Tribhuvan University Institute of Engineering Central Campus Pulchowk

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING CENTRAL CAMPUS PULCHOWK

BIODIVERSITY INVENTORY OF NEPAL WITH DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION

By: Prajwal Acharya (70825) Ravi Agrawal (70829) Sagar Sharma (70832) Sawal Maskey (70836)

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE BACHELOR’S DEGREE IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING LALITPUR, NEPAL

NOVEMBER, 2014 LETTER OF APPROVAL

The undersigned hereby certify that they have read, and recommended to the Institute of Engineering for acceptance, this project report entitled "Biodiversity Inventory of Nepal with Data Analysis and Visualization" submitted by Prajwal Acharya, Ravi Agrawal, Sagar Sharma and Sawal Maskey in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Engineering.

______Supervisor Mr. Baburam Dawadi

Assistant Professor Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Central Campus Pulchowk,

Tribhuvan University, Nepal

______Internal Examiner External Examiner Mr. Anil Verma Mr. Ramesh Raj Subedi Assistant Professor Director Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering, Department of Information Technology, Institute of Engineering, Central Campus Pulchowk, Panauti, Kavre, Nepal Tribhuvan University, Nepal

______Dr. Nanda Bikram Adhikari Dr. Dibakar Raj Pant Deputy Head Head Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering Institute of Engineering, Central Campus Pulchowk, Institute of Engineering, Central Campus Pulchowk, Tribhuvan University, Nepal Tribhuvan University, Nepal

DATE OF APPROVAL: November 16, 2014

The authors have agreed that the Library, Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Central Campus Pulchowk, Institute of Engineering may make this report freely available for inspection. Moreover, the author has agreed that permission for extensive copying of this project report for scholarly purpose may be granted by the supervisors who supervised the project work recorded herein or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department wherein the project report was done. It is understood that the recognition will be given to the author of this report and to the Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Central Campus Pulchowk, Institute of Engineering in any use of the material of this project report. Copying or publication or the other use of this report for financial gain without approval of to the Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Central Campus Pulchowk, Institute of Engineering and author’s written permission is prohibited.

Request for permission to copy or to make any other use of the material in this report in whole or in part should be addressed to:

______

Dr. Dibakar Raj Pant Head Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Central Campus Pulchowk, Tribhuvan University, Nepal

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is an immense pleasure for us to acknowledge the guidance, encouragement and assistance received from several individuals during the project period. Our heart-felt gratitude goes to our project supervisor, Mr. Baburam Dawadi who has inspired, encouraged and provided invaluable advice to accomplish this project. We are equally indebted to Prof. Dr. Arun Timalsina, Head of Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering for providing us an opportunity and environment for the project.

Our words of appreciations are short of praising the guidance of Dr. Aman Shakya, Deputy Head of Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering. We also wish our thankfulness to Mr. Suman Jaiswal, Web and Knowledge Management Associate and Mr. Bikash Dangol, Research Associate of ICIMOD for their valuable suggestion and guidance for this project.

Finally, we would also like to offer our gratitude to all our teachers whose ideas were the basis for our project research and finally we would like to thank all our friends who gave us their suggestions, ideas and support for this project.

Prajwal Acharya (70825)

Ravi Agrawal (70829)

Sagar Sharma (70832)

Sawal Maskey (70836)

ABSTRACT

Owing to the greatly varied geographical, geo-morphological, and climatic conditions, Nepal occupies the most diverse ecosystem in the world. Despite this richness, Nepal lacks proper information facility to access the data and information on biodiversity of Nepal. This difficulty in accessing information possesses a big hurdle in research and conservation works. The project titled “Biodiversity Inventory of Nepal” is an online repository of biodiversity information of Nepal with biodiversity data analysis and visualization. The main objective of the system is to provide detailed information regarding the flora and fauna species of Nepal. In addition to this, with proper visualization of data collected from different sources, the system gives a concrete view of the biodiversity status of the country. On the basis of the data collected from various sources, the system highlights the threats on the species and recommends various conservation activities accordingly. Our project provides a medium to explore information regarding flora and fauna species of Nepal through effective search platform. The occurrence of the species is defined on the basis of protected areas and physiographic regions. In addition to the species, the project also provides information on the protected areas of Nepal and provides checklist of species in each protected areas. The data visualization is done upon various parameters collected such as taxonomic classification, status of species, habitats, threats, conservation actions and number of species by protected areas. This biodiversity inventory is expected to be helpful in conducting research works in this field and may also serve as a tool to assist in conservation of endangered species. Keeping in view of the difficulty in accessing the data, we have developed an API from the available data fields which helps developers and students to easily get the formatted data for their applications and projects.

Keywords: Biodiversity Inventory, Biological Classification, Data Visualization, Full Text Search

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COPYRIGHT ...... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... iv ABSTRACT ...... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... vi LIST OF FIGURES ...... ix LIST OF TABLES ...... x LIST OF ABBREVATIONS ...... xi 1 Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Overview ...... 2 1.3 Motivation ...... 2 1.4 Aims and Objectives ...... 3 1.5 Scope of the Project...... 4 2 Literature Review ...... 5 2.1 Theoretical Background ...... 5 2.1.1 Global Scenario ...... 5 2.1.2 Nepali Scenario ...... 6 2.1.3 IUCN Red List Category ...... 8 2.1.4 CITES Appendix ...... 8 2.1.5 Biological Classification ...... 10 2.1.6 Important Bird Area ...... 10 2.1.7 IUCN Classification Schemes ...... 12 2.2 Technical Background...... 13 2.2.1 Data Search Process ...... 13 2.2.2 Visualization Process ...... 14 3 Research ...... 17 3.1 Biodiversity in Nepal ...... 17 3.1.1 Background ...... 17 3.1.2 Biological resources and diversity ...... 18 3.1.3 Threats to biodiversity ...... 19 3.1.4 Biodiversity Conservation ...... 20 vi

3.2 Data Source ...... 22 3.3 Data Collection ...... 24 3.4 Data Extraction ...... 25 3.5 Data Storage: ...... 25 4 System Description ...... 27 4.1 Requirement Analysis ...... 27 4.1.1 Functional Requirements ...... 27 4.1.2 Non Functional Requirements ...... 28 4.2 System Block Diagram...... 29 4.3 Description of the system ...... 29 4.3.1 Data Extraction and Storage ...... 29 4.4 Database Design ...... 31 4.5 UML Diagrams for System ...... 32 4.6 API call format ...... 34 4.7 Visualization...... 36 5 Results ...... 37 5.1 Search and Filter...... 37 5.2 Species Profile ...... 38 5.3 Protected Area Profile ...... 39 5.4 Output of Visualization ...... 41 5.4.1 Biological Classification Tree...... 41 5.4.2 Species Hierarchical Diversity ...... 42 5.4.3 IUCN Fauna Habitat Classification ...... 43 5.4.4 IUCN Red List Status ...... 43 5.4.5 CITES Appendix ...... 44 5.4.6 National Red Data Book Status ...... 45 5.4.7 IUCN Fauna Threat Classification...... 46 5.4.8 IUCN Fauna Conservation Measures ...... 47 5.4.9 Area coverage of protected areas in Nepal ...... 47 5.4.10 Partition of area coverage of protected areas ...... 48 5.4.11 Comparison of species number in two protected areas ...... 49 5.4.12 Central Zoo Insights ...... 50 5.4.13 Map Visualization ...... 51

vii

5.5 API Call Interface...... 52 6 Tools and Technologies used ...... 53 6.1 Language ...... 53 6.1.1 Python ...... 53 6.1.2 Framework ...... 53 6.1.3 HTML5 ...... 53 6.1.4 jQuery ...... 54 6.1.5 Database ...... 54 6.2 Search Engine tools ...... 55 6.2.1 Haystack ...... 55 6.2.2 Whoosh ...... 55 6.2.3 typeahead.js ...... 55 6.3 Data Extraction Tools...... 56 6.4 Visualization Tools ...... 56 6.4.1 Mapbox ...... 56 6.4.2 Leaflet ...... 56 6.4.3 D3 ...... 57 6.5 Tools used for making API ...... 57 6.5.1 JSON ...... 57 6.5.2 CSV ...... 57 6.6 Tools used for User Interface Design ...... 58 6.6.1 Twitter Bootstrap 3.1 ...... 58 7 Conclusion ...... 59 8 Future Enhancements ...... 60 REFERENCES ...... I APPENDIX I ...... II APPENDIX II ...... IV APPENDIX III ...... V APPENDIX IV...... VI

viii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Geo-portal of ICIMOD showing protected areas of Nepal ...... 5 Figure 2.2 Process of visualizing data using The Ben Fry Visualizing Data approach ... 15 Figure 4.1 Process of visualizing data using The Ben Fry Visualizing Data approach ... 29 Figure 4.2 ER Diagram ...... 31 Figure 4.3 Use case diagram of the system ...... 32 Figure 4.4 Sequence Diagram for API Call ...... 33 Figure 4.5 Sequence Diagram for Visualization ...... 33 Figure 5.1 Use of typeahead.js for search ...... 37 Figure 5.2 Search filter parameters ...... 37 Figure 5.3 Species profile example ...... 38 Figure 5.4 Protected area profile example ...... 40 Figure 5.5 Biological classification tree visualization ...... 41 Figure 5.6 Sunburst chart showing species diversity ...... 42 Figure 5.7 Hierarchical bar chart showing habitats of species ...... 43 Figure 5.8 3D donut chart showing species in IUCN Red List categories ...... 44 Figure 5.9 3D donut chart showing species in CITES appendices ...... 45 Figure 5.103D donut chart showing species in NRDB ...... 46 Figure 5.11 Hierarchical bar chart showing major threats on species ...... 46 Figure 5.12 Hierarchical bar chart showing list of conservation actions for species ...... 47 Figure 5.13 Timeline chart showing area coverage of protected areas over time...... 48 Figure 5.14Sunburst chart showing partition of area coverage of protected areas ...... 49 Figure 5.15 Grouped bar chart showing comparison of number of species in two protected areas ...... 50 Figure 5.16 Example of species profile of Central Zoo ...... 51 Figure 5.17 API response builder ...... 52

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Plant and Animal species in Nepal and World ...... 7 Table 4.1 API call format for species ...... 34 Table 4.2 API Call format for protected areas ...... 35 Table 4.3 API Call format for checklist of species ...... 35

LIST OF ABBREVATIONS

API Application Programming Interface BCN Bird Conservation Nepal CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CoL Catalogue of Life CSV Comma Separated Values DNPWC Department of National Park and Wildlife Conservation DOM Document Object Model EBA Endemic Bird Area GBIF Global Biodiversity Information Facility GoN Government of Nepal HKH Hindu Kush Himalayan IBA Important Bird Area ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature JSON Java Script Object Notation MOEST Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology NRDB National Red Data Book NTNC National Trust for Nature Conservation OSM Open Street Map SA Secondary Area SVG Scalable Vector Graphics UML Unified Modelling Language UNEP United Nations Environment Programme WDPA World Database on Protected Areas

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Biodiversity is the basis of humankind's existence and the foundation of human civilization. These diverse plants and animal species and life forms play a very important role in agriculture, medicine, forestry, tourism and industries. Owing to its greatly varied geographical, geo-morphological, and climatic conditions, Nepal occupies the most diverse ecosystem in the world. Nepal's location in the center of the Himalayan range places the country in the transitional zone between the eastern and western Himalayas. Nepal's rich biodiversity is a reflection of this unique geographical position as well as its altitudinal and climatic variations.

Biodiversity is the basis of humankind's existence and the foundation of human civilization. These diverse plants and animal species and life forms play a very important role in agriculture, medicine, forestry, tourism and industries. Unfortunately, they are disappearing from natural habitats owing to lack of human understanding about the contribution that biodiversity make in maintaining essential ecological processes and life supporting systems. In this regard, conservation of the unique biodiversity is a must. A proper record keeping mechanism of these wide varieties of flora and fauna plays an effective role in the conservation process. In addition to serving as a central source of information, such system will also help in keeping track of the status of biodiversity of different geographical locations and the country as a whole. Proper visualization regarding the status of different plants, animals at different areas of the country gives a clear picture of the biodiversity of the country. It also helps to understand the effectiveness of the ongoing conservation programs and also serve as foundation for new conservation programs.

A number of research works are carried out by many governmental and non-governmental organizations to keep track of the status of biodiversity of the country. However, these

1 data and information are widely scattered and difficult to access when needed. So we are with an information facility of the biodiversity of Nepal along with effective presentation and visualization of data collected from different concerned organization and sources to facilitate both research and conservation of the biodiversity of the country.

1.2 Overview

The project titled “Biodiversity Inventory of Nepal” is online repository of biodiversity information of Nepal with biodiversity data analysis and visualization. The main objective of the system is to provide detailed information regarding the flora and fauna species of Nepal. In addition to this, it also provides proper visualization of data collected from different sources so that the system gives a concrete view of the biodiversity status of the country. On the basis of the analysis of the data, the system is helpful to highlight the threats on the species and recommend various conservation activities accordingly. The system is helpful in conducting research works in this field and also serves as a tool to assist in conservation of endangered species. Information regarding different species has been collected from different sources such as Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, and Wikimedia to name a few. The data required for analytics and visualization has been collected from different governmental and non-governmental organizations such as Department of National Park and Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC), Department of Forest, ICIMOD, Bird Conservation Nepal (BCN), World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Nepal and so on who have been actively involved in this field.

1.3 Motivation

There is huge amount of data available on flora and fauna of the country. Important sources of data include Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book 2007, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Mountain Geo-Portal, Hindu Kush-Himalayan (HKH) Conservation Portal to name a few. Also several organizations such as International Centre for 2

Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), IUCN Nepal, UNEP, National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC), Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology (MOEST), Government of Nepal collect huge amount of data each year. Extraction of useful information and the meaningful visualization of them for the maximum benefit of the country is a key issue. We came up with an idea of making a system that would analyze these data and then provide resourceful information regarding variety of species in Nepal along with different forms of data analytics to visualize present status and trend of biodiversity in Nepal.

Analysis of data can provide a useful insight of current happening and the future predictions. Interest from various organizations such as International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Department of National Parks and Wildlife Reserves (DNPWC) has encouraged us in choosing this project.

1.4 Aims and Objectives

We have chosen this project to provide information about the status of biodiversity at different geographical locations of Nepal so that the output of this project helps in the research and development in this sector. We also aim to provide proper visualization of different forms of data related to this field and allow concerned authorities to help in the conservation of these resources through proper recommendation system. The major objectives of the project include:

 To provide information about different species of flora and fauna native to different locations of the country.  To visualize the status of protected species of Nepal  To classify and group different species on the basis of their taxonomy, endangerment level and geographical locations.  To recommend conservation programs for particular species on the basis of their population, threats and other parameters.

 To provide an information facility to help in research and conservation of biodiversity of the country.  To provide information on the different types of protected areas across the country and provide checklist of species in each region.  To provide information and data to developers and researchers in open format.

1.5 Scope of the Project

Biodiversity inventory is not a new topic in the field of wildlife conservation. However in Nepal, little work has been done in this regard. The project is expected to help the researchers, conservationists and developers in this field to get the concrete idea on the biodiversity status of the country and help in conservation of this valuable resource of the nation. The visualization output and the inventory of the project can serve as a basis for the policy makers in the field of biodiversity conservation. The use of elegant visualization, images, simple description will allow even normal users to get idea on the topic. In addition to this, the project can be very helpful in the eco-tourism of the country if maintained and updated properly.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Theoretical Background

2.1.1 Global Scenario

The “Ecosystem and Biodiversity” geo-portal of International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) provides visualization of different ecological regions and protected areas on global of its member nations including Nepal.

Figure 2-1 Geo-portal of ICIMOD showing protected areas of Nepal

On global scale, Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) is an international open data infrastructure, funded by governments. It allows anyone, anywhere to access data about all types of life on Earth, shared across national boundaries via the Internet. GBIF arose from a recommendation in 1999 by the Biodiversity Informatics Subgroup of the Megascience Forum, set up by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development (OECD). GBIF offers tools and advice for publishing your biodiversity datasets via the Internet, enabling them to be discovered and cited in research and policy applications. It offers free access and unlimited downloads for all records published via our network for use in your research.

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List), founded in 1964, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is the world's main authority on the conservation status of species. A series of Regional Red Lists are produced by countries or organizations, which assess the risk of extinction to species within a political management unit. It provides taxonomic, conservation status, and distribution information on taxa that are facing a high risk of global extinction.

2.1.2 Nepali Scenario

It can be seen that a number of research projects have been done on the field of biodiversity in Nepal. These projects are carried out by many governmental and non- governmental organizations to keep track of the status of biodiversity of the country. However, these data and information are widely scattered and difficult to access when needed.

Nepal has a complex biogeography due to its past geological history and its presence at the crossroads of two bio-geographic realms, Palaearctic and the Palaeotropic (Udvardy 1975), and two major zoogeographical Kingdoms: Palaearctic in the north and Indo- Malayan in the south. Nepal is home to 185 species of mammals, 874 species of birds, 118 species of amphibians and 78 species of reptiles. Floral diversity of Nepal include 6,391 species of flowering plans and over 4,000 species of non-flowering plants.

Group World Number Nepal (Life Form) Number Percent Plants Flowering 231,638 6,391 2.76 Plants Pteridophytes 10,369 534 5.15 Lichens 17,000+ 471 2.77 Bryophytes 14,000+ 668 4.77 Fungi 70,000+ 1,882 2.69 Algae 40,000+ 687 1.72 Animals Mammals 4,675 185 3.96 Birds 9,799 874 8.90 Amphibians 4,780 118 2.47 Reptiles 7,870 78 0.99 Fish 10,000 187 1.87 Butterflies 17,500 651 3.72 Moths 160,000 785 0.49 Spiders 39,490 175 0.44

Table 1 Plant and Animal species in Nepal and World

A large number of governmental and non-governmental organizations are involved in providing information in this regard. On government level, several departments such as Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC), Department of Forest conduct different research works and provide information obtained from these researches via different publications, research papers, and articles and generate annual reports every year.

2.1.3 IUCN Red List Category

Species are classified by the IUCN Red List into nine groups, set through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation.

 Extinct – No known individuals remaining.

 Extinct in the wild – Known only to survive in captivity, or as a naturalized population outside its historic range.

 Critically endangered – Extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.

 Endangered – High risk of extinction in the wild.

 Vulnerable – High risk of endangerment in the wild.

 Near threatened – Likely to become endangered in the near future.

 Least concern – Lowest risk. Does not qualify for a more at risk category. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category.

 Data deficient – Not enough data to make an assessment of its risk of extinction.

 Not evaluated – Has not yet been evaluated against the criteria.

When discussing the IUCN Red List, the official term "threatened" is a grouping of three categories: Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable.

2.1.4 CITES Appendix

Roughly 5,000 species of animals and 29,000 species of plants are protected by CITES against over-exploitation through international trade. Each protected species or population is included in one of three lists, called Appendices. The Appendix that lists a species or population reflects the extent of the threat to it and the controls that apply to the trade.

2.1.4.1 Appendix I

Appendix I, about 1200 species, are species that are threatened with extinction and are or may be affected by trade. Commercial trade in wild-caught specimens of these species is illegal (permitted only in exceptional licensed circumstances). Trade of captive-bred animals or cultivated plants of Appendix I species are considered Appendix II specimens, with concomitant requirements. The Scientific Authority of the exporting country must make a non-detriment finding, assuring that export of the individuals will not adversely affect the wild population. Any trade in these species requires export and import permits.

2.1.4.2 Appendix II

Appendix II, about 21,000 species, are species that are not necessarily threatened with extinction, but may become so unless trade in specimens of such species is subject to strict regulation in order to avoid utilization incompatible with the survival of the species in the wild. In addition, Appendix II can include species similar in appearance to species already listed in the Appendices. International trade in specimens of Appendix II species may be authorized by the granting of an export permit or re-export certificate. In practice, many hundreds of thousands of Appendix II animals are traded annually.

2.1.4.3 Appendix III

Appendixes III, about 170 species, are species that are listed after one member country has asked other CITES Parties for assistance in controlling trade in a species. The species are not necessarily threatened with extinction globally. In all member countries, trade in these species is only permitted with an appropriate export permit and a certificate of origin from the state of the member country who has listed the species.

2.1.5 Biological Classification

Linneaeus developed a hierarchy of groups for taxonomy. To distinguish different levels of similarity, each classifying group, called taxon is subdivided into other groups. To remember the order, it is helpful to use a mnemonic device. The taxa in hierarchical order:

 Domain  Kingdom  Phylum  Class  Order  Family  Genus  Species

The domain is the broadest category, while species is the most specific category available. The taxon Domain was only introduced in 1990 by Carl Woese, as scientists reorganize things based on new discoveries and information.

2.1.6 Important Bird Area

The Important Bird Area (IBA) is an area recognized as being globally important habitat for the conservation of bird populations. Currently there are about 10,000 IBAs worldwide. The program was developed and sites are identified by BirdLife International. These sites are small enough to be entirely conserved and differ in their character, habitat or ornithological importance from the surrounding habitat. In the United States the Program is administered by the National Audubon Society.

Often IBAs form part of a country's existing protected area network, and so are protected under national legislation. Legal recognition and protection of IBAs that are not within

10 existing protected areas varies within different countries. Some countries have a National IBA Conservation Strategy, whereas in others protection is completely lacking.

IBAs are determined by an internationally agreed set of criteria. Specific IBA thresholds are set by regional and national governing organizations. To be listed as an IBA, a site must satisfy at least one of the following rating criteria:

2.1.6.1 Globally threatened species

The site qualifies if it is known, estimated or thought to hold a population of a species categorized by the IUCN Red List as Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable. In general, the regular presence of a Critical or Endangered species, irrespective of population size, at a site may be sufficient for a site to qualify as an IBA. For Vulnerable species, the presence of more than threshold numbers at a site is necessary to trigger selection.

2.1.6.2 Restricted-range species

The site forms one of a set selected to ensure that all restricted-range species of an EBA or SA are present in significant numbers in at least one site and preferably more.

2.1.6.3 Biome-restricted species

The site forms one of a set selected to ensure adequate representation of all species restricted to a given biome, both across the biome as a whole and for all of its species in each range state.

2.1.6.4 Congregations

The site is known or thought to exceed thresholds set for migratory species at bottleneck sites.

2.1.7 IUCN Classification Schemes

In order to ensure global uniformity when describing the habitat in which a taxon occurs, the threats to a taxon, what conservation actions are in place or are needed, and whether or not the taxon is utilized, a set of standard terms called Classification Schemes have been developed for documenting taxa on the IUCN Red List. These Classification Schemes are still being developed and tested and not all of them have been implemented in this version of the IUCN Red List.

The Classification Schemes used in the Red List assessments include:

2.1.7.1 Habitats  Forest & Woodland  Savanna  Shrubland  Native Grassland  Wetsland (Inland)  Inland Rocky Areas  Caves & Subterranean Habitats  Desert  Marine  Artificial  Introduced Vegetation

2.1.7.2 Threats  Residential & Commercial Development  Agriculture & Aquaculture  Energy Production & Mining  Transportation & Service Corridors  Biological Resource Use  Human Intrusions & Disturbance  Natural System Modifications  Invasive & Other Problematic Species, Genes & Diseases  Pollution  Geological Events  Climate Change & Severe Weather

2.1.7.3 Conservation Actions Needed  Land / Water Protection  Land / Water Management  Species Management  Education & Awareness  Law & Policy  Livelihood, Economic & Other Incentives  External Capacity Building

2.2 Technical Background

2.2.1 Data Search Process

The simple search can be done using Haystack and Whoosh. Haystack is a Django plugin to allow text search, whilst Whoosh is a pure Python search backend. Haystack provides

13 an API, which is pretty easy to use with Django. Similarly Whoosh is a fast, feature-ful full-text indexing and searching library implemented in pure Python

Sites Using Haystack

 Sunlight Labs (http://sunlightlabs.com): For general search using Whoosh &Solr  NASA (http://science.nasa.gov): For general search using Solr  Reddit (http://redditgifts.com): For Reddit Gifts using Whoosh  AstroBin (http://www.astrobin.com): For general search using Solr  Educreations (http://www.educreations.com): For search across users and lessons using Solr  LocalWiki (http://localwiki.org): For every LocalWiki instance using Solr

2.2.2 Visualization Process

This project uses The Ben Fry Visualizing Data approach. In the first chapter of the Visualizing Data book by Fry, he sets up the Data Visualization process as a series of steps:

1. Acquire 2. Parse 3. Filter 4. Mine 5. Represent 6. Refine 7. Interact

Figure 2-2 Process of visualizing data using The Ben Fry Visualizing Data approach

2.2.2.1 Acquire The data are obtained whether from file on a disk and a source over a network. In D3, we start by manually generating data for the beginning and later turning to existing data sets.

2.2.2.2 Parse The next step is to provide some structure for the data's meaning, and order it into categories. The amount of Data one can collect and analyze is immense. It is necessary to put the collected data into a structure.

2.2.2.3 Filter This includes the removal all but the data of interest. After putting the data into a structure, it is required to filter out the data that is not necessary for Data Visualization.

2.2.2.4 Mine The methods from statistics and data mining were applied as a way to discern patterns and place the data in mathematical context. The focus was on basic statistics in the beginning. More emphasis in discovering patterns occurred in later sections. This step helps to get basic understanding of the data before doing the representational step.

2.2.2.5 Represent The first thing to do in the representational model is to choose basic visual models like Pie Charts, Bar graph etc. in this project.

2.2.2.6 Refine Improving the basic representation to make it clearer and more visually engaging is one fundamental aspect of visualization. The focus here was on CSS3 and HTML5. Some basic color theory as well as some basic graphic theory was also covered.

2.2.2.7 Interact Adding methods for manipulating the data or controlling what features are visible is another important step of visualization. This is where D3.js really made its mark. Similarly, for the visualization in Maps, Leaflet and Map were used. Leaflet is a widely- used open source JavaScript library used to build web mapping applications. Similarly, interactive maps and data visualizations were created with Mapbox's tools.

3 RESEARCH

Data collected from various sources are usually in raw form. These data, which are used to derive information, are locked in databases. Our main goal is to derive information about the biodiversity status of Nepal and help to enhance the future situation analyzing past information. Visualizations are also important feature, as it helps to get the clear image of data and helps to understand much about the underlying parameters.

A number of organizations have been working in biodiversity field of Nepal. But their effort seems to be incomplete without proper organization of technical aspects of their work. They are not maintaining the system they created and were unable to update their system to integrate present day data.

3.1 Biodiversity in Nepal

3.1.1 Background

Nepal has a population of 23.2 million people, 48.5% of which lives in the Terai, 44.2% in the Mid-hills and 7.3% in the Mountains. The 2001 census indicates an average population growth rate of 2.27%, highest in the Terai and lowest in the Mountains. The economic well-being of Nepal is very closely bound to its natural resources – arable land, water, forested areas, and protected areas.

Tourism is the second most important source of foreign exchange for Nepal, after agriculture, and approximately 45% of tourists coming to Nepal visit protected areas, generating substantial revenue. Tourism will therefore remain central to the economic sustainability of the protected area system and the protection of biodiversity.

3.1.2 Biological resources and diversity

Nepal’s location in the center of the Himalayan range places the country in the transitional zone between the eastern and western Himalayas. Nepal’s rich biodiversity is a reflection of this unique geographic position as well as its altitudinal and climatic variations. It incorporates Palearctic and Indo-Malayan bio geographical regions and major floristic provinces of Asia, creating a unique and rich diversity of life. Although comprising only 0.09% of global land area, Nepal possesses a disproportionately large diversity of flora and fauna at genetic, species and ecosystem levels. This diversity is found in the dense tropical monsoon forests of the Terai, the deciduous and coniferous forests of the subtropical and temperate regions, and the sub-alpine and alpine pastures and snow- covered peaks of the Himalayan mountain range.

The biological resources of the Terai and Siwalik are mostly dominated by Sal trees (Shorearobusta). These ecosystems are of international importance both in terms of the number of globally threatened wildlife and floral species found in them as well as their diversity. Unfortunately, the Terai is also heavily populated, resulting in high pressure on the forest and agricultural resources.

The Mid-hills have the greatest diversity of ecosystems (52) and species in Nepal. This is due to the great variety of terrain types and the occurrence of subtropical to temperate climatic zones comprising a rich flora and fauna. Nearly 32% of Nepal’s forests occur in the Mid-hills. The Mountains are the meeting place of the Palearctic region to the north and the Indo-Malayan region to the south. There are 38 major ecosystems in the Mountains, and while they are relatively less diverse in flora and fauna compared to the Mid-hills and lowlands because of harsh environmental conditions, they are nevertheless characterized by a large number of endemic species.

Forests play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance as well as economic

18 development in Nepal. Pristine forests are a major attraction for tourists. The forest environment is a major source of energy, animal fodder and timber, and forest catchment areas are the main sources of water used in hydroelectric power generation, irrigation and domestic consumption. Rural people depend on many non-timber forest products (NTFPs) for their subsistence living.

Rangelands in Nepal comprise grassland, pasture, scrubland and forest, and are estimated to cover about 1.75 million hectares, or nearly 12% of Nepal’s land area. Nepal's rangelands are rich in biodiversity, ranging from subtropical savannahs, temperate grasslands, alpine meadows, and the cold, arid steppes north of the Himalayan range.

About 21% (3.2 million hectares) of the total land area of Nepal is cultivated, the principal crops being rice, maize, wheat, millet and potatoes. Crops such as rice, rice bean, eggplant, buckwheat, soybean, foxtail millet, citrus fruits and mango have high genetic diversity relative to other food crops. Many crop species in Nepal owe their variability to the presence of about 120 wild relatives of the commonly cultivated food plants.

There are many different types of wetlands in Nepal, ranging from perennially flowing rivers to seasonal streams, lowland oxbow lakes, high altitude glacial lakes, swamps, marshes, paddy fields, reservoirs, and ponds. These wetlands are biologically diverse and are known to support more than 20,000 waterfowl.

The Himalayan mountain system is unique in the world. Several biologists have reported plants and animals above 5,000m. Mosses and lichens are found up to 6,300m, cushions of flowering Stellariadecumbens in Makalu occur up to 6,135m, and Ephedra species up to 5,200m. An important feature of the mountain biodiversity of Nepal is the number of different levels of biological organization above the species level - genera, families, phyla, habitats, and ecosystems - indicating high levels of beta diversity.

3.1.3 Threats to biodiversity

There are fundamental problems that hold major obstacle in biodiversity conservation in 19

Nepal. Until these fundamental problems and root causes are addressed, success is not likely to be sustainable and the threats will reappear. The threats to Nepal’s biodiversity can be summarized as follows:

 Low levels of public awareness and participation;  High population pressures and prevailing poverty;  Weak institutional, administrative, planning and management capacity;  Lack of integrated land and water use planning;  Inadequate data and information management;  Inadequate policies and strategies for biodiversity conservation;  Human-wildlife conflict;  Climate change (direct impacts)  Poaching and illegal trade of key wild animals and plants;  Encroachment/fragmentation and degradation of habitat.

3.1.4 Biodiversity Conservation

Over the past few years Nepal has experienced enormous challenges in conserving the country’s biodiversity, from the mountains to the Terai. Globally significant wildlife species such as Bengal tiger, greater one-horned rhino, Asian elephant, gharial, Gangetic river dolphin and giant hornbill in Terai Arc Landscape (TAL) and snow leopard, red panda and musk deer in the Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape (CHAL) are under threat. Species-specific regional conservation strategies are required to ensure their long-term survival. There are also major forest ecosystems in both TAL and CHAL that require protection. TAL supports tall alluvial floodplain grasslands, riverine forest, and khari- sissoo association in the riverbeds, to mixed hardwood and Sal forests in the drier uplands. CHAL vegetation includes a narrow section of lowland TAL vegetation in the southern proximity, dry deciduous sal forest in the Churia foothills; broadleaf subtropical forests with sal and pine forest in the middle mountain; temperate forest in the high mountain; and birch dominated alpine forest and open rangelands in the high Himalayan region.

But with the threats mentioned in earlier section, there have been made some effort in the conservation process and Hariyo Ban Program, which was made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development is one of them. The Hariyo Ban Program recognizes the key role that local communities play in biodiversity conservation. Hence the biodiversity component aims to strengthen governance in natural resource management, improve livelihoods of forest dependent communities and improve local stewardship in conserving natural resources. This includes promoting meaningful participation and equitable benefit sharing for poor and marginalized groups, and for women. The program will focus efforts in areas critical for biodiversity including biological corridors, catchments and refugia, working to link protected areas through corridors to meet the ecological requirements of focal species. The program will also work to reduce threats to biological resources by improving understanding of the ecology and behavior of focal species and applying it in management; addressing site specific threats to species and habitats; strengthening anti- poaching operations; improving habitats; and creating a more enabling policy environment. Since this component is very closely linked with the REDD+ and climate change adaptation work, it will work to establish climate-resilient conservation landscapes for biodiversity conservation.

3.2 Data Source

3.2.1 Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book

Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book: Protected Areas, Ramsar Sites, and World Heritage Sites builds upon the earlier Biodiversity Profiles of Nepal 1996 to update all available information, published as well as verified in the field, about biodiversity in Nepal. The book is organized in eight chapters and discusses currently reported data on flora and fauna including some analysis of the trends since 1996 following the establishment of protected areas and sites, Ramsar sites, and World Heritage Sites throughout Nepal.

The primary source of the data was obtained from Annex 2.1 and Annex 2.2 of Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book. The annexes provided a complete list of flora and fauna species of Nepal and the checklist of species in each protected area. Annex 2.1 consists of the checklist of floral species, each record mentioning the scientific name and family of each species. Annex 2.2 consists of the checklist of fauna species, each record mentioning the common name, scientific name, status and confined region. All these information was available only in PDF format. So they needed to be converted into open readable format.

3.2.2 Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC)

The Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC) is a government organization committed to the conservation, management, and regulation of the protected areas and biodiversity in Nepal. It has a network of protected areas that include 10 national parks, 3 wildlife reserves, 6 conservation areas, 1 hunting reserve, and 12 buffer zone areas. These protected areas cover 34,185.62 sq. km (23.23%) of the total geographical area of the country. We collected data such as protected areas’ area coverage, date established from the annual reports of DNPWC.

3.2.3 World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA)

The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) is the largest assembly of data on the world's terrestrial and marine protected areas, containing more than 161,000 protected areas as of October 2010, with records covering 236 countries and territories throughout the world. The WDPA is a joint venture between the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) World Commission on Protected Areas. The GIS data for the protected areas was obtained from World Database of Protected Areas (WPDA).

3.2.4 Bird Life International

BirdLife international is a global partnership of conservation organizations that strives to conserve birds, their habitats and global biodiversity, working with people towards sustainability in the use of natural resources. It is the World's largest partnership of conservation organizations, with over 120 partner organizations 120 partner organizations. Together the BirdLife Partnership forms the leading authority on the status of birds, their habitats and the issues and problems affecting bird life. The GIS data for Important Bird Areas (IBAs) were obtained from Bird Life International.

3.2.5 Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)

The Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) is an international organization that focuses on making scientific data on biodiversity available via the Internet using web services. The data are provided by many institutions from around the world; GBIF's information architecture makes these data accessible and searchable through a single portal. Data available through the GBIF portal are primarily distribution data on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes for the world, and scientific names data.

3.2.6 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

3.2.7 CITES

CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, also known as the Washington Convention) is a multilateral treaty to protect endangered plants and animals. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten the survival of the species in the wild, and it accords varying degrees of protection to more than 35,000 species of animals and plants.

3.3 Data Collection

Data was collected from their various sources in whichever format they were provided. The data from Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book was in PDF format whereas the data from WPDA, IBAs were in the shape files, which needed conversion for easy access and readability.

3.4 Data Extraction

To obtain the data in open format, first the PDF files were split into several parts and the required parts were converted into HTML format using PDF Online(1). Using DOM parser upon the HTML files, we extracted the required information and saved the results in CSV format. We also used regular expression to parse the HTML files. Obtaining data from the converted HTML file was not easy. We had great difficulty in making the records of the species, especially fauna species, in proper format as the data provided in tabular form was very complicated.

When the data extraction and cleaning was completed, by using the scientific names, we used GBIF API(2) to obtain information such as short description, detailed description, image links and taxonomic classification. The API also served as a tool to verify the correctness of the scientific names of the checklist. A brief analysis of the data showed that the taxonomic classification of the species in GBIF API was not uniform as the information facility collects data from multiple sources. So we then extracted uniform taxonomic classification from Catalogue of Life (3). In addition to classification, we also obtained list of synonym scientific names, common names in English and accepted name for each species. The status of species for fauna such as Red List category and CITES Appendix were obtained from IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and CITES respectively. The data in CSV format was organized in proper format and then they were imported to the PostgreSQL database.

3.5 Data Storage:

The extracted data was saved in database. PostgreSQL was our primary database.

The information contained in the database are:

 Classification: Classification of flora and fauna are done on the basis of Kingdom, phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, etc. Classification is important because it is 25

easier to research and learn about the particular animal or plant once it has been grouped with other similar objects.  Common name: Common name of flora and fauna are also present in the database. Common name are usually local name, which varies from region to region.  Description: Description of plant and animals could also be found in our database.  Fauna and Flora region: The regions where particular flora and fauna are found are also in our database, which helps to analyze them according to the places where they are found.  Assessment history: The record of when IUCN assessed the particular flora and fauna are also kept in our database. It will help to manage the assessing period and for users will give the overview when was the data last taken.  Conservation: Records according to the IUCN conservation number are also in our database.  Habitat: The records according to the habitat of flora and fauna are also found in our database.  Threat: If the animal are under threat of any kind or not are one of the major area of biodiversity conservation. We have the data about it and was provided by IUCN.  Images: Images of flora and fauna are found in our database.  Protected Areas: Record according to the protected areas is found in our database. Protected areas are vital entity for conservation process.  Species: Records about the species of plant and animal are found in our database  Status: Present status of Plants and animals can be found in our database. It enables to know about the present state, whether they are extinct or increasing number, whether they need special care or not.

4 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

4.1 Requirement Analysis

4.1.1 Functional Requirements

 Detailed information on each species The main objective of the project is to provide maximum information pertaining to a species; both flora and fauna. Each species profile should include short species description, images, occurrences of the species, detailed description of the species on various topics such as behavior, habitat, threat, conservation activities, taxonomical classification, status of the species, common names, synonyms, accepted name and links to the species profile in external sites such as GBIF, IUCN Red List and Catalogue of Life.

 Information regarding protected areas with checklist In addition to species profile, the project also aims on providing information on the different protected areas of Nepal. Each protected area profile should include short description, images, location in map, quick information such as area, date of establishment, IUCN category and type of protected area.

 Efficient search mechanism As an inventory, an efficient search mechanism is a must. The system should allow user to search species by their common name or scientific name. The search engine should also look up to the list of synonyms of the species. In addition to this, user should also be able to filter the search result on the basis of species type, status and protected areas.

 Elegant data visualization Data visualization is an important part of the project in addition to the inventory. The visualization should be able to present the current status of biodiversity and present a concrete idea on the threats and conservation activities required.

 API solutions for developers One of the main reasons for under taking the project is to make the data from various sources available to developers and researchers in open format. Users should thus, be able to extract collected information through appropriate URL formats in open format such as JSON or CSV.

4.1.2 Non Functional Requirements

 Accurate information An inventory serves as a basis of several research works and studies. So it is very important that the information provided should be highly accurate.

 Performance The performance of the system has to be swift especially when it involves data visualization, API calls, search and filter. Despite the large number of records, the time taken for the retrieval and processing of the data should be minimum.

4.2 System Block Diagram

Data Source

Data Extraction

Data Conversion to Open Format Document

Protected Areas Species Profile Data Storage Profile

API call interface

Data Visualization

Figure 4-1 Process of visualizing data using The Ben Fry Visualizing Data approach

4.3 Description of the system

4.3.1 Data Extraction and Storage

The primary source of the data was obtained from Annex 2.1 and Annex 2.2 of Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book (4).The annexes provided a complete list of flora and fauna species of Nepal and the check list of species in each protected area. Annex 2.1 consists of the checklist of floral species, each record mentioning the scientific name and family of each species. Annex 2.2 consists of the checklist of fauna species, each record mentioning the common name, scientific name, status and confined region. All these information was available only in PDF format. So they needed to be converted into open

29 readable format. In addition to this, we also collected data from the annual reports of DNPWC(5)

To obtain the data in open format, first the PDF files were split into several parts and the required parts were converted into HTML format using PDF Online converter (1). Using DOM parser upon the HTML files, we extracted the required information and saved the results in CSV format. We also used regular expression to parse the HTML files. Obtaining data from the converted HTML file was not easy. We had great difficulty in making the records of the species, especially fauna species, in proper format as the data provided in tabular form was very complicated.

When the data extraction and cleaning was completed, by using the scientific names, we used GBIF API (2)to obtain information such as short description, detailed description, image links and taxonomic classification. The API also served as a tool to verify the correctness of the scientific names of the checklist. A brief analysis of the data showed that the taxonomic classification of the species in GBIF API was not uniform as the information facility collects data from multiple sources. So we then extracted uniform taxonomic classification from Catalogue of Life (3). In addition to classification, we also obtained list of synonym scientific names, common names in English and accepted name for each species. The status of species for fauna such as Red List category and CITES Appendix were obtained from IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and CITES respectively. The data in CSV format was organized in proper format and then they were imported to the PostgreSQL database.

The GIS data for the protected areas was obtained from World Database of Protected Areas (WPDA) (6)while that of Important Bird Areas (IBAs) was obtained from Bird Life (7) upon request. We have converted the shape files in geojosn format for easy access and readability. This was done using QGIS.

4.4 Database Design

Protected Areas PK PA ID PA Images

Name PK,FK1 PA ID Designation PK URL Area Estd Year Citation IUCN Category WPDA ID Names Description PK,FK1 Species ID PK Synonym Common Names Accepted Name PK,FK1 Species ID PK Common Name Species PA Status PK,FK1 Species ID PK,FK1 Species ID PK,FK2 PA ID Description Protected Endemic PK,FK1 Species ID CITES PK Type NRDB Description

Images

Classification Species PK,FK1 Species ID PK URL PK,FK1 Species ID PK Species ID Citation Kingdom Name Phylum Scientific Name External Keys Class Group Order PK,FK1 Species ID Family Genus GBIF Key IUCN Key CoL Key IUCN Data IUCN Assessment History PK,FK1 Species ID IUCN Habitat PK IUCN Key PK,FK1 Species ID PK,FK1 Species ID PK,FK1 IUCN Key PK,FK1 IUCN Key Status Population trend Year Habitat Number Status Sutability Citation Season Importance

IUCN Threat IUCN Conservation PK,FK1 Species ID PK,FK1 IUCN Key PK,FK1 Species ID PK,FK1 IUCN Key Threat Number Timing Conservation Number Scope Severity

Figure 4-2 ER Diagram

The major tables and their attributes have been described below:

 Species – Includes basic information on each species containing Species ID, Name and Group  Protected Areas – Includes short information on each protected areas. Each protected area is given an unique protected area id (PA ID).  Status – Records the current status of the species such as IUCN Red list category, CITES appendix, NRDB status and protected status.  Classification – Tabular listing of the classification of species on seven taxonomic levels: Kingdom, Phylum, Order, Class, Family, Genus and Species.  IUCN Data – Includes IUCN species ID, status and global population trend of the fauna species. The table further links up to other IUCN data parameters such as habitat classification, threat classification, actions and assessment history.  Images – Contains URL of the images for the species. A species can have zero, one or multiple number of images depending on the availability.

4.5 UML Diagrams for System

Use case Diagram of the system

Figure 4-3 Use case diagram of the system

Sequence Diagram for API call

:user :api_views :db

request() databse_query()

successful()

data_JSON_CSV()

Figure 4-4 Sequence Diagram for API Call

Sequence Diagram for Visualization

:user :render_insights :api

selection() api_call()

response()

visualize()

Figure 4-5 Sequence Diagram for Visualization 33

4.6 API call format URL format: http://localhost:8000/api/species/species_id/parameter_name

Name Variables Type Description species_id - Integer Unique integer that represents (1 – 10595) each species. The species id can be obtained from the species profile or from the checklist in CSV format. parameter_name name String This parameter can be used to get accepted name, common names, scientific name of the species of given species ID. classification String The parameter can be used to access full taxonomic classification of the species up to level Species. status String The parameter can be used to get the status of the species such as IUCN Status, CITES Appendix, NRDB Status, Protected status. protected_areas String This parameter can be used to get the name and id of the protected areas of Nepal where the species has been recorded Table 2API call format for species

URL format: http://localhost:8000/api/protected_areas/id/parameter

Name Variables Type Description id - Integer (1 -33) Unique integer that represents each protected area. The protected area id can be

obtained from protected areas’ profile parameter basics String This parameter can be used to obtain basic information of the protected area such as name, id, area (in km2), type and IUCN Category. species_count String This parameter can be used to obtain number of recorded species in the protected area categorized under five groups: Pteridophytes, Phanerogams, Mammals, Birds, Herpeto and Fish species_check String This parameter can be used to list obtain full species checklist. Each item of the checklist includes species id and name. Table 3 API Call format for protected areas

URL format: http://localhost:8000/api/operation_type/group

Name Variable Type Description operation_type count String To get the number of species in different groups/family in Nepal checklist String To get the checklist of the species of particular group or all. group all String To get checklist or species count of all the species in Nepal Mammal/Birds/ String To get checklist or species Fish/… count of species within a particular group categorized by family Table 4 API Call format for checklist of species

4.7 Visualization

The data need for visualization is obtained from the API in JSON format. This data is used to render different charts, trees and graphs. We have used d3.js for generating different charts. D3.js is a JavaScript library for data visualization of the widely implemented Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), JavaScript, HTML5 and CSS3 Standards. It provides various features that allow developers to render dynamic charts in SVG by using JavaScript.

The data visualization includes charts such as sunburst chart, 3D donut chart, stack bar chart, grouped chart, hierarchical bar chart, line chart and collapse tree. The visualization has been used to depict the present status of biodiversity of the country. The charts allows user to explore through variety of species, comparison of number of species in different protected areas, threats and conservation measures required, status of species and so on.

We have used Leaflet framework for the visualization of the maps and shape file of protected areas and IBAs of Nepal. Leaflet is a modern open-source JavaScript library for mobile-friendly interactive maps. It has all the features most developers ever need for online maps.

5 RESULTS

5.1 Search and Filter

Users can search the species by common name or scientific name. The search engine looks upon all the list of synonym scientific names and multiple common names as well. The use of typeahead.js(8) allows user to select the required species as they type.

Figure 5-1Use of typeahead.js for search The search results thus obtained can be filtered on the basis of various parameters such as:

1. Species Type (Mammal, Bird, Fish, … ) 2. Status of Species a. IUCN Red List status b. CITES Appendix c. National Red Data Book (NRDB) Status d. Protected status 3. Occurrence in protected area Figure 5-2Search filter parameters

For better exploration of the species, users may obtain results only on the basis of filter parameter and not the search query by checking the Ignore keyword check button.

5.2 Species Profile

Figure 5-3 Species profile example

The species profile is dedicated to provide maximum information available on the particular species. Depending on the availability, the content of the species profile may vary from one species to other. Each species profile may contain the following contents:

1. Abstract description – A short hand description of the species 2. Images – One or more image scrollable carousel of the species

3. Occurrence of the species by protected areas in map – List of protected areas where the species has been recorded and the location of these protected plotted on map 4. Species details from GBIF – Detailed species information tabbed on topics such as Behavior, Conservation, Threats, Description and so on. All these information has been collected from GBIF API 5. Similar Species – Four species that are closely related to the species in the classification tree. 6. Classification – Biological classification of the species in seven different levels from Kingdom up to Species 7. Status – IUCN Red List Status, CITES Appendix, NRDB status, Nepal Government Protected status and Global Population trend of the species 8. Synonyms – List of synonyms of the species 9. Common names – List of common names of the species 10. Habitats – List of favorable habitats of the species on the basis of IUCN Habitat Classification Scheme (9) 11. Threats – List of threats on the species on the basis of IUCN Threats Classification Scheme (10) 12. Actions – List of conservation actions suggested for the species on the basis of IUCN Actions Classification Scheme (10) 13. External links – List of links of the species profile from other sources such as IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, GBIF and Catalogue of Life

5.3 Protected Area Profile

The protected area profile provides brief information on the protected area with the checklist of species recorded in the protected area. Like species profile, the content of the protected area profile may vary depending on the availability of information.

Figure 5-4 Protected area profile example The major contents of protected area profile are:

1. Location in map – Location of the protected area on Open Street Map 2. Short Description – A brief description of the protected area from Wikipedia 3. Images – One or more image scrollable carousel 4. Checklist of Species – List of species recorded in the protected area grouped by species type 5. Species count in graph – Bar graph showing the number of species grouped by different species type 6. Threatened and Near threatened species count – Stacked bar showing number of threatened (vulnerable, endangered and critically endangered) and near threatened species in the protected area

5.4 Output of Visualization

5.4.1 Biological Classification Tree

The tree represents taxonomic hierarchy of the species of Nepal on the basis of Catalogue of Life Annual Checklist 2013 (11). The tree is an interactive tool to explore the wide variety of flora and fauna species of Nepal. User can click on each node to collapse/merge a node. The tree consists of seven levels namely:

 Level 0: All Species (root)  Level 1: Kingdom  Level 2: Phylum  Level 3: Class  Level 4: Order  Level 5: Family  Level 6: Genus  Level 7: Species (leaf)

Figure 5-5 Biological classification tree visualization 41

User can get information on each node by clicking on the label name of the node. The label of leaf node redirects to the species profile page.

5.4.2 Species Hierarchical Diversity

The sunburst pie chart illustrates the diversity of species in Nepal by number of species. The levels of the chart from innermost circle to outer slices are:

 Level 0: All Species (innermost circle)  Level 1: Kingdom  Level 2: Species Type  Level 3: Class  Level 4: Order  Level 5: Family

By clicking on any slice, we can zoom into the pie chart and by clicking on the innermost circle we can return back.

Figure 5-6 Sunburst chart showing species diversity

5.4.3 IUCN Fauna Habitat Classification

The hierarchical bar chart show different types of habitats of fauna species in Nepal on the basis of IUCN Habitat Classification Scheme(9). Each bar in steel blue on clicked zooms into the next level. The chart can be observed for all species as well as species of a particular type.

Figure 5-7 Hierarchical bar chart showing habitats of species

The hierarchical chart for all species shows that forest (sub-tropical) is the most common habitat for species in Nepal followed by wetlands.

5.4.4 IUCN Red List Status

Species are classified by the IUCN Red List into nine groups set through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation. In Nepal, the species belong in six major categories namely, Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), Vulnerable (VU), Near

Threatened (NT), Least Concerned (LC) and Data Deficient (DD), out of which the first three categories are group as threatened species.

Figure 5-8 3D donut chart showing species in IUCN Red List categories

A total of 1,431 species of Nepal were found to be listed in IUCN Red List of which about 97 are listed as threatened species. 12 of these species (including those which have gone extinct in Nepal) are Critically Endangered.

5.4.5 CITES Appendix

CITES has protected several species of plants and animals against over exploitation through international trade. Each species is included in one of three appendices. The Appendix that lists a species or population reflects the extent of the threat to it and the controls that apply to the trade.

Figure 5-9 3D donut chart showing species in CITES appendices

It was observed that over 250 species of Nepal has been listed under CITES Appendix II and about 24 in Appendix III and 46 in Appendix I.

5.4.6 National Red Data Book Status

National Red Data Book (NRDB) categories threatened species in Nepal under six categories: EXN - Extinct in Nepal, C - Critically Endangered, E - Endangered, V - Vulnerable, S - Susceptible, UR - Under Record. From NRDB status of species it was found that about 11 species recorded in Nepal has gone Extinct in Nepal will same number of species are Critically Endangered.

Figure 5-103D donut chart showing species in NRDB

5.4.7 IUCN Fauna Threat Classification

On the basis of IUCN Threat Classification Scheme (10), the major threats on the species of Nepal has been rendered on the hierarchical bar chart as shown. The size of the bar shows the number of species affected by a particular threat.

Figure 5-11 Hierarchical bar chart showing major threats on species

It was observed that biological resource use comprising hunting and collecting animals, wood harvesting are the major threats to the species of Nepal followed by agriculture and aqua culture.

5.4.8 IUCN Fauna Conservation Measures

The suitable conservation actions for species has been listed and plotted on hierarchical bar chart on the basis of IUCN Conservation Actions Classification Scheme (12).

Figure 5-12 Hierarchical bar chart showing list of conservation actions for species

It was observed that land/water management and land/water protection are the most needed conservation actions for the species of Nepal.

5.4.9 Area coverage of protected areas in Nepal

The line chart shows the timeline of area coverage of protected areas of Nepal from 1973 to 2010. The protected areas have been grouped as national parks, wildlife reserves, hunting reserves, conservation areas and buffer zones. The timeline gives us a brief insight of the area coverage and history of protected area in Nepal.

Figure 5-13 Timeline chart showing area coverage of protected areas over time

5.4.10 Partition of area coverage of protected areas

The sunburst chart shows the partition of area covered by different types of protected areas in Nepal. It was observed that conservation areas and national park have major area coverage in Nepal. Annapurna Conservation Area is the largest protected area in Nepal and Shey Phoksundo the largest national park.

Figure 5-14Sunburst chart showing partition of area coverage of protected areas

5.4.11 Comparison of species number in two protected areas

The comparison of any two protected areas of Nepal on the basis of the number of species can be done using the group bar chart.

Figure 5-15 Grouped bar chart showing comparison of number of species in two protected areas

5.4.12 Central Zoo Insights

The data obtained from Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book (4) on the species of Central Zoo, Jawlakhel, Lalitpur has been used to provide brief overview of these species. Unlike other protected areas, Central Zoo is ex situ conservation zone and the species are well recorded including species count and gender of each species. So a separate insight tool has been used for this purpose.

The central zoo insights provide the number of species by species type and species count. The species number can be view group by gender, IUCN status and nature of origin. A short profile of the species in the zoo can be observed as well.

Figure 5-16 Example of species profile of Central Zoo

5.4.13 Map Visualization

The location of the different protected areas of Nepal has been rendered in the map. The protected area whose area is less than 500 km2 has been shown by markers. The map is zoomable and uses the map data of Open Street Map and imagery of Mapbox. Hovering over a protected area gives information about the name, area covered and date established of the protected area.

Figure 5-17Map Visualization of Protected Areas of Nepal 51

5.5 API Call Interface

This interface allows users to build the API request URL and get the output as well. Three sections have been used to build the URL namely, Species, Protected Areas and Overall Checklist. Users can select all the necessary parameters from the form elements to build the URL and get the output. Out can be obtained mostly in JSON format. Some lengthy output can also be obtained in CSV format.

Figure 5-18 API response builder

6 TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES USED

6.1 Language

Different programming languages were for creating various elements of projects;

6.1.1 Python

Python is used as server side scripting language. Python is a widely used general-purpose, high-level programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability, and its syntax allows programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code. The language provides constructs intended to enable clear programs on both a small and large scale.

6.1.2 Framework

Python Django framework was used for coding our web application. Django is a framework whose primary goal is to ease the creation of complex, database-driven websites. Django emphasizes reusability and "pluggability" of components, rapid development, and the principle of don't repeat yourself. Python is used throughout, even for settings, files, and data models.

6.1.3 HTML5

HTML5 is a core technology markup language of the Internet used for structuring and presenting content for the World Wide Web. It is the fifth revision of the HTML standard (created in 1990 and standardized as HTML 4 as of 1997) and, as of December 2012, is a candidate recommendation of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).Its core aims have been to improve the language with support for the latest multimedia while keeping it easily readable by humans and consistently understood by computers and devices (web

53 browsers, parsers, etc.). HTML5 is intended to subsume not only HTML 4, but also XHTML 1 and DOM Level 2 HTML.

6.1.4 jQuery jQuery is a cross-platform JavaScript library designed to simplify the client-side scripting of HTML. jQuery is free, open source software, licensed under the MIT License. jQuery's syntax is designed to make it easier to navigate a document, select DOM elements, create animations, handle events, and develop Ajax applications. jQuery also provides capabilities for developers to create plug-ins on top of the JavaScript library. This enables developers to create abstractions for low-level interaction and animation, advanced effects and high-level, theme-able widgets. The modular approach to the jQuery library allows the creation of powerful dynamic web pages and web applications.

6.1.5 Database

PostgreSQL was used as a database. PostgreSQL, often simply "Postgres", is a powerful, open source object-relational database system. As a database server, its primary function is to store data, securely and supporting best practices, and retrieve it later, as requested by other software applications, be it those on the same computer or those running on another computer across a network (including the Internet). It can handle workloads ranging from small single-machine applications to large Internet-facing applications with many concurrent users. Recent versions also provide replication of the database itself for security and scalability.

6.2 Search Engine tools

6.2.1 Haystack

Haystack writes code once and chooses the search engine in which the code should be run. It provides an API, which is pretty easy to use with django and an architecture that allows swapping things in and out as per users need. Haystack plays nicely with third- party apps without needing to modify the source and supports Solr, Elasticsearch, Whoosh and Xapian.

6.2.2 Whoosh

Whoosh is a fast, featureful full-text indexing and searching library implemented in pure Python. Programmers can use it to easily add search functionality to their applications and websites. Every part of how Whoosh works can be extended or replaced to meet programmer’s needs exactly.

6.2.3 typeahead.js

Twitter typeahead.js is a fast and battle-tested jQuery plugin for auto completion. Some of its capabilities and features include:

 Search data on the client, server, or both  Handle multiple inputs on a single page with shared data and caching  Suggest multiple types of data (e.g. searches and accounts) in a single input  Support for international languages, including right-to-left and input method editors  Define custom matching and ranking functions

6.3 Data Extraction Tools

 The PDF files that were taken from the data source split into several parts and the required parts were converted into HTML format using PDF Online converter  DOM parser was used to change it into CSV file format.  Regular expression was used to parse the HTML file.  GBIF API was used to obtain information such as short description, detailed description, image links and taxonomic classification.  QGIS was used to convert the shape files to geojosn format for easy access and readability.  Python Wikipedia API (13) by goldsmith was used for obtaining summary from Wikipedia pages.

6.4 Visualization Tools

6.4.1 Mapbox

Mapbox is a one of the biggest providers of custom online maps for major websites such as Foursquare, Pinterest, Evernote, the Financial Times and Uber Technologies. Since 2010, it has rapidly expanded the niche of custom maps, as a response to the limited choice offered by map providers such as Google Maps. Mapbox is the creator of, or a significant contributor to many popular open source mapping libraries and applications, including the MBTiles specification, the TileMill cartography IDE, the Leaflet JavaScript library, the CartoCSS map styling language and parser, and the mapbox.js JavaScript library.

6.4.2 Leaflet

Leaflet is a widely-used open source JavaScript library used to build web mapping applications. First released in 2011, it supports most mobile and desktop platforms,

56 supporting HTML5 and CSS3. Alongside OpenLayers, and the Google Maps API it is one of the most popular JavaScript mapping libraries, and is now used by major web sites such as FourSquare, Pinterest and Flickr.

6.4.3 D3

D3 is a JavaScript library to display digital data in dynamic graphical forms. It is a tool for data visualization in W3C compliant computing making use of the widely implemented SVG, JavaScript, and CSS standards. It is the successor to the earlier Protovis framework.

6.5 Tools used for making API

6.5.1 JSON

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data-interchange format. It is easy for humans to read and write. It is easy for machines to parse and generate. It is based on a subset of the JavaScript Programming Language, Standard ECMA-262 3rd Edition - December 1999. JSON is a text format that is completely language independent but uses conventions that are familiar to programmers of the C-family of languages, including C, C++, C#, Java, JavaScript, Perl, Python, and many others. These properties make JSON an ideal data-interchange language.

6.5.2 CSV

CSV (Comma-separated values) stores tabular data (numbers and text) in plain-text form. Plain text means that the file is a sequence of characters, with no data that has to be interpreted instead, as binary numbers. A CSV file consists of any number of records,

57 separated by line breaks of some kind; each record consists of fields, separated by some other character or string, most commonly a literal comma or tab. Normally all records have an identical sequence of fields.

6.6 Tools used for User Interface Design

6.6.1 Twitter Bootstrap 3.1

Bootstrap is a free collection of tools for creating websites and web applications. It contains HTML and CSS-based design templates for typography, forms, buttons, navigation and other interface components, as well as optional JavaScript extensions. Bootstrap is compatible with the latest versions of all major browsers. It gracefully degrades when used on older browsers such as Internet Explorer 8. Since version 2.0 it also supports responsive web design. This means the layout of web pages adjusts dynamically, taking into account the characteristics of the device used (desktop, tablet, mobile phone). Starting with version 3.0, Bootstrap adopted a mobile first design philosophy, emphasizing responsive design by default. Bootstrap is open source and available on GitHub.

7 CONCLUSION

As we know, biodiversity is essential to sustaining the living networks and systems that provide us all with health, food, wealth, fuel and the vital services our lives depend on. It is the variety of all life forms – the different plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms, the genes they contain and the ecosystems of which they form a part. We did the project on Biodiversity analysis and project has been extremely helpful for us to gain the inner- sight of biodiversity status in Nepal. In near future, hopefully it will be helpful to those are concerned with it nationally, internationally. It helped us to be technically more proficient and exposed us to new challenges during the course of project. We gain experience working with different environment, which we had not come across. We also learnt work with big data and challenges that come to handle it. We also gain knowledge about the Data Visualization techniques which we were unaware of before.

8 FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

This project provides information about different species of flora and fauna native to different locations of the country. Similarly, the trends of the status of protected species of Nepal is well visualized.

There is a great opportunity to enhance this project in the days ahead. The soon to be done enhancement of this project is to implement this project live. Making the full system accessible online will be the primary step to be done in some couple days.

The concept of crowd sourcing can be implemented in this project so that it'll cover a wide range of data. Wikipedia can be taken into account as example which is perhaps the pioneers of crowd sourcing. The collaborative approach of data insertion and handling by the community can be done with proper implementation.

Another important development of this project would be building application for smart phones. Development of Android and iOS applications thus including tracking and one- click data insertion feature will help locating the data more accurately and efficiently. This will help on fulfilling the stated objective more relevantly as the complete project can be used on the phone

REFERENCES

1. BCL Technologies. PDF to HTML Online Converter. PDF Online. [Online] http://www.pdfonline.com/convert-pdf-to-html/. 2. GBIF Secretariant. GBIF API. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. [Online] http://www.gbif.org/developer/summary. 3. Species 2000, ITIS. Catalogue of Life. Catalogue of Life. [Online] http://catalogueoflife.org/. 4. Bhuju, Ukesh Raj, et al.Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book. Lalitpur : ICIMOD, 2007. ISBN 978 92 9115 033 5. 5. Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation .Annual Report. Kathmandu : Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Government of Nepal, 2011-12. 6. UNEP, IUCN. protectedplanet.net. World Database on Protected Areas. [Online] http://www.protectedplanet.net/. 7. BirdLife International. Bird Life Data Zone. Bird Life. [Online] http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/home. 8. Jake Harding, Veljko Skarich, Tim Trueman. typeahead.js. Twitter Open Source. [Online] https://twitter.github.io/typeahead.js/. 9. IUCN, SSC. Habitats Classification Scheme (Version 3.1). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. [Online] http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical- documents/classification-schemes/habitats-classification-scheme-ver3. 10. IUCN, SSC. Threats Classification Scheme (Version 3.2). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. [Online] http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical- documents/classification-schemes/threats-classification-scheme. 11. Species 2000, ITIS. Catalouge of Life - 2013 Annual Checklist. Catalogue of Life. [Online] http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2013/. 12. IUCN, SSC. Conservation Actions Classification Scheme (Version 2.0). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. [Online] http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical- documents/classification-schemes/conservation-actions-classification-scheme-ver2. 13. Goldsmith, Jonathan. Wikipedia. Wikipedia. [Online] https://wikipedia.readthedocs.org/en/latest/.

APPENDIX I Area coverage of Protected Areas

SN Name of Protected Areas Gazetted year Area (Sq. km.)

National Parks

1. Chitwan National Park 1973 932.00

(World Heritage Site 1984) 2. Langtang National Park 1976 1710.00 3. Rara National Park 1976 106.00 4. Sagarmatha National Park 1976 1148.00

(World Heritage Site 1979) 5. SheyPhoksundo National Park 1984 3555.00 6. Khaptad National Park 1984 225.00 7. Bardia National Park 1984 968.00 8. Makalu Barun National Park 1991 1500.00 9. ShivapuriNagarjun National Park 2002 159.00 10. Banke National Park 2010 550.00 Sub Total 10853.00 Wildlife Reserves 1. Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve 1976 305.00 2. KoshiTappu Wildlife Reserve 1976 175.00

(Ramsar Site 1987) 3. Parsa Wildlife Reserve 1984 499.00 Sub Total 979.00 Hunting Reserve 1. Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve 1987 1325.00 Subtotal 1325.00 Conservation Areas 1. Annapurna Conservation Area 1992 7629.00

2. Kanchanjunga Conservation Area 1997 2035.00

3. Manaslu Conservation Area 1998 1663.00

4. Krisnhasar Conservation Area 2009 16.95 5. Gaurisankar Conservation Area 2010 2179.00 6. Api Nampa Conservation Area 2010 1903.00

Sub Total 15425.95

Buffer Zones

1. Chitwan National Park 1996 750.00 2. Bardia National Park 1996 507.00 3. Langtang National Park 1998 420.00 4. SheyPhoksundo National Park 1998 1349.00

5. Makalu Barun National Park 1999 830.00 6. Sagarmatha National Park 2002 275.00 7. Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve 2004 243.50 8. KoshiTappu Wildlife Reserve 2004 173.00

9. Parsa Wildlife Reserve 2005 298.17 10. Rara National Park 2006 198.00 11. Khaptad National Park 2006 216.00 12. Banke National Park 2010 343.00 Sub Total 5,602.67 Grand total 34,185.62

Source: Annual Report 2011-12, DNPWC

III

APPENDIX II Protected Species under the NPWC act Mammals

S.N SCIENTIFIC NAME ENGLISH NAME LOCAL NAME

1. Macacaassamensis Assamese monkey Assamisratobandar 2. Manispentadactyla Indian pangolin Salak

3. Caprolagushispidus Hispid hare Hispid kharayo

4. Canis lupus Wolf Bwanso 5. Ursusarctos Himalayan Bear Himaliratobhalu

6. Ailurusfulgens Red panda Habre

7. Prionodonpardicolor Spotted linsang Silu

8. Felisbengalensia Leopard cat Chari bagh 9. Felis lynx Lynx Lynx

10. Neofelisnebulosa Clouded leopard Dwansechituwa

11. Pantheratigris Tiger Bagh

12. Panthereuncia Snow leopard Hinuchituwa

13. Elephasmaximus Asiatic elephant Hatti 14. Rhinicerosunicornis Rhinoceros Gainda

15. Sussalvanius Pygmi hog PudkeBandel

16. Moschusmoschiferos Musk deer Kasturimirga 17. Cervusduvauceli Swamp deer Barhasingha

18. Bosgaurus Gaur Gaurigai

19. Bosgrunniens Wild yak Yak

20. Bubalusbubalis Wild buffalo Arna

21. Ovisammon Great IVibetan sheep Nayan

22. Pantholopshodgsoni Tibetan antilope Chiru

23. Antilopecervicapra Black buck Krisnasar 24. Tetracerosquadricornis Four horned antilope Chauka

25. Hyaenahyaena Striped hynae Hundar

26. Platanistagangetica Gangetic dolphin Shons

Birds

S.N SCIENTIFIC NAME ENGLISH NAME LOCAL NAME

1. Catreuswallichii Chir pheasant Kalij

2. Lophophorusimpeyanus Impeyan pheasant Danfe

3. Tragopansatyra Crimson horned pheasant Monal 4. Ciconiaciconia White stork Setosarus

5. Eupodotisbengalensis Bengal florican Kharmajur

6. Sypheotidesindica Lesser florican Sano kharmajur

7. Grusgrus Sarus crane Sarus

8. Bucerosbicornis Giant hornbill Thulodhanesh 9. Ciconianigra Black stork Kalosarus

Reptiles

S.N SCIENTIFIC NAME ENGLISH NAME LOCAL NAME

1. Gavialisgangeticus Ghariyal Gharialgohi 2. Python species. Python Ajingar

3. Varanusflavescens Monitor lizard Sun gohoro

Souce: Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book, Annex 2.34

APPENDIX III

Annex 1 Flora Annex # Title No of Species 1.1 Vegetation Types --- 1.2 Bryophytes 668 1.3 Pteridophytes 333 1.4 Phanerogams 6391 1.5 Endemic Plants 130 1.9 Vascular Plants in Protected Sites 2532 1.9.1 KNP Flora 295 1.9.2 BNP Flora 173 1.9.3 RNP Flora 88 1.9.4 SPNP Flora 174 1.9.5 CNP Flora 234 1.9.6 LNP Flora 1043 1.9.7 ShNP Flora 449 1.9.8 SNP Flora 160 1.9.9 MBNP Flora 284 1.9.10 SWR Flora 553 1.9.11 PWR Flora 298 1.9.12 KWR Flora 158 1.9.13 DHR Flora 58 1.9.14 ACA Flora 456 1.9.15 MCA Flora 587 1.9.16 KCA Flora 77 1.9.17 GTRS Flora 388 1.9.18 JRRS Flora 16 1.9.19 BTRS Flora 37 1.9.20 LWHS Flora 72 1.9.21 SWHS Flora 109 1.9.22 PWHS Flora 74 1.9.23 CWHS Flora 21 Table 5 Summary of Flora Checklist in Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book

APPENDIX IV

Annex 2 Fauna Check List Annex # Title No of Species 2.1 Spiders 175 2.2 Insects 147 2.3 Butterfly 651 2.4 Moths 785 2.5 Fishes 187 2.6 Herpeto 195 2.7 Birds 874 2.8 Mammals 185 2.10 Central Zoo Animals 119 2.11 KNP Fauna 333 2.12 BNP Fauna 632 2.13 RNP Fauna 297 2.14 SNP Fauna 246 2.15 CNP Fauna 777 2.16 LNP Fauna 396 2.17 ShNP Fauna 333 2.18 SNP Fauna 247 2.19 MBNP Fauna 529 2.20 SWR Fauna 432 2.21 PWR Fauna 556 2.22 KWR Fauna 630 2.23 DHR Fauna 157 2.24 ACA Fauna 630 2.25 MCA Fauna 214 2.26 KCA Fauna 221 2.27 GTRS Fauna 165 2.28 JRRS Fauna 78 2.29 BTRS Fauna 340 2.30 LWHS Fauna 272 2.31 SWHS Fauna 70 2.32 PWHS Fauna 71 2.33 CWHS Fauna 58 2.34 Protected Species under NPWC Act 1973 38 Table 6 Summary of Fauna Checklist in Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book