Study of Different Faults and Disturbances in Algerian Power System

International Journal of Power Systems Mohamed Bouchahdane, Aissa Bouzid http://www.iaras.org/iaras/journals/ijps

MOHAMED BOUCHAHDANE1, AÎSSA BOUZID2 1Institute of Electrical Engineers and Electronics, University of Boumerdes 2Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Constantine 1 ALGERIA [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: - Given that electrical energy is very difficult to store, a permanent balance between production and consumption is vital. Generators, loads and the electrical networks which connect them have mechanical and/or electrical inertias which complicate the maintaining of a balance guaranteeing relatively constant frequency and voltage. A severe fault may cause loss of synchronism of a small number of generators. And it may make many generators out of service resulting in wide area blackout. Through this study we have come to know the exact adjusting of all the protection equipment in a way so that the duration of fixing is always less than the limit value which causes the loss of the power plant and thus, the whole network. This Study discusses the electrical interconnection between the Maghreb countries” Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco” and Europe via the line “Morocco-Spain”. And that any deficiency in power of the Algerian network will be compensated directly from the Tunisian and Moroccan network this is the main benefit of this interconnection is the possibility to transfer excess power to the neighboring country.

Key-Words: - Power system stability, electric generators, loss of synchronism, protection, short circuit

1 Introduction 2 Power system interconnection Power system interconnection is a well established The topology of the interconnected system is based practice for a variety of technical and economical on connecting a set of distinct networks; these links reasons. Several interconnected networks exist can be interconnected across the world, an worldwide for a number of factors. Some of these impressive number of electrical systems that can networks cross international boundaries. exchange all sorts of information across lines When confronted with a power variation, the interconnection. electrical system normally resumes a stable state The interconnection networks allows the after a few oscillations. mutualisation of reserves and secure a better However in certain cases the oscillating state can maintenance of the frequency with lower cost and diverge, and studies are then required to avoid this more availability of immediate assistance in case of phenomenon and guarantee the stability of the difficulty in one or other of the networks involved in electrical network. the interconnection. Two separate networks can be These studies are of particular importance in the interconnected for several reasons: case of industrial networks which contain one or  The share of power reserves. more generator sets and motors.  Joint exploitation of resources. In this paper we describe a real study carried out  Get credit of commercial advantages. on the level of study department and forecast of the • Improving safety and quality. For a better analysis NATIONAL COMPANY OF ELECTRICITY AND and understanding. The future of Mediterranean GAS – SONELGAZ which includes the Algerian electric network was taken as an example. The main national dispatching. The purpose of this paper is reasons that have engendered these connections: the simulation of the loss of one or more combined The safety and network security and continuity of cycle power plant and the simulation of different service (reliability). short circuits on the lines close to all power plants • Trade exchanges. connected to the 400 kV interconnected network for 2009 to determine the stability of the Algerian network. [1] [2] [3]

ISSN: 2367-8976 46 Volume 4, 2019 International Journal of Power Systems Mohamed Bouchahdane, Aissa Bouzid http://www.iaras.org/iaras/journals/ijps

In the field of electrical interconnection, major projects have been completed or are underway. It should allow the creation of a Mediterranean power, and at the same time improving the reliability of electrical systems. . Since 1997, a submarine cable connects morocco to Spain. . Maghreb interconnections are existents or are underway. . Algeria and Tunisia carry out trade exchanges ever since a long time ago.. . Egypt and Libya have established interconnection in 1998. Fig. 1. Present state of the interconnection network. . The link between the Tunisian and Libyan networks is serviceable since 2001. UCTE: Union for the Coordination of electricity . New possibilities of interconnection between transfer: it handles the guaranteeing of safety and the countries in the North and South are security of the network and provide an electricity presently under study. market. The five blocs are: The growing interconnection is an element that 1. UCTE 1: It contains 18 European countries such accentuates competition, thus leading to lower as: Spain, France, Portugal, Belgium, and prices and, moreover, opens up many opportunities Denmark . for exchanges that are in line for a better use of 2. UCTE 2: it contains: Bosnia, la Greece and generating facilities. Bulgaria, etc 3. Turkey. There is a remarkable complementarity in energy 4. SEMB: South-Eastern part of Mediterranean between the Southern and Northern Mediterranean, Block. It leaves Libya to Syria and contains but it will not be into effect until the development of Lebanon recently. these "links" to increase the exchange capacity. This 5. SWMB: South-Western part of Mediterranean includes the establishment of a truly unique network Block. It contains: Morocco, Algeria and Egypt-Libya-Tunisia-Algeria-Morocco, but also Tunisia. new interconnections by submarine cables between Existing lines between the Mediterranean North Africa and southern Europe. countries. . Spain - Morocco: line 400 kV in 1997. . Morocco - Algeria: two lines 220 kV in 1988 3.1 Presentation and 1992. The interconnected networks in the Maghreb, made . Tunisia - Algeria: four lines: two of 90 kV in by electric systems in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia 1952 and 1956, one 220 kV and one of 150 kV are interconnected with those of Europe (UCTE in 1984. System). . Tunisia - Libya: project of execution of a double The interconnections between Europe and North line of 220 kV in 2003. Africa on the one hand and those in North Africa on . Libya - Egypt : one double of 220 kV in 1998 the other hand are formed by : . Egypt - Jordan : line 400 kV in 1997 1. Interconnection between Morocco and Spanish . Syria - Jordan : line 400 kV in 2001 networks consists of two 400 kV lines aero - . Turkey - Bulgaria: two lines 400 kV in 2002 [7] underground, underwater ac Melloussa (Morocco) – [8][9]. Puerto DE La Cruez (Spain): commissioning respectively August 6, 1997 and June2006. This route is the interconnection between networks Maghreb (Morocco- Algeria-Tunisia) and European 3 Development of the Mediterranean (UCTEsystem) Interconnection Network 2. The interconnection between the Algerian and Moroccan networks consists of 220 KV lines

ISSN: 2367-8976 47 Volume 4, 2019 International Journal of Power Systems Mohamed Bouchahdane, Aissa Bouzid http://www.iaras.org/iaras/journals/ijps

Ghazaouet (Algeria)-Oujda (Morocco) and Tlemcen SICRE provides the user with three types of (Algeria) - Oujda (Morocco): Commissioning simulation functions: respectively June 15, 1988 and 16 January 1992 . 1. Simulation of all the dynamics mentioned before, and the new 400kV double line Boussidi Sid Ali with an integration step suitable for following (Algeria)-Bourdim(Morocco). electromechanical transients, and taking into 3. Interconnexion between Tunisian and Algerian account all the components, modelled in high detail, networks is formed by lines Tajerouine (Tunisia)-El involved in the system dynamics, such as: Aouinet (Algeria) in 220 kV Metlaoui (Tunisia) – • generators, Djebel onk (Algeria) in 150 kV and Tajerouine - El • primary and secondary voltage controllers, Aouinet and Fernan (Tunisia) - El Kala (Algeria) in • frequency controllers and supply systems of the 90kV. units and their regulators, • load-frequency controller, • static and dynamic loads, 3.2 Normal operation • tap changers on load and their controllers, In normal operation, networks Maghreb (ONE • HVDC model, SONELGAZ and STEG) and European (UCTE • Very detailed models of the main protections of network) are interconnected and operate lines, transformers and generators. synchronously. The energy exchange between 2. Simulation only of slow transients (long-term different networks will be either in programmed dynamics), supposing already damped faster mode or non-programmed. Compensation for phenomena such as electromechanical transients, energy will be done bilaterally and is basically in with an integration step suitable for following long- accordance to contracts or agreements established term dynamics. This simulation function, if running between different pairs of partners: Spain - on modern work-stations of medium quality, should Morocco, Morocco-Algeria and Algeria-Tunisia permit real time simulation even for large power [10]. systems. 3. A combination of the two functions above illustrated, that means the function 1. during the 4 The Study and Analysis of interval immediately following perturbations and the function 2) when the electromechanical Operation of 400 kV Network transients have damped out. The commutation between the two functions can be automatic on the basis of suitable criteria or forced by the user in run- 4.1 The SICRE Simulator time. This last function allows the user to analyse The operational planning and operation of electric the system behaviour for long periods and for a power systems give rise to numerous control cascade of events in sequence. [5] problems distributed among several operational levels and extended along different time frames. It 5 Network Configuration can therefore be easily understood that the control of For 2009, it was considered the network to which electric power systems constitutes an attractive field are added the works for winter 2009. for the application of simulation techniques in the time domain. Table 1: Maximum powers called for 2009[4]. SICRE consists of a set of functions of simulation and analysis able to represent the dynamic behaviour of power systems, over different time Year power (MW) scales and both in normal and emergency conditions. The main scope of SICRE is to provide a 2009 7300 large number of users with a set of tools useful for analysis and control and for training. The package is To determine the stability of generators connected complete from the viewpoint of the components that to the Algerian network 400 kV for the peak winter are modelled with a high degree of detail, efficient 2009; we use the software SICRE and the following from the viewpoint of the algorithms and based on simulations were carried out: [11][13][14] the most modem SW/HW technologies. • Loss of one or more combined cycle power plant • Different short circuits on the lines close to all power plants connected to the 400 kV. 4.2 Simulation Functions of SICRE

ISSN: 2367-8976 48 Volume 4, 2019 International Journal of Power Systems Mohamed Bouchahdane, Aissa Bouzid http://www.iaras.org/iaras/journals/ijps

ORAN ALGER

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Fig. 2. Algerian Network Map [4].

6 Results of the Simulations 6.1.2 Loss of a Combined Cycle (400MW) at the Power Plant of SKH 6.1 Loss of one or more Combined Cycle Active transits on the interconnection lines Algeria- Tunisia and Algeria-Morocco are presented on the following figure: 6.1.1 Normal Situation In normal situation, the network operates without constraints.

Fig. 4. Active transits on the interconnection lines Algeria-Tunisia and Algeria-Morocco ( Loss of a CC 400MW) Fig. 3. Active transits on the interconnection lines Algeria –Morocco and Algeria-Tunisia (normal situation)

ISSN: 2367-8976 49 Volume 4, 2019 International Journal of Power Systems Mohamed Bouchahdane, Aissa Bouzid http://www.iaras.org/iaras/journals/ijps

After the loss of the group, transits on the interconnection lines with Morocco pass from 18MW (AlgeriaMorocco).to105MW (Morocco Algeria) Transits on interconnection line with Tunisia pass from 8MW(TunisiaAlgeria) to 64 MW (TunisiaAlgeria). The rest (222MW) is offset by production groups of Algeria (primary setting).

6.1.3 Loss of two combined cycle (800MW) the first CC at the power plant SKS and the second CC at the power plant SKH After the loss of two groups, transits on the interconnection lines with Morocco pass from Fig. 5. Active transits on the interconnection lines 18MW (AlgeriaMorocco).to 205MW Algeria-Tunisia and Algeria-Morocco (Loss of two (Morocco Algeria) CC 800MW) Transits on interconnection line with Tunisia pass From 8MW(TunisiaAlgeria) to 140 MW 6.2 Short circuits on the lines close to all (TunisiaAlgeria); The rest (445MW) is offset by power plants connected to the 400 kV production groups of Algeria (primary setting). Active transits on the interconnection lines Algeria- interconnected network Tunisia and Algeria-Morocco are presented on the We use the software SICRE and the following following figure: simulations were carried out: [6][12] • First case: The short circuit that causes the loss of synchronism. • Second case: The short circuit that does not cause loss of synchronism.

Fig. 6. Voltages at substations 400 kV and active transits on the lines 400 kV (year 2009).

ISSN: 2367-8976 50 Volume 4, 2019 International Journal of Power Systems Mohamed Bouchahdane, Aissa Bouzid http://www.iaras.org/iaras/journals/ijps

6.2.1 Short-circuit on the Line 400 kV SK.Skikda - Ramdane Djamel

6.2.1.1 First Case A three-phase short circuit on the 400 kV line SKS- R. Djamel close to the power plant SKS during 0.16s with disabling protection. This fault causes the loss of synchronism of the interconnected system to 1.720s after application of Fig. 9. Voltage at the level of SKS group 2 the fault. substation 400 kV. Series of loss of synchronism: • at 1.720s loss of Group 1 of the power plant SKS. • at 1.720s loss of Group 2 of the power plant SKS. To avoid loss of synchronism, it is necessary that the response time of the protections for the elimination of the fault is less than 160 ms.

Fig. 10. Frequency at the level of SKS group 2 substation 400 kV.

6.2.1.2 Second Case Fig. 7. Voltage at the level of SKS group 1 A three-phase short circuit on the 400 kV line SKS- substation 400 kV. R. Djamel close to the power plant SKS during 0.15s with disabling protection. This fault does not cause loss of synchronism of the interconnected system.

Fig. 8. Frequency at the level of SKS group 1 substation 400 kV. Fig. 11. Voltage at the level of SKS group 1 substation 400 kV.

ISSN: 2367-8976 51 Volume 4, 2019 International Journal of Power Systems Mohamed Bouchahdane, Aissa Bouzid http://www.iaras.org/iaras/journals/ijps

To avoid loss of synchronism, it is necessary that the response time of the protections for the elimination of the fault is less than 200 ms.

Fig. 12. Frequency at the level of SKS group 1 substation 400 kV.

Fig. 15. Voltage at the level of SKH group 3 substation 400 kV.

Fig. 13. Voltage at the level of SKS group 2 substation 400 kV.

Fig. 16. Frequency at the level of SKH group 3 substation 400 kV.

6.2.2.2 Second Case A three-phase short circuit on the 400 kV line SKH- • El Afroun close to the power plant SKH during 0.19s with disabling protection. This fault does not cause loss of synchronism of Fig. 14. Frequency at the level of SKS group 2 the interconnected system. substation 400 kV.

6.2.2 Short-circuit on the Line 400 kV SK.Hadjrat Ennous - El Afroun

6.2.2.1 First Case A three-phase short circuit on the 400 kV line Group 3 SKH-El Afroun close to the power plant SKH during 0.20s with disabling protection. This fault causes the loss of synchronism of the interconnected system to 0.860s after application of Fig. 17. Voltage at the level of SKH group 3 the fault. substation 400 kV. Series of loss of synchronism: • at 0.860s loss of Group 3 of the power plant SKH.

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[5] P. Baratella, F. Casamatta and R. Zacheo, “SPIRA-SICRE: an integrated software tool for static and dynamic analyses of large power systems ,” Software for Electrical Engineering Analysis and Design V vol 3 ,2001. [6] W.D Stevenson, “Elements of Power System Analysis,” 4th éd., McGraw-Hill Book, 1982. [7] Operating instructions of the Maghreb network connected to European network UCTE, O N E- S O N E L G A Z-S T E G , November 2007. [8] B. Cova, C. Pincella, G.Simioli, G.P. Fig. 18. Frequency at the level of SKH group 3 Stigliano, R. Vailati, Zecca, B. “HVDC substation 400 kV. interconnections in the Mediterranean Basin,” IEEE, Power Engineering Society Inaugural Conference and Exposition in Africa, Durban, 7 Conclusion pp. 143-148. The study of operation of interconnected Algerian [9] V. JEYALAKSHMI, P. SUBBURAJ,Load network shows that it is sufficiently strengthened to frequency control in two area multi units cope with large amplitude disturbances, namely: Interconnected Power System using Multi • The loss of one or more combined cycle power objective Genetic Algorithm, WSEAS plant. TRANSACTIONS on POWER The swaying observed in these disturbances is soon SYSTEMS,Vol. 10, 2015, pp. 35-45. damped while the interconnected system keeps up [10] Distribution of thresholds setting wattmetric on synchronization. interconnection lines Maghreb -Morocco and From the simulation results of the loss of Algeria-Tunisia, Commision of interconnection synchronism after a three-phase short circuit, we Maghreb COMELEC, November 2007. conclude that the zones of protection settings (final [11] Anju Gupta, P. R. Sharma, Static and Transient disposal of fault) for different power plants Voltage Stability Assessment of Power System connected to the Algerian network 400 kV are: by Proper Placement of UPFC with POD • 160 ms for the power plant SKS. Controller, WSEAS Transactions on Power • 200 ms for the power plant SKH. Systems, Vol. 8, 2013, pp. 197-206. The depasment of this zone could bring back the [12] Study of operation of production system– power plant in the loss of synchronism until the electricity transmission period 2008-2012, blackout if emergency measures are not taken General Direction of Development and immediately (ms). Strategy, Direction of Planning SONELGAZ N°134 DGDS/P, 2007. [13] Yang Li, Xueping Gu, Transient Stability References: Assessment of Power Systems Based on KPCA [1] “Wide area protection and emergency and Gaussian Process, WSEAS Transactions controls,” IEEE Power System Relaying on Power Systems, Vol. 9, 2014, pp. 178-184. Committee, 2002 Report. [14] P. Baratella, B. Cova, M. Damonte, E. Gaglioti, [2] E. W Kimbark, “Power System Stability: R. Marconato and P. Scarpellini “Fast Synchronous Machines,” Dover reprint edition simulation of power system dynamics in a of the original John Wiley & Sons' book, Dover general-purpose simulator ,” Sciencedirect, Publications, Inc., New York, 1968. Vol.5, Issue 1, pp 123-129, January 1997. [3] P.M Anderson, and A. A Fouad, “Power System Control and Stability,” The Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, 1977. [4] “Study of operation of production system– electricity transmission period 2008-2012,” General Direction of Development and Strategy, Direction of Planning SONELGAZ N°134 DGDS/P, 2007.

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