'I 'i VOL 10 NO. 1 SPRING 1974 ISSN 0020-6164 'I ' '
I.,.: ~ ' . r,~ ' I i ' :!I rjr ' ' i ! MICROBIOLOGICAL CORROSION. OF METALS- MARINE WOOD ' ' BORERS- RODENT ATTACKS ON STORED PRODUCTS- FOULING OF .li SHIPS BY BARNACLES- DETERIORATION OF STONE BY BACTERIA ROTTING OF WOOD BY FUNGI- BACTERIAL BREAKDOWN OF ASPHALT- MILDEWING OF LEATHER -INSECT DAMAGE TO BOOKS I -BIRD HAZARDS TO AIRCRAFT- FUNGI IN JET FUEL TANKS I TERMITES IN TIMBER -.MICROBIOLOGICAL ATTACK ON RUBBERS
., i I PLASTICS AND PAINTS,- FUNGAL ETCHING OF GLASS .... '
1 1: il I I l 11 l :r I I 1. INTERNATIONAL :·1 :',,. ' I i:•l, BIDDETERIORATION I I
: r! ' ' ' t'j I 'I I : ' I i:~·j· A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF BIODETERIORATION
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I'.•I I l·i ! ' N I !J '' ' ., ' : i
'1I BIODETERIORATION INFORMATION CENTRE I,I I THE UNIVERSITY OF ASTON IN BIRMINGHAM ·~ ENGLAND ~~ I ' ~ I I ' ' I :1 " , I i .!
CATOMANCE LIMITED manufacturers of mystox* for the preservation of I I, timber, textiles l paper, cordage !I i,, plastics and specialised ~I "i i· ! applications " j I * mystox is the registered trade mark of Catomance Limited 94 BRIDGE ROAD EAST, WELWYN GARDEN CITY, HERTS., ENGLAND. Telephone: Welwyn Garden 24373/8
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i Volume 10, Number 1 Spring 1974 lSSN 0020-6164
INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION BuLLETIN
CONTENTS
BIODETERIORATION SOCIETY NEWSLETTER 1-2
A CATALOGUE OF POTENTIALLY BIODETERIOGENIC FUNGI HELD IN THE CULTURE 3-23 COLLECTIONS OF THE CBS (CENTRAALBUREAU VOOR SCHIMMELCULTURES), CMI (COMMONWEALTH MYCOLOGICAL INSTITUTE), AND QM (U.S. ARMY NATICK LABORATORIES) T. Denizel, B. Jarvis, A. H. S. Onions, A. C. Rhodes, P. A. Samson, E. G. Simmons, M. T. Smith and E. H. H ueck van der Plas
FUNGICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF SOME 0-BIPHENYLYL AND P-CUMENYL- 25-28 PHENYLPHOSPHORODICHLORIDATES R. J. W. Cremlyn, J. David and N. Kishore
A CELLULOLYTIC ENZYME FROM A WOOD-DESTROYING BASIDIOMYCETE B531. 29-32 2. PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ENZ¥ME ' N.J. King and G. A. Smith '! '
PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CELLULASE FROM 33-34 I. MERUL/US TREMELLOSUS (SCHRAD.) FR. N. J. King, G. A. Smith and A. Soh! ! ! BOOK REVIEWS 35-36
TABLE DES MATIERES INHALT CONTENIDO Un catalogue de mycose potentiellement Eine Liste von Pilzcn, die mOglicher Un catAlogo de bongos potencialmente biodeteriogenes . . 3 weise biologischen Abbau verursachen 3 biodeteriogCnicos 3 Les activitCs fongicides de quelques Fungizide Eigenschaften einiger Derivate Las actividades fungicidas de algunas dcrivatifs de l'o-biphCnylyl et de p phenyl derivitivas del o-biphenylyl y cumenylphenylphosphoredichloridates von o-Biphenylyl undp-Cumenyl-phenyl phosphorodichloridaten . . 25 p-cwnenylphosphorodichlorodates 25 00 00 00 00 00 25 Un enzyme celulolitico de un basidio Une enzyme cellulolytique d'un basidio Ein cellulolytisches Enzym des holzzer mycete BS31 destructor de la madera. 2. mycCte B531 destructeur de bois. 2. 29 stOrenden Basidiomyceten BS31. 2. 29 29 La purification et Ia characterisation de Reinigung und Charakterisierung der Purificaci6n y caracterizaci6n del cclu Ia cellulase obtenue de Merulius tremel Cellulase von Merulius lremellosus lase del Merulius tremellosus (Schrad.) (Schrad.) Fr. 33 (Schrad.) Fr. /osus 33 Fr. 00 00 00 00 00 33 i
·- t \ INTERNATIONAL NOTES BIODETERIORATION BULLETIN FOR CONTRffiUTORS
Biodeterioration Information Centre, Department of Biological The lntemationa/ Biodeterioration Bulletin is published four Sciences, The University of Aston in Birmingham, 80 Coleshill time per year (Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter). Type Street, Birmingham, England, B4 7PF. script contributions in triplicate should be sent to the Editors, Dr. H. 0. W. Eggins or Mr. M. J. D. Willsher, at the above address. Editors The Bulletin acts as a vehicle for the publication of works on all aspects of biodeterioration, i.e. the deterioration of materials Dr. H. 0. W. Eggins and Mr. M. J.D. Willsher, Biodeterioration Information Centre. of economic importance by micro-organisms, insects, rodents, etc. Contributions may be in English, French, German or Spanish Editorial Board and should be submitted in triplicate on international A4 size paper (21.0 em x 29.7 em or 8.27 in. X 11.69 in.); typewritten Mr. G. Ayerst, Wolverhampton, England. on one side of the paper only. A swnmary of 25-100 words Professor G. Becker, Berlin, Germany. should accompany each contribution. Dr. D. S. Belford, London, England. Illustrations should be clearly drawn in Indian ink or should Dr. D. G. Coursey, London, England. be photographed. The reduction desired should be clearly indicated and illustrations when reduced are not to exceed Mr. J. J. Elphick, London, England. 17 em X 26 em. Where figures are to be inserted in the text Dr. J. Garrido, Madrid, Spain. the approximate position for each one should be clearly marked in the typescript. Dr. N. E. Hickin, Bewdlcy, England. The bibliographic references are to be indicated in the text Dr. H. J. Hueck, Delft, Netherlands. as, e.g. Dr. A. M. Kaplan, Natick, U.S.A. Reese and Levinson (1952). M. Y. Le Grand, Vert-le-Petit, France. and in the bibliography: Mr. A. 0. Lloyd, Welwyn Garden City, England. Reese, E. T. and Levinson, H. G. (1952) Comparative study of Dr G. J. F. Pugh, Nottingham, England. the breakdown of ceUulose by microorganisms. Physiol. Plant .• 5, 354-366. Professor R. W. Traxler, Kingston, U.S.A. Authors are requested to abbreviate journal titles according Dr. R. Zinkernagel, Basic, Switzerland. to the conventions of the World List of Scientific Periodicals. Dr. B. J. Zyska, Katowice, Poland. Proofs will not be sent to authors before final publication. 30 reprints will be sent free of charge with each article. Addi Advertising Manager tional reprints are obtainable: scale of charges available on Dr. D. Allsopp, Biodeterioration Information Centre. application to the Editors.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TO SUSTAINING ORGANISATIONS Financial support for the Biodeteration Information Centre from the following organisatons is gratefully acknowledged:
ALBRIGHT & WILSON (MFG) LTD., CIBA-GEIGY (U.K.) LIMITED, Dye LUCAS FURNACE DEVELOP- Oldbury Division, P.O. Box 3, stuffs Division, Clayton, Manchester, MENTS LIMITED, Western Way, Oldbury, Warley, Wares., England. England, Mil 4AR. Wednesbury, Staffs., England. LUCASGASTURBINEEQUIPMENT B.D.H. CHEMICALS LIMITED, Lab COURTAULDS LIMITED, Coventry, LTD., Shaftmoor Lane, Birmingham, oratory Chemicals Division, Poole, Warwickshire, England. 28, England. Dorset, England; manufacturers of laboratory chemicals, biochemicals, FARBENFABRIKEN BAYER A.G., MARKS & SPENCER LTD., Michael industrial fine chemicals and micro Leverkusen, Germany; manufacturers House, Baker Street, London, Eng of dyestuffs, industrial chemicals, land WIA IDN. biocides. synthetic fibers, phannaceutical and MAY & BAKER LIMITED, Dagen BRITISH INSULATED CALLEN agricultural chemicals and preserva tives for wood, foodstuffs and technical ham, Essex; England; chemical manu DERS CABLES LIMITED, 38 Wood facturers. Lane, London, W12, England. products. McKECHNIE CHEMICAL LIMITED THE BRITISH PETROLEUM COM· FOSROC INTERNATIONAL LTD., P.O. Box 4, Widnes, Lanes, England, PANY LIMITED. 36 Queen Anne's Gate, London, WA80PG. England SWIH 9AR. CATOMANCE LIMITED, Welwyo, NATIONAL COAL BOARD, Coal Garden City, Hertfordshire. England; House, Lyon Road, Harrow, Middle GRAY LABORATORIES INTER sex, England. manufacturers of speciality chemicals NATIONAL LIMITED, Marshall for the textile, paper, timber, leather Road, Hampden Park, Eastbourne, THE PLESSEY COMPANY LIMITED, industries, etc., including fungicides, Sussex, England. Abbey Works, Titchfield, Hants., bactericides and insecticides. England. CENTRAL LABORATORY TNO, HALDANE CONSULTANTS LIMI RENTOKIL LABORATORIES LIMI Delft, The Netherlands; research, TED, Haldane Place, London, Eng· TED, East Grinstead, Sussex, England analysis and testing facilities in land, SW18 4NA; consultants in indus REVERTEX LIMITED, Harlow, Essex, materials science and technology, trial microbiology and microbiological England. deterioration. including biodeterioration and marine VENTRON CORPORATION, Con research. Sponsored by government gress Street, Beverly, MA 01915, agencies and by international indus HICKSON & WELCH (HOLDINGS) LTD., logs Lane, Castleford, York U.S.A.; leading manufacturers of tries. shire, England. industrial fungicides and bactericides CIDA-GEIGY LIMITED, CH-4002 who maintain substantial research Basle, Switzerland; manufacturers of IMPERIAL CHEMICAL INDUS and development facilities to assist dyestuffs, industrial chemicals, plastic TRIES LIMITED, Agricultural Divi customers in the development of additives, photochemicals. pharma sion, Billingham, Co. Durham, Eng final products geared to meet govern ceutical and agricultural chemicals. land. ment and industry standards.
ii Int. Biodetn. Bull. (ISSN 0020-6164) 10 (1) 1-2 (1974)
BIODETERIORATION SOCIETY NEWSLETTER
Election of Council Members 1974 Rodent Course "Dangerous Thieves" (Film); A one-day course on the Biology "Biology of Rodents'\ R. A. As there were fewer nominations of Rodent Control was held on Davis; than vacant places on Council the 5th April1974 at the Universi there was no need for a postal ty of Aston in Birmingham, organ "Ecology and Behaviour", ballot this year. The following ised by the Biodeterioration Infor D. Drummond (Min. of nominees are therefore duly elec mation Centre. Over 40 delegates Agriculture); ted to serve for up to three years attended the course, which proved as Council Members:- to be a stimulating and lively "Hygiene and Proofing", Mr. A. R. M. Barr meeting. The following lectures G. Barnes (Marks & Spencer); Catomance Limited. were given:- Mrs. Sheila Barry- "Control of Mice", J. Bull Introduction, Professor Oxley, (Rentokil); Ministry of Defence. (Univ. of Aston); Mr. B. W. Sparrow International Red Hand Marine "The Need for Control", R. A. "Control of Rats", D. Drummond; Coatings. Davis (Min. of Agriculture); Summing Up, Professor Oxley.
FORTHCOMING CONFERENCES, MEETINGS AND COURSES
Dates Title Location Contact 12-13 July 1974 Biodeterioration Society Summer Bath, England Dr. R. H. Tilbury, Tate & Lyle Ltd., Scientific Meeting and Annual Group Research & Development, General Meeting P.O. Box 68, Reading, Berks., England RG6 2BX (Tel: Reading 861361) 15·19 July 1974 Applied polarised light microscopy McCrone Research Institute, (Course) 2 McCrone Mews, Belsize Lane, }London, England London, England NW3 5BG 22·26 July 1974 Identification of small particles (Tel: 01-435 2282/3) (Course) 25-31 August 1974 2nd International Symposium on the Sheffield, England The Assistant Secretary (GIM 74), Genetics of Industrial Micro- Society of Chemical Industry organisms 14 Belgrave Square, London, England SWIX 8PS 27 August-3 September 1974 Sewage discharge London, England Water Pollution Research Lab., Elder Way, Stevenage, Herts., England SG! ITH 1-7 September 1974 1st Intersectional Congress of the Tokyo, Japan Prof. D. Ushiba, General Secretary, International Association of Organising Committee, lst Intersectio- Microbiological Societies nal Congress of lAMS, Science Council of Japan, 24-34 Roppongi 7-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106, Japan. 2-6 September 1974 Photomicrography (Course) London, England McCrone Research Institute, 2 McCrone Mews, Belsize Lane, London, England NW3 5BG (Tel: 01-435 2282/3) 9-13 September 1974 International Association on Water Paris, France S. H. Jenkins, Programme Committee PoJlution Research Chairman, I.A.W.P.R., 156-170 Newhall St., Binningham, England 18-19 September 1974 Microorganisms in their natural Galway, Ireland Dr. J. S. Porterfield, Meetings environment Secretary, Society for General Microbiology, NIMR, Mill Hill, London, England NW7 I AA 26 September 1974 Food microbiology Leeds, England Mr.s J. A. Ellison, Programme Secretary, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Flour Advisory Bureau, 21 Arlington Street, London, England SWIA IRN.
1 30 September- The control of insects and rot in Princes Risborough, .Mrs. J. Marshall, Building Research 2 October 1974 buildings (Course) England Establishment, Princes Risborough Lab., Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Bucks, England. (fel: Princes Risborough 3101) 1-4 October 1974 2nd International Colloquium on the Bordeaux, France Association pour !'Organisation de Exploitation of the Oceans Colloques OcCanologiques a Bordeaux, B.P. 315-16, 75767 Paris Cedex 16, France 7-11 October 1974 1st International Working Savannah, Ga., Organizers, Working Conference on Conference on Stored-Product U.S.A. Stored-Product Entomology, c/o Stored Entomology Product Insects Research & Develop- ment Lab., P.O. Box 5125, Savannah, GA 31403, U.S.A.
14-18 October 1974 Techniques in reflected polarised London, England McCrone Research Institute, Light microscopy (Course) 2 McCrone Mews, Belsize Lane, London, England NW3 5BG (fel: 01-435 2282/3) 18-23 November 1974 Public Works Congress and London, England F. M. Blake, The Municipal Agency Exhibition Ltd., 178/202 Gt. Portland St., London, England WIN 6NH 25-27 November 1974 The control of insects and rot in Princes Risborough, Mrs. J. MarshaU, Building Research buildings (Course) England Establishment, Princes Risborough Lab., Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Bucks., England (Tel: Princes Risborough 3101) 29 November 1974 Biodeterioration at limits of London, England Dr. R. H. Tilbury, Tate & Lyle Ltd., temperature: thcrmophiles and Group Research & Development, psychrophilcs (Biodeterioration P.O. Box 68, Reading, Berks., England Society Meeting) RG6 2BX. (fcl: Reading 861361) 16-17 April 1975 Conference on the application of York, England Dr. D. Geldart, Conference Secretary, Chemical engineering to the University of Bradford, Bradford 7, treatment of sewage and industrial England. liquid effluents. 17-23 August 1975 3rd International Biodegradation Kingston, R.I., 3rd International Biodegradation Symposium U.S.A. Symposium, 231 Woodward Hall, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, R.I. 02881, U.S.A. 20-26 August 1975 6th International Continuous Oxford, England Mr. A. Fleming, Secretary, Culture Symposium Microbiology Group, Society of Chemical Industry, Biochemistry Dep., Imperial College, London SW7, England. (fel; 01-589 5111 ex. 1104)
2 Denizel, T. eta/. Int. Biodetn Bull. 10 (!) 3-23 (1974). A catalogue of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi held in the culture collections of the CBS (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures). CMI (Commonwealth Mycological Institute) and QM (U.S. Army Natick Laboratories).
A CATALOGUE OF POTENTIALLY BIODETERIOGENIC FUNGI HELD IN THE CULTURE COLLECTIONS OF THE CBS (CENTRAALBUREAU VOOR SCHIMMELCULTURES},1 CMI (COMMONWEALTH MYCOLOGICAL INSTITUTE)' AND QM (U.S. ARMY NATICK LABORATORIES).l* T. Denizel4, B. Jarvis,4,5 Agnes H. S. Onions2, Annette C. Rhodes4,s, R. A. Samson!, E. G. Simmons', Maud Th. Smith6 and Eleonora H. Hueck-van der Plas7
Summary. Lists the strains of fungi held in three culture coll Un catalogue de mycoses potentiellcmcnt biodCteri.ogenes; situe ections cooperating in the International Biodegradation Research dans collections de cultures du CBS (Ccntraalbureau voor Group (IBRG), which have been isolated from materials, ex Schimmclcultures, Banrn.), Je CMI (Commonwealth Mycological cluding wood and foodstuffs. Institute, Kcw) ct le QM (Pioneering Research Division, U.S. Army Natick Laboratories). Ce catalogue contient une liste des lignCes des mycoses qui ont CtC isoiCes dans des materiaux, a part le bois et les comestibles, et qui se trouvcnt dans trois collections de cultures qui font des traveaux co-ooeratifs dans le Groupe International de Recherches sur Ia Biodlgradation. Eine Liste von Pilzcn, die mOglicherweise biologischen Abbau verursachen. Sie werden in den Kultursamrnlungen des CBS Un cat3.Iogo de bongos potencialmcnte biodeteriogCnicos, guardado ( Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn), dem CMI en la colecci6n de culturas del CBS (Central bureau \"oorSchim (Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew) und dem QM mclcultures, Baarn). El CMI (Commonwealth Mycological (Pioneering Research Division, U.S. Army Natick Laboratories) Instituc, Kew) y Ia QM (Pioneering Research Divsion, U.S. gehalten. Es wcrdcn Pilzstiimme aufgefiihrt, die in Kultursam Anny Natick Laboratories.). Este registra las clases de bongos mlungen der drei Institute, die an der International Biodegrada guardadas en tres colecciones de culturas cooperando en el tion Research Group beteiligt sind, gehalten werden. Die Pilze Grupe de Internacional de Indagaciones de Ia Biodegradaci6n, wurden aus Materialien-ausser Holz und Nahrungsmitteln clase que se han aislado de las materias con excepci6n de Ia isoliert. madera y los alimentos.
In the study of the biological deterioration of -it can give an indication which organisms are to be materials certain fields of interest can be defined: expected in actual cases of biodeterioration. -the breakdown mechanisms; Because data on ecology and taxonomy in bio -the prevention of biological deterioration; deterioration were lacking, means to remedy this -the taxonomy of the biodeteriogenic organisms; have been discussed in the International Biodegrada -the ecology of these organisms. tion Research Group (IBRG). Checklists of biodete From the start the study of the biodeterioration of riogens were considered to be one of the possibilities materials has been directed mainly to the first two and could be drawn from the literature, case histories topics. The study of taxonomy and ecology is, never or culture collections. theless, of great importance: It was concluded that a list based on the literature -it can serve as a guide in choosing relevant organisms could never be satisfactory as there would be too for material testing or studying breakdown mechan many uncertainties about the taxonomy and/or the isms; or biodeteriorative capacity of the organisms described.
*This catalogue has been prepared under the auspices of the Working Group on Taxonomy of the International Biodegradation Research Group. lCentraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Oosterstraat I, Baarn ,the Netherlands. 2Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Ferry Lane, Kew, Surrey, England. >Pioneering Research Division, U.S. Army Natick Laboratories, Natick, MA 01760, U.S.A. 4National College of Food Technology, University of Reading, St. George's Avenue, Weybridge, Surrey, England. 5Present address: British Food Manufacturing Industries Research Association, Randalls Road, Leatherhead, Surrey, England. 6Central Laboratory TNO, Delft, the Netherlands. Present address: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Yeast Department, Delft, the Netherlands. ?Study and Information Center TNO on Environmental Research, cfo P.O. Box 217, Delft, the Netherlands. (Copy received October 1973)
3 A catalogue of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi held in the culture collections of the CBS (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures), CMI (Commonwealth Mycological Institute) and QM (U.S. Army Natick Laboratories). T. Denizel, B. Jarvis, Agnes H. S. Onions, Annette C. Rhodes, R. A. Samson, E. G. Simmons, Maud Th. Smith and Eleonora H. Hueck-van der Plas.
Many of these organisms would, in all probability, list has been compiled at the request of the research no longer be available so that it would not be possible workers in the field of prevention of hiodeterioration, to check their taxonomy or their biodeteriogenic who are mostly interested in a synopsis of the organi capacity. isms they may expect to occur in a particular material. The second possibility, compiling lists of organisms At the present time it is not known which of the from case histories, was considered to involve a strains listed in this check-list have been confirmed as tremendous amount of work not sufficiently relevant biodcteriogens nor which may have lost their biodeterio to other cases to be justified. The fungal flora found genic activity on laboratory cultivation: Some may be on any material would be influenced by the environ merely contaminants on materials deteriorated by other ment and the flora present rather than by the nature organisms. of the material. Skinner (1971) made an analysis of the In order to assist in the production of a generally fungal floras occurring on paints exposed at five sites useful catalogue of biodeteriogens the authors would around the world, which had widely differing climates. like to hear from any workers in the field ofbiodeterior The paints showed different failure patterns and ation who have used any of the cultures listed. They different fungal species growing on them. Even a would also be grateful for information about known checklist of organisms observed or isolated in actual biodeteriogens held in individual laboratory culture cases of biodeterioration might, therefore, be mis collections. In the first instance details of such cultures leading. should be sent to Dr. B. Jarvis and should include The third possibility for compiling a checklist would the identification of the organism (where known), the be to send out an enquiry to culture collections and culture collection reference number, the method of such an action was undertaken by the late Professor preservation (i.e. liquid paraffin covered slope cultures, Hauduroy. This list was, however, not altogether freeze drying or liquid nitrogen storage), source of satisfactory and it was finally agreed that a list would the culture, the type of deterioration produced and be compiled based on the cultures present in the the conditions under which the deterioration has been culture collections cooperating in the programme of reproduced in the laboratory. A specimen data record the IBRG. The taxonomy of the strains would be sheet (available from Mrs. Drs. E. H. Hueck- van sound and the cultures listed would be available to der Plas, Study and Information Centre TNO on research workers for study. Environmental Research, c/o P.O. Box 217, Delft, The checklist which has been drawn up summarises the Netherlands) is given in Appendix III. Subse the data on fungi isolated from materials other than quently such cultures might be deposited in the wood or foodstuffs. A separate checklist on wood appropriate national culture collections. Some of the deteriorating fungi is being compiled by the Inter items on these data sheets have to be filled in as national Research Group on Wood Preservation. stated above, but they also can be used as a guide to The checklist will be found in appendices I and II. the characteristics of interest for the study of bio deteriogens. In appendix I are summarised the specific names, the strain numbers (with cross references to strain Acknowledgements numbers from as many culture collections as were Mr. T. Denizel is on secondment from the Faculty available) and the materials from which the strains of Agriculture, University of Ankara, Turkey, and is had been isolated. the holder of a Cenco Fellowship. We are indebted to the Staffs of the CMI, CBS and QM for their Appendix II contains a summary of the strains assistance in the compilation of these data. isolated from certain materials and/or used as test organisms for mould-proofing tests. In order to save Reference space and to avoid duplication of lists, all strains in Skinner, C. E. (1972) Laboratory test methods for bio appendix I have been numbered and these numbers cidal paints In Biodeterioration ofmaterials Vol. 2. Ed. are used in appendix II to indicate which strains have Walters, A. H. Hueck-van der Plas, E. H. London; been isolated from particular materials. This second Applied Science. pp. 356-344
4 ''
A catalogue of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi held in the culture collections of the CBS (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures), CMI (Commonwealth Mycological Institute) and QM (U.S. Army Natick Laboratories). T. Denizel, B. Jarvis, Agnes H. S. Onions, Annette C. Rhodes, R. A. Samson, E. G. Simmons, Maud Th. Smith and Eleonora H. Hueck-van der Plas.
APPENDIX I Checklist of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi
organisms: cultures collection source of isolate: references: I Acremonium charticola CBS 402.66 moulded walls (Baarn, Holland) 2 Acremonium charticola CBS 403.66 moulded walls (Baarn, Holland) 3 Acremonium glaucum CBS 796.69 QM 755 woollen overcoat (Guadalcanal) 4 Acremonium restrictum CBS 178.40 packing material 5 Acremonium restrictum CBS 443.66 moist wall 6 Acremonium restrictum CBS 988.69, CMI 59,790 mineral wool packing (Newcastle on Tyne) 7 Acrospeira spec. QM 791 sewing string, broom (Florida) 8 Acrospeira levis CBS 148.65, CL 226 untreated jute (Holland) 9 Alternaria alternata QM 586 canvas (Florida) 10 Alternaria alternata CBS 326.65 ocron tiles (quartz & plastic) (Baarn, Holland) 11 Alternaria gossypina QM 1331, ATCC 6655 cotton 12 Alternaria porri CBS 106.29 cotton (Nigeria) 13 Amorphotheca resinae CBS 642.70 scrapings from an aircraft fuel tank st. conid. Cladosporium resinae (Holland) 14 Arachniotus citrinus CBS 113.61, CMI 63, 905 wet ambergris (France) 15 Arthrobotrys arthrobotryoides CBS 119.54, QM 669, tentage Haew B-63A (Panama Canal Zone) 16 Arthrobotrys arthrobotryoides QM 1024 deteriorated tentage (Panama Canal Zone) 17 Arthrobotrys arthrobotryoides QM 1205, QM 5240 deteriorated tentage (Panama Canal Zone) 18 Arthrobotrys superba QM 670, CBS 116.61 textile exposure test sample (Panama Canal Zone) 19 Arthrobotrys superba CBS 121.54, QM 671 tarpaulin var. oligospora (Haew B-741A) (Panama Canal Zone) 20 Ascotricha chartarum CBS 107.30 moulded linoleum 21 Ascotricha chartarum CBS 110.52 old paper 22 Ascotricha chartarum CBS 902.69 cork of wine bottle (Baarn, Holland) 23 Aspergillus amstelodami CBS 519.65, ATCC 16467, WB 110 old shoe st. asc. Eurotium amstelodami 24 Aspergillus amstelodami CMI 92.026 cloth 25 Aspergillus amstelodami CMI 135.300 PTFE-covered wire (French Guinea) 26 Aspergillus auratio-brunneus CBS 465.65, CMI 139,281, canvas haversack ATCC 16821, WB 4545 (Australia) 27 Aspergillus candidus CMI 56, 189 cotton fabric 28 Aspergillus chevalieri CMI 89,278 (T), CBS 523,65. cotton yarn var.intermedius ATCC 16444, QM 7403, WB 82 st. asc. Eurotium chevalieri 29 Aspergillus clavatus QM 862, NRRL A-5247, Japanese tarpaulin ATCC 18214 (Hollandia, New Guinea) 30 Aspergillus fischeri CBS 404.67 mouldy cardboard var. therrnornutatus st. asc. Sartorya fischeri (Victoria, B.C., Canada)
5 A catalogue of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi held in the culture collections of the CBS (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures), CMI (Commonwealth Mycological Institute) and QM (U.S. Army Natick Laboratories). T. Denizel, B. Jarvis, Agnes H. S. Onions, Annette C. Rhodes, R. A. Samson, E. G. Simmons, Maud Th. Smith and Eleonora H. Hueck-van der Plas.
31 Aspergillus fischeri CBS lll.55, ll2.55 rubber scrap from old tyres var. glaber CMI 61,447, QM 1903, WB 2163 ATCC 16909, IFO 8789, NRRL 2163, NRRL 2392 32 Aspergillus flavipes CBS 166.63, CL 174 dioctylphthalate plasticizer (Delft, Holland) 33 Aspergillus fiavipes CL228 dioctylphthalate plasticizer (Delft, Holland) 34 Aspergillus flavipes CMI 92,028 cotton yarn 35 Aspergillus fiavipes CMI 94,160 cotton yarn 36 Aspergillus fiavus CMI 45,542 shoe (New Guinea) 37 Aspergillus fiavus CMI 91,907 "Pegamold" leather cloth (Scotland) 38 Aspergillus fiavus CMI 92,018 cotton yarn 39 Aspergillus fiavus CBS 569.65, CMI 124,930, cellophane ATCC 16883 40 Aspergillus fiavus CBS 131.61, QM 380, ATCC 9643, test organism for mould proofing CMI 91, NRRL A-5244, IFO 6343 41 Aspergillus fiavus CBS 625.66, CMI 114,929, shoe, inside heel QM 4m, NRRL A-433, CEB (Bougainville Island) 3188.6 ATCC 11655; 13789 42 Aspergillus flavus CBS 247.65, QM 320 ASTM test organism for mould proofing of plastic 43 Aspergillus fiavus CBS 111.45, CMI 92,018 cotton yarn (Great Britain) 44 Aspergillus fiavus CBS 131.61, CMI 91,856, sole and insole of boot QM 380, IFO 6343, ATCC 9643, (New Guinea) NRRL A-5244 45 Aspergillus fiavus CL209 jute impregnated with Preventol G.D. (Delft, Holland) 46 Aspergillus fumigatus CMI 16,159 jute fiber (India) 47 Aspergillus fumigatus QM 45 h, CMI 45,546 shoe (India) 48 Aspergillus fumigatus CMI 51,948 microscope lens (Ceylon) 49 Aspergillus furnigatus CMI 94,164, CBS 115.45 cotton yarn (Great Britain) 50 Aspergillus fumigatus CBS 132.54, QM 6 b test organism for cellulose degradation 51 Aspergillus fumigatus CL233 soil burial test samples (Delft, Holland) 52 Aspergillus fumigatus CMI 108,008 synthetic rubber (U.K.) 53 Aspergillus fumigatus CMI 131,120 coal tip 54 Aspergillus glaucus (group) CMI 53,242 microscope objective (Ceylon) 55 Aspergillus glaucus (group) CMI 53,243 microscope objective (Ceylon) 56 Aspergillus gracilis CBS 539.65, ATCC 16906 gunfiring mechanism (S. Pacific) 57 Aspergillus gracilis CMI 16,400 textiles (U.K.) 58 Aspergillus luchnensis QM873 Japanese tent cf. Aspergillus awamori (Hollandia, New Guinea) 59 Aspergillus manginii CMI 50,126 cotton wool (Kenya) 60 Aspergillus manginii CMI 72,050 cane sugar sack 61 Aspergillus manginii CBS 118.56 leached jute treated with Cu-naphthenate 62 Aspergillus manginii CBS 516.65, ATCC 16469 unpainted board
6 A catalogue of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi held in the culture collections of the CBS (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures), CMI (Commonwealth Mycological Institute) and QM (U.S. Army Natick Laboratories). T. Denizel, B. Jarvis, Agnes H. S. Onions, Annette C. Rhodes, R. A. Samson, E. G. Simmons, Maud Th. Smith and Eleonora H. Hueck-van der Plas.
63 Aspergillus nidulans CBS 119.56 moulded wall (Basle, Switzerland) st. asc. Emericella nidulans 64 Aspergillus nidulans CMI 16,643 cotton lint (India) 65 Aspergillus nidulans CBS 119,55, QM 1908 exposed fabric (New Mexico) var. acristatus ATCC 16829, CMI 61,453, NRRL2394 67 Aspergillus niger CBS 123.48, QM 8404, ATCC test organism for British 10575 ATCC 16019, CMI 17,454 mould proofing test 68 Aspergillus niger CBS 131.52, QM 324, QM 458, used in cellulose biodegradation CMI 45,551, ATCC 6275, IFO 6341 studies 69 Aspergillus niger CMI 91,855, CBS 246.65, QM 386 radio set (Australia) used in ASTM ATCC 9642, NRRL A-5243 mould proofing test of plastics 70 Aspergillus niger CMI 94,158 cotton yarn (U.K.) 71 Aspergillus niger CBS 626.66, CMI 114,927 used for testing mould proofing 72 Aspergillus ochraceus CMI 92,024 cotton yarn (U.K.) 73 Aspergillus ochraceus CMI 92,029 cotton yarn (U.K.) 74 Aspergillus ochraceus QM 58c testament, leatherette (Finschafen, New Guinea) 75 Aspergillus parasiticus CM 93,123 formica-polyethylene 76 Aspergillus parasiticus QM 883, NRRL A-1765 cotton fabric (Florida) 77 Aspergillus penicilloides CMI 108,298(T) binocular lens (Tokyo) 78 Aspergillus penicilloides CMI 134,897 jute (India) 79 Aspergillus peyronelii CBS 572.65, QM 6973 a, badly moulded exposed paint ATCC 16831 (West Indies) 80 Aspergillus peyronelii CMI 139,27~. paint (West Indies) 81 Aspergillus proliferans CMI 16,105 (T), CBS 121.45, cotton fabric (U.K.) CBS 528.65, QM 7462, WB 1908, NCTC 6546, ATCC 16922 82 Aspergillus pseudo-glaucus CBS 102.43 telephone cables in a telephone station (The Hague, Holland) 83 Aspergillus quadricinctus CMI 48,583 (T), CBS 135.52, cardboard (U.K.) QM 6874, WB 2154, ATCC 16897 84 Aspergillus repens CMI 50,673 (2) signalling apparatus (U.K.) 85 Aspergillus restrictus CMI 16,267 (T), CBS 117.33 cloth (U.K.) 86 Aspergillus restrictus CMI 16,268, CBS 118.33, WB 148 cotton fabric (U.K.) 87 Aspergillus restrictus CBS 541.65, QM 1979, WB 154, cloth CMI 16,267, ATCC 16912 88 Aspergillus sejunctus CBS 531.65, WB 75, ATCC 16442 unpainted board (=Aspergillus ruber, st. asc. Eurotium rubrum) 89 Aspergillus sejunctus CMI 16,038 dried milk bag (U.K.) 90 Aspergillus sejunctus CMI 91,864 cotton yarn 91 Aspergillus sejunctus CMI 94,154 cotton yarn 92 Aspergillus subolivaceus CBS 501.65, ATCC 16862, Lintafelt cotton (U.K.) WB 4998, CMI 44,882 93 Aspergillus sydowii CMI 50,646 herbarium drying paper 94 Aspergillus sydowii CMI 94,162 cotton yarn 95 Aspergillus sydowii CMI 87,160 (i) canvas bag 96 Aspergillus tamarii CMI 61,268, CBS 109.63, QM 1223 radio equipment (New Guinea) ATCC 10836, NRRL 572 test organism for mould proofing of rubber and plastic insulation 97 Aspergillus tamarii CMI 92,019 cotton yarn
7 A catalogue of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi held in the culture collections of the CBS (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures), CMI (Commonwealth Mycological Institute) and QM (U.S. Army Natick Laboratories). T. Denizel, B. Jarvis, Agnes H. S. Onions, Annette C. Rhodes, R. A. Samson, E. G. Simmons, Maud Th. Smith and Eleonora H. Hueck-van der Plas.
98 Aspergillus terreus QM 72h scabbard, leather (Finschafen, New Guinea) 99 Aspergillus terreus CMI 44,339, CBS 134.60, American cotton (U.K.) LSHB BB.45 100 Aspergillus terreus CBS 377.64, CMI 45, 543, QM 82 j haversack NRRL 571, ATCC 10690, (Finschafen, New Guinea) NRC A-6-30, IFO 6346 101 Aspergillus terreus CMI 89,355 cloth 102 Aspergillus terreus CMI 89,356 Egyptian cotton 103 Aspergillus terreus CMI 89,357 American cotton yarn 104 Aspergillus terreus CMI 133,732 pvc-paper wall covering 105 Aspergillus tonophilus CBS 405.65, ATCC 16440, binocular lens st. asc. Eurotium tonophilus WB 5124, CMI 108,299 (Tokyo, Japan) 106 Aspergillus unguis CBS 132.55, QM 25 b, shoe leather NRRL 2393, WB 2393, ATCC 16812 107 Aspergillus unguis CMI 136,526 shoe leather (USA) 108 Aspergillus ustus CMI 89,359 canvas ventilation tubing in mine (South Africa) 109 Aspergillus ustus CMI 89,360 flannel bag (S. Africa) 110 Aspergillus ustus CMI 133,731 pvc-paper wall covering (U.K.) Ill Aspergillus versicolor CMI 40,636 paper (Ghana) 112 Aspergillus versicolor CMI 45,554 cellophane paper (India) 113 Aspergillus versicolor CMI 71,358 theodolite lens (Malaya) 114 Aspergillus versicolor CMI 91,859 paraffin wax 115 Aspergillus versicolor CMI 91,890 electrical fuse 116 Aspergillus versicolor CMI 94,152 cloth (India) 117 Aspergillus versicolor CMI 94,159 cotton yarn 118 Aspergillus versicolor CMI 45,554 (i), ATCC 11730 cellophane (India) 119 Aspergillus versicolor CBS 137.55, QM 4 g shoe leather (Bougainville Island) 120 Aspergillus versicolor CBS 245.65, QM 432 cellophane paper (India) 121 Aspergillus vitricola CMI 108,298 (T) binocular lens (Tokyo) cf Aspergillus penicilloides 122 Aspergillus wentii CMI 94,161 cotton yarn (U.K.) 123 Aureobasidium pullulans CMI 60,590 woollen cloth 124 Aureobasidium pullulans CMI 68,034 paint (Kenya) 125 Aureobasidium pullulans CBS 127.59 paint (Holland) 126 Aureobasidium pullulans CBS 249.65, CMI 45,533, painted wood QM 279 e, ATCC 15233 test organism for mould proofing 127 Aureobasidium pullulans CBS 110.67 cotton cloth (Holland) 128 Basidiomycete QM 592 tent (species indetermined) (Finschafen, New Guinea) 129 Basidiomycete QM 594 octagonal tent (species indetermined) Japanese (S. Pacific) 130 Basidiomycete QM806 Japanese blanket (species indetermined) (Hollandia, New Guinea) 131 Basidiomycete QM 807 head band (species indetermined) (Oro Bay, New Guinea) '· 132 Basidiomycete QM 1127 cardboard (species indetermined) (Phillipine Islands)
8 A catalogue of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi held in the culture collections of the CBS (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures), CMI (CommonweaJth Mycological Institute) and QM (U.S. Army Natick Laboratories). T. Denizel, B. Jarvis, Agnes H. S. Onions, Annette C. Rhodes, R. A. Samson, E. G. Simmons, Maud Th. Smith and Eleonora H. Hueck-van der Plas.
133 Blennoria sp. CMI45,540 nylon plate (USA) 134 Botryophialophora sp. QM 571 textile exposure test sample (Panama Canal Zone) 135 Botryosphaeria rhodina CBS 289.56 moulded tarpaulin (New Guinea) 136 Botryotrichum piluliferum CMI 51,266 plaster and wall-paper (UK) st. asc. Chaetomium piluliferum 137 Botryotrichum piluliferum CMI 68,736 cellophane in sandy loam soil (U.K.) 138 Botryotrichum piluliferum CBS 160.53 TRL 2873 cotton duck (South Africa) 139 Botryotrichum piluliferum CBS 130.56 jute (Delft, Holland) 140 Byssochlamys nivea CBS 146.55 jute treated with Preventol st. conid. Paecilomyces niveus 141 Cephaliophora tropica CMI 45,555, QM 596 shoe leather t Guadalcanal) Cephalosporium cf. Acremonium 145 Ceratocystis paradoxa CMI 60,109 (a) cotton duck (U.K.) st. conid. Thielaviopsis paradoxa 146 Ceratocystis piceae CBS 153.54 paper pulp (Norway) 148 Chaetomidium subfimeti CBS 370.66, CMI 116,692, paper ATCC 18209 149 Chaetomium amberpetense CMI 144,976 paper (India) 150 Chaetomium atrobrunneum QM 626, DAOM 24183 mattress cover (Guadalcanal) 151 Chaetomium brasiliense CBS 140.50, CMI 31,638, wet jute (Calcutta, India) IJMARI 117 152 Chaetomium brasiliense CMI 44,212, ATCC 11218 tent canvas (New Guinea) 153 Chaetomium brasiliense QM 623, CMI 45,557, ATCC 11197 Japanese tent canvas DAOM 24184 (Hollandia, New Guinea) 153 Chaetomium causiaeforme QM 949, DAOM 24186, leather sweat band from helmet ATCC 11198 liner (Guadalcanal) 154 Chaetomium cuniculorum CBS 156.52, ATCC 11201 paper carbon exposed in tropical testing chamber 155 Chaetomium cupreum QM954 shoes (Guadalcanal) cf. Chaetomium trilaterale 156 Chaetomium dolichotrichum CMI 87,410 kerosene filter pad (Phillipine) 157 Chaetomium flavum CBS 156.55 buried filter paper (Western Norway) 158 Chaetomium funicola CBS 141,50, IJMARI 145 bleached flax fibers 158a Chaetomium globosum CBS 105.40 moulded books (Amsterdam, Holland) 159 Chaetomium globosum CMI 16,203 paper (India) 160 Chaetomium globosum CMI 17,367 damp wall (U.K.) 161 Chaetomium globosum CMI 45,550, CBS 148.51, 161.52, cotton (Maryland) QM 459, ATCC 6205, NRRL 1870, NRC V-159, CEB 1218 .2, IFO 6347 162 Chaetomium globosum CMI 107,512 cellulose board 163 Chaetomium globosum CMI 115,290 cotton yarn (St. Gallen) 164 Chaetomium homopilatum CBS 157.55 filter paper in soil (Western Norway) 165 Chaetomium indicum CMI 16,202 jute (India) 166 Chaetomium indicum QM 46 b, NRRL 2174 tent rope (India)
9 A catalogue of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi held in the culture collections of the CBS (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures), CMI (Commonwealth Mycological Institute) and QM (U.S. Army Natick Laboratories). T. Denizel, B. Jarvis, Agnes H. S. Onions, Annette C. Rhodes, R. A. Samson, E. G. Simmons, Maud Th. Smith and Eleonora H. Hueck-van der Plas.
167 Chaetomium mollipilium CBS 147.60, QM 1007, Japanese raincoat ATCC 11209 (Hollandia, New Guinea) 168 Chaetomium murorum CBS 163.52, ATCC 11210 test organisms for cotton fabric 169 Chaetomium pachypodioides CBS 164.52, CMI 12,266, used in cotton biodegradation tests ATCC 11213 170 Chaetomium succineum CBS 166.52 cellulose 171 Chaetomium tortile QM895 Japanese trousers (Hollandia, New Guinea) 172 Chaetomium turgidipilosum CBS 169.52 top of storage tent 173 Chloridium atrum QM 1104 rotten wood (Pennsylvania) 174 Chrysosporium fastidium CBS 299.71 equipment for grading prunes 175 Chrysosporium keratophilum CBS 913.70 decayed hoof 176 Chrysosporium pannorum CBS 103.52 flax (Holland) 177 Chrysosporium pruinosum QM 168 film (photo) (Pennsylvania) 178 Chrysosporium pruinosum CMI 74,691 jute (France) 179 Chrysosporium pruinosum QM 826, CMI 110, 120 head band (Oro Bay, New Guinea) 180 Chrysosporium pruinosum CBS 171.61, IMB 450 army hat head band 181 Chrysosporium tropicum CBS 171.62, CMI 94,288, QM 2449,woollen overcoat ATCC 14802, IFO 7587 (Guadalcanal) 182 Circinella linderi CBS 158.54, QM 672, ATCC 11744,poplin (Florida) IFO 6409, NRRL 2342 183 Circinella umbellata CMI 136, 605 (a) paper label (Malta) 184 Cladorrhinum foecundissimum CBS 183.66 textile (Holland) 185 Cladosporium cellelare CMI 131,128 electrical equipment (U.K.) 185 Cladosporium cellelare CBS 146.36 walls of a wine cellar 186 Cladosporium herbarum CMI 131,128 electrical equipment (U.K.) 187 Cladosporium herbarum CBS 155.60 metal (Holland) 188 Cladosporium resinae CMI 90,126 bitumen-treated cardboard f. albidum in gold mine (S. Africa) 189 Cladosporium resinae CBS 174.61 QM 7998 "Avtur" fuel (Australia f. avellaneum 190 Cladosporium resinae CBS 176.62 oil from an aircraft f. a vellaneum fuel tank 191 Cladosporium resinae CMI 84,419 water and fuel (U.K.) f. avellaneum 192 Cladosporium resinae CMI 88,968 kerosene filter (Brazil) (f. avellaneum) 193 Cladosporium resinae CMI 88,969 kerosene filter (Japan) f. avellaneum 194 Cladosporium resinae CMI 88,970 kerosene filter (Syria) f. a vellaneum 195 Cladosporium resinae CMI 88,971 kerosene filter (Nigeria) f. avellaneum 196 Cladosporium resinae CMI 88,972 kerosene filter (Denmark) f. avellaneum 197 Cladosporium resinae CMI 88,973 kerosene filter (U.K.) f. avellaneum 198 Cladosporium resinae CMI 88,974 kerosene filter (India) f. avellaneum
10 A catalogue of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi held in the culture collections of the CBS (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures), CMI (Commonwealth Mycological Institute) and QM (U.S. Army Natick Laboratories). T. Denizel, B. Jarvis, Agnes H. S. Onions, Annette C. Rhodes, R. A. Samson, E. G. Simmons, Maud Th. Smith and Eleonora H. Hueck-van der Plas.
199 Cladosporium resinae CMI 88,975 water from aircraft fuel tank f. avellaneum (New Zealand) 200 Cladosporium resinae CBS 177.62, CMI 89,559 (i) kerosene filter f. avellaneum 201 Cladosporium resinae CMI 89,560 water from aircraft fuel tank f. avellaneum 202 Cladosporium resinae CMI 89,580 ointment (USA) f. a vellaneum 203 Cladosporium resinae CBS 186.54, CMI 49,620, ointment (Holland) f. avellaneum ATCC 11273 204 Cladosporium resinae CMI 88,559 water in aircraft fuel tank f. avellaneum 205 Cladosporium resinae CBS 187.54, CMI 49,621, ointment (Holland) f. resinae ATCC 11274 206 Cladosporium resinae CBS 173.61, CMI 90,126, bitumen treated cardboard f. resinae TRL 1970A, BKMF 770 in coal mine (S. Africa) 207 Cladosporium resinae CBS 185.54, ATCC 11272 ointment (Holland) f. resinae 208 Cladosporium sphaerospermum CMI 84,420 paint (U.K.) 209 Cladosporium sphaerospermum CMI 94,153 cloth (India) Cochliobo1us cf. Derchslera, Curvularia, Helminthosporium 210 Cochliobolus miyabeanus CMI 145,170 paper (India) 211 Cochliobolus speciferus CMI 91,972 cotton pulp (Scotland) cf. Drechslera spicifera 212 Coniophora puteana CBS 154.28 cellar (Holland) 213 Coniophora putanea CBS 132.71 floorboards 214 Coniosporium perottianum CBS 156.37 paper 215 Coniothyrium fuckelii CMI 89,293 felt of printing roller (U.K.) 216 Coprinus sclerotigenus QM 933 contaminant in tube of JQMD 72 217 Coprinus sphaerosporus CBS 151.32 "brick" (Egypt) 218 Ctenomyces sp. CBS 228.51 woollen fabric (India) 219 Curvularia brachyspora QM 93 b, ATCC 12330 tarpaulin (Finschafen, New Guinea) 220 Curvularia brachyspora QM 367 cotton fabric (canvas) (Florida) 221 Curvularia brachyspora QM638 wall tent (Florida) 222 Curvularia brachyspora QM 639, NRRL2176 canvas {Florida) 223 Curvularia falcata QM 640 tent (Finschafen, New Guinea) 224 Curvularia falcata CBS 186.48, QM 770 canvas tent (Finschafen, New Guinea) 225 Curvularia fallax QM 561 textile sample after 3 weeks sun exposure (Panama Canal Zone) 226 Curvularia geniculata CBS 173.56 canvas tentage (New Guinea) st.asc. Cochliobolus geniculatus 227 Curvularia intermedia QM 563, ATCC 12331 yarn from textile samples st.asc. Cochliobolus intermedius (Panama Canal Zone) 228 Curvularia lunata QM 34 b canteen cover st.asc. Cochliobolus lunatus (Base D, New Guinea) 229 Curvularia lunata CMI 61, 535, CBS 215.54, tarpaulin (Panama Canal Zone) QM 120 h, ATCC 12017, IFO 6299 NRRL 2177; 2380 230 Curvularia lunata QM 642 cotton fabric (Florida) 231 Curvularia maculans QM 666, ATCC 12342 cotton duck exposed in sun st.asc. Cochliobolus eragrotidis (Panama Canal Zone)
11 A catalogue of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi held in the culture collections of the CBS (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures), CMI (Commonwealth Mycological Institute) and QM (U.S. Army Natick Laboratories). T. Denizel, B. Jarvis, Agnes H. S. Onions, Annette C. Rhodes, R. A. Samson, E. G. Simmons, Maud Th. Smith and Eleonora H. Hueck-van der Plas.
232 Curvularia paleescens QM 371 d, ATCC 12018, cardboard (Florida) NRRL 2381 233 Cylindrocarpon sp. QM 673 textile exposure test sample (Panama Canal Zone) 234 Cylindrocarpon candidum QM 530 textile exposure test sample st. asc. Nectria coccinea (Panama Canal Zone) 235 Cylindrocephalum aureum QM 523, CBS 216.54, canvas folding cot (Florida) ATCC 13519, IFO 6808 degrades cellulose and wool 236 Dactylaria thaumasia QM671 textile panel (Panama Canal Zone) 237 Dactylium fusarioides CMI 83,659 jute canvas (India)' cf. Fusarium chlamydosporum 238 Delortia palmicola CBS 158.47, TRL 2559 decayed fabric (S. Africa) 239 Dendriphiella vinosa CMI 115,089 book (East Nigeria) 240 Dendryphion laxum CMI 31,291 sacking (Guernsey) 241 Diplococcium sp. CBS 185.58 moulded paint (Paramaribo, Surinam) 242 Doratomyces nanus CMI 76,251 asbestos card (U.K.) 243 Doratomyces purpureofuscus CBS 395.67, CL 253 plaster (Holland) 244 Doratomyces purpureofuscus CMI 98,505 conveyor belt (textile) in coal mine (U.K.) 245 Doratomyces stemonitis QM 905 paper (Pennsylvania) 246 Drechslera sp. CMI 35,572 cotton desootie (India) 247 Drechslera spicifera st. asc. CBS 246,62, CMI 91, 972, cotton pulp (Scotland) Cochliobolus spiciferus NCTC4094 248 Drechslera verticillata st. asc. CBS 268.61 cotton Pyrenophora sominiperda 249 Endomyces geotrichum CBS 178.71 oil debris 250 Endomyces geotrichum CBS 820.71 paper pulp 251 Endomyces reessii CBS 179.60 retting fluid of jute (Java) 252 Entosordaria rehmii CBS 590.70 wine cork (Baarn) Epicoccum niger cf. Epicoccum purpurascens 253 Epicoccum purpurascens CBS 173.38 poplar paper pulp 254 Epicoccum purpurascens CBS 234.59, CMI 79,495 canvas 255 Epicoccum yuccae QM 284 e, ATCC 12725 cardboard (Pennsylvania) (prob. E. nigrum) 256 Eremascus albus CMI 100,446 sacking impregnated with raw sugar beet (U.K.) 257 Eremothecium ashbyi CBS 204.36, CMI 14,783 cotton balls Eurotium cf. Aspergillus 258 Fusarium acuminatum QM 525 textile exposure test sample (Panama Canal Zone) 259 Fusarium aquaeductuum CBS 268.53 rubber tube (Baarn, Holland) 260 Fusarium avenaceum QM 552 textile exposure test sample (Panama Canal Zone) 261 Fusarium bulbigenum QM 553 textile exposure test sample cf. Fusarium oxysporum (Panama Canal Zone) 262 Fusarium chlamydosporum CMI 183,659 jute canvas (India) 263 Fusarium decemcellulare QM 613 unexposed cotton duck st. asc. Calonectria rigidiuscula (Panama Canal Zone) 264 Fusarium diversisporum QM 88 a rope (hemp) (Finschafen, New Guinea)
12 A catalogue of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi held in the culture collections of the CBS (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures), CMI (Commonwealth Mycological Institute) and QM (U.S. Army Natick Laboratories). I! T. Denizel, B. Jarvis, Agnes H. S. Onions, Annette C. Rhodes, R. A. Samson, E. G. Simmons, Maud Th. Smith I and Eleonora H. Hueck-van der PJas.
265 Fusarium equiseti QM 29a tarpaulin (Hawaii) 266 Fusarium graminearum QM 680 duck, mineral dyed shelter tent (Panama Canal Zone) 267 Fusarium heterosporum QM 51 d tantage (Ft. Armstrong, Hawaii) 268 Fusarium javanicum CBS 290.54, QM 524 canvas (Panama Canal Zone) 269 Fusarium javanicum QM 529 textile exposure test (Panama Canal Zone) 270 Fusarium javanicum QM 679, CBS 225.58 cotton duck (Panama Canal Zone) 271 Fusarium lateritium QM 120 d tarpaulin (Panama Canal Zone) 272 Fusarium melanochlorum QM 652 cotton fabric (Florida) st. asc. Nectria flavoviridis 273 Fusarium moniliforme QM 1224, CBS 263.54, raw cotton (Alabama) st. asc. Gibberella fujikuroi CMI 61,274, CMI 58,292, IFO 6349, ATCC 10052, NRRL2374 274 Fusarium moniliforme CMI 61,274 (ii) raw cotton (U.S.A.) 275 Fusarium oxysporum QM47e wrapping (wax paper) (India) 276 Fusarium oxysporum CMI 16,259 petroleum (Italy) 277 Fusarium redolens QM 682 canvas cot (Florida) 278 Fusarium reticulatum QM 658 wall tent (Florida) 279 Fusarium sambucinum CMI 87,398 kerosene filter pad 280 Fusarium scirpi QM 660 cotton cord (Florida) 281 Fusarium semitectum QM 66b web carrying strap (canvas) (Finschafen, New Guinea) 281a Fusarium solani CMI 16,259 petroleum (Italy) 282 Fusarium so1ani QM 750 cotton strap (Florida) 283 Fusarium tabacinum CBS 137.37 paper st. asc. Plectosphaerella cucumeris Giberella cf. Fusarium 284 Gibberella saubinetii QM 685 textile exposure test sample (Panama Canal Zone) 285 Gliocladium fimbriatum QM 560 textile exposure test sample cf. Myrothecium verrucaria (Panama Canal Zone) 286 Gliocladium nigrovirens CBS 147.65, CL 199 treated jute sack (Delft, Holland) 287 Gliocladium vermoeseni QM 1234 wood pulp 288 Gliocladium virens CBS 126.65 cellulose (Berlin, Germany) Gliomastix cf. Acremonium, Sagranamala 289 Gliomastix murorum QM 4 c, CMI 45,549, NRC V-143, shewing of shoe NRRL 2179, IFO 8512 (Bougainville Island) 290 Haplosporella vivanii CBS 192.38 poplar paper pulp 291 Helicoma isiola QM 760 tent top (Oro Bay, New Guinea) 292 Helicosporium lumbricoides QM 761 cot straps (Florida) Helminthosporium spiciferum cf. Drechslera spicifera 294 Hormodendrum chamaeleon CBS 196.38 poplar paper pulp 295 Humicola fuscoatra QM 34e canteen cover (New Guinea) 296 Humicola nigrescens CBS 208.55, CMI 45,938 filter paper from soil (Western Norway) 297 Hyalodendron lignicola CBS 220.34 wood pulp 298 Hyalodendron lignicola f. CBS 221.34 wood pulp simplex
13 A catalogue of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi held in the culture collections of the CBS (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures), CMI (Commonwealth Mycological Institute) and QM (U.S. Army Natick Laboratories). T. Denizel, B. Jarvis, Agnes H. S. Onions, Annette C. Rhodes, R. A. Samson, E. G. Simmons, Maud Th. Smith and Eleonora H. Hueck-van der Plas.
299 Hyalodendron lignicola f. CBS 222.34 wood pulp undulatum 300 Kernia nitida CBS 770.70, CMI 151,087, burlap bag on ground (Canada) TRTC45650 301 Lophotrichus ampullus CBS 867.71 jute bag 302 Lulworthia opaca CBS 218.60 wood 303 Macroventuria anamochaeta CBS 525.71 decayed canvas 304 Memnoniella echinata CBS 216.32 cotton yarn 305 Memnoniella echinata CMI 15,377 decayed water bag (S. Africa) 306 Memnoniella echinata CMI 16,201 cotton fabric (India) 307 Memnoniella echinata CMI 17,854 tent canvas (New Zea[and) 308 Memnoniella echinata CMI 24,003 canvas (Australia) 309 Memnoniella echinata CMI 42,309 cordage (India) 310 Memnoniella echinata QM 1c, CBS 627,66, CMI 45,547, textiles NRRL 2181, NRC V-153, CEB 3456-2 311 Memnoniella echinata QM 1225, CMI 61,273 canvas (New Guinea) NRRL 2373, ATCC 11973 312 Memnoniella echinata CBS 304.54, ATCC 9597 degrades cellulose 313 Memnoniella echinata CBS 343.50 filter paper 314 Microascus desmosporus CBS 424.62, CL 81 pvc 315 Microsporum gypseum QM 196 strip of wool buried in soil (Indiana) 316 Monacrosporium oxysporum CMI 78,278 cellophane film in soil cf. Dactylella rhombospora 317 Monascus sp. CBS 302.52, ATCC 16370 nylon 318 Monocillium bulbillosum CBS 344.70 wall paper (Hamburg, Germany) 319 Mucor lamprosporus CBS 244.67 wet wall (France) 320 Mucor oblongisporus CMI 100,706 army socks in storage (USA) 321 Mucor plumbous CMI 14,781 paper-mill slime (U.K.) 322 Mycotypha microspora CMI 31,239 rag-paper document (U.K.) 323 Myrothecium verrucaria CMI 25,291 canvas shoe (U.K.) 324 Myrothecium verrucaria QM 460, 460 b, CBS 328.52, test organism for mould-proofing CMI 45,541, ATCC 9095, of textiles NRRL 1875, 2003, NRC V-155, CEB 3716.5, IFO 6113 325 Myrothecium verrucaria CMI 140,579 shoe 326 Myrothecium verrucaria QM560 textile exposure test sample (Panama Canal Zone) 327 Myxotrichum chartarum CBS 434.64, CMI 89,072 a, corrugated cardboard from a cellar ATCC 18432 (U.K.) 328 Myxotrichum deflexum CBS 377.62, RSA 57 rotting board (Massachusetts, USA) 329 Myxotrichum deftexum CMI 104,309 rubberized fabric (Singapore) 330 Nectria haematococca CMI 72,659 navy cordage CW. Africa) cf. Fusarium javanicum 331 Nectria inventa CBS 222.60 fungicide treated wall st. conid. Verticillium (Geisenheim, Germany) cinabarium = V. tenerum 332 Nectria inventa CBS 236.55 cellulose 333 Nodulisporium cinnamomeum CBS 377,49, CMI 45,558, leather shoe (Hong Kong) QM 4g-2
14 A catalogue of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi held in the culture collections of the CBS (Centraalhureau voor Schimmelcultures), CMI (Commonwealth Mycological Institute) and QM (U.S. Army Natick Laboratories). T. Denizel, B. Jarvis, Agnes H. S. Onions, Annette C. Rhodes, R. A. Samson, E. G. Simmons, Maud Th. Smith and Eleonora H. Hueck-van der Plas.
334 Nodulisporium cinnamomeum CBS 369.53 sapele triplex 335 Oedocephalum albidum QM92a knapsack (New Guinea) 336 Oidiodendron fuscum CMI 89,370 gum cotton N.E. Africa) 337 Oidiodendron rhodogennm CMI 68,735 cellophane film in soil 338 Onygena corvina CBS 281.48 wool (Paris, France) 339 Onygena piligena CBS 298.49 woollen slipper (Paris, France) 340 Paecilomyces carneus CMI 58,429 wall in vault (U.K.) 341 Paecilomyces fumosoroseus CMI 58,413 cork (Eire) 342 Paecilomyces leycettanus CBS 398.68, 275.70, 276.70 coal tip (U.K.) st. asc. Talaromyces leycettanus 343 Paecilomyces variotii CMI 16,196 jute fibre (India) 344 Paecilomyces variotii CMI 108,007 synthetic rubber (U.K.) 345 Paecilomyces variotii CBS 628.66, CMI 114,930, tanned sheep leather (Lyon, France) CEB 3292 346 Paecilomyces variotii CBS 223.52 leather (Lyon, France) 347 Papularia arundinis QM71 c Japanese canvas glove cf. Apiospora montagnei (Finschafen, New Guinea) 348 Penicillium aculeatum CMI 40,588 (A) textiles (USA) 349 Penicillium bacillisporum CBS 580.68 brick chips (Sweden) st. asc. Talaromyces bacillisporus 350 Penicillium brevicompactum CMI 94,148 cotton yarn 351 Penicillium brevicompactum CBS 629.66, CMI 114,932, test organisms for mould proofing CEB 3296.23 352 Penicillium capsulatum CBS 301.48, CMI 40,576, optical instrument QM 4869, ATCC 10420, (Panama Canal Zone) NRRL2056 353 Penicillium citreo-viride CBS 308.48, CMI 40,575, military equipment ATCC 10425, NRRL 2046 354 Penicillium citrinum CMI 16,199 jute fibre (India) 355 Penicillium citrinum CMI 24,307 cotton fabric (U.K.) 356 Penicillium citrinum CBS 117.64 epoxy plasticizers 357 Penicillium citrinum series CBS 342.61, CMI 61,272, test organism for mould proofing QM 1226, ATCC 9849, NRRL 756, NRRL A-683, IFO 6352 358 Penicillium commune CMI 91,918 electrical fuse (Scotland) 359 Penicillium commune CMI 91,957 artificial leather cloth (Scotland) 360 Penicillium cyclopium CMI 51,355 bentonite 361 Penicillium cyclopium CBS 118.64 epoxy plasticizer 362 Penicillium cyclopium CBS 630.66, CMI 114.931, test organisms for mould proofing CEB 3296.24 363 Penicillium cyclopium CBS 203.57 paper pulp (Sweden) var. album 364 Penicillium cyclopium CBS 255.55 wet mechanical pulp (Sweden) var. echinulatum 365 Penicillium diversum CBS 320.48, CMI 40,579, leather (USA) QM 1921, ATCC 10437, NRRL 2121, IFO 7759 366 Penicillium duclauxii CBS 322.48, CMI 40,044, canvas (USA) ATCC 10439, NRRL 1030 367 Penicillium duclauxii CBS 323.48, CMI 40,210, QM 1923,tentage (New Guinea) QM 1078, ATCC 10440, NRRL 2020, IFO 5690
15 A catalogue of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi held in the culture collections of the CBS (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures), CMI (Commonwealth Mycological Institute) and QM (U.S. Army Natick Laboratories). T. Denizel, B. Jarvis, Agnes H. S. Onions, Annette C. Rhodes, R. A. Samson, E. G. Simmons, Maud Th. Smith and Eleonora H. Hueck-van der Plas.
368 Penicillium dupontii CMI 131,017 coal tip st. asc. Talaromyces thermophilus 369 Penicillium expansum CBS 146.45 wallpaper (U.K.) 370 Penicillium frequentans CMI 49,673 starch paste adhesive (U.K.) 371 Penicillium funiculosum CMI 61,383 paper pulp (U.K.) 372 Penicillium funiculosum CMI 61,385 paper pulp (U.K.) 373 Penicillium funiculosum CBS 170.60, CMI 87,160, QM 391, radio set (New Guinea) NRRL A-5245, ATCC 9644, IFO test organism for mould proofing 6345 374 Penicillium funiculosum CMI 113,730 pvc-paper wall covering 375 Penicillium funiculosum CBS 631.66, CMI 114,933, pvc (France) CEB 3296.31 test organism for mould proofing 376 Penicillium funiculosum QM 474, ATCC 11797, mercury treated fabric tested in NRRL-A-1616 A-622 non sterile procedure (Maryland) 377 Penicillium implicatum CBS 337.48, CMI 40,578, QM 3271 cellulose (USA) ATCC 10453, NRRL 2054, IFO 6098 378 Penicillium islandicum CBS 394.50 cotton wool (Holland) 379 Penicillium janthinellum CMI 56,433 formalin preserving tank 380 Penicillium janthinellum CMI 90,838 parachute nylon (India) 381 Penicillium janthinellum CMI 108,033 pvc-paper wall covering (U.K.) 382 Penicillium lanosum CMI 89,373 cloth 383 Penicillium lilacinum CMI 63,373 cotton drill (Nigeria) 384 Penicillium lilacinum CMI II 7, I 09 synthetic rubber 385 Penicillium multicolor CBS 351.48, CMI 40,574, textiles (Florida) QM 2685, ATCC 10471, NRRL 2058 386 Penicillium ochro-chloron CMI 61,271, CBS 110.66, QM 477, copper tolerant test organism for ATCC 9824, 9112, NRRL 744 mould proofing 387 Penicillium olsonii CBS 349.61, CL 67 rubber life raft (New Guinea) 388 Penicillium pallidum CBS 260.33, CMI 40,214, cotton yarn (England) QM 1958, ATCC 10478, IFO 5758 389 Penicillium pallidum CBS 841.68 linen cloth in a bakery (France) 390 Penicillium paxilli CBS 360.48, CMI 40,226, QM 725, photographic film (Panama Canal ATCC 10480, NRRL 2008 Zone) 391 Penicillium phialosporum CBS 434.62, QM 8015, ATCC 18485, rubber life raft (New Guinea) CL69 392 Penicillium raistrickii CMI 40,221 (T), CBS 261.33, cotton yarn QM 1936, ATCC 10490, NRRL 2039 IFO 6104 393 Penicilli urn raistrickii CBS 350.51 paper pulp (Sweden) 394 Penicillium rubrum CBS 370.48, CMI 40,036, paper ATCC 10520, NRRL 1062 (Washington DC, USA) 395 Penicillium rubrum CMI 113,729 pvc-paper wall covering (U.K.) 396 Penicillium rugulosum CPS 111.64, CL 191 jute (Holland) 397 Penicillium sclerotiorum CMI 146,604 paper (India) 398 Penicillium simplicissimum CBS 138.65; BAM MF 9 cellulose 399 Penicillium simplicissimum CBS 372.48, CMI 39,816, QM 1939,flannel bag (S. Africa) ATCC 10495, NRRL 902, IFO 5762 400 Penicillium simplicissimum CMI 61,388 paper pulp (U.K.) 401 Penicillium spiculisporum CBS 282.58 jute (Baarn, Holland) st. asc. Talaromyces trachyspermus
16
.I A catalogue of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi held in the culture collections of the CBS (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures), CMI (Commonwealth Mycological Institute) and QM (U.S. Army Natick Laboratories). T. Denizel, B. Jarvis, Agnes H. S. Onions, Annette C. Rhodes, R. A. Samson, E. G. Simmons, Maud Th. Smith and Eleonora H. Hueck-van der Plas.
402 Penicillium spinulosum CBS 153.45 cotton yam (U.K.) 403 Penicillium spinulosum CMI 92,022 cotton yarn 404 Penicillium steckii CBS 260.55, CMI 40,583, textiles (Colorado) QM 6413, ATCC 10499, NRRL 2140 405 Penicillium steckii CMI 61,387 paper pulp (U.K.) 406 Penicillium stipitatum CMI 39,713 leather boot st. asc. Talaromyces stipitatus 407 Penicillium stipitatum CBS 292.53 beech wood board 408 Penicillium tardum CBS 340.34 military equipment (=Penicillium scorteum) 409 Penicillium terrestre CMI 91,913 tau liquor 410 Penicillium variabile CBS 316.63, CL 161 polyvinyl acetate (Holland) 411 Penicillium variabile CBS 385.48, CMI 40,040, QM 7684 coconut matting (S. Africa) ATCC 10508, NRRL 1048, IFO 6111 412 Penicillium variabile CMI 61,384 paper pulp (U.K.) 413 Penicillium varians CBS 386.48, CMI 40,586, QM 7691 cotton yarn (U.K.) NRRL 2096, IFO 6112 414 Penicillium vermiculatum CBS 283.58 treated jute (Holland) st. asc. Talaromyces flavus 415 Penicillium vermiculatum CBS 117.72 cotton fabric (Panama) st. asc. Talaromyces flavus var. macrosporus 416 Penicillium vermiculatum CBS 353.72 tentage (New Guinea) st. asc. Talaromyces flavus var. macrosporus 417 Penicillium verruculosum CMI 79,196 textiles (USA) 418 Penicillium vinaceum CMI 92,903 impure charcoal (U.K.) 419 Penicillium viridicatum CMI 91,952 artificial leather cloth 420 Penicillium viridicatum CMI 91,958 artificial leather cloth 421 Periconia byssoides QM647 tent top (Oro Bay, New Guinea) 422 Periconia circinata CBS 414.50, QM 352, ATCC 9354 textiles ( ?) 423 Pestalotia sp. QM478 textile exposure test sample (Panama Canal Zone) 424 Pestalotia aquatica CMI 87,402 kerosene filter (Hong Kong) 425 Pestalotia bicolor CBS 363.54, QM 664 decayed leaf, degrades cellulose and wool 426 Pestalotia dichaeta QM698 bath towels (Florida) 427 Pestalotia microspora QM 531, ATCC 11816 textile exposure test sample (Panama Canal Zone) 428 Pestalotia microspora CBS 364.54, QM 698 bath towel (Florida) 429 Pestalotia virgaluta QM479 textile exposure test sample (Panama Canal Zone) 430 Pestalotia westerdijkiae CBS 367.54, QM 381, ATCC 11763 canvas (New Guinea) Pestaliotiopsis cf. Pestalotia 431 Pestalotiopsis sp. QM478 textile exposure test sample (Panama Canal Zone) 432 Pestalotiopsis aquatica CMI 87,402 kerosene filter (Hong Kong) 433 Peziza cerea CBS 321.63 cellar wall (Ho !land) 434 Phialocephala dimorphospora CBS 300.62, DAOM 87232 paper mill slime (New Brunswick) Phialophora aurantiaca cf. Phialophora hoffmannii
17 A catalogue of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi held in the culture collections of the CBS (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures), CMI (Commonwealth Mycological Institute) and QM (U.S. Army Natick Laboratories). T. Denizel, B. Jarvis, Agnes H. S. Onions, Annette C. Rhodes, R. A. Samson, E. G. Simmons, Maud Th. Smith and Eleonora H. Hueck-van der Plas.
435 Phialophora fastigiata CMI 86,982 paper mill slime (Canada) 436 Phialophora holfmannii CBS 301.62 manganese containing slime st. asc. Coniochaeta liguiaria in water pipe 437 Phialophora holfmannii CBS 140.59, CMI 77,044 explosives (Holland) 438 Phialophora holfmannii CMI 96,743 paper mill pulp 438a Phialophora hofmannii CBS 140.59, CMI 77,044 explosives (Holland) 439 Phialophora melinii CMI 89,325 paper 440 Phialophora melinii QM 266, NIH 8706 wood pulp (Sweden) 441 Phialophora richardsiae QM 263, NIH 8703 wood pulp (Sweden) 442 Phialophora richardsiae CBS 573.67 exposed plastics (Central Africa) 443 Phialophora richardsiae CBS 310.49 wax 444 Phoma glomerata CMI 74,752 wool (N.Z.) 445 Phoma herbarum CBS 109.36 degraded paint 446 Phoma herbarum CBS 366.61 moulded mortar 447 Phoma saprophytica CMI 85,470 (A) cement (U.K.) 448 Phoma suecica CBS 397.65 plastics (Germany) 449 Phoma terrestris QM 120 k tarpaulin cf. Pyrenochaeta terrestris (Panama Canal Zone) 450 Phoma violacea CMI 49948, QM 502, NRC V-141 white lead paints cf. Phoma herbarum ATCC 12569 (England) 451 Phoma violacea CMI 90,179 bathroom paintwork (U.K.) 452 Phoma violacea CMI 129,267 paper (U.K.) 453 Piricauda damonis QM646 tent top (Oro Bay, New Guinea) 454 Physalospora rhodina CBS 289.56 moulded tarpaulin (New Gninea) cf. Botryosphaeria rhodina 455 Pleospora herbarum CBS 368,59 flax fibre (Denmark) 18 A catalogue of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi held in the culture collections of the CBS (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures), CMI (Commonwealth Mycological Institute) and QM (U.S. Army Natick Laboratories). T. Denizel, B. Jarvis, Agnes H. S. Onions, Annette C. Rhodes, R. A. Samson, E. G. Simmons, Maud Th. Smith and Eleonora H. Hueck-van der Plas. 475 Sordaria fimicola QM707 textile exposure test sample (Panama Canal Zone) 476 Sordaria hypocoproides CMI 80,254 jute bag (India) 477 Spegazzinia tessarthra QM 371 e, ATCC 11964, cardboard (Florida) IFO 6806 478 Sporormia minima CBS 404.59, CL 19 plastic (Holland) 479 Sporotrichum exile CBS 350.47, QM 1250 flannel (S. Africa) 480 Sporotrichum pruinosum CMI 74,691 jute (France) 481 Sporotrichum pruinosum CMI 110,120 hand bandage (US army equipment) (New Guinea) 482 Stachybotrys atra CMI 42,310 cotton desootie (India) 483 Stachybotrys atra CMI 49,534 canvas (New Guinea) 484 Stachybotrys atra CMI 72,155, QM 1274, NRRL paper seed-germination pad 1877, ATCC 9182 (Washington, DC, USA) 485 Stachybotrys atra CMI 82,021 cotton fabric (U.K.) 486 Stachybotrys atra CMI 115,289 cotton textile 487 Stachybotrys atra CBS 324.65, ATCC 18843 ocron tiles (quartz and plastic) (Holland) 488 Stachybotrys atra CBS 222.46, ATCC 18842 flax fibre (Holland) 489 Stachybotrys atra CBS 329.37, ATCC 18845 paper f. genuina 490 Stachybotrys atra CBS 330.37, ATCC 18846 paper f. lobulata 491 Stachybotrys atra CBS 328.37, ATCC 18844 paper var. brevicaulis 492 Stemphylium alternariae CMI 31.640 jute bag 493 Stemphylium ilicis CMI 89.309 wallpaper (U.K.) 494 Stemphylium lanuginosum CMI 92,020 cotton yarn (U.K.) 495 Stilbella sp. QM 833 treated wool (India) 496 Syncephalastrum racemosum CMI 92,031 cloth (U.K.) 497 Syncephalastrum racemosum CMI 136,818 toilet soap 498 Thielavia sepedonium CBS 415.48, QM 46a, ATCC 11814 tent rope (India) 499 Thielavia sepedonium CMI 80,253 jute bag 500 Thielavia sepedonium CBS 294.56 buried cables 501 Thielavia terricola CBS 436.61 buried, textile reinforced cable (Dakar, Africa) 502 Torula herbarum QM675 socks, cushion sole (Florida) 503 Treleasiella sp. QM 711 textile test panel (Panama Canal Zone) 504 Trichocladium asperum CMI 83,981 cellulose sponge (U.K.) 504a Trichoderma harzianum CBS 370.52, QM 1275, cellulose ATCC 8678, NRRL 1762 505 Trichoderma viride CMI 16,198 jute fibre (India) 506 Trichoderma viride CMI 24,039 fibre 507 Trichoderma viride QM 6 a, NRC V-139, shelter half CMI 45,548, ATCC 13631 (Bougainville Island) 508 Trichoderma viride CMI 49,268 ice cream carton (U.K.) 509 Trichoderma viride CMI 61,381 paper pulp 510 Trichoderma viride ' CMI 92,027 cotton yarn 512 Trichoderma sp. CBS 430.54, CMI 45,553, QM 365, test organism for mould proofing ATCC 9645, NRRL A-3548; 2314, NRC V-159 19 A catalogue of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi held in the culture collections of the CBS (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures), CMI (Commonwealth Mycological Institute) and QM (U.S. Army Natick Laboratories). T. Denizel, B. Jarvis, Agnes H. S. Onions, Annette C. Rhodes, R. A. Samson, E. G. Simmons, Maud Th. Smith and Eleonora H. Hueck-van der Plas. 513 Trichophyton mentagrophytes CBS 418.52 shoe 514 Trichosporium sp. QM 847 tent rope (Guadalcanal) 515 Trichosporium macrosporum CBS 349.68 rush flower basket 516 Trichothecium roseum QM 102 e, CMI 45,538, helmet liner-leather ATCC 12543 (Finschafen, New Guinea) Tritirachium cf. Acrodontium 517 Tritirachium cinnamomeum CBS 377.49, CMI 45,558, leather shoe (U.S.A.) QM 4g-2 518 Tritirachium oryzae CMI 45,535, QM 494 nylon (USA) 519 Tritirachium oryzae CBS 442.70 cardboard (Ivory Coast, Africa) 520 Tubercularia sp. QM 848 tent (Finschafen, New Guinea) 521 Ulocladium sp. QM 147 c tent pyramidal (Munda, New Georgia) 522 Ulocladium botrytis CMI 123,533 damp paper (U.K.) 523 Ulocladium chartarum CBS 199.67, CMI 116,369, manila fibre (Switzerland) QM 8610 524 Varicosporina ramulosa CBS 398.65 submerged cellulose sponge material 525 Veroneae botryosa CBS 474.71 cellulose 526 Zygosporium chartarum CBS 384.53 paper (Italy) 527 Zygosporium mycophilum CBS 590.71 wine cork Abbreviations ATCC American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD, U.S.A. BAM Bundesanstalt for Materialprufung, Berlin, Germany. BKMF Department of Typecultures, Institute of Microbiology, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, U.S.S.R. CBS Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baam, the Netherlands. CEB Centre d'Etudes du Bouche!, Vert-le-Petit, France. CL Carlsberg Laboratorium, Copenhagen, Denmark. CMI Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England. DAOM Mycological Herbarium Division of Botany and Plant Pathology, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. IFO Institute of Fermentation, Osaka, Japan. IJMARI Indian Jute Mills Association Research Institute, Calcutta, India. LSHB Biochemistry Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England. NCTC National Collection of Type Cultures, London, England. NIH National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A. NRC National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. NRRL Northern Utilization Research Branch, US.D.A., Peoria, IL, U.S.A. QM U.S. Army Natick Laboratories, Natick, MA, U.S.A. RSA Rancho Santo Ana Botanic Gardens, Claremont, CA, U.S.A. TRL Timber Research Laboratory, Johannesburg, South Africa. TRTC University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. WB Wisconsin Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin College of Agriculture, Madison, WI, U.S.A. 20 r·~- 1 A catalogue of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi held in the culture collections of the CBS (Centraalbureau voor i Schimmelcultures), CMI (Commonwealth Mycological Institute) and QM (U.S. Army Natick Laboratories). T. Denizel, B. Jarvis, Agnes H. S. Onions, Annette C. Rhodes, R. A. Samson, E. G. Simmons, Maud Th. Smith I and Eleonora H. Hueck-van der Plas. APPENDIX ll Index to materials from which fungi have been isolated The numbers refer to the strains listed in Appendix I. Biocidally treated materials 45, 61, 140, 266, 331, 376, 386, 414 Cardboard, carton 30, 83, 132, 162, 188, 206, 232, 255, 327, 477, 508, 519 Cellulose, cellophane 39, 50, 68, II2, liS, 120, 137, 162, 235, 288, 312, 316 332, 337, 377, 398, 425, 465, 504, 504a, 524, 525 Drugs, cosmetics, soap 14,202,203,205,207,497 Electrical equipment 69, 82, 84, 96, liS, 186, 358, 373, 471 Explosives 437, 438a Fuels, hydrocarbons, bitumen 13, II4, 141, 156, 188-201, 204, 206, 249, 276,279,28Ia,424,432 Glass, optical equipment 48, 54, 55, 77, 105, Il3, 121, 352 Leather 23, 36, 41, 44, 47, 74, 98, 106, 107, Il9, 131, 141, 153, 155, 175, 179, 180, 325, 333, 345, 346, 365,406, 502, 513, 516, 517 Miscellaneous 4, 14, 20, 53, 56, II4, 154, 174, 175, 187, 216,275, 342, 353, 360, 368, 370, 379, 408, 409, 418, 443, 456, 515 Paint 79, 80, 124-126, 208, 241, 445, 450, 451, 474 Paper 21, 93, 104, IIO, 111, 136, 143, 148, 149, 154, 157, 158a, 159, 164, 183, 210, 214, 239, 245, 275, 283, 296, 313, 318, 322, 369, 374, 381, 394, 395, 397, 438, 439, 452, 464, 467, 474, 484, 489-491, 493, 522, 526 Paper pulp 146, 251, 253, 287, 290, 294, 297-299, 321, 363, 364, 371, 372, 393, 400, 405, 412, 434-436, 440, 441, 509 Plaster, cement I, 2, 5, 63, 136, 160, 185, 212, 217, 243, 319, 331, 340, 433, 446, 447, 466, 467 Plastics, plasticizers 10, 25, 32, 33, 37, 42, 52, 69, 75, 89, 96, 104, IIO, 133, 167, 177, 314,317, 344, 356,359, 361, 374,375, 380, 381, 384, 390, 395, 410, 419, 420, 442, 448, 462, 478, 487, 500, 501, 518 Rubber 31, 96, 260, 329,-387, 391, 462, 500 Stone, brick, concrete, asbestos 6, 217, 242, 349, 360 Test organisms for mould~proofing 40, 42, 67, 69, 71, 96, 126, 161, 168, 169, 324, 351, 357, 362, 373, 375, 386, 512 Textiles, cotton 7, 9, 11, 12, 15-19, 24, 26-29, 34, 35, 37, 38, 43, 49, 51, 57-59, 64, 65, 70, 72, 73, 76, 81, 85~87, 90-92, 94, 95, 97, 99-103, 108, 109, Il6, 117, 122, 127-130, 134, 135, 138, 145, 150, 152, 161, 163, 166-172, 182, 184, 209, 211, 219-231, 233-236, 238, 244, 246-248, 254, 257, 258, 260, 261, 263, 265-274, 277, 278, 280-282, 284, 285, 289, 291, 292, 295, 303-311, 323, 326, 329, 330, 335, 336, 347, 348, 350, 355, 359, 366, 367, 376, 378, 382, 383, 385, 388, 392, 399, 402-404, 21 A catalogue of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi held in the culture collections of the CBS (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures), CMI (Commonwealth Mycological Institute) and QM (U.S. Army Natick Laboratories). T. Denizel, B. Jarvis, Agnes H. S. Onions, Annette C. Rhodes, R. A. Samson, E. G. Simmons, Maud Th. Smith and Eleonora H. Hueck-van der Plas. 413,415-417,419-423,426-431,449,453,454, 457, 460, 463, 468, 470, 472, 475, 479, 481-483, 485, 486, 494, 496, 498, 501, 503, 506, 507, 510, 512, 514, 520, 521 Textiles, flax, hemp, manilla, coconut 158, 264, 389, 4ll, 455, 488, 523 Textiles, jute 8, 20, 45, 46, 60, 61, 78, 139, 140, 151, 165, 176, 178, 237, 240, 251, 256, 262, 286, 300, 301, 309, 343, 354, 396, 401, 414, 459, 473, 476, 480, 492, 499, 505 Wood, wood pulp, cork 22, 62, 88, 126, 173, 213, 251-253, 287,290, 294, 297-299, 302, 328, 334, 341, 401, 527 Wool 3, 123, 181, 215, 218, 235, 315, 320, 338, 339, 425,444,458,469,495,502 22 A caralogue of potentially biodeteriogenic fungi held in the culture collections of the CBS (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures), CMI (Commonwealth Mycological Institute) and QM (U.S. Army Natick Laboratories). T. Denizel, B. Jarvis, Agnes H. S. Onions, Annette C. Rhodes, R. A. Samson, E. G. Simmons, Maud Th. Smith and Eleonora H. Hueck-van der Plas. APPENDIX ill IBRG Modified Model Data Sheet !. N arne of organism: Isolated by: locality: strain number: from: on (date): 2. isolation preservation !. method 2. nutrient media 3. temperature 4. relative humidity(% or aw) 5. other 3. Confirmation of purity: Identity checked by: 4. confirmation of biodeterioration biodeterioration !. Conditions: I. situation of use or storage 2. temperature 3. relative humidity (% or aw) 4. moisture content of substrate 5. pH 6. aeration of substrate 7. light other 2. Phenomena: I. visual changes (stains, discolorations, etc.) 2. physical changes (weight, strength, density, structure, etc.) 3. chemical changes (pH, cellulolysis, reduction of concentration, etc.) 4. fouling 5. other 5. Physiological characteristics of isolate: !. temperature optimum: 2. pH optimum: 3. light optimum 4. growth on carbon sources: 5. growth on nitrogen sources: 6. growth on other substrates: 7. oxygen demand (aerobic, anaerobic, etc.): 8. mycelial growth rates under specified conditions: 9. production of oxydases and peroxydases: 10. production of exoenzymes: 11. sensitivity to biocides: 12. antagonism or synergism: 6. Bibliography: 23 Cremlyn, R. J. W. eta!. Int. Biodetn. Bull. (ISSN 0020-6164) 10 (I) 25-28 (1974). Fungicidal activities of some derivatives of o-Biphenylyl and p-Cumenylphenylphosphorodichloridates. FUNGICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF SOME OF 0-BIPHENYLYL AND P-CUMENYL-PHENYLPHOSPHORODICHLORIDATES.3 R. J. W. Cremlynt, J. David2 and N. KishoreJ Summary. General methods of preparation of O·biphenylyl Les activites fungicides de quelques d~rivatifs de I'o·biph Cnylyl et and~umenylphenylphosphorodichloridates, the corresponding de .,.cumenylphCnylphosphoredichlororidates. Un resume des dichloridopbosphorothioatcs, and their conversion to a number methodes gCberales de prCparer l'o-biphenylyl et lesp·ceumenyl of derivatives .are outlined. The relative fungicidal activities phosphorodichloridates et des dichloridophosphorotheoates qui within this group of compounds are briefly discussed. s'y rapportent, et leur conversion aux dCrivatifs varies. Discus· sion courte des activites fungicides relatives dans ce groupe de composes. Fungizide Eigcnschaften einigcr Dcri\·ate von o-Biphenylyl und Las actividades fungicidas de algunas derivativas del o·biphenylyl p·Cumenylpbenylpbosphordichloridatcn. Allgemeine Verfahren y p-cumenylpbenylphosphorodichlorodates. Se indican los meta zur Vorbcreitung von o-Biphenylyl und p-Cumenylphenylphos does generales de la preparacioii del o-biphenylyl y de los p phordichloridaten und der entsprechenden Dichloridophosphor cumenylphenylphospborodichloridates y los correspondientes thioate und ihre Umwandlung in einige Derivate wcrden dichloridophosphorothioates y su conversiori a una variedad beschrieben. Die entsprechenden fungiziden Eigenschaften von de derivativas. Se discuten en breve las actividades relativas Verbindungen dieser Gruppe werden kurz besprochen. fungicdas dentro de este grupo de compuestos. Introduction Organophosphorus compounds have been used since 1940 and still form the largest group of commer Carswell and Nason (1938) showed that chlorinated cial pesticides. Where DDT and dieldrin have been phenols are good fungicides, but their use for the withdrawn OP compounds are being used because preservation of textiles has been limited by their high they are the only sufficiently cheap and effective volatility, ease of leaching and mammalian toxicity. alternatives. It must be remembered, however, that Pentachlorophenol has been reported to be completely this often introduces an increased hazard to operators removed from the fabric through weathering (Fargher, because of the high mammalian toxicity of many 1945). Many chlorinated phenols have comparatively OPs. For example, there have already been many higher mammalian toxicity (Deichman et a/., 1942); deaths from methylparathion poisoning in the cotton Alexander and Aleem (1961) have reported them to be belt of the U.S.A. following its substitution for DDT. relatively resistant to both chemical and biological However, since most organophosphorus compounds are degradation, but Cserjesi (1967) and Kirsch et a/. susceptible to both chemical and biological degrada (1973) have reported biodegradation of pentachloro tion, they are replacing many commercial pesticides. phenol. Higginbotham and co-workers (1968) reported Aldridge (1953) and Matsumura and Hogendijk the formation of polychlorodibenzodioxan when (1964) demonstrated that several enzymes are capable chlorinated phenols were heated at high temperatures; of hydrolysing the phosphorus-oxygen-aryl bond, and Courtney and Moore (1971) showed that tetra with consequent formation of the parent phenol. chlorodibenzodioxan has teratogenic activity. It is of The choice of phenol is, therefore, significant and its interest to note that commercially available penta range is restricted because of availability and cost, chlorophenol and its esters (L.P.C.P.) in U.K. appear volatility, and mammalian toxicity. Non-chlorinated to be free from this toxicant (Monsanto, 1973). phenol derivatives are unlikely to cause environmental Pentachlorophenol esters are used widely for the problems since they are known (Evans and Smith, preservation of textiles in many countries, but the 1951) to be biodegradable in contrast to organo commercial future of fatty acids, used in the manufac chlorine compounds like DDT. ture of esters, is at risk. At the same time, use of other preservatives, particularly mothproofing agents We decided to examine phosphorylated derivatives based on persistent organochlorine compounds such of o-hydroxybiphenyl and p-cumenylphenol which as DDT and dieldrin has been restricted because of have been reported to possess mildew-proofing alleged environmental pollution (O'Brien, 1972; Bry properties (Carden, 1969), and are both commercially and Davis, 1972). available and free from possible hazards associated t Department of Chemical Sciences, The Hatfield Polytechnic, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England. 2Catomance Limited, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, England. JFuller details of the preparation and in vitro antifungal activity of these compounds is to be published in Pesticide Science. (Copy originally received September 1973; in final form January 1974). 25 Fungicidal activities of some derivatives of o-Biphenylyl and p-Cumenylphenylphosphorodichloridates. R. J. W. Cremlyn, J. David and N. Kishore. with chlorinated compounds. The mammalian toxici TABLE 2. Physical properties of compounds of type {ll) ties of the compounds described in this paper have not yet been evaluated. Compound No. X R1 R' M.p.jB.p.(0 C) Materials and Methods 14 0 OMe OMe 182/1.3 mm All the compounds reported in tables I and 2 were n"D 1.5715 characterised by their i.r. spectra and elemental 15 s OMe OMe 198/0.5 mm analysis data in reasonable agreement with theoretical n"D 1.5640 values. 16 0 NHMc NHMe 92-93 17 0 N, NHPh 93.5-96 18 0 NHNH, NHPh 169-171 19 0 NHNH, NHNH, 138-141 20 s NHNH2 NHNH, 69.5-72 21 0 NH-N=CMe, NH-N=CMe, 139-141 22 S NH-N=CMe, NH-N=CMe, 98-100 23 0 OEt OEt 192°/0.4 mm n"D 1.5332 (I) TABLE 1. Physical properties of compounds of type (I) o-Biphenylylphosphorodichloridatc, b.p. 142°/0.08 mm, n20D 1.589 was obtained by heating a mixture of the Compound No. X R1 R' M.p.jB.p.(oC) phenol and phosphorus oxychloride in the presence of potassium chloride catalyst. I 0 OMe OMe 161/0.08 mm n"D 1.5685 p-Cumenylphenylphosphorodichloridate, b.p. 171/0.01 2 s OMe OMe 164/0.1 mm mm, n20D 1.571 was similarly obtained. The dichlori n20D 1.5870 dophosphorothioates were obtained by treatment of 3 0 NHMe NHMe 105-106 the pyridinium salt of the appropriate phenol with thiophosphoryl chloride: 4 0 NHEt NHEt 58-60.5 5 0 NHMe NHPh 140-141.5 o-biphenylyldichloridopbosphorotbioatc, 137°/0.12 mm, n20D 1.6225; p-eumenylphenyldichloridophosphorotbio 6 0 NHEt NHPh 106-107.5 ate, 209°/1.3 mm, n20D 1.6040. 7 0 Cl NHPh 163.5-165 0,0'-Dialkyl-arylphosphates (No. 1, 2, 14, 15, 23) 8 0 N, NHPh 118-120 were obtained by treatment of the appropriate phos 9 0 NHNH, NHPh 146-148 phorodichloridate with sodium a1koxide. 10 0 NHNH, NHNH, 147-150 The N,N'-Disubstituted phosphorodiamidates (3, 4, 5, 11 S NHNH, NHNH, 108.5-110 6, 16) were obtained by the reaction of either phosphor 12 0 NH-N=CMe, NH-N=CMe, 132-134 odichloridate or phosphoramidic chloride with the appropriate amine. 13 S NH-N=CMe, NH-N=CMe, 112-113.5 The N,N'-phosphorodihydrazides (10, 11, 19, 20) were prepared by reaction of the phosphorodichloridate with a large excess of hydrazine hydrate; and were converted to the corresponding Diacetonchydrazones by heating with an excess of acetone. 0-Biphenylyl N-phcnylphosphoramidic chloride (7) was obtained by treating o-biphenylylphosphorodichlori date (1 mol. equiv.) with aniline (2 mol. equiv.) The aryl N-phenylphosphorazides (8, 17) were synthe sised by treatment of the corresponding N-phenylphos (II) phoramidic chlorides with excess of sodium azide (2 mol. equiv.) in aqueous acetone. 26 Fungicidal activities of some derivatives of o-Biphenylyl and p-Cumenylphenylphosphorodichloridates. R. J. W. Cremlyn, J. David and N. Kishore. Testing 0,0'-diethyl p-cumenylphenylphosphate (23) was found to be the most effective fungicide among the The compounds were applied in an ethanolfwater compounds tested in this series. The phsophates were mixture to Whatman No. I. filter paper at concentra more fungitoxic than the corresponding phosphoro tions of 5 to 0.025%. After air drying for 24 hr. the thioates probably due to two factors: treated filter papers were evaluated for fungicidal a) the P = 0 compounds had appreciably greater activity against a mixed culture of Aspergillus tamarii, water solubilitywhen compared with the corresponding Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Chaetomiurn globosum P = S compounds (Table 4). and a species of Sternphylium, in a petri dish containing mineral agar medium at 28° for 14 days. The samples were inspected at different periods of time for mould TABLE 4. Aqueous solubilities. development. The minimum % concentrations of the various compounds needed to inhibit spore germina Compound No. Solubility in water(%) tion after periods of 5, 7, 10 and 14 days are listed in 10 0.33 Table 3. 11 0.067 Results and discussion 12 O.D78 TABLE 3. :Minimum inhibitory concentration(%). 13 0.043 Compound After After After After No. 5 days 7 days 10 days 14 days b) Metcalf and March (1953) showed that phosphoro 0.2 0.2 0.25 0.25 thioates owe their fungicidal activity to their conver sion to the corresponding phosphates. 2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.5 If one takes into account their lower aqueous solubility, 3 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 the phosphorothioates appear to be at least as fungi cidal as the corresponding phosphates; similarly the 4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 diacetonedihydrazones (12, 13, 21, 22) appear to be 5 Pro Pro Pro Pro more fungitoxic than the corresponding dihydrazides (Table 4). The relatively poor fungicidal activities 6 Pro Pro Pro Pro displayed by the N,N' -dialkylphosphorodiamidates (3, 8 Pro Pro Pro Pro 4, 5, 6, 16) and the N-phenylphosphorazides (8, 17) may be a consequence of their molecular structure or 9 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 possibly results from their low aqueous solubility. 10 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.25 II 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.25 Acknowledgements 12 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.25 We wish to thank Mr. A. Barr of Catomance 13 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.25 Limited for assistance in the biological tests and helpful comments. 14 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.1 15 0.1 0.2 0.25 0.25 References 16 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 Aldridge, W. N. (1953) Biochem. J., 53, 117. 17 Pro Pro Pro Pro Alexander, M. and Aleem, M. I. H. (1961) Effect of 18 Pro Pro Pro Pro chemical structure on microbial decomposition of aromatic herbicides. J. Agric. Chern., 9, 44-47. 19 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.1 20 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 Bry, R. E. and Davis, R. (1972) Nat. Wool Grower, 63, 33. 21 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 22 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 Carswell, T. S. and Nason, H. K. (1938) Ind. Engng. Chern., 30, 622. 23 O.OZ5 0.025 0.05 0.05 Courtney, K. D. and Moore, J. A. (1971) Toxic. Appl. The fungal growth at 5% concentration indicated by Pro = Pharmac., 20, 396. profuse. Corden, M. E. (1969) "Fungicides" (ed. D. C. Torge From these data, it appears that the corresponding son), Academic Press, New York, Vol. 7., 484. derivatives of both phenols generally display similar fungicidal activity; though 0,0'-dimethyl p-cumenyl Cseijesi, A. J. (1967) The adaptation of fungi to phenylphosphate (14) is more fungitoxic than the pentachlorophenol and its biodegradation Can. J. analogous derivative of 0- hydroxybiphenyl (I). Microbial.; 13, 1243. 27 Fungicidal activities of some derivatives of o-Biphenylyl and p-Cumenylphenylphosphorodichloridates. R. J. W. Cremlyn, J. David and N. Kishore. Deichman, W.; Machle, W.; Kitzmiller, K. V. and Kirsch, E. J. and Etzel, J. E., (1973) J. Water Pollut. Thoman, G. J. (1942) J. Pharm., 76, 104. Control. Fed. 45, (2) 359-364. Evans, W. C. and Smith, B. S. W. (1951) J. Biochem. Matsumura, F. and Hogendijk, C. J. (1964) J. Agric. 49,x. Food Chern., 12, 447. Metcalf, R. L. and March, R. B. (1953) J. Econ. Ent., Fargher, E. G. (1945) J. Soc. Dyers & Co/ourists, 61, 46, 288. 118. Monsanto Chemicals Ltd., (1973). Private communi Higginbotham, G. R.; Huang, A.; Firestone, D.; cation. Verrett, J.; Ross, J. and Campbell, A. D. (1968) Chemical and toxicological valuation of isolated O'Brien, R. D. (1972) Report of the Aldrin-Dieldrin and synthetic chloroderivatives of dibenzo-p-dioxan. Advisory Committee to the Environmental Research Nature, 220, 702-703. Protection Agency. 28 King, N.J. and Smith, G. A. Int. Biodetn. Bull. (ISSN 0020-6164) 10 (I) 29-32 (1974). A cellulolytic enzyme from a wood-destroying basidiomycete B531. 2. A CELLULOLYTIC ENZYME FROM A WOOD-DESTROYING BASIDIOMYCETE B531 2. PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ENZYME N.J. King! and G. A. Smith2 Summary. A cellulase produced by the wood-rotting basidio Une enzyme ce11u1olytiquc d'un basidiomy~te B531 destructeur mycete B531 has been purified. Its effect on various forms of de bois. La purificatiOn et Ia cltaracterisati6n de ]'enzyme. Une cellulose and its amino acid composition are reported and cellulase produite par la basidiomyd:te B531 a ete purifiet. discussed. Discussion sur son effet sur les formes variee& de la cellulose et Ia composition de ses aminoacides. Ein cellulolytisches Enzym des holzzerstOrenden Basidiomyceten B531. 2. Reinigung und Charakterisienmg des Enzyms. Eine von Un enzyme celulolitico de un basidiomycetc BS3l destructor de Ia dem holzzerstOrenden Basidiomyceten B531 produzierte Cellu madera. Purificaci6n y caracterizaciOn del enzyme. Se ha purifi lase wurdc gereinigt. Ihr Einfluss auf verschiedene Formen der cado un celulase producido por el basidiomycete B531 destructor Cellulose und ihre Aminosaurezusamrnensetzung werden de la madera. Se notan y se discunten su efecto en varias formas beschrieben und besprochen. de celulose y su composici6n amino acidica Introduction STEP I; precipitation was carried out by adding solid The previous paper (King and Smith, 1973) described ammonium sulphate to the stirred crude enzyme the differences in culture characteristics between B531 solution to bring it to 80 per cent saturation. After and a typical isolate of Coniophora cerebella and standing for at least one hour, the precipitate was discussed the effects of culture conditions on enzyme centrifuged off and taken up in 0.1 M acetate buffer, production. In this paper we describe the purification pH 5.0 (approximately l/20th of the original volume and characterization of the cellulolytic enzyme from of the crude enzyme solution). Insoluble material was B531 and compare the pure enzyme with cellulases centrifuged off and discarded. from the other fungi. STEP 2; the concentrated crude enzyme solution from Materials step 1 was ultrafiltered in an Amicon cell fitted with The sawdust, a-cellulose, sodium CM-cellulose and a UM 20E membrane. 0.1 M acetate bnffer was fed celledextrin used were as described by King (1966), from a reservoir into the ultrafiltration cell until no and Chromatography grade Whatman cellulose (CF trace of sulphate appeared in the filtrate. The solution II) was used. in the ultrafiltration cell was then allowed to concen trate to about 25 mi. Methods SoURCE OF ENzYME: The fungus was cultured in Roux STEP 3; the solution from the ultrafiltration stage was flasks containing 240 ml of medium B (King 1966) added to a 2 X 20 em column of DEAE-Sephadex except that the KH2 P04 concentration was 7 g/1, pre-equilibrated with 0.1 M acetate pH 5.0. the nitrogen source was urea at 0.4 g/1 and the carbon source was Whatman cellulose at approximately 8 g/1. The eluting solution was a linear concentration The cultures were incubated at 24' for at least 8 weeks gradient of sodium chloride in acetate buffer made before harvesting as described in Part 1 (King and from 150 ml of 0.1 M acetate pH 5.0 and 150 m1 of Smith, 1973). the same buffer containing 0.5 M NaCI. 5 ml PURIFICATION OF THE ENZYME: The procedure is sum fractions were collected and assayed for enzyme marized in Scheme I. All stages were carried out at activity and protein content and examined by electro 5'C as far as possible. phoresis. The results are shown in Figure I. SCHEME I (1) (2) ANALYTICAL METHODS: Protein was estimated from Culture filtrate ---> Crude enzyme solution---+ the absorption at 280 nm.assuming that there is a linear (3) relationship between protein concentration and ab sorption and that I mg of protein per ml of buffer in Crude enzyme solution in 0.1 M acetate ---> Fractionated enzyme solution. a I em thick cell has an absorption of 1.000 (Dixon and Webb 1964). !Central Unit on Environmental Pollution, Department of the Environment, 2 Marsham Street, London, England SW1 3EB. 2Princes Risborough Laboratory, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Bucking hamshire, England. (Copy originally received July 1974; in final form October 1973). 29 A cellulolytic enzyme from a wood-destroying basidiomycete B531. 2. 2. Purification and characterization of the enzyme. N. J. King and G. A. Smith. Reducing sugar was determined and electrophoresis Results was carried as described in Part I (King and Smith, Figure 1 shows two major and probably three 1973). minor peaks of absorption at 280 nm. The largest peak (maximum at fraction 30) was associated with the maximum activity on carboxymethylcellulose and in the plate clearance test and also with one specific band in the electrophoretic pattern. Fractions 28 to Fig. l Fractionation of cellulose from B531. 32 showed only this band on electrophoresis and the -- AbK~tbcncy at 280 nm subsequent characterization of the enzyme which is 0·7 ---- M~osurr ol activity against C MC -- Pick cl.:oronclt' tnt, re:lotivec strrngU1S. reported below, was carried out with the material in 0·6 these pooled fractions. OS No activity on carboxymethylcellulose was found in fractions emerging before about fraction 18. Similarly, no plate clearing activity appeared before fraction 26. However, to test for possible synergistic effects between fractions, of the kind found by other 0·2 workers (Selby and Maitland, 1967, and Wood, 1968), 0·1 I aliquots of pooled fractions 28 to 32 (0.05 ml) were ' ' mixed with an equal volume of each of fractions 4 to 0 4 812162024283236404448 24 and 35 to 48 and all of these mixtures examined FRACTION NUMBER by the plate clearance test. No synergism was found. In a similar experiment, equal volumes of pooled fractions 28 to 32 and of fraction'? were mixed and aliquots (0.05 ml) of this mixture mixed with an equal volume of each of fractions 8 to 24 and of 35 to 48. ELECTROFOCUSING: Electrofocusing was carried out All of these mixtures were examined by the plate using the standard LKB 8101 electrofocusing column, clearance test but again, no synergistic effect was with the cathode at the top of the column. The pH detected. range of the ampholine ampholytes was 3-5. The procedure was carried out as recommended in the The effect of pH on cellulolytic activity was studied LKB instruction manual 1-8100-EOl. After the using a series of 0.1 M acetate buffers ranging from current through the column had become constant the pH 3.0 to pH 6.5. The digests contained 0.1 per cent column was emptied by downward displacement cellodextrin as substrate and the reducing sugar test using a constant speed pump. The column eluate was used to find the optimum pH for enzyme activity. was passed through a flow cell with a I mm path The enzyme exhibited a single maximum between pH length in a Unicam SP 800 spectophotometer and 4.5 and 5.0. then into a fraction collector. The absorbency at 280 nm was recorded and the pH of the fractions All cellulolytic activity was destroyed by heating measured. the enzyme at 65' for 10 minutes. AMINO AciD ANALYSis: The enzyme was hydrolysed The iso-electric point of the enzyme was low. with 6 N HC1 in sealed tubes for 24, 48 and 72 Attempts to measure this property accurately using hours. The hydrolysates were analyzed for amino electro-focusing failed since the iso-electric point of acids using a Technicon autoanalyzer as previously the enzyme was close to pH 3.0 and therefore at the described (Baker, Laidlaw, Smith 1970) except that lower limit of the range of ampholytes available. the absorption and elution from CG 120 resin was The enzyme showed a marked tendency to precipitate omitted. (and denature?) towards the end of the electrofocusing experiments. This was possibly because the enzyme ENZYME ASSAY: Carboxymethylcellulase activity was concentrated very close to the anode, or because of determined by measuring reducing sugar production the high concentration of enzyme which built up at a and cellulolytic activity was estimated in the agar plate pH where enzyme solubility was low-a common test as described in Part 1 (King and Smith, 1973). feature with enzymes at or near their iso-electric points. Weight loss assays were carried out on cotton, Whatman CF11 cellulose, birch sawdust, spruce The molecular weight of the enzyme was measured sawdust, Avice! and a-cellulose. 20 mg of the subs by gel filtration through a column (75 X 2 em) of trate was suspended in 2 m1 of the enzyme solution Bio-ge1 P-100 using Andrews' method (1964). The at pH 4.0 for 11 days at 39'C. The substrate was column was equilibrated with 0.1 M phosphate filtered off, washed with water, dried in vacuo over buffer pH 5.8 and had been calibrated for molecular P20s and weighed. weight determination using a series of pure proteins. 30 A cellulolytic enzyme from a wood-destroying basidiomycete B531. 2. Purification and characterization of the enzyme. N.J. King and G. A. Smith. The enzyme was detected as a single peak by UV TABLE 2 absorption and by the carboxymethylcellulase assay. The molecular weight of the enzyme using this method Substrate Weight loss % was 60,000. Cotton no loss The amino acid analysis is shown in Table I. Whatman cellulose 10 a...ceilulose 58 Avicel 52 TABLE 1 Birch sawdust 2 Amino-Acid Number of residues per Spruce sawdust 5 molecule of enzyme Bacterial cellulose 100 Aspartic acid 81 Threonine 81 Various attempts were made to crystallise the Serine 65 enzyme from alcohol/water and dioxanfwater mixtures and from solutions containing various concentrations Glutamic acid 41 of ammonium sulphate, but all of these failed. Proline 25 Discussion Glycine 69 The enzyme proved particularly easy to purify and Alanine 56 we believe that our purified enzyme was essentially Valine 31 homogeneous. It exhibited a normal pH maximum in the expected range and a normal degree of thermal Isoleucine 20 stability. The molecular weight as determined by gel Leucine 30 filtration is somewhat higher than that of some other cellulases which have been described but it is within Tyrosine 19 the normal range found among extracellular hydro Phenylalanine 20 lases. Lysine 11 The enzyme does not fit readily into the C1o Cx Histidine 6 system often used to classify cellulases (Reese, Siu and Levinson, 1950). Thus it actively degrades both Arginine 9 carboxymethylcellulose and cotton although degrada Half~ystine 13 tion of the latter is slow; it rapidly degrades other forms of crystalline cellulose including Avice! and Methionine 2 bacterial cellulose. As far as we are aware, no one has Tryptophan at least 1 satisfactorily demonstrated that the Cr. Cx system of cellulases exists among the wood-destroying fungi. Several workers have shown that this system is The analysis shows that the enzyme contained a necessary for the complete and rapid degradation of large proportion of acidic amino-acids, and that the cotton (Selby and Maitland, 1967; Reese eta/., 1950; basic amino-acids were present in only small amounts. and Wood, 1968) but the molecnlar architecture of In our analysis the tryptophan was very low, but was the cell walls in wood and cotton are quite different. definitely present. Indeed, studies of the porosity of wood cell walls indicate pore sizes which are scarcely big enough to From a chromatographic analysis (Colombo et a!., allow the free diffusion of one enzyme into the cell 1960) of a sample of the enzyme hydrolysed by the wall (Cowling and Brown, 1969) and would appear method of Saeman et a/. (1954) the carbohydrate to rule out a multi-enzyme mechanism at least in the content of the enzyme was small or non-existent. early stages of the degradation of cellulose in wood. It is possible that cellulolytic enzymes with patterns of activities quite different from the recognised C1 and The effect of the purified enzyme on different forms Cx enzymes exist among the wood-destroying fungi. of insoluble cellulose is shown in Table 2. While Eriksson's (1967) failure to demonstrate a Cr. Cx cotton was not significantly dissolved in this experi system in Stereum sanguinolentum despite an exhaus ment, there was considerable loss in strength. On tive search parallels our experience. prolonged incubation, the cotton first lost strength, then broke down into short fibres and eventually The enzyme had tittle effect on sawdust or on wood dissolved. The weight loss with sawdust was not sections. This is a common observation with cellulases increased using either the crude cellulase or an enzyme and as far as we are aware, no enzyme has yet been mixture from sawdust grown cultures. isolated which exhibits appreciable degradation of 31 A cellulolytic enzyme from a wood-destroying basidiomycete B531. 2. Purification and characterization of the enzyme. N. J. King and G. A. Smith. wood which has not been subjected to extensive Dixon, M. and Webb, E. C. (1964) In "Enzymes", chemical or physical modification. This effect is not 2nd edition, London, Longmans, page 30. related to the C1-Cx enzyme system since mixtures of C1 and Cx are no more effective on wood than our Eriksson, K. E. (1967) Studies on cellulolytic and enzyme (personal communication, Selby). This in related enzymes. Svensk Kern. Tidskr., 79, 660. ability of isolated enzymes to degrade wood is in our opinion the most important unsolved problem facing Eriksson, K. E. and Pettersson, B. (1971) Purification enzymologists interested in timber decay. Several and characterization of xylanase from the rot fungus possible reasons for this lack of activity have been Stereum sanguinolentum. Int. Biodetn. Bull., 7 (3) proposed (Liese, 1970; King and Smith, 1969), but 115. convincing experimental evidence is lacking for all of these. King, N. J. (1966) The extracellular enzymes of Coniophora cerebella. Biochem. J., 100, 784. The amino acid composition of the enzyme accounts for its low iso-electric point. The enzyme contains a King, N. J. and Smith, G. A. (1969) The degradation preponderance of acidic and neutral amino acids and of cellulose by wood-destroying fungi. Paper has relatively few basic amino-acids. This is in agree presented to the International Wood Chemistry ment with the results found for other fungal cellulases, Symposium, Seattle. (Eriksson and Pettersson, 1971; Pettersson and Eaker, 1968). King, N. J. and Smith, G. A. (1973) A cellulolytic enzyme from the wood-destroying basidiomycete Our failure to crystallise the enzyme was disappoint B531. I. Growth of the fungus and enzyme produc ing but not unexpected. Only one cellulase has been tion. Int. Biodetn. Bull. 9 (4) 87-90. crystallised as far as we are aware (Nishizawa, 1955) and relatively little data has been published on its Liese, W. (1970) Ultrastructural aspects of woody analysis or specificity. Our enzyme is easily purified tissue disintegration. A. Rev. Phytopath., 8, 231. and it is still possible it could be crystallised and found to be suitable for x-ray crystallographic studies. Nishizawa, K. (1955) Cellulose splitting enzymes. V. There is an obvious need for such work when one Purification of Irpex cellulase and its action upon considers the economic importance of cellulases in p-nitrophenyl ~-cellobioside. J. Biochem. (Japan), the natural cycles, in plant disease, in animal nutrition 42, 825. and their potential as industrial enzvmes. Petterson, G. and Eaker, D. L. (1968) Studies on cellulolytic enzymes. IV. Chemical and physio References chemical characterization of a cellulase from Penicillium notatum. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 124, Andrews, P. (1964) Estimation of molecular weights 154. of proteins by Sephadex gel filtration. Biochem. J., 91,222. Reese, E. T.; Siu, R. G. H. and Levinson, H. S. (1950) The biological degradation of soluble cellulose Baker, J. M.; Laidlaw, R. A. and Smith, G. A. (1970) derivatives and its relationship to the mechanism of Wood breakdown and nitrogen utilisation by cellulose hydrolysis. J. Bact., 59, 485. Anobium punctatum Deg feeding on Scots pine sapwood. Holzforschung, 24, 46. Saeman, J. F.; Moore, W. E.; Mitchell, R. L. and Millet, R. A. (1954) Techniques for the determina Colombo, P.; Corbetta, D.; Pirotta, A.; Ruffini, G. tion of pulp constituents by quantitative paper and Sartori, A. (1960) A solvent for qualitative and chromatography. TAPPI, 37 (8) 336. quantitative determination of sugars using paper chromatography. J. Chromat., 3, 343. Selby, K. and Maitland, C. C. (1967) The cellulase of Trichoderma viride. Biochem. J., 104, 716. Cowling, E. B. and Brown, W. (1969) In "Cellulases and their applications". Adv. in Chern. Series No. Wood, T. M. (1968) Cellulolytic enzyme system of 95, Am Chern Soc, Washington DC. Trichoderma koningii. Biochem. J., 109, 217. 32 King, N. J. eta/. Int. Biodetn. Bull. (ISSN 0020-6164) 10 (1) 33-34 (1974). Purification and characterization of the cellulase from Merulius tremel/osus (Schrad.) Fr. PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CELLULASE FROM MERULIUS TREMELLOSUS (SCHRAD.) FR. N. J. King!, G. A. Smith2 and A. SohJ3 Summary. In two preceding papers the purification and La purification et Ia characterisation de Ia cellulase obtcnuc de characterization of the cellulase from the wood-rotting basidio Merulius tremellosus (Schrad.) FR. Deux Ccrits precedants mycete B531 was reported. In this note is reported a similar contenaient un rapport sur Ia purification et Ia characterisation isolation and characterization of the cellulase from Merulius de Ia cellulose produite par le 'basidiomyd:te B531 destructeur tremellosus. de bois. Dans Ia note actuelle se trouvc un rapport d'une isolation et d'une characterisation pareilles de Ia cellulase du Merulilts treme/losus (Schrad.) Fr. PRL Culture No. 13. Reinigung und Chnrakterisierung der Cellulase von Memlius treme/losus(Schrad.) Fr. In zwci vorhergehenden Arbeiten PurificatiOn y camcterizaci6n del cclulasc del Merulius tremellosus wurde fiber die Reinigung und Charaktcrisierung der Cellulase Scbrad FR. En dos papeles precedentes se ha relatado Ia des holzzerstOrenden Basidiomyceten B531 bcrichtet. In dieser purificaci6n y 1a caracterizaci6n del celulase del basidiomycete Arbeit wird cin ahnliches Verfahren zur Isolierung und Charak B531 destructor de Ia madera. En estra anotaci6n se relata una terisierung der Cellulase von Merulius tremellosus (Schrad.) Fr. aislaci6n y caracterizaci6n parccidas del celulase del Merulius PRL Kultur No. 13 beschrieben. tremellosos Schrad. Fr. PRL cultura no. 13. Introduction In the preceding two papers (King and Smith, 1973, 1974) we have reported the purification and character ization of the cellulase from the wood-rotting basidio mycete B531. In this note we report a similar isolation and characterization of the cellulase from Merulius tremellosus (Schrad.) Fr., PRL culture no 13. Fig. 1 Froct1onoliOn of cellulos~: !rom M tr~:mellosus Production and purification of the enzyme ,; - At:ooort>onq Q\ 2110""' The experimental procedures employed have been 00 --·· ... \mly 0110">1 <«I>O•yiWil>fUiolow 'I -·-Pl...... octmly described in the two preceding papers. The fungus , ...... , / I grew in stationary culture in the standard asparagine 1 ' I I ' '·' I medium on cellulose substrate and was harvested, 00 ' I ' I ' I precipitated and ultrafiltered. ' I ' I ' I The concentrated protein solution was fractionated ' I on a DEAE Sephadex column (2 x 20 em) using a ,/ /t gradient made from 150 ml 0.1 M acetate pH 5.0 ,/ I I and 150 ml of the same buffer containing 0.5 M NaC!. O> The fractions showing cellulolytic activity in the plate / ,__h test were combined and re-fractionated on a 2 em x / / / 20 em DEAE Sephadex column pre-equilibrated 0 2 ~ 6 with 0.05 M acetate buffer pH 5.4. The gradient was 150 ml of 0.05 M NaC1 and 150 ml of 0.4 M NacC1 in 0.05 M acetate buffer, pH 5.4. The fractions were assayed for protein content by their absorption at 280 mm, cellulolytic activity by the plate test, and their activity against CM-cellulose and cellodextrin by reducing sugar formation. Figure 1 summarises these results. Electrophoresis of the cellulolytically active fractions gave the pattern shown in Figure 2, Figure 1. Fractionation of cellulase from M. tremello which also illustrates the plate clearance tests. sus. 1Central Unit on Environmental Pollution, Department of the Environment, 2 Marsham Street, London, England SW1P 3EB. 2Princes Risborough Laboratory, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Bucking hamshire, England. 3Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan lOA, Gothenburg, Sweden. (Copy received July 1973). 33 Purification and characterization of the cellulase from Meru/ius tremellosus (Schrad.) Fr. N. J. King, G . A. Smith and A. Soh!. TABLE 1 umber of residues per Amino Acid molecule of enzyme Aspartic acid 67 Threonine 31 Serine 33 Glutamic acid 44 Proline 33 G lycine 39 Alanine 28 Valine 17 Isoleucine 12 Leucine 23 Tyrosine at least I Phenylalanine 19 Lysine 14 Histidine 6 Arginine 7 Half-cystine 10 Methionine at least 1 Tryptophan not determined The table shows that the enzyme contains a large proportion of acidic amino-acids and that the basic amino-acids are present in only small amounts. This is in agreement wi th the results of our previous work and that of others described in the preceding papers. A pure enzyme was readily isolated as shown by Figure 2. Electrophoretic pattern and plate clearance the p late clearance test and electrophoretic patterns, test given by cellulase from M. tremel/osus. involving only two separations on DEAE-Sephadex. The electrophoretic patlern consisted of one main As a result of these fractions 11 to 16 were combined, band with a few minor bands. However, the actual desalted and evaporated to small volume. This amount of cellulase produced by the fungus was solution was divided into two parts. One part was quite small compared with the amount produced by used for molecular weight determination on a Biogel some other wood-rotting fungi under similar culture P-100 column, and the other part was evaporated to conditions. dryness and hydrolyzed with 6N HCI for amino-acid analysis. References King, N. J. and Smith, G. A. (1973). A cellulolytic enzyme from a wood-destroying basidiomycete Results and discussion B531. 1. Growth of the fungus and enzyme produc The results of the a mino-acid analysis are shown tion. Int. Biodetn. Bull. 9 (4) 87-90. in Table J. King, N. J. and Smith, G. A . (1974). A cellulolytic enzyme from a wood-destroying basidiomycete B531. 2. Purification and characterization of the The molecular weight was approximately 40,000. enzyme. Tnt. Biodetn. Bull. 10 (1) 29-32. 34 . i BOOK REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY OF FOODS AND FOOD Chapter 5 is a poorly written account of the tech PROCESSING nology of food freezing and the effects of freezing, storage, thawing, etc. on the microflora of foods. John T. Nickerson and Anthony J. Sinskey. A brief account of chemical preservatives (Chapter American Elsevier, New York, 1972. x + 306 pp. 6) contains a further exposition of the concept of Price $12.50 water activity (cf Chapter 3). The authors state that this book is intended for Chapters 7 to 9 contain a superficially useful students and non-specialists in the areas of Food description of the microbiology of flesh foods, eggs, Science and Technology, Hotel Management and fruits, vegetables and dairy products. The omission Catering, Home Economics, etc. To adequately of any consideration of the microbiology of cereals understand much of the text a deeper knowledge of and cereal products is unfortunate. Chapter 10 des fundamental microbiology is required than would be cribes infective food poisoning and food-borne diseases possessed by many persons in these categories, such as trichinosis and brucellosis. Viruses in foods especially Jay workers in the areas of food processing and the U.S. control programmes for shellfish receive and catering. somewhat excessive coverage in a book at this level The first chapter contains a resume of methods for Chapter II provides a summary of food-borne the microbiological examination of foods. The intro intoxications of microbial origin. The final chapter is ductory comments summarize some of the statistical concerned with sanitation in food manufacturing and problems associated with sampling production Jots catering establishments. '. but fail to give any advice on subsampling or on the The book contains an adequate subject-author statistical interpretation of microbiological quality index. After reading the book one is left with the control results. The methodology cited is something feeling that it was researched, written and published of a miscellany and emphasizes American practices quickly without adequate refereeing by an independent (e.g. the use of EC Medium incubated at 45.5 ± expert and without adequate proof reading. There are 0.1 °C for detection of presumptive faecal coliforms). an enormous number of typographic errors and Considering that this is not a book for the specialist several errors of fact. To take but two examples, it is perhaps surprising that the authors devoted so there are several reports in the literature to demon much space to methodology, especially to topics such strate that salt and nitrite do not sensitize micro as detection of Clostridium botulinum and its toxins. organisms to heat (cf p 69) and tylosin is a macrolide General considerations of the isolation of food antibiotic NOT a polypeptide (cf p 134). There are spoilage organisms, such as the desirability of choosing also a number of statements of opinion with which media with a composition which reflects that of the the reviewer would disagree. food material under test (e.g. the use of osmophilic agars for examination of sugar syrups, fruit juice The basic concept of the book is good and it is to concentrates, etc.) do not receive even a mention. be hoped that a corrected, better balanced edition will be published. Until that time one cannot recom The next five chapters concern the effects of food mend the purchase of this book especially by students preservation on micro-organisms. Chapter 2 presents and non-specialists in the area of food microbiology. a detailed account of the effects of heat on micro organisms with particular reference to evaluation of B. Jarvis thermal process requirements for foods. This is a useful chapter which is somewhat above the average TEXTILE CONSERVATION standard of the remainder of the book. Chapter 3 Edited by Jentina E. Leene (The Microbiology of Dried Foods) explains the Butterworths, London, 1973. 275 pp. Price £7.00. concept of water activity (aw) and its effect on the growth and survival of micro-organisms. Much of This book, which is published in conjunction with the emphasis is directed to survival of organisms in the International Institute of Historic and Artistic freeze"dried foods. Neither in Chapters 2, 3, or 6 is Works is a well balanced collection of contributions \ by twenty authors, covering a wide range of textile ·) the interaction of solute concentration, aw and thermal process on the heat resistance of organisms mentioned. conservation problems encountered in museums and The growth of organisms in foods stored under special collections. The biodeterioration of textiles is refrigeration (Chapter 4) starts with a general consider one of these problems, the main contributor on this ation on the growth of micro-organisms which is topic being Dr. H. J. Hueck, who concentrates on the illustrated by a section devoted to the growth of main groups of textile deteriogens, namely insects and Pseudomonas fragi at low temperatures. The chapter micro-organisms. A concise account of conditions then goes on to consider microbial spoilage of refriger required for the growth of these organisms is given, ated foods, some characteristics of low temperature together with methods of control both by physical and ... ,' spoilage organisms, changes in the microflora of foods chemical agencies. This account is augmented by during storage and the effects of processing on the useful wide reference to the available literature. It is subsequent spoilage of refrigerated foods. The terms interesting to note the mention of micro-environments psychrophilic and psychrotrophic are used many in the section on total environmental conditions; all times (p. 84 onwards) before they are defined (p 92)!!!! too often is the humidity of the air in the main spaces 35 '' of a room or gallery taken to be that immediately surrounding the contents of the room; this dangerous BIOLOGY OF PLANT LITTER assumption not infrequently leading to mould DECOMPOSIDON Volumes 1 and 2 problems. edited by The book as a whole makes fascinating reading, C. H. Dickinson the expert contributors imparting detailed knowledge Department of Plant Biology, The University, together with clear practical recommendations. The Newcastle upon Tyne, England practical clarity of this book, coupled with the crisp and G. J. F. Pugh presentation of fine detail makes it one which will Department of Botany, The University, appeal not only to the specialist but also to anyone Nottingham, England searching for a text prior to embarking on work in Volume 1 this field. The clear diagrams and photographs (many February 1974, xliv + 288 pp. £7.00 0.12.215001.5 of which are in colour) are in keeping with the overall high standard of production of this work. Volume2 February 1974, xii + 610 pp., £10.50 0.12.215002.3 D. Allsopp. This publication is unusual in that it treats ecological problems in a truly biological manner, analysing spearately the influences of litter type, organisms, and the environment, on litter decomposition, as well as identifying those areas which demand future investi gation. A comprehensive approach to the subject has been adopted by the editors, who aim to correlate knowledge on litter decomposition, by relating it, for instance, to the marine environment, or to single groups of animals. Contents of Volume 1 J. E. Satchell: Introduction Types of Litter J. C. Frankland: Decomposition of lower plants. M. K. Bell: Decomposition of herbaceous litter. V. Jensen: Decomposition of angiosperm tree leaflitter. C. S. Millar: Decomposition of coniferous leaf litter. A. A. Kaarik: Decomposition of wood. J. S. Wald: Decomposition of roots. B. C. Lodha: Decomposition of digested litter. Organism lndex. Author Index. Subject lndex. Contents of Volume 2 The Organisms E. Eklund and H. G. Gyllenberg: Bacteria. M. Good fellow and T. Cross: Actinomycetes. G. J. F. Pugh: Terrestrial fungi. E. B. G. Jones: Aquatic fungi freshwater and marine. J. D. Stout: Protozoa. D. C. Twinn: Nematodes. J. R. Lofty: Oligochaetes. D. J. L. l Harding and R. A. Stu/lard: Microartbropods. C. A. Edwards: Macroarthropods. C. F. Moson: Mollusca. M. Ladle: Aquatic crustacea. The Environment l S. T. Williams and T. R. G. Gray: Decomposition of litter on the soil surface. C. H. Dickinson: Decomposi- · tion of litter in soil. L. G. Willoughby: Decomposition of litter in fresh water. E. J. Perkins: Decomposition of litter in the marine environment. R. S. Forbes: Decomposition of agricultural crop debris. K. R. Gray and A. J. Riddles/one: Decomposition of urban waste. Organism lndex. Author Index. Subject lndex. (:ID\ ACADEMIC PRESS 'C) London and New York ..... A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers • 24-28 Oval Road, London NWl, England Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10003, USA 36 i·~.. j, ;· I ~ BIODETERIORATION INFORMATION CENTRE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, THE UNIVERSITY OF ASTON IN BIRMINGHAM. 80 COLESHILL STREET BIRMINGHAM ENGLAND B4 7PF TELEPHONE: 021-359 3611 EXTNS. 229 & 6258 TELEX: 336997 LITERATURE COLLECTION The Centre collects all literature on the deterioration of materials of economic importance by living organisms Retrieval from this collection is the basis for the rapid answer of enquiries. 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