1830 (Pigot's 1830 Directory Hampshire)

The Journal of the Milestone Society Page 23 Stone Stone Stone , Attachment Legend-right face Side Road Width- Depth- Height Shape of Dimensions of Legend-left face Legend-centre face Number mid mid -visible attachment (cm) W- Road height height (cm) width H - (cm) (cm) height A30 S 8464 5968 S$ 47 44 58 LONDON/30 3 3 A30 S 8315 5909 S 45 44 86 Hartford/Bridge/3 /4 LONDON/32 ODIHAM/5 /4 3 3 A30 S 8156 5885 S 49 45 86 Hartford/Bridge/2 /4 LONDON/33 Bagshot/6 /4 3 3 A30 S 7997 5863 S 48 44 94 Hartford/Bridge/1 /4 LONDON/34 Bagshot/7 /4 A30 S 7722 5743 S 48 44 91 Hartford/Bridge/¼ LONDON/36 A30 S 7609 5635 S 37 37 117 Basing/Stoke/8½ LONDON/37 Hartford/Bridge/1¼ A30 S 7499 5537 S 35 37 82 Basing/Stoke/7½ LONDON/38 Hartford/Bridge2¼ A30 S 7214 5402 S 37 37 70 LONDON/40 A30 S 7076 5319 S 37 37 66 Basing/Stoke/4(½) LONDON/41 Hartford/Bridge/5(¼) A30 S 6922 5306 S 30 40 100 Basing/Stoke/3½ LONDON/42 Hartford/Bridge/ 6¼ A30 S 6486 5201 S 49 35 92 BASINGSTOKE/½ HARTFORD/BRIDGE/9¼ UC S 6147 5173 N 36 34 80 Missing B3400 S 5835 5147 S 35 36 69 Missing B3400 S 5400 4977 S 36 36 97 Rectangular 29w by 34h LONDON/52/BASINGSTOKE/6 B3400 S 5243 4962 S 35 34 52 Rectangular 29w by 34h LONDON/53/ANDOVER/l 1 B3400 S 5089 4954 S 39 32 87 Rectangular 29w by 34h LONDON/54/ANDOVER/l0 LONDON/54/BASINGSTOKE/8 B3400 S 4796 4855 S 36 36 89 Missing LONDON/56/??/Corner B3400 S 4671 4829 S - - - Rectangular 29w by 34h LONDON/57/ANDOVER7 LONDON/57/BASINGSTOKE/l1 B3400 S 4419 4636 S Missing B3400 S 4102 4654 S 36 36 48 Rectangular 28 w by 23 h LONDON/6 l/ANDOVER/3 LONDON/61/BASINGSTOKE/15 B3400 S 3947 4613 S 36 36 40 Rectangular 28 w by 23 h LONDON/62/ANDOVER/2 LONDON/62/BASINGSTOKE/l6 UC S 3760 4597 E 28 34 46 Rectangular 29 w by 34 h LONDON/63/ANDOVER/l LONDON/63/BASINGSTOKE/17 A343 S 3487 4468 W 32 34 72 Rectangular 28 w by 23 h LONDON/65/ANDOVER/l LONDON/65/SARUM/l6 A343 S 3372 4358 W 34 31 52 Rectangular 28w by 33 h LONDON/66/ANDOVER/2 LONDON/66/SARUM/l5 A343 S 3197 4099 W 30 34 82 Rectangular 28w by 33 h LONDON/68/ANDOVER/4 LONDON/68/SARUM/13 A343 S 3067 4002 W 33 36 69 Rectangular 28w by 33 h LONDON/69/ANDOVER/5 LONDON/69/SARUM/12 A343 S 2971 3873 W 30 36 70 Missing A343 S 2858 3761 W 33 36 57 28w by 33 h LONDON/7 l/ANDOVER/7 LONDON/71/SARUM/l0 A343 S 2575 3610 W 30 37 89 28w by 33 h LONDON/73/ANDOVER/9 LONDON/73/SARUM/8 A354 S 0671 2201 E 37 23 66 To/SARUM/7/BLANDFORD/15 A354 S 0532 2116 E 36 20 45 A354 S 0391 2029 E 36 20 109 To/SARUM/9/BLANDFORD/13 $ N- North, S- South, W - West, E - East * / indicates a new line in the milestone inscription

Fig. 1a SU 6922 5306, Water End near Old Basing, Fig. 1c. SU 7076 5319 Nately Scures, showing showing mileages to London, Basingstoke and Hartford the distance to London through Odihain. Bridge. Note Parish name on the top of the stone.

London, stopping at his office in the High Street and Andover again shows the loss of a single milestone proceeding to London via Hartley Row. The route is (SU 569 511) from the twelve recorded by Viner represented by the current B3349 from Odiham to the (1969), although an additional set of plates from a A30 on which three milestones still stand. milestone were found bolted to a house in Whitchurch The next section of the road from Basingstoke to (SIT 4671 4829). The design of the stones is much sim- pler being a rectangular column with attached plates, the mileage to London is recorded on each plate along with either Andover or Basingstoke. A typical example of the stone is shown in Figure 2a (SU 5089 4954). One stone in the series SU 4796 4855 shows an addi-

Fig. 1b SU 8156 5885 Hartford Bridge Flats. Fig. 2a at SU 5089 4954 Original inscription showing the distance to Hyde Park Overton, showing rectangular Corner. plate.

The Journal of the Milestone Society Page 25 tional inscription apparently recording the mileage to Hyde Park Corner. It is similar to that shown in Figure 1b and may represent the original form of the stone suggesting that the other stones are a replacement set or the plates a later addition - see Figure 2b. The road from Andover to Salisbury has also lost a stone (SU 329 423) that appears to be associated with the modernisation of a cottage including the construc- tion of a new fence. The milestones are very similar in design to those on the Basingstoke to Andover road with again both plates showing the mileage to London with either Andover or Sarum (Salisbury) - see Figure 3. The final section of the 'Exeter Road' in Hampshire contains three milestones. All are still present although one is currently fallen. This section of road was not part of Hampshire in 1969 and was not included in the STAG survey. The stones arc of a 'tombstone' shape Fig. 5a. SU5740 5106 Clerken Green Toll Gate. with an inscribed destination and mileage. The stones Turnpike Cottage, Andover Road, Oakley, Hants. record the distance to Sarum and Blandford; none record the distance to London - see Figure 4. Parishes are represented in two different ways either as a specific boundary marker between parishes or as a regarded as 'Hampshire Treasures' - see Figures 5a, designation on a milestone. Under the General 5b and 5c. Quoting from the 'Hampshire Treasure' Turnpike Road Act 1822 (3Geo IV. Cap126) Section listing:- CXIX the trust "..shall also cause stones to be put up marking the boundaries of parishes where such bound- Overton. Toll cottage, No 67, High Street. 2 storeys. aries shall cross any turnpike road." While there are no Brick structure, tile hung on west face. Tiled roof. parish boundary stones recorded in this survey five of Double casement windows. Formerly a toll keeper's the A30 milestones record the parish in which they are cottage. situated. Three tollhouses were extant when the Viner (1969) Whitchurch, Toll house. London Street. Octagonal peb- survey was completed - Clerken Green, Overton and ble-dashed structure. 2 storeys. Low pitched slate roof Whitchurch (see Table 4). Only one of the tollhouses with wide spreading eaves forming a continuous veran- was recorded in Viner. All three houses still survive da supported on rustic posts. Metal casements. with the Overton and Whitchurch examples being The 'Weighing Engine' shown at Newram's Turnpike (Eastrop, Basingstoke) in Milne 1791 was probably of a type that physically lifted carts and wagons up from the road. There are no examples of this type of engine left in Hampshire. However examples of the more familiar weigh bridge associated with a toll gate can be seen at 196 & 198 Brockhurst Road, Elson, Gosport, Hants.

The 'Exeter Road' as it passes through Hampshire pro- vides excellent opportunities for the development of a cartobibliography to identify milestone and other sites for survey in an attempt to show the remains of the 'Coaching Age'.

Fig. 3 SU 3487 4468 Fig. 4. SU 0391 2029 Salisbury Road, Andover. Tidpit near Martin

Page 26 The Journal of the Milestone Society

Fig. 5b SU 5123 4958 Overton Toll Fig. 5c SU4701 4822 Whitchurch Toll Gate. Gate. 67, High Street, Overton, Hants. Toll house, London Road, Whitchurch, Hants.

REFERENCES

In the cartobibliography the title of each map or road Mogg, E 1829. Paterson's Roads: being an entirely book is sufficient in itself as a reference, these will not original and accurate description of all the Direct and be repeated here. Principal Cross Roads in England and Wales. Eighteenth Edition, pp.42-51. Anderson, R.C. & Anderson, J.M 1973. Quicksilver. A Pawson, E 1977. Transport and Economy. The Hundred Years of Coaching 1750-1850. David & Turnpike Roads of Eighteenth Century Britain. Charles, Newton Abbot, pp.111-114 & 165. Academic Press, London, pp.200 & 290-291. Baker, M 1968. Discovering the Exeter Road. Shire Penfold, A 1994. Introduction to the Printed Maps of Publications, Tring, Herts. Hampshire. Hampshire County Council Museum Bateman, J 1822. The General Turnpike Road Act, 3 Services. Geo IV cap. 126. with an appendix of forms. Pigot & Co 1830. Pigots Directory of Hampshire. Associated Law Booksellers, London. Archive CD Books, Cinderford, Glos. Bates, A 1969. Directory of Stage Coach Services Scott, J 1778. Digests of the General Highway and 1836. David & Charles, Newton Abbot, p.67. Turnpike Laws; with the schedule of forms, as directed Beckett, D 1980. Brunei's Britain. David & Charles, by Act of Parliament; and remarks, also an appendix Newton Abbot, p.17. on the construction and preservation of roads. Printed Box, E.G 1932-34. 'Hampshire in Early Maps and by Edward & Charles Dilley, London, p.97. Road-Books' Proceedings of the Hampshire Field St Maur, Lord Algernon 1889. Old Coaching Days, in Club, 12,pp.221-235. Driving (Editor His Grace the Duke of Bedford). The Box, E.G 1935-37. 'Hampshire in Early Maps and Badminton Library, Longman, Green & Co., London, Road-Books II' Proceedings of the Hampshire Field pp.79-180. Club, 13,pp.61-68. Stephens, E.L 1831. A Report to the Committee for Cary, J 1828. New Itinerary or an Accurate Establishing a Company to form a Railway from Delineation of the Great Roads, both Direct and Cross, Southampton to London with Docks at Southampton. throughout England and Wales. Eleventh Edition with Printed by J. Coupland, Hampshire Advertiser Office. Improvements, pp. 51/52 & 63/64. 29 pages. Ellis, H 1956. The South Western Railway. George Tristram, W.O 1893. Coaching Days and Coaching Allen and Unwin, Museum Street, London, pp.30-32. Ways. Macmillan & Co, London. 1973 Facsimile, EP Fordham, H.G 1916. Road Books and Itineraries. Publishing Ltd, Wakefield, Yorkshire, pp.108-109. Bibliographically Considered. Bibliographical Society, Viner, D.J 1969. 'The Industrial Archaeology of London. Hampshire Roads: A Survey'. Proceedings of the Greenway, W (Undated). Andover...When we were Hampshire Field Club, 26, pp.155-172. young. Paul Cave Publications, Southampton, p.4. Webb, S. & Webb, B 1913. English Local Government: Harper, C.G 1899. The Exeter Road. The Story of the The Story of the King's Highway. Longmans, Green & West of England Highway. Chapman & Hall Ltd., Co., London, p.125. London. „

The Journal of the Milestone Society Page 27 On Roads and Milestones in County Galway, Ireland by Peadar O 'Dowd

Peadar O 'Dowd is a lecturer in Information allel lines of boulders mark "Bothar na Caillighe" (2), Technology and Heritage Studies in the other residues of these early roadways exist as toghers, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology and is a derived from the Irish word tóchar, anglicised as former president of the Galway Archaeological "togher". Jack Mulveen (3) noted that such tóchars, and Historical Society. The author of several dating from the Middle Bronze Age, were basic narrow books on the heritage of Galway, both city and timber trackways built mainly for pedestrian traffic county, his most recent publication is entitled across otherwise impassable wetland between areas of "The History of County Galway". This article firm ground. first appeared in the Journal of the Galway A. T. Lucas (4) also noted that the building of Archaeological and Historical Society Vol. 53, toghers represented a continuing response to the needs 2001, pp. 105-19 (ISSN 0332-415X) and has of people following the settlement of new lands, and been updated for the Milestone Society s publica- that they were essential for the foundation of ecclesias- tion. The Milestone Society thanks the author and tical establishments in deliberately selected, isolated the Society for permission to reproduce this arti- sites to which access had to be provided. C. cle and our member Maurice Barrett for his good O'Lochlainn (5) continues the religious theme and offices throughout. expands the time scale of these early roadways towards the present when he noted that invading Normans found little difficulty, it seems, in moving bodies of Once important to travellers, the few remaining mile- mailed warriors in all directions across them. stones on the ancient roadways of County Galway It is not the intention here to deal with the evolution hardly merit a glance now in an age when speedome- of these early Irish highways in more detail, however, ters mark the passage of time and place. Sixty miles per but to move quickly to the growth and networking of hour is all we are allowed to travel on our highways road systems (rough as they are to modern eyes) from --not so long ago, such a journey would be the 17th century onwards. Despite the troubled times of exceptional in a day. Thus, tarmacadam and white lines that century, with war, confiscations and ethnic cleans- are the culmination of our incessant need to move ing generating more than normal movements of people faster and in comfort when we travel by road across and stock, subsequent peaceful times spawned the "big Ireland's second largest county. house" era with all its farming improvements leading Yet this small corpus of milestones, usually free- to the increased transport of produce and goods, and standing limestone pillars about a metre high with a the growth of market towns and fairs. These, in turn, distance number inscribed, introduced mostly during led to a spreading network of estate roads and road- the 18th century, marked significant improvements in works, joining estates with existing roads and nearby transport conditions of the time. They heralded an age towns, the latter sometimes founded by the adjacent when average carriage or coach speeds reached over landlord himself, such as Williamstown in North five miles an hour on staged sections of roads we Galway founded by William McDermott. would simply class as trackways today. These same J. H. Andrews (6) in his Introduction to a subsequent roadways were themselves the culmination of Irish reprinting of the famous Taylor and Skinner's Maps of endeavour over many centuries to improve movement the Roads of Ireland of 1778 paints this picture of the into the heart of the island, where transport by water period: was impossible. Thus, as populations grew in numbers from Bronze "Public coach services were still poorly devel- Age times, overland communications between settle- oped, but with the growth of Dublin and, to a ments and even sacred sites saw the first rough path- lesser extent, the provincial towns, the number of ways cut through forests, and over toghers (causeways horses and conveyances, private and hired, was of timbers set over wetlands) as at Kellysgrove near on the increase as the government, the legal pro- Ballinasloe (1). Some Bronze Age standing stones may fession and the army each contributed a larger have even marked clan boundaries, and were in their quota of traffic. For men of wealth, the seasonal own way milestones of their time. rhythm of town house and country estate was well While some of these ancient roadways are still evi- established and with building and rebuilding of dent on Galway landscapes as in the townland of gentlemen's residences there was more scope for Doughiska, on the outskirts of Galway City, where par- entertaining and so for cross-country visiting. "

Page 28 The Journal of the Milestone Society Road Network in Galway

Thus, as Ireland settled into the relative peace of the parish, as decreed and marshalled by directors 18th century, albeit with more than ninety per cent of and overseers, for a minimum of six days within the countryside in the possession of the landed gentry, the period from Easter to Midsummer Day. " the pressures for new and better roads and means of transport occupied local as well as government minds. While this was a major step forward in the upgrading The increasing number of travellers from Britain, as of our ancient roadway system, it had some serious dis- well as from Irish landed estates to view the natural advantages. This became apparent in the variations in, beauty of Ireland, to partake of spas, horse racing and the non co-ordination of work carried out by differ- events and fairs such as the annual event in Ballinasloe, ent parishes at boundary level. As the 1613 Act did not only increased these pressures. Towards the end of the cover the making of new roads or bridges, or even the 18th century, new industrial stirrings also brought their repair of bridges already in existence, other road own pressures for upgrading of the road system, a improvement schemes were called for and were process which had already commenced at the start of already in operation when parochial efforts ceased in the 17th century. 1765. In 1613, an Act was passed which, as well as mak- One of the first, which started in 1634 and lasted ing Ireland responsible for its own road making and right up to 1898, was the Grand Jury Presentment sys- repair (and, subsequently, the "Irish mile" measure of tem which allowed thirteen or more jurors (usually 2,240 yards as against the Imperial measure of 1,760 landlords or their agents) to present payments within a yards), also brought this responsibility right down to county for the repairing of old roads or making new the parish unit. W. A. McCutcheon (7) notes that: roads or bridges. Expenses of such schemes were levied as a tax on land, and while it did provide a road "During the century and a half following the system superior to the parish scheme, it led to original enactment of 1613 the maintenance of favouritism and misuse, before the County Council roads in Ireland was the responsibility of the system took over after its inauguration in 1898. parish, operating a system of direct, statutory Another type of road improvement called the labour. The act of 1613 required parishes to Turnpike system, which was initiated in the Dublin maintain those roads within their boundaries area in 1729, lasted until 1858. This system saw the which served the principal market towns, using parliament appointing trusts or companies to maintain, the direct labour resources available in the improve and control the major "trunk" highways

The Journal of the Milestone Society Page 29 between the main centres of population of the day. This This was hinted in a Grand Jury Act of 1727 requir- meant turning such roadways into toll roads, with the ing that "able, knowing and skilful" persons should be toll being collected at "turnpikes" along the way. made surveyors of new country road projects when Initially, these turnpike roads were rather profitable to monetary charges were coming into play in the compu- their promoters, helping to alleviate the problem of tation of fares in the increasing public transport facili- increasing road traffic, with initial mail car contracts ties, culminating in the famous Bianconi coach services more than paying their way. However, administration to places such as Clifden in the 19th century, in the problems, the eventual weaning of traffic over to the granting of state bounties on the carriage of corn and "free" Presentment roads, and the arrival of the rail- flour, and also in the new postal charges along the post ways eventually brought an end to the turnpike system. roads. In other words, payment by the Irish mile in all A further major factor in road improvement schemes in these cases was the driving force behind the need for the 18th century was the entry of the Post Office and its exact linear measurements and hence the importance of mail service on to the scene. W. A. McCutcheon (8) the proper placements of milestones along the main explains it thus: routes. The initial 18th century road maps in this rush for "For a relatively brief period at the beginning of more efficient communications were of the single-line, the 19th century the Irish Post Office played a sig- strip or itinerary type with lines drawn between towns, nificant role in the development of road commu- minimising horizontal distances, without too much nications. The act of 1783 establishing the Irish attention to the natural terrain such as hills. From the Post Office called upon the Postmaster General 1760s onwards, more emphasis was placed on road to have measured all roads along which mail was improvements by following "flatter" routes (easier for already being carried on foot or on horseback, wheeled transport) on these strip maps of which Taylor and to see that the average speed at which the and Skinner's Maps of 1778 are perhaps the most mails were carried was at least 3.5 Irish miles famous. While some confusion was inevitable in many per hour. " of these maps being compiled just then, a far more seri- ous problem lay in deciding the initial unit of measure, Mail services to and from Galway had started much which the first milestones purported to show. earlier, of course, as Jimmy O'Connor, the late J. H. Andrews (10) complains: Treasurer of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society, mentioned in his Galway postal history (9) in "However, taking measurements itself becomes a the Journal of the Galway Archaeological and modification of the landscape when the surveyor Historical Society: marks its progress with a line of milestones. Irish road mileages remained in a state of disarray "The establishment of the "Connaught Road" by well into the eighteenth century. A good deal of Evan Vaughan in 1659 brought the first mail to legislation embodied distance limits of one kind Galway and the West. It was conveyed between or another, but often without properly specifying the offices along the main "roads " with no deliv any particular unit. " ery made en route ..... Mail coaches were intro duced in Ireland in 1789. A coach between Nevertheless, while the Irish mile came to be the meas- Dublin and Galway commenced in 1807. " ure adopted as we see on Taylor and Skinner's Map and on the aforementioned Larkin's Map of County th Thus, at the start of the 19 century, other Acts were Galway of 1819, more confusion occurs because of the enacted ordering the Postmaster General to carry out disparity in the sourcing of the actual miles marked on further surveying of the major roadways, which result- either map, reflected also in corresponding milestones ed in Major Alexander Taylor's survey of over 2,000 on the ground. In the case of the former map, distances miles. By then a whole plethora of maps, from country were measured from Dublin, as is still evident on the estate to county size in extent and with varying degrees milestones in the Menlough and Ahascragh areas of of accuracy, had made their appearance. While the County Galway. They are also shown in the need for greater accuracy in surveying was ever pres- Dublin/Galway map (11) published in The Travellers ent - in estate maps to show the actual properties New Guide Through Ireland: Containing a New and involved, and in county maps, such as William Accurate Description of the Roads, while those mile- Larkin's of County Galway in 1819 to help in the prop- stones on the Headford/Tuam roads measured dis- er computation of cess or county tax, the exact measur- tances from Galway and are noted also in this impor- ing of roads, of which the erecting of milestones at tant publication. mile intervals played a part, also had a monetary pur- Another problem was the inaccuracy of the dis- pose. tances between milestones set up by masons or quarry-

Page 30 The Journal of the Milestone Society men as discovered by more efficient surveyors. As well particularly finely carved stone at Annagh Cross (Fig. as incompetence, J. H. Andrews (12) also states: 25) was erected by John Bodkin, the local landowner and shows distances to Galway, Tuam, Dunmore, "Such accusations could involve something Moylough and Athenry, but that to Castlerea was not worse than incompetence; more than one inn- included! keeper was charged with deliberately causing Some other carved stones also show multiple dis- stones to be too widely spaced in the hope of tances such as the most noted milestone in Co. Galway, enticing travellers towards his establishment that on the bridge at Mountbellew (Fig. 26), which under the erroneous impression that it would shows distances from the town to Dublin, Galway, shorten their journey. " Tuam, Dunmore, Ballyforan and Ballinasloe. More modern versions occur at Cranmore (Fig. 22), on the That there were problems with Irish milestones from old Galway/Gort road which shows distances from the start is also echoed by Andrews (13) in the intro- Gort, Galway and Oranmore. duction pages of Taylor and Skinner's Maps: A different version of multiplicity of information on stones occurs on the Ballinasloe/Aughrim Road (Fig. "This introductory matter is brief and to the 18) and on the Ahascragh/Ballinasloe Road (Fig. 17) point, and one misses the exhibition of miscella- both of which also record distance information in Irish, neous learning which enlivens the corresponding denoting erection perhaps in the post-Independence section of Ogilby's "Britannia"; it would have, period. As a result of enquiries from County Council been interesting, for instance, to have the personnel such as Paul Duffy, from field archaeologists authors 'comments on Irish milestones. " and local historians, and with the perusal of local his- torical tracts and maps in various libraries, as well as Thus it seems that the erection of milestones and the requests in local newspapers and on local radio through sequencing of their measurements and positioning in the "Keith Finnegan Programme" on Galway Bay FM County Galway were not a fully co-ordinated or a sin- (15), thirty milestones have been identified. Others, gular act. Nevertheless, the few that survive today tell classed as milestones (Figs. 31 to 35) by local corre- of a time when their installation promised a better spondents, but containing no data, have also been transport system for the future. The milestones them- included. They may, in effect, be ancient distance selves were measured proof of this, and their position- markers in their own right and so are noted here. ing along evolving road systems offered hope for sus- Using the Taylor and Skinner linear maps and tainable growth in the overland communications of the William Larkin's Map of 1819, in which mile points time. are included, not necessarily meaning milestones, the The difficulty, now, is to determine the date of erec- main County Galway coach roads in which milestones tion of each set or individual milestone that survives are still extant include the old Galway/Dublin road via today. Research has failed to reveal this, as the various Menlough/Ahascragh/Ballinasloe, the old Galway/ road agencies mentioned above, from the first half of Limerick Road, the old Galway/Castlebar Road with the 18th century right down to our County Council era, branches to Headford and Tuam, and the old undoubtedly produced their own. Connemara Road which originally terminated at The earliest samples, four in all, would seem to be Oughterard. Single examples are indicated as they the set of milestones in the Menlough/Ahascragh area occur, although precise location sites are not given in as they show the original distances from Dublin, or to some cases due to local worries of stones being stolen be exact, Dublin Castle, using the old Irish mile meas- as a result. urement of 2,240 yards in length. That sets of mile- Only a fraction of the original number of milestones stones became obsolete is exemplified by a group remain in situ in County Galway and are recorded here, found together on Roscam foreshore in October although other examples have been notified to the 2000 (14) (A subsequent search in April and May 2001 writer since the original article was prepared for publi- conducted by a group led by William Henry and cation. Of these, and to hand in 2005, are the eleven Jacqueline O'Brien unearthed eleven more milestones aforementioned discovered in the Roscam 'hoard' by covered by vegetation, numbered 10, 11, 13, 14, 27, 33, William Henry and Jacqueline O'Brien in 2001, while 37, 39, 43, 45 and 50). another was discovered in 2003 by the author at While other stones have been found, mostly in situ, Claran, with the number two carved in the normal fash- along what many locals class as former "coach" roads, ion on a slab now inserted into a boundary wall, two more difficult to explain were outliers on roads which miles west of Headford on the road to Greenfields in may not have been of the "coach" type such as at north County Galway. Another milestone was reported Ballydonnellan, near Headford (Fig. 12). to the author by the Very Rev. Sean Higgins, P.P. of These singular stones may have been erected by the Kilkerrin in East Galway, who unfortunately died local landlord to show distances from his estate. One before the exact location could be indicated.

The Journal of the Milestone Society- Page 31 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS OLD GALWAY/HEADFORD/CASTLEBAR/TUAM ROADS [This road covers parts of the N 17, a county My thanks especially go to William Henry, Paddy road running north and broadly parallel to the N 84 Riddell, John Joe Duggan, Milo Duggan, Patricia road and the R 333] This former important highway Bergin and my wife, Mary, who accompanied me on north from Galway City, branched off at present day many "milestone safaris" to record the above. Thanks Loughgeorge, then went through Aughcleggan and also to the library staffs of Galway County Council, connected up with the present Headford/Tuam Road at N.U.I., Galway and G.M.I.T. for their help in Caherlistrane. It continued north to Shrule and researching this paper and to Paul Walsh of Duchas, Castlebar from Caherlistrane. Paul Gosling of G.M.I.T. and Paul Duffy of Galway County Council for their advice. The following also Fig. 3 Fine pillar with large number 4 built into left contributed much to the compilation of this paper: roadside wall at Pollaghrevagh going from Galway Keith Finnegan of Galway Bay F. M., Paddy (See pp. 195, 206, Claregalway Parish History 750 Glennon, Mike Nutley, Mike Moran, Michael Nee, Years). The first milestone of this series was covered by Kitty Wheatley, Martin Coppinger, Frank Linnane, roadworks at Riverside Estate; the second is said to be Brian Devine, Pat Joe Scanlon, John O'Halloran, covered by briars, etc., near McHugh's Public House at Tom Kyne, Kieran Donlon, Mary Nolan, Peter Two-Mile-Ditch; nothing is now known of No. 3. Conroy Edmond Burke, Jackie Dillon, Jackie Burke, Dick Burke, Josephine Deely, Pat Costelloe, John Fig. 4 Pillar type, half the size of Fig. 3, incorporat- Casserly, Anthony Ward, Michael Lally, Sean Neilan, ed into roadside wall on left going from Galway, oppo- Michael Walsh, Ann Marie Keating, Fr. Sean site side road exit to Oranmore in Claregalway. It con- Higgins, James and Brigid Forde, Eleanor O'Brien, tains the number 5. James Doyle, Joe Larkin, Brendan Glynn, Maureen Mulroe, Mrs. Aspel, Mary Cosgrove, Mairtin Nestor, Fig. 5 Pillar type, incorporated into roadside wall on Seamus O'Connell, Joan McLoughlin, Donal Kelly, the left side of road going from Galway, a hundred John Courtney and some others whose telephone metres the city side of Loughgeorge. It contains the messages about milestones were cancelled by mis- number 6. take. Fig. 6 Pillar type, hidden in roadside wall at DESCRIPTION OF REMAINING Waterdale, off the main Galway/Tuam Road going MILESTONES away from the city. It contains the number 7. (all carved in limestone - site names indicate town-lands) Fig. 7 Pillar type, inserted in left roadside wall in Barravilla townland going from Galway. It contains the GALWAY/OUGHTERARD ROAD [This is now the number 8. N 59 road] Fig. 8 As numbers 9 and 10 have disappeared, Fig. 8 Fig. 1 Irregular shaped slab containing the number 2 continues the series towards Caherlistrane. This con- opposite Bushypark Church inserted in wall beside tains the number 11 beside Mrs Maureen Mulroe's gateway leading to Bushypark House. thatched house on the left hand side of the road at Cluide. Fig. 2 Tall pillar c. 27 cm square at Killannin con- taining the word, GALWAY and underneath the num- Fig. 9 At time of writing (October 2000), this stone ber 10. Near entrance to Ross House, former home of was removed from left side of roadway at Manusflynn the Martyn family, including Violet Martyn of literary for a new housing development, but is to be put back in fame. its former location when work is completed. The stone contains the number 12 and a roughly carved bench- [Milestone Society member, Maurice Barrett, inspect- mark. ed this milestone in April 2003. The stone was obvi- ously broken mid-way up at some stage and has been Fig. 10 At Quelly's Public House, Caherlistrane, re- repaired; however, it was re-positioned incorrectly and inserted beside gate entrance on left hand side of the inscriptions on three faces are now facing inwards Shrule Road. Contains the number 14. rather than towards the road with the fourth blank face facing the road. The inscriptions appear to be GAL- Fig. 11 A mile further on the Shrule Road from WAY / 10 // OUGHTER / ARD / 3 // CLEGGAN / Quelly's Pub at Abbeytown, on left hand side of road, 30]. covered mostly by grass and bracken. Contains the number 15.

Page 32 The Journal of the Milestone Society Fig. 12 Another of the above type, with the number trapezoidal prism in shape, this freestanding stone con- 12, lies in Ballydonnellan Townland, near the old tains the number, 11 on front and underneath the school at Kilcoona on left hand side of the road on way words, "From Galway". A benchmark is carved on to Headford after branching off from the Auchlegeen top. Road at Cahermorris Cross. Another such stone nearer to this cross roads has been removed. Fig. 20 Same type stone as Fig. 19, but half buried in earth on left side of the road Caherpeake one mile fur- FORMER GALWAY/BALLINASLOE/DUBLIN ther on towards Gort. Freestanding, surprisingly, con- ROAD VIA MONIVEA/MENLOUGH [R 339 and tains the number 10 and the words, "From Galway", R 358 roads] underneath. A benchmark has been carved on top.

Fig. 13 Mostly buried in the grass verge, two hundred Fig. 21 Same type stone as Fig. 19, on left hand side metres on the Monivea side of Garbally Castle, on the going towards Gort on the former Galway/Gort road, left hand side from Monivea, contains the number 83, 200 metres north of Sheehan's Cross. It has the number signifying the distance from Dublin. It seems to be part 12 and "From Galway" underneath. of the oldest series of milestones in County Galway. Fig. 22 Same type of stone as Fig. 19, but heavily Fig. 14 Removed from a nearby position, during road covered with vegetation, on former Galway/Gort road, works, this stone was taken into safekeeping and now on left side going towards Gort in Crann Mor lies in the possession of Glynn's Public House, town-land. Carving is on three sides. Facing road, are Menlough. It contains the digit 8 with either the digit 3 the numbers, 14 and "From Galway" underneath. On or 6 beside it. left side are the number, 3 and the words, "From Gort", and on the right side, 9½ and, underneath, the Fig. 15 In the safe keeping of Joe Larkin, Killure, words "From Oranmore". Ballinasloe, this stone forms the main ornament in his front garden, and has the number 74, now outlined in Fig. 23 Same type of stone as Fig. 19 on right hand black paint. side of main Galway/Gort road going towards Gort, just south of entrance to Coole Park. It contains the Fig. 16 Also salvaged from obscurity by James Doyle number 16 and the words, "From Galway" under- of Killupan, Ballinasloe, this stone, at present, forms a neath. A benchmark appears on top. This stone was corner stone in front of his garage. Carved in the same removed from the other side of the road for safety rea- early style, this stone has the digit 7 with possibly the sons. digit 0 beside it and with what appears to be the digit 1 and the letter G underneath. OUTLIERS ON OTHER ROADS

Fig. 17 A more modern milestone, triangular in Fig. 24 This stone, set into a ditch, at Derreen Lough shape, with lettering on the two outward facing sides nearly a kilometre on the Kilkerrin side of McGann's stands on the opposite side of the road to Doyle's Cross, Kilkerrin Parish, has the number 25. garage, Killupan, Ballinasloe. It contains in Irish and English, an abbreviated AHASCh and the figure ½ Fig. 25 This fine multi-distance noting milestone is and, on the other side, the abbreviated BaSLOE, the inserted into a garden wall at Annagh Cross near figure 5 and underneath, "béal Áta" above the ground. Ballyglunin on the Galway/Roscommon Road. As well as the inscriptions, To Galway 11 Miles, Tuam 7, Fig. 18 Another of this later type of milestone occurs Dunmore 15, Castlerea, Moylough 9 and Athenry 6, on the Ballinasloe/Aughrim road on the left hand side it also notes that the stone was "Erected by John leaving Ballinasloe. On the east facing side it contains Bodkin", the local landlord for the area. It also con- the word LOUGHREA and the number 18, with the tains a carved hand pointing towards Galway, an Irish version underneath. On the west facing side incised hand pointing towards the word "miles" and an appear the word BaSLOE, the number 3 and the Irish elaborate incised triangular pattern on the edge with version underneath. damaged fin decoration in top right hand corner, as well as internal looping decorations. A pair of more GALWAY/LIMERICK ROAD [N 18 road] recently incised letters, CB, appear in the bottom right-hand corner. Fig. 19 Known as Collins' milestone, it is situated on left side of main road (going toward Gort) south of Fig. 26 Probably the most famous milestone in Kilcolgan, beyond the first side road to the left. A County Galway, this multi-distance noting milestone is

The Journal of the Milestone Society Page 33 now affixed on the centre of the bridge over the Fig. 32 This stone is incorporated into a front lawn Castlegar River in Mountbellew. Of the trapezoidal wall on the Old Oranmore Road from Galway before prism type, it has the following information on the the last bend into Oranmore on the left hand side of the panel facing the road: CG Dublin to Mountbellew road. It seems to contain the lightly incised word, Bridge 79 M. On the west panel appear: To Athlone John, and other indecipherable lettering. 20, Ballyforan 9, Ballynasloe 12. On the east panel, To Galway 23, Tuam 12, Dunmore 12. At the base of Fig. 33 Just the top portion of this stone is visible the inscriptions is a benchmark. (Note: CG = County above the grass verge a mile east of Menlough, on the Galway). [N 63 road] left going towards Ballinasloe.

A DEPOSITORY OF DISCARDED Fig. 34 Only the top of this rounded sculpted stone is MILESTONES AT ROSCAM visible above the grass verge at Eglish on the Ahascragh/Ballinasloe Road. To date, a total of ten milestones have been discovered within a radius of a hundred metres on the foreshore, a Fig. 35 This stone, without any script, is set into an half kilometre to the west of the Roscam Early earthen road margin at Killure, on the left hand side Christian monastic site. In addition to the following going from the Ballinasloe/Aughrim Road towards four milestones, six further milestones have been Ahascragh. unearthed at Roscam by Jacqueline O'Brien and William Henry. All were probably discarded to make REFERENCES way for a new system of distance marking milestones starting from Galway. The numbers they contain sug- 1. Prendergast, E. 'Togher at Kellysgrove, Co. gest distances starting perhaps from Athlone or Galway', JGAHS, 22, (1946), pp. 15 -18. Limerick. 2. Fitzpatrick, M. and Crumlish, R., 'The Excavation Fig. 27 This stone was half buried in an upright posi- of Three Burnt Mounds on the Outskirts of Galway tion at the side of a rough trackway leading eastwards City', JGAHS, Vol. 52, (2000), pp. 135 - 6. towards Roscam monastic site. It contains the number 46. At first, it was thought to be in situ. 3. Mulveen, J., 'Tochar Phadraic: Mayo's Penitential and Sculptured Highway', JGAHS, 51, (1999), p. 168. Fig. 28 Mary O'Dowd discovered this stone on 29 October 2000 lying flat on the land side of the afore- 4. Lucas, A. T., 'Toghers or Causeways: Some mentioned trackway c. 60 metres from the previous Evidence from Archaeological, Literary, Historical and stone It contains the number 32. Place-name Sources', PRIA, 85, (1985), p. 40.

Fig. 29 Nearby, on the same day, William Henry, 5. 6 Lochlainn, C., 'Roadways in Ancient Ireland', Honorary Secretary of the Galway Historical and Essays and Studies presented to Eoin Mac Neill, edited Archaeological Society, discovered this stone among by Rev. John Ryan, Dublin, (1938), pp. 465 - 474. stone rubble on the beach side of the trackway. It con- tains the number 44. 6. Taylor, G. and Skinner, A., Maps of the Roads of Ireland, Irish University Press, Shannon, Ireland (1969 Fig. 30 On the same day, William Henry discovered reprint) p.v this stone amid the beach rubble nearer to the afore- mentioned upright stone. It has the number 38. 7. McCutcheon, W.A., The Industrial Archaeology of Northern Ireland, (1980), p.l. PROBABLE MILESTONES 8. Ibid. p. 12 The following five stones have been suggested as mile- stones or distance markers by local people, although all 9. O'Connor, J., 'Aspects of Galway Postal History lack numbers or, in most cases, lettering of any sort. 1638 - 1984', JGAHS, 44, (1992), p. 135.

Fig. 31 This large free-standing stone at Bushfield 10. Andrews, J. H., Plantation Acres, Ulster Historical was re-erected by County Council workmen during Foundation, (1985), p. 196. recent widening of the main Galway/Dublin less than a kilometre from the turn off for Athenry on left hand 11. The Traveller's New Guide Through Ireland: side of road leading from Galway. It contains a lightly Containing A New and Accurate Description of the incised letter D and other indecipherable lettering. Roads, London, 1819, p. 368. The importance of mile-

Page 34 The Journal of the Milestone Society stones in the time in question is clearly evident in the numbers mentioned here and the help they gave the traveller in pinpointing side roads, monuments and other physical features encountered.

12. Andrews, J H., op. cit.

13. Taylor, C. and Skinner, A., op. cit., p.x.

14. While one (Fig. 27), had already been notified to the writer, three others, (Figs. 28, 29 and 30), were dis covered by William Henry and Mary O'Dowd strewn nearby on the foreshore.

15. In all, over forty replies to the various media requests for site information of milestones were received. Not all milestones were located, however, because some had been removed, while others were lost during road or water scheme developments or sim ply overgrown by dense vegetation. Fig. 3 Pollaghrevagh

Fig. 1 Bushypark

Fig. 4 Claregalway

Fig. 2 Roscahill Fig. 5 Loughgeorge

The Journal of the Milestone Society Page 35

Fig. 6 Waterdale

Fig. 14 Menlough

Fig. 10 Caherlistrane

Fig. 7 Barravilla

Fig. 11 Abbeytown Fig. 15 Killupan

Fig. 16 Killupan

Fig. 8 Cluide

Fig. 12 Ballydonnellan

Fig. 9 Manusflynn Fig. 13 Garbally Castle Fig. 17 Killupan

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Fig. 18 Aughrim Fig. 22 Cranmore

Fig. 19 Kilcolgan Fig. 23 Coole Park Fig. 24 Derreen Lough

Fig. 20 Caherpeake

Fig. 25 Armagh Cross

Fig. 21 Sheehan's Cross

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Fig. 32 Oranmore Fig. 29 Roscam

Fig. 26 Mountbellew

Fig. 33 Menlough

Fig. 27 Roscam

Fig. 30 Roscam Fig. 34 Eglish

Fig. 28 Roscam Fig. 35 Killure

Fig. 31 Bushfield

The Journal of the Milestone Society Page 38 Casting New Suffolk Mileposts by Alan & Carol Haines

Alan Haines is a retired chemistry lecturer and Thurton Foundries had previously made two similar was therefore interested in the science of the cast- posts. In 1984 a replica was produced, for The Beccles ing process. Carol has recorded milestones from Society, of the post cast in 1822 by Jacob Garrett for Norfolk, and beyond, for many years. They are the turnpike from Beccles to Bulcamp. This now members of the Norfolk Industrial Archaeology stands outside Beccles Town Hall. The second Society, and jointly edit the Milestone Society mile-post, which can be seen beside the A146 in the Newsletter. centre of Thurton, was made as a memorial to Arnall and Elizabeth Capps, parents of the foundry owner, and was erected in November 1985. INTRODUCTION PREPARING THE MOULD In August 2003 the authors were invited to Thurton Foundries in south Norfolk to watch two mileposts The basic pattern of the V-plan post was made of wood being cast. The posts were commissioned by friends of and the characters of the inscription were of either John Gibbs of Kesgrave, Suffolk to mark his eightieth wood, aluminium or resin. To allow for shrinkage, the birthday. Mr Gibbs had developed an interest in his- pattern was about 1% larger than the finished casting. toric highways while working in the Suffolk Record The pattern was placed, inscription uppermost, in a Office and wanted to see the gaps filled where the orig- large wooden moulding box which had metal bars inal posts were missing. Money was raised from passing through it to aid lifting and turning (Figure 1). friends and family, from the Martlesham Monthly and The mould was then filled with sand which had been the Martlesham Historic Society. The mileposts were pre-mixed with furfuryl alcohol and an acid (usually to stand beside the A1214 in the parish of Martlesham. phosphoric or lactic acid). The acids cause a polymeri- The road was originally part of the Ipswich to Great sation reaction with the alcohol, and gradually form a Yarmouth Turnpike, created in 1785. hard resin over a relatively short period of time, which

Fig. 1 The milepost pattern in the moulding box

The Journal of the Milestone Society Page 39

Fig. 2 Filling the moulding box with sand. solidifies the sand mixture. The quantities of sand, alcohol and acid in the mixture were computer con- trolled and components were mixed by an Archimedian screw as the sand was fed down a pipe into the mould (Figure 2). Sand with the required properties was obtained from Leziate near King's Lynn or Congleton in Cheshire and furfuryl alcohol is an imported chemi- cal prepared from agricultural waste products such as corn cobs and oat husks. After ramming down the sand, which was still free flowing at this stage, the sand mix- ture was left to harden for about 20 minutes. The mould was then turned over using an overhead hoist, the top moulding box was put on and this was then filled with sand. When set the top mould was lifted off and the pat- tern removed. The numbers and destination panels were first unscrewed from the rear so that the main pat- tern could be lifted out, then the separate pieces of the inscription were carefully removed using wire inserted into the screw holes (Figure 3). Both sides of the mould were sprayed with an isopropanol suspension of graphite which was then ignited (Figure 4). This sealed the surface to make it impervious and to create a slippery surface to facilitate eventual removal of the cast from the mould. Channels were made in the top of the lower mould, and several smaller channels parallel to these running to the milepost mould. These channels were linked to three pouring holes in the top of the mould. Over each pouring hole was placed a conical receptacle which helped to disperse the molten metal quickly around the mould. Another mould was then made for the second mile- Fig. 3 The mould with pattern removed. post. When the sand was set the wooden moulding box

Page 40 The Journal of the Milestone Society

Fig. 4 The mould surface ignited after being sprayed with graphite. was removed and weights totalling half a tonne were the contents tipped in. The cupola can melt up to 5 placed on top of each mould to counteract ferrostatic tonnes and besides ingots of pure metal, waste iron pressure achieved during casting (Figure 5). such as old brake drums and railway line 'shoes' are used. Manganese and calcium carbide were also added THE POURING PROCESS to absorb some of the sulphur. Iron melts at about 1500C, and when the time was appropriate a clay plug The foundry still used a cupola to produce molten iron. was removed from the base of the cupola to allow the Coke (currently from Belgium or Italy) was burned to molten iron to pour into a bucket lined with ganister the required temperature, and predetermined weights (fire-resistant clay). A portion of a volcanic ash (per- of limestone and iron were fed into a container which lite) was added to the molten iron surface and then was automatically winched to the top of the cupola and skimmed off to remove any floating impurities and slag

Fig. 5 Half-tonne weights on each mould.

The Journal of the Milestone Society Page 41

Fig. 6 Pouring molten iron into the mould. which might hinder the smooth entry of the liquid iron The replacement mileposts can be found on Lamb into holes in the top of the mould. The bucket was car- Barn Hill near the entrance to the police headquarters ried by overhead hoist to the moulds and the molten at TM 238461 (London 74) (Figure 7), and near the iron poured down the raised pouring holes (Figure 6). Red Lion Inn at TM 250470 (London 75). It is to be It flowed along the runner bar, along the channels par- hoped that the two new mileposts will survive the com- allel to this into the mould and up the risers. ing centuries, and although they bear no maker's name, Hardening is best done slowly, and the mileposts will be a fitting memorial to John Gibbs and to the were therefore left overnight. The mould was then Capps family. knocked away. About 92% of the sand can be recycled by mechanical attrition. Any metal is sieved out and ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS the sand is automatically fed back into the hopper, topped up with new sand, and re-used. The authors would like to thank John, Ian and Maureen The mileposts were then placed in a large cabinet for Capps for allowing them to watch the casting process. sand-blasting, after which any imperfections were cor- rected in the finishing, or fettling, shop. Before leav- ing the foundry they were given three coats of paint.

MILEPOST HISTORY

The original milestones on the road from Ipswich to Great Yarmouth were stones of triangular cross section. Replacements were later made by Jacob Garrett at his foundry at St Margaret's, Ipswich. Most are dated 1818 and 26 remain in Suffolk. Garrett's foundry was set up in 1802 and many mileposts were made here for Suffolk turnpikes. Most bear the maker's name and foundry address and a date, the earliest date being 1818. Jacob's brother Richard ran the family business in Leiston which later became renowned for traction engines. Another member of the family, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, was one of the first women doctors in England, and also the first woman to be a mayor (of Fig. 7 New Aldeborough, Suffolk, 1908-9). milepost in Martlesham.

Page 42 The Journal of the Milestone Society Review Article The Turnpike Roads of Leicestershire and Rutland by Arthur Cossons Manx Milestones by Stuart Slack Wiltshire Toll Houses by Robert Haynes and Ivor Slocombe Reviewed by David Viner

A number of factors are common to these three publi- Cavendish Bridge over the Trent on the cations. They each represent the work of one individ- Leics-Derbyshire border, swept away by the floods of ual, brought together and put into print by others after March 1947! their deaths; they are classic examples of focussed The book's format (two-thirds A4) is well chosen research topics in which individual effort and enter- and it is by far the easiest of the three books under prise can be so productive; and they offer period review to handle, a not insignificant issue for users. approaches, dating in range from the 1950s up to the There is a very useful summary of local road manage- 1990s, which might seem arcane but which also chal- ment in the medieval and post-medieval periods, sum- lenge some of our preoccupations with the benefits of marising the deficiencies of the pre-turnpike system, present day IT as the principal mechanism by which and then the spread of turnpiking, first arriving in research can and should be done. Leicestershire from the south in 1721-2. Useful Good old-fashioned fieldwork in the fresh air and the extracts from contemporary descriptions of the state of record office is visible here, in one case of a very tradi- the road system include - inevitably - Defoe and tional kind. Not least of the commonalities, each is the William Marshall, and serve to drive home the obvious product of a local publisher, drawing on subventions point about poor conditions, as indeed does the termi- from local sources to ease the cost of publication. This nology of some of the early petitions to Parliament: is essentially local history, the cumulative sum of the 'deep and foundrous' and 'ruinous and bad' being two parts. The vast majority of road and transport history choice examples. has been approached and published in this way. The development of the network is then described, Arthur Cossons' study of The Turnpike Roads of illustrated by eight chronological maps which show Leicestershire and Rutland brings into print the final how the early routes through and across the county piece in the jigsaw of his important work on road (e.g. Market Harborough-Leicester-Loughborough- history, some forty years after his death. A Derby, later the A6) were followed by a detailed net- Nottinghamshire headmaster and a committed local his- work in north west Leicestershire stimulated by the torian, he set about a systematic study of the turnpike needs of the developing coalfield, to a peak in the road network, initially with Nottinghamshire in 1934 1840s. The last act expired in 1885. (republished in a second edition in 1995), and by the Half the volume is given over to the sequence of 1950s with Norfolk, Northamptonshire, Warwickshire acts relating to individual routes, complete with route and Wiltshire all in print. These were then and remain maps and presented in a numbered and chronological now primary sources for accumulated information for gazetteer, providing the basis upon which more these counties. detailed studies might be made. There are relatively Leicestershire and Rutland also belongs to this peri- few photographs, and only one milestone (Leicester 4 od, but remained unpublished when Cossons died in on the Uppingham road), but several toll houses 1963. Without the efforts and commitment of his two including the delightful Lount toll near children, themselves distinguished respectively in the Ashby-de-la-Zouch. Feature boxes discuss particular world of museums, heritage and archives, one suspects topics such as toll bridges, vehicle types and toll it might have lingered as no more than a deposited schedules, with one on the boundary changes which manuscript somewhere. This study certainly deserved tidied up an administrative mess along the county better and here the sense of the original has been repli- boundary with Derbyshire. cated, adhering to the author's text and accompanying As befits the scholarly approach of its compiler, the hand-drawn route maps and sketches. There is even a book is well referenced but there is no separate bibliog- contemporary reference to the recent loss of the Old raphy bringing the study of this area up to date, one of

The Journal of the Milestone Society Page 43 James Hamilton, a Scot brought to the island by the Duke of Atholl and who "appears to have been very successful in improving the roads from mere bridle paths unsuitable for wheeled traffic", for which he earned himself a gold medal. Slack's lecture and survey looked at around 150 milestones on the island, plus another 33 sites from which stones had been removed. There were - and are - three main groups of markers. His greatest concern was with the earliest of these, the stone markers - with- out plates but inscribed - which represent the first phase of route marking on the island from 1760 onwards. There is a very nice early reference in Hamilton's accounts for the measurement for, carriage and installation of stones in May 1761 on the Castletown to Douglas road by way of Newtown. Slack found 66 of these early stones "still virtually in situ" and another 32 identified sites no longer with stones. Their types and survival rate is examined stone by stone along a specific number of routes, a chapter to each, accompanied by the photographs taken 30 years later. The overall impression, both in 1970 and certainly again in 2000 is one of decay, neglect and loss, with an apparently cavalier attitude to their preservation criticised in the editorial observations which conclude the book and bring it up to date. It asks: are they not listed and are there no policies for their protection?

Fig. 1 Milepost at Ullesthorpe, Leics at SP 513873 (photo Carol Haines, July 2000). the prices paid for keeping the period piece intact. Overall, as its promoters wish, this study greatly helps make sense of the historical geography of a significant part of the road network of the east midlands of England. Manx Milestones by Stuart Slack is the record of one man's interest in his island's highway history, which included bridges, street names and the history of cycling. Much of this awaited retirement to bring to maturity, alas not achieved, although some studies were published. This book essentially publishes the text of a lecture given by the author in 1970, updated by colour photographs taken by his family members as part of an 'in memoriam' resurvey of what remained thirty years later. The whole is presented in a quality printing and a handy A5 format. Inevitably the text reveals its presentational and sometimes anecdotal origins, with some scene-setting back to the Romans revealing the absence of subse- quent studies and their analysis of early influences and significance. The main thesis is achieved in 45 pages, th looking forwards from the 18 century development of the Manx road network, with the appointment of a General Supervisor or Surveyor overseeing the work of Fig. 2 Milepost at Luttenvorth, Leics at SP 544842 the Parish Overseers under the Act of 1753. This was (photo Carol Haines, July 2000).

Page 44 The Journal of the Milestone Society

Fig. 3 The Lount toll house, near Ashbv de la Zouch, at the junction of what became the A453 and the Hinckley to Melbourne turnpike, later B587.

With the Aims & Objectives of the Milestone Society across the system. Wiltshire Toll Houses presents the in mind, there is clearly unfinished business here - any accumulated work of retired county architect Robert volunteers? Haynes, who also undertook a major survey of the The two later groups seem to have fared less badly, as checked during a recent visit by this reviewer to the island for other reasons. A run of fine metal triangular-faced mileposts totalled 65 in 1970 (plus one missing) and can be found principally on the roads radiating from Douglas to Castletown. Peel and Ramsey via Laxey and a few other routes. They appear to date from the period of the Ordnance Survey's work on the island between 1866 and 1871, and are almost certainly the products of one of the island's foundries. The three-legged Manx logo graces the top of each post, and their installation largely ignored the earlier series, so that sometimes one of each can be found close together. An even later series of 14 smaller round-topped metal markers, giving the distances between Douglas and Ramsey via Bungalow, can be found on the moun- tain road. Slack dates these to the 1920s. They all sur- vive. Is there a link, incidentally, with the evolution of the TT course around the island after World War One? None of the stones have grid references, and the description implies some local knowledge (not surpris- ingly given its original audience in 1970), and a sup- porting gazetteer would have made a useful checklist for future researchers. The accompanying map is more illustrative than informative. There are no references and no bibliography to tell us what other work has been done. However, this is without doubt a useful updated survey, and a fitting memorial, with a sting in the tail Fig. 4 Isle of Man mountain road milemarker, at SC regarding preservation on a rapidly changing island. 395865 on A18 Douglas to Ramsey road (photo David Viner, April 2005) Finally, a toll house study, another essential aspect of turnpike history but less well studied in any detail

The Journal of the Milestone Society Page 45 county's milestones (one of several with which Wiltshire is blessed). After his death, Ivor Slocombe brought it to publication, adding more detailed docu- mentary and research evidence. Wiltshire probably had around 200 toll houses in total; some were 18th century in origin, some re-build- ings of a later date and some smarter and grander examples of the 19th century, up until the system's demise in the 1870s. They are all represented in this survey, which lists alphabetically in gazetteer form 122 examples. Only 50 of these now survive, and of those only 19 are listed as of historic interest, a clear reflec- tion of the degree both of loss over the years and of subsequent alterations to structures which have reduced their heritage value (and therefore listed build- ing potential), at least in the eyes of those charged with listing them. This last point is graphically made by Slocombe in the same way as the Slacks for their part on the Isle of Man. The introductory essay is a short but most useful description of toll house function and form, from the small and essentially ephemeral toll booth (a rare pho- tographic example is included in this book) through to rebuilding in the second quarter of the 19th century, at just the point when the system approached its nadir. Fig. 5 Milemarkers old and new; the Isle of Man There is a short discussion on weighing engines, a TT course "Milestone 31" sponsored sign alongside the mountain road milemarker, at SC 395865 on A18 Douglas topic little researched and understood, and for which to Ramsey road (photo David Viner, April 2005) more information and examples are sought.

Fig. 6 Burderop toll house on B4005 Wroughton to Chiseldon road at SU163799 (photo Steph Gillett, May 2004)

Page 46 The Journal of the Milestone Society

Fig. 7 Another view of the Burderop toll house (photo Steph Gillett, May 2004)

The core of the volume is the gazetteer, which However, this is a valuable record of toll-houses in includes a building description, a photograph of what Wiltshire, a large county with an extensive and impor- survives now and/or earlier prints or illustrations, and tant road system, and this survey joins with others from often one of Haynes' sketch plans. The relevant turn- Herefordshire, Devon, Somerset and more recently pike trust is quoted, a grid reference given, and refer- Cornwall (for this last see the review in the Society's ences cited from a list of source material which also Newsletter, no 4, January 2003, pp.25-6 as a 'most includes the photographic sources. There is no attempt useful exemplar for county studies elsewhere'). at a bibliography of the wider subject of turnpike his- All these studies reviewed here have in common tory in Wiltshire, which is fair enough. A publication their focus upon the local story, as a contribution to the subvention from the Wiltshire branch of RIBA is wider picture, and that's how the bigger picture is acknowledged, which may have helped keep the retail brought together. These three volumes can take their price to an attractive £6.50, and proceeds from sales share of credit for adding to the sum total of all the will benefit the Wiltshire Buildings Record, which is parts. both appropriate and proper in view of the architectural approach taken throughout this study. The Turnpike Roads of Leicestershire and Rutland by The volume falls down on several counts. There is Arthur Cossons, published in 2003 by Kairos Press, no map of Wiltshire, which is a major deficit for a sur- 552 Bradgate Road, Newton Linford, Leicester LE6 vey of this kind, and the alphabetical approach needs to OHB. 72pp, 42 figs and illus. £6.50. ISBN be offset by some correlation of type or route or trust. 1-871344-30-1. Even allowing for the relatively poor state of survival of some of the earlier photographs, the overall quality Manx Milestones by Stuart Slack, published in 2003 by of photographic reproduction is disappointing, not least The Manx Experience, 24 Sunnybank Avenue, Birch with the recent material, some of which could usefully Hill, Onchan, Isle of Man IM3 3BW. 64pp, 52 colour have been redone. The pictures don't excite, even when illus, 1 map. £7.99. ISBN 1-873-120-58-3. the subject is as interesting as Shane Castle at Devizes, and a number seem out of focus, as are some of the Wiltshire Toll Houses by Robert Haynes and Ivor small sketch plans. The focus of the colour illustration Slocombe, published in 2004 by The Hobnob Press, on the front cover of the toll house at Box (Melksham PO Box 1838, East Knoyle, Salisbury, Wilts SP3 6FA. Road) jars a bit too. 94pp, 153 illus. £6.50. ISBN 0-946418-21-7.

The Journal of the Milestone Society Page 47 Book Review Roads - Archaeology and Architecture by Richard K Morriss Tempus Publishing Ltd, Stroud, Gloucestershire. Twenty chapters, seven parts, 288 pages. £19.99. Reviewed by Keith Lawrence

I bought my first book on the history of roads over 30 been developing either footnotes or a numbered list of years ago; it was English Local Government. The Story referenced books and articles because on page 96 a of the Kings Highway by Sidney and Beatrice Webb. bracketed number 41 appears for no other discernable The book cost £1 and triggered an interest in the histo- reason. Part I is well written and it will provide a good ry of roads and their traffic that is still with me. Since introduction to the history of roads but it adds little to the early 1970's I have read numerous extensive and the current literature on the subject. So if this is your more condensed histories of British roads and this first book on road history read on, but you may feel book devotes Part I to this story. There are a few new some degree of frustration as to where to go next for minor insights in this part of the book but there was a follow-up reading. If you have some background in the real possibility of saving over 70 pages of text as the subject I would skip to the beginning of Part II as it is space taken up seems to have lead to the loss of a bib- the remaining chapters that are the essence of the book. liography and a gazetteer. Part II: Road Engineering is made up of three chapters While I accept that the recent book from Tempus covering Earthworks, Tunnels and Road Surfaces. It Publishing on Roads in Roman Britain by Hugh Davies was whilst reading the chapter on earthworks that an may have been aimed at a different market, the further underlying frustration started - where exactly do you reading and the gazetteer enabled an easy pursuit of go to see a really good agger on a Roman road? It more information. I suspect that Richard Morriss had would just be so much easier to know that for the best

Penmaenbach tunnel east entrance at Penmaenmawr on the North Wales coast, opened in 1932, its portals designed by the Secretary of the Royal Fine Art Commission, complete with coat of arms and date, (photo Hutton of Llanelian, Colwyn Bay)

Page 48 The Journal of the Milestone Society portion of the 'Stane Street' agger you go to ... (OS establishments. Multiply this by the number of rival Landranger Map 197 - Chichester & the South Downs. coaches on this route and you have hundreds of coach- Park your car on Bignor Hill at SU 973 129 and follow ing inns on one, albeit a long, route. This is ultimately the footpath to the south-west to view the agger at SU the problem with the book, book-sized chunks of infor- 955 116). The history of British roads can be visited on mation are summarised in a chapter and the reader is foot not read about in a book or driven past in a car. left wanting much more. Where the book works is in Martin Down near Salisbury provides excellent walks the more modern manifestations of road architecture that take in not only a major Roman road with an such as the Garage and the Car park. exceptional agger but also Bokerley Ditch (OS Part V: Signs. Milestones, Direction signs and Landranger Map 184 - Salisbury & The Plain. Park Traffic signs. Just what can you say about milestones your car on the Down at SU 035 201 and walk to SU with four pages of text and four photographs? Perhaps 034 203 for the agger). enough to bring the subject alive but not enough to feed While many of the places mentioned in the text may an interest. We are thus back to the general theme of be well known and easily found on small-scale maps the review: too little on too many subjects and no guid- others such as the packhorse tracks across the Pennines ance as to how to find out more. It is perhaps even pose a bit of problem with no directions or recommen- more important, for small easily missed objects such as dations for further reading. This is especially frustrat- these, to give specific map references for interesting ing as the South Pennine Packhorse Trails Trust pub- examples. Milestones in England were reviewed by lishes an excellent book by Titus Thornber providing Carol Haines while direction stones in the Peaks are information on these tracks, opening up hundreds of well documented by Howard Smith and on Dartmoor miles to walkers and horse riders. Chapter 5 on Road by Brewer and Harrison - all bear OS map references. Surfaces gives an excellent review of the personalities Part VI: Public Transport. Trams and Trolleybuses involved in road improvement be it McAdam or & motor buses. It probably reflects my current state of Telford but, as many other authors have done, contin- knowledge that I found these three chapters the most ues to neglect the role of Richard Lovell Edgeworth. In interesting in the book. I have travelled on the Manx spite of producing a ground breaking book on the con- and Blackpool tram systems and on London trolleybus- struction of roads in 1813, some seven years before es as a schoolboy but had not really thought about them McAdam, he has been generally lost to transport histo- since. My interest was renewed and perhaps this is the ry, but is still remembered as an educationalist and secret of this book - it is a high level tour pointing out member of the Lunar Society. interesting sights to see if any catch your imagination Part III: River Crossings covers Fords, Ferries and and in these chapters I found a few that did. Bridges. The frustration as to where to go for addition- Part VII: Tailpiece. The rule of the road. It is quite a al information peaked as I read the chapter on fords. number of years since a general book on Roads has On the internet you can find a site listing every ford, appeared, especially approaching the archaeology and water splash and tidal road in the United Kingdom architecture. I read it over a weekend and if I was at the (www.wetroads.co.uk). There are currently 1529 sites start of my reading on road history I believe it would listed by county, each one is photographed, described have done now what Sidney and Beatrice Webb did and the site fixed with an Ordnance Survey six figure thirty years ago - created an interest. However there reference. There is little in the chapter to suggest this comes a point when reading about must turn to getting sort of survival rate and the ease with which an inter- out and looking at objects either in museum collections ested reader can visit a local site. Again please do not or searching in the townscape or country side. The let my frustration about being able to get out into the interest created by this book would have been better country to visit sites detract from the quality of the fed by a bibliography, a gazetteer and maybe even a writing. The subjects are as well covered as you would guide to museum collections to visit. How would I expect with only 6 to 7 pages devoted to each of them. have found the space in a relatively long book? I would With your appetite whetted you are ultimately hungry have dropped the first seventy pages which are a stan- for more information. dard and much repeated history. I was surprised by the Part IV: Buildings includes Inns, Bridge chapels, episodic feel to many of the chapters as though written Toll-houses & toll gates, The manufacturing industry, in isolation of the rest of the text, the number of typo- Garages and Car parks. The chapter on Inns is just too graphical errors, the poor index and the inferior quali- short to give anything other than the briefest history ty of many of the colour photographs - was there a rush and description of the huge network of buildings sup- towards the finish? porting coach travel. In the hey-day of coaching, hors- However, please do not be put off buying this book. es were changed every 10 to 15 miles, on the London It is a good introduction and the bibliography in this to Edinburgh route this represented over 40 major review will provide some further reading.

The Journal of the Milestone Society Page 49 BIBLIOGRAPHY Harrison, Bill 2001. Dartmoor Stone Crosses. Devon Books/Halsgrove, Tiverton, Devon. Brewer, David 2002. Dartmoor Boundary Markers and other markers on and around the moor. Devon Smith, Howard 1999. The Guide Stoops of the Dark Books/Halsgrove, Tiverton, Devon. Peak. Howard Smith, privately published.

Davies, Hugh 2002. Roads in Roman Britain. Tempus Smith, Howard 2000. The Guide Stoops of Derbyshire. Publishing, Stroud, Gloucestershire. Howard Smith, privately published.

Edgeworth, Richard Lovell 1813. An Essay on the Thornber, Titus 2002. Seen on the Packhorse Tracks. Construction of Roads and Carriages. R. Hunter, South Pennine Packhorse Trails Trust, Todmorden, London. Yorkshire.

Haines, Carol 2000. Marking the Miles. A History of Webb, Sidney and Beatrice 1913. English Local English Milestones. Carol Haines, privately published. Government. The Story of the Kings Highway. Longmans & Co., London.

Over two miles long, the Mersey Tunnel (Queensway) between Liverpool and Birkenhead was built between 1925-34; it has a number of dock branches, one of which is seen here, (photo The Dainty Series by E.T.W. Dennis of Scarborough)

Page 50 The Journal of the Milestone Society Review Article The Turnpike Roads of Leicestershire and Rutland by Arthur Cossons Manx Milestones by Stuart Slack Wiltshire Toll Houses by Robert Haynes and Ivor Slocombe Reviewed by David Viner

It must be clear at the outset that the constructions from imaginative survey of a rural Turnpike Trust. the town of St Ives across the Great Ouse river valley Personalities in the saga are highlighted, particularly comprise two distinct components: (1) the six-arch the 'awkward squad'; their commercial and political medieval river bridge of St Ledger, supporting a leanings are documented. Of the 178 trustees listed in chapel, and (2) its extension south along an elevated the 1819 Act (a reduction of 101 gentlemen since the brick causeway over the flood meadows. It is primari- 1755 Act) very few take active part in procedures ly towards the rebuilding of this latter structure that the required to rebuild a not inexpensive causeway. author's text is directed. Earlier "causeys' had always Accounting, where used, is confined to a minimum linked the St Ives district (a major drovers' area) with and deals largely with constructional materials - such markets south, notably that at Smithfield in London. as the estimated 1.3 million bricks. That the 55-arch A Petition 'to repair and amend' the route out of structure was completed in just over 23 weeks is remi- fen-land Huntingdonshire had been put before niscent of a pace that previously could be accredited Parliament in 1754 by an influential group of landed only to the Romans. The Writ of Mandamus, quoted in gentry. This became law on 15 May 1755 and was full on page 70, is a gem of archaic legal jargon. effective in the first instance for 21 years, renewable in A substantial part of the text deals with the litigious 1776. The bulk of the author's investigation is issues of tolls and tollgates, ever seen as yet an addi- confined to the years 1818-1833, a period overlapping tional tax upon the freedom of the individual. The Fifth with railway expansion, which is also given brief Duke of Manchester, for years an absentee landlord (as coverage. It is upon the 1819 continuance Act that Governor of Jamaica), does not come out of this saga Bridget Flanagan concentrates her attention. with any credit. Later, the Ninth Duke was declared Necessarily the author first outlines the course of a insolvent in 1918 and by 1950 the family had sold their road of length 29 miles 3 furlongs and 18 poles com- ducal home at Kimbolton Castle, to be transformed mencing at 'Berry' and concluding at the hamlet of into the present Independent School. Stratton junction with the Great North Road. Or, as one Source material is not merely confined to the end; it of her quotes puts it, '... a comparatively insignificant forms a well-appraised if minor chapter of its own. The by-road from an obscure village in Huntingdonshire to 43 centimetre cover photograph would make a fine rus- a place equally obscure in Bedfordshire'. After her tic landscape picture of which (I venture to add) concise treatment of the confused and often tenden- Constable himself might have approved. tious proceedings between the various interested fac- This is a fascinating, if parochial, tale of a Turnpike tions this highway assumes a much lesser insignifi- Trust which perhaps gives an insight into the fractious cance, for as she records: 'The Bury to Stratton Trust... business transactions conducted by other Trusts across had built a unique bridge; in 1822 the New Bridges the nation. As an important local research project this were the longest road causeway with the greatest num- book is long overdue. Bridget Flanagan has set the his- ber of continuous brick arches'. torical record straight; get one while stocks last. The subject is diligently researched, eloquently [See also Laurence Dopson's review of this book in compiled with apt quotes, competent sketch maps and The Milestone Society Newsletter, no 10, January 2006 appropriate photographs. Overall, this produces an 28-9]

The Journal of the Milestone Society Page 51 What's in Print edited by David Viner

This section is intended to provide a point of reference Benford, Mervyn (ed) 2004. On the Ground, The for material published on subjects within the interests Milestone Society Occ. Paper No 1, September 2004, of the Society, developing over time into a growing 16pp. bibliography of published work on road history. Much relevant material is published in small circulation mag- Bentley. J.B. and Murless, B.J. 1985 and 1987, reprint- azines or local journals and other regional publications ed 2004. Somerset Roads - The Legacy of the which may not be easy to locate. Turnpikes. Two volumes: Phase 1 - Western Somerset, Although some earlier material is included, the 112pp, and Phase 2 - Eastern Somerset, 121pp (see intended baseline is Millennium Year 2000, the year in review and availability in Newsletter 7, July 2004, which the Society was first proposed and the year of pp.28-9). publication of Marking the Miles: a History of English Milestones by Carol Haines [ISBN 0-9538885-0-9] Billingham, Roy 2003. The last surviving tollhouse in which contains a useful bibliography of books and arti- Birmingham?' Birmingham Historian, 25, Winter cles. Works referenced there are not usually repeated 2003, 23-7. (Collet's Brook Farm, Sutton Coldfield). here. Material is listed alphabetically by author. Bissell, Derek 2001. 'Some Seventeenth century roads Publication reviews in the Milestone Society in Breconshire (according to John Ogilby's Britannia, Newsletter (nos 7 to 11) are referenced here. The sec- 1675)', Brycheiniog, XXXIII for 2001, 37-57. tion editor would be pleased to have further references, suggestions or copies for inclusion and can be contact- Blatchley, John (intro) 2004. John Kirby's Suffolk: His ed at 8 Tower Street, Cirencester, Glos GL7 1EF, and Maps and Roadbooks with a Facsimile of The Suffolk e-mail [email protected] Traveller, 1735, Boydell & Brewer, Woodbridge, Suffolk, c.272pp. Anon 2003. Milestones : a survey of four routes north and west from Gloucester, Hartpury Historic Land & Broderick, D. 2002. The first toll roads: Ireland's turn- Buildings Trust, 29pp, illus. ISBN 0-9538968-3-8. (see pike roads 1729-1858, Collins, 302pp. review in Newsletter 7, July 2004, pp.29). Buchanan, B.J. 1986. 'The Evolution of the English Anon 2003. 'The Whitchurch, Kingsclere and Turnpike Trusts: Lessons From a Case Study', Aldermaston Turnpike', The Bedbug Recorder No 2, Economic History Review, 2nd series, vol. XXXIX, Autumn 2003, 4pp, published by Kingsclere Heritage no.2, May 1986, 223-43. (reference to the Bath Asstn, available from Peter Woodman, 6 The Dell, Turnpike Trust). Kingsclere, Newbury RG20 5NL at £3 incl. p&p. Buchanan, C.A. 1977. 'The Langport, Somerton and Anon 2004. 'A history of the Black Country's roads Castle Cary Turnpike Trust: an introduction' SIAS and borders, written in stones' Black Country Bugle, 1st (Somerset Industrial Archaeological Society) Journal, July 2004, 18-9. no.2, 1977, 4pp.

Anderson, A.D. 1997. 'Some Notes on the old military Buchanan, C.A. 1981. 'The Wells Turnpike Trust', road in Dumfries and Galloway', Transactions of the SIAS (Somerset Industrial Archaeological Society) Dumfries and Galloway Natural History and Journal, no.3, 1981, 10-6. Antiquarian Society, 72, 1997, 79-88. Brewer, Dave 2004. Dartmoor Boundary Markers, Barfoot, J. 1989. 'An investigation of an Halsgrove, Tiverton, 310pp. £24.95. ISBN 1 84114 eighteenth-century Montgomeryshire turnpike and its 172 0. (see review in Newsletter 8, January 2005, origins', Montgomeryshire Collections, 77, 73-80. pp.27-8).

Benford, Mervyn 2004. 'Milestones and cast-iron Chandler, John H. 1979. The Amesbury Turnpike Trust. mileposts', Industrial Archaeology News, no. 128, South Wiltshire Industrial Archaeology Society, Spring 2004, 4-5. Historical Monograph no.4, 12pp. ISBN 0 906195 03 9.

Page 52 The Journal of the Milestone Society Davies, Dewi 2003. 'The early years of the turnpike Houlder, Eric 2002. 'The Ackworth Milestone', trust in Cardiganshire', Ceredigion, 14, no.3, 2003, Current Archaeology, no 182, November 2002, 49. See 7-19. also 'A Milestone in History' in Farmers Weekly 30 August 2002 (Farmlife section). Day, Thomas 2003. 'The construction of Aberdeenshire's first turnpike roads', Journal of Hunt, W.M. 1996. 'The promotion of Tattershall Transport History, 3rd series, vol. 24, 2003, 154-76. Bridge and Sleaford to Tattershall Turnpike', Lincolnshire History and Archaeology, 31, 1996,42-5. Dopson, Laurence 2004. 'Hampshire's Historical Milestones', Hampshire, November 2004, 32-4. Jenkinson, Tim 2004a. 'Marking the Road', Devon Life, vol.9, no.1, July 2004, 120-1. Drinkwater, Peter 1980. Ways and Waymarks in the Four Shires, Shipston-on-Stour, 94pp. Jenkinson, Tim 2004b. 'Milestones Across the Moor, part 1' Dartmoor Magazine, no.77, Winter 2004, 38-9. Duckham, Baron F. 1983. 'Roads in the eighteenth century: a reassessment?', The Local Historian, vol.15, Jenkinson, Tim 2005. 'Milestones Across the Moor, no.6, May 1983, 338-44 (includes a useful list of refer- part 2' Dartmoor Magazine, no.78, Spring 2005, 38-9. ences). Keegan, Terry (ed) 2005. On the Ground, The Edmonds, K., Elding, J and Mellor, J. 1993. 'Turnpike Milestone Society Occ. Paper No 2, September 2005, Roads of Buckinghamshire', Records of Bucks, 35, 20pp. 31-48 (published 1995). Knight, Michael 2004. 'Milestones and Turnpike Flanagan, Bridget 2005. The New Bridges: The Roads Around St. Neots', St. Neots Local History Causeway to St. Ives Bridge, 128pp, published by the Magazine, no.59, Autumn 2004, 6pp. author from 68 Common Lane, Hemingford Abbots, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire PE28 9A at £8 incl. p&p. Knight, Michael 2006. 'Kimbolton in the Turnpike (see review, this volume and Newsletter 10, Jan. 2006, Era', Kimbolton Local History Journal, no. 10, Spring 28-9). 2006, 11-21 (see Newsletter no 11, July 2006, 29-30).

Graham, Alan 2004. 'A medieval packhorse bridge at Knight, Michael 2006. 'Ripley's Turnpike Era', Dowlish Wake, near Ilminster' in Proceedings of Journal of the Send & Ripley Society, vol.6, no. 188, Somerset Arch. & Nat. Hist. Society, 147, 2004, May/June 2006, 8-10 (see Newsletter no 11, July 2006, 165-72. 29-30).

Greenwood, Jeremy 2005. Turnpikes and the Lamb, Brian 2005. 'One Canal, Five Bridges, Six Economy: the case of Reigate 1697-1831, 2nd revised Roads: how the line of roads was altered by the build- edition, 126pp, published by the author from The Old ing of the Peak Forest Canal' in Journal of Railway & Posthouse, Christchurch Road, Downton, Lymington Canal Historical Society, 35, pt. 2, no. 192, July 2005, SO41 0LA at £9.50 incl. p&p. 102-9.

Haines, Carol 2001. 'William Shalders and the Lee, Joyce and Dean, Jon 2000 and 2001. 'Where To? Turnpike Water Pumps', Journal of the Norfolk How Far?', Leicestershire Historian, 36, 2000, 12-15 Industrial Archaeology Society, 7 no.1, 2001, 29-43. and 'Where To? How Far? (Part 2)', Leicestershire Historian, 37, 2001, 14-18. Haines, Carol 2006. 'The Southwark Obelisk', The Milestone Society Newsletter, no. 11, July 2006, 5-8. Midgley, Smith 1999. 'Cotton, Cock Hill and Turnpikes', Yorkshire Journal, 28, Winter 1999, 105-9 Haynes, Robert and Slocombe, Ivor 2004. Wiltshire (repair and re-opening of the former turnpike road Toll Houses, Hobnob Press, East Knoyle, Wiltshire, from Keighley to Hebden Bridge). 94pp (see review article, this volume). Morriss, Richard K 2005. Roads: Archaeology and Hobbs, J.L. 1956. 'The turnpike roads of North Architecture, Tempus Publishing, Stroud, 288pp, Lonsdale', Transactions of the C&WAAS, 55 for 1956, £19.99 (see review, this volume). 250-92.

The Journal of the Milestone Society Page 53 Mountfield, David 2003. Stage and Mail Coaches, Slack, Stuart 2003. Manx Milestones, The Manx Shire Publications, Album 416, 32pp. £3.50. Experience, Onchan, Isle of Man, 64pp (see review article, this volume and Newsletter 10, Jan. 2006, 26- Passmore, Michael 2003. The AA: History, badges and 7). memorabilia. Shire Publications, Album 414, 40pp. £4.50. Toulson, Shirley 2005. The Drovers. Shire Publications, Album 45, 2nd edition, £5.99 (see review Rogers, K.H. 2006. A History of roads in and around in Newsletter 10, Jan. 2006, 29). Trowbridge and traffic on them about 1870, published by the Friends of Trowbridge Museum, 92pp, available Viner, David 1987. 'The Kington Turnpike Trust at £9.50 incl. p&p. (see review in Newsletter 11, July (1756-1877) and the Kingswood tollhouse' in 2006, 30). Transactions of the Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club, XLV, Part III, 1987, 733-742. Sanders, Alan 2004. Cranbrook's Turnpike Roads 1759 to 1878, Cranbrook & District Local History Society, Winchester, Angus 2000. Discovering Parish 120pp, available for £6 inc. p&p from Mrs B. Longley, Boundaries, Shire Publications, Discovering series no Carriers Road, Cranbrook TNI7 3JX. 282, 2nd edition, first published 1990, 96pp. £4.99.

Sedgley, Jeffrey P 1975. The Roman Milestones of References to other newspaper and magazine articles Britain, British Archaeological Reports, Oxford, no 18, are included in the Notes & Queries and Cuttings sec- 56pp. tions of the Society's Newsletter. The Society is grate- ful to Grainne Farrington for her Index to Newsletters Sharp, Gordon 2005. The High Paths - Pedestrian Nos. 1 (July 2001) to 10 (Jan. 2006) inclusive. Flood Causeways in Wiltshire' in Wiltshire Studies, 98, 2005, 71-80. July 2006

Page 54 The Journal of the Milestone Society MILESTONES & WAYMARKERS Illustrations can be sent electronically in the follow- ing formats: pcs, tiff, gif, bmp, jpg. Alternatively, orig- This is the Journal of the Milestone Society; it is a ref- inal photographic prints (but not slides) and drawings, ereed publication, and contributions are welcomed or otherwise good quality photocopies, can be sent to from all prospective authors. Views expressed in the be scanned in. Each illustration should be accompanied Journal are not necessarily those of the Milestone by a number and a caption, and the number should be Society or its officers and should not be regarded as included in the text where that illustration is referred such. to. This not only helps the reader to refer to the correct figure, but helps the editor insert the illustrations close EDITORIAL ADDRESS to the relevant text.

Material should be submitted in the first instance to the NOTES, REFERENCES AND Hon. Secretary: BIBLIOGRAPHIES Terry Keegan, The Oxleys, Clows Top, Kidderminster, Worcs DY14 9HE. Tel: 01299 832358. The author may use end notes corresponding to refer- ence numbers in the text, or provide a bibliography NOTES FOR AUTHORS together with abbreviated end notes. For a bibliogra- phy, books and articles should be arranged in alphabet- Articles should form a permanent record of the work of ical order according to the authors' surnames. the Society, its members and other supporters and spe- References should be numbered consecutively in the cialists, working within the Aims and Objectives of the text, either in brackets or as a superscript, and be listed Society, viz. to identify, record, research, conserve and at the end of the article. interpret milestones and other waymarkers of the References to printed books should state: name or British Isles. author, date of publication, title of book (in italics), Most readers will have a general interest in the sub- place of publication, edition (if not the first), and page ject but will not usually be specialists. Authors should number referred to (it is also helpful to have an ISBN follow the layout in this issue of the Journal where pos- reference number), for example: sible. Please avoid using the first person (T). 1. Dodds, A E & Dodds, E M, 1980. Peakland Roads Abbreviations should be given in full the first time they and Trackways (Ashbourne: Moorland, 2nd edn, are used. Ordnance Survey map references should be 1980) 143 given where relevant, using the format SU 123 456, or 2. Rackham, O, 1995. The History of the Countryside where greater precision is vital SU 1237 4568. The (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson) 73 author should obtain any necessary copyright permis- References to articles in journals and periodicals sion. OS maps are subject to copyright within the nor- should state: name of author, title of article (in quota- mal copyright period for any document - 50 years. Old tion marks), title of journal (italics), volume or part OS maps, like other old documents, are outside this number, date of publication, page number of article or copyright law e.g. reproduction of maps dating from actual page referred to, for example: the 1920s or earlier will not incur a royalty because of 3. Viner, D J, 'The Industrial Archaeology of their age, though the source should be acknowledged Hampshire Roads: A Survey', Hampshire Field as a courtesy. Club and Archaeological Society Proceedings 26 (1969) 155-172 MANUSCRIPTS AND ILLUSTRATIONS References to manuscripts should state: location (with abbreviation after first mention), archive and Whenever possible, text should be sent on a floppy disc document details, identification letter or number, page or 100M zip disc (please use TXT, RTF or Word up to or dating references, volume or folio, for example: 97), or as an e-mail attachment, zipped together. Please 4. Public Record Office (PRO), Papers of Miles also send a print-out of the article (including tables etc) Nightingale, C.109/1.17 in case characters such as fractions fail to convert. 5. Norfolk Record Office (NRO), Hastings papers, Please label all discs with your name and contact DE/500/108, 1863 details (phone number or e-mail address) in case of 6. PRO PC 2/77, fol 25,31 query. The editor may add such contact details to your Repeat citations from the same document or publi- published article, but only with permission. cation should be given a new reference number in Please add a note of which software is used (e.g. sequence, referring back to the first citation of the RTF, Word 97 - and please do use the conventional suf- work, giving the author's name or short document title fix for the programme (.rtf .doc. etc) and which hard- and stating the new page number, for example: ware (e.g. Mac, PC). Do not use excessive layout 7. Rackham, O, 1995 ref 2,92 stylings, or options such as automatic word breaking or 8. Papers of Miles Nightingale, ref 4,19 automatic reference and footnote numbering, as foot- The expression 'ibid' may be used where a reference note numbering once 'lost' can be difficult to replicate, is identical with the immediately preceding one in all in a complex paper. In general the use of footnotes is respects except the page number, for example: probably best avoided. However, do use bold face, ital- 9. Ibid 22 ic, superscript etc.