DOCSLIB.ORG

Tourism Destinations Under Pressure

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tourism Destinations Under Pressure Tourism destinations under pressure Challenges and innovative solutions 2017 Fabian Weber, Juerg Stettler, Julianna Priskin, Barbara Rosenberg-Taufer, Sindhuri Ponnapureddy, Sarah Fux, Marc-Antoine Camp, Martin Barth Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts Institute of Tourism ITW Roesslimatte 48 6002 Lucerne, Switzerland Lucerne, May 2017 Study conducted by Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts in collaboration with WTFL university partners. Tourism destinations under pressure Page 2/214 Contributions and Authors Case & country University Authors Baku, Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Tourism and Prof. Shalala Mammadova Management University Cozumel, Mexico Universidad de Monterrey Dr. Blanca Alejandra Camargo Great Barrier Reef (GBR), University of Queensland Dr. Gabby Walters Australia Karen Hofman Juist, Germany Harz University of Applied Prof. Dr. Louisa Klemmer Sciences Prof. Dr. Sven Gross Kasane, Botswana Botho University Simon Lloyd Dr. Kgosietsile Velempini Lombok, Indonesia Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata Beta Budisetyorini Bandung (STP) Pita Ratna Sari Dicky Arsyul Salam Muskoka, Canada University of Waterloo Ashley Gallant Dr. Karla Boluk Ohrid, Macedonia University of St. Kliment Prof. Dr. Ivanka Nestoroska Ohridski, Faculty for Tourism Prof. Dr. Naume Marinoski and Hospitality Prof. Dr. Sasho Korunovski Prof. Dr. Simona Martinoska Prof. Dr. Katerina Angelevska- Najdeska Prof. Dr. Risto Reckoski Prof. Dr. Danijela Miloshoska Rigi, Switzerland Lucerne University of Applied Barbara Rosenberg-Taufer Sciences and Arts Julia Huilla Soweto, South Africa University of Johannesburg Dr. Milena Ivanovic Maisa Adinolfi Vyasha Harilal Vienna, Austria MODUL University Vienna Igor Gula Prof. Dr. Dagmar Lund- Durlacher Project team Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts (HSLU) Dr. Fabian Weber Prof. Dr. Juerg Stettler Prof. Dr. Julianna Priskin Barbara Rosenberg-Taufer Sindhuri Ponnapureddy Sarah Fux Prof. Dr. Marc-Antoine Camp Prof. Martin Barth Tourism destinations under pressure Page 3/214 Content Management Summary ................................................................................................................. 5 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 7 1.1. Aims & research questions ................................................................................................... 7 1.2. Method ............................................................................................................................... 8 1.3. Project phases ................................................................................................................... 11 2. Literature review .................................................................................................................. 12 2.1. Overtourism/ Overcrowding .............................................................................................. 12 2.2. Carrying capacities ............................................................................................................. 12 2.3. Challenges & solutions ....................................................................................................... 13 3. Cases .................................................................................................................................... 15 3.1. Overview of cases .............................................................................................................. 15 3.2. Baku (Azerbaijan) ............................................................................................................... 18 3.3. Cozumel (Mexico) .............................................................................................................. 27 3.4. Great Barrier Reef (Australia) ............................................................................................. 40 3.5. Juist (Germany) ................................................................................................................. 50 3.6. Kasane (Botswana) ............................................................................................................ 66 3.7. Lombok (Indonesia) ........................................................................................................... 75 3.8. Muskoka (Canada) ............................................................................................................. 93 3.9. Ohrid (Macedonia) ........................................................................................................... 107 3.10. Rigi (Switzerland) ............................................................................................................. 123 3.11. Soweto (South Africa) ...................................................................................................... 139 3.12. Vienna (Austria) ............................................................................................................... 155 4. Results ................................................................................................................................ 174 4.1. Similarities & differences ................................................................................................. 174 4.2. Challenges & solutions ..................................................................................................... 187 4.2.1. Drivers of overcrowding ................................................................................................ 188 4.2.2. Factors determining carrying capacity ........................................................................... 190 4.2.3. Challenges of overtourism ............................................................................................. 192 4.2.4. Solutions ....................................................................................................................... 194 4.3. Limitations of the study ................................................................................................... 197 4.4. Conclusions & recommendations ..................................................................................... 198 4.4.1. Summary of results ....................................................................................................... 198 4.4.2. General conclusions ...................................................................................................... 200 4.4.3. Recommendations ........................................................................................................ 201 5. References ......................................................................................................................... 203 6. Annex ................................................................................................................................. 206 6.1. Analysis framework ......................................................................................................... 206 6.2. Technical Appendix .......................................................................................................... 211 Tourism destinations under pressure Page 4/214 List of figures Figure 1: Comparative case study design ....................................................................................... 9 Figure 2: World map with cases analysed .................................................................................... 15 Figure 3: Different aspects of overtourism ................................................................................. 187 Figure 4: Basic model of a tourism destination ........................................................................... 188 Figure 5: Drivers of overcrowding .............................................................................................. 189 Figure 6: Factors determining carrying capacity ............................................................................ 190 Figure 7: Challenges of overtourism ............................................................................................ 192 Figure 8: Solutions ..................................................................................................................... 194 Figure 9: Components analysed ................................................................................................. 198 List of tables Table 1: Overview of cases........................................................................................................... 16 Table 2: Key figures of tourism in countries ............................................................................... 175 Table 3: Country rankings .......................................................................................................... 175 Table 4: Tourism demand in destinations analysed (2015) ......................................................... 177 Table 5: Carrying capacity affected ............................................................................................ 180 Table 6: Drivers of overcrowding ............................................................................................... 189 Table 7: Factors determining carrying capacity ............................................................................. 190 Table 8: Challenges of overtourism ............................................................................................ 192 Table 9: Solutions .....................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Baseline Assessment of the Lake Ohrid Region - Albania
    TOWARDS STRENGTHENED GOVERNANCE OF THE SHARED TRANSBOUNDARY NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE LAKE OHRID REGION Baseline Assessment of the Lake Ohrid region - Albania IUCN – ICOMOS joint draft report January 2016 Contents ........................................................................................................................................................................... i A. Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................... 1 B. The study area ........................................................................................................................................... 5 B.1 The physical environment ............................................................................................................. 5 B.2 The biotic environment ................................................................................................................. 7 B.3 Cultural Settings ............................................................................................................................ 0 C. Heritage values and resources/ attributes ................................................................................................ 6 C.1 Natural heritage values and resources ......................................................................................... 6 C.2 Cultural heritage values and resources....................................................................................... 12 D.
    [Show full text]
  • Ohrid the City Where the Cultural Embraces the Natural Heritage
    OHRID THE CITY WHERE THE CULTURAL EMBRACES THE NATURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF OHRID FOR WORLD HERITAGE PROPERTY: NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE OHRID REGION (within the territory of the Municipality of Ohrid) 2014-2020 1 2 MANAGEMENT PLAN OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF OHRID FOR WORLD HERITAGE PROPERTY: NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE OHRID REGION (within the territory of the Municipality of Ohrid) 2014-2020 3 4 MANAGEMENT PLAN OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF OHRID FOR WORLD HERITAGE PROPERTY: NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE OHRID REGION (within the territory of the Municipality of Ohrid) 2014-2020 5 6 The Management Plan 2014-2020 has been funded by EU funds of the Project SUSTCULT: “Achieving SUSTainability through an integrated approach to the management of CULTural heritage” – South-East Europe Transnational Cooperation Programme. 7 8 Contents 1 Introduction 11 2 Planning Methodology 15 3 The World Heritage property: Natural and cultural heritage of the Ohrid region 19 3.1 Basic Data 20 3.2 Criteria for inscription on the world heritage list 20 3.3 The territory of the Municipality of Ohrid within the boundaries of the WHP Ohrid region 22 3.3.1 Buffer zone 23 3.4 Outstanding Universal Value 23 3.4.1 Statement of Significance 23 4 Management Plan of the Municipality of Ohrid for WHP: Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid region (within the territory of the Municipality of Ohrid) 27 4.1 The Management plan for the World Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid region 28 4.2 The Main Aim and Need for Management
    [Show full text]
  • Your New Life in Bali: How to Slash Your Cost-Of-Living and Live Well on “!E Island of !E Gods”
    Your New Life In Bali: How to Slash Your Cost-of-Living And Live Well On “!e Island Of !e Gods” An International Living Australia Report www.ilaustralia.com International Living Australia 1 Your New Life in Bali: How to Slash Your Cost-Of-Living and Live Well On “The Island Of The Gods” An International Living Australia Report Authors: Kirsten and Mark Raccuia Editors: Laura Doyle and Barbara Ross Copyeditor: Katherine Beem Designer: Ian Fleming Cover Photo: ©iStockphoto.com/Cn0ra ©iStockphoto.com/nakonechnyy ©iStockphoto.com/kapulya ©flickr.com/Eoin Bassett ISBN: 978-1-911260-11-0 126STBALR ©Copyright 2017. International Living Australia Publishing Ltd., Woodlock House, Carrick Road, Portlaw, Co. Waterford, Ireland. All rights reserved. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without the express written consent of the publisher. The information contained herein is obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but its accuracy cannot be guaranteed. Registered in Ireland No.285214 Table of Contents Intoduction ........................................................................................................ 1 Chapter One ....................................................................................................... 5 Bali: An Overview ......................................................................................5 Hinduism Shapes the Island .......................................................................5 European In!uence .....................................................................................6
    [Show full text]
  • Authors' Copy Scuba Diving Tourism Systems and Sustainability
    Authors’ Copy Scuba diving tourism systems and sustainability: perceptions by the scuba diving industry in two Marine Protected Areas a*Lucrezi S., bMilanese M., cMarkantonatou V., cCerrano C., bSarà A., dPalma M., aSaayman M. aTREES – Tourism Research in Economic Environs and Society, North-West University, 11 Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa bStudio Associato GAIA s.n.c., Via Brigata Liguria 1/9 scala A, 16121 Genova, Italy cDepartment of Life Environment Sciences (DiSVA), Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy dUBICA s.r.l., Via S. Siro 6/1, 16124 Genova, Italy *Corresponding author. TREES, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2531, 14 North-West, South Africa. Tel: +27 18 299 4140; fax: +27 18 299 4140. E-mail address: [email protected] This document is the accepted Authors’ Copy of the paper published in Tourism Management 59: 385-403. DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2016.09.004. The original manuscript was received on 19 April 2016, revised on 2 September 2016, accepted on 3 September 2016, made available online on 12 September 2016. An embargo period of 36 months applies to this Journal. This paper has received funding from the European Union (EU)’s H2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 643712 to the project Green Bubbles RISE for sustainable diving (Green Bubbles). This paper reflects only the authors’ view. The Research Executive Agency is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. © 2017. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ 1 HIGHLIGHTS • The scuba diving tourism industry’s sustainability is affected by various problems.
    [Show full text]
  • “Empress” Captain's Log *3–7 August 2016
    “Empress” Captain’s log *3–7 August 2016 *Air Temp. 28 C *Water Temp. 26 C - 28 C CREW: Captain: Mappeare Cruise Director: Michal Chief Officer: Saepudin Chief Engineer: Ruslan 2nd Engineer: Basri Chef: Jus Divemaster: Pii DIVE SITES: Th: Sea Fan Coral Garden, Trawangan Slope – Gili Trawangan Fr: Usat Liberty, Jemeluk Wall & Bay, Gili Tepekong, Blue Lagoon - Bali Sa: Crystal Bay, Manta Point, Lembongan drift, Barbecue on the beach Su: Ped, Secret Garden, The Sand, The Sand night dive GUESTS: Peter, Bianca, Kristina, Felix, Rune and Ellen. Wednesday August 3rd We picked up our guest from Senggigi and brought them to the boat in the late morning. We accommodated the guests in their cabins, set all the gear and made our way to Gili Islands. We picked up 2 of our guests in Gili Trawangan and after diving briefing we started our first dive. We started our first dive of our trip at Sea Fan Coral Garden. During this dive we found 2 cuttle fish, commensal shrimp, tiny crinoid crab and schooling of neon fusiliers. From place to place we saw nice big gorgonian sea fans. During the second part of the dive we stayed at shallow reef and spotted swimming moray eel. Visibility was reaching 15 m. and there was a mild current. Our chef prepared lunch lunch and moved to south of Gili Trawangan where we dove at Trawangan Slope. This time swell raised and we jumped away on 15 m. depth. At the very beginning we spotted a turtle and red mantis shrimp. At the second part of the dive we saw puffer fish, sweet lips fish and many bat fish.
    [Show full text]
  • Renewables in Cities 2021 Global Status Report Case Studies Renewables in Cities 2021 Global Status Report Case Studies Table of Contents
    RENEWABLES IN CITIES 2021 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT CASE STUDIES RENEWABLES IN CITIES 2021 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT CASE STUDIES TABLE OF CONTENTS Adelaide, Australia . 1 Cape Town, South Africa. 2 Cocody, Côte d’Ivoire . 3 8 Dakar, Senegal . 4 17 11 5 Heidelberg, Germany . 5 15 Jakarta, Indonesia . 6 Kampala, Uganda . 7 10 13 Malmö, Sweden . 8 4 North Lombok Regency, Indonesia . 9 16 Orlando, United States . 10 3 18 7 Oxford, United Kingdom . 11 6 14 9 Palmas, Brazil . 12 Rajkot, India . 13 12 Recife, Brazil . 14 2 1 Seoul, Republic of Korea. 15 Tsévié, Togo . 16 Vancouver, Canada . 17 Yaoundé IV, Cameroon . 18 For further details and access to the full report and references, visit www .ren21 .net/cities See Endnotes and Methodological Notes in the full REC for further details on the information presented in this document . REPORT CITATION | REN21 (2021), Renewables in Cities 2021 Global Status Report (Paris: REN21 Secretariat) . Dies ist ein Muster Text-Beispiel 50,000 CITY SNAPSHOTS ADELAIDE AUSTRALIA Land area Population size Greenhouse gas emissions 2 (km ) (2019) (CO2 equivalent) GHG 1 15.6 1.3 million 360,759 tonnes As part of a power purchase agreement, the City of Adelaide’s In addition, the Carbon Neutral Adelaide Action Plan provides municipal operations have been powered by 100% renewables incentives to create new economic opportunities and to support since July 2020, using electricity generated from wind farms the business sector. Building upgrade finance provided by private in mid-north South Australia and new solar PV farms on Eyre financiers in partnership with the local council helps to improve Peninsula and in the South East.
    [Show full text]
  • BUSINESS MASTER PLAN for Development and Construction of a Ski Cente R in the Galičica National Park
    BUSINESS MASTER PLAN FOR Development and Construction of a Ski Cente r in the Galičica National Park AD MEPSO d.d. Orce Nikolov b.b. 1000 SKOPJE MASTER PLAN SKI CENTER GALIČICA INTRODUCTION DISCLAIMER Our study and report are based on assumptions and estimates that are subject to uncertainty and variation. In addition, we have made assumptions as to the future behaviour of consumers and the general economy, which are uncertain. This Report is for your internal purposes and for submission to strategic partners and potential creditors of the project. Any use of the Report must include the entire content of such report in the form delivered to you. No portion or excerpts thereof may be otherwise quoted or referred to in any offering statement, prospectus, loan agreement, or other document unless expressly approved in writing by Horwath HTL. Reproducing or copying of this Report may not be done without our prior consent. MASTER PLAN SKI CENTER GALIČICA © COPYRIGHT 2014 by HORWATH HTL All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of Horwath HTL or a license permitting restricted copying. This publication may not be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise disposed of by way of trade in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published, without prior consent of Horwath HTL. MASTER PLAN SKI CENTER GALIČICA TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 ASSIGNMENT
    [Show full text]
  • EXTENDED COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS of PRESENT and FUTURE USE of INDONESIAN CORAL REEFS an Empirical Approach to Sustainable Management of Tropical Marine Resources
    Aus dem Institut für Agrarökonomie der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel EXTENDED COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF PRESENT AND FUTURE USE OF INDONESIAN CORAL REEFS An Empirical Approach to Sustainable Management of Tropical Marine Resources Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Agrar-und Ernährungswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel vorgelegt von Magister of Science Achmad Fahrudin aus Jakarta (Indonesien) Kiel, November 2003 Dekan : Prof. Dr. Friedhelm Taube Erster Berichterstatter : Prof. Dr. Christian Noell Zweiter Berichterstatter : Prof. Dr. Franciscus Colijn Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 06.11.2003 i Gedruckt mit Genehmigung der Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel ii Zusammenfassung Korallen stellen einen wichtigen Faktor der indonesischen Wirtschaft dar. Im Vergleich zu anderen Ländern weisen die Korallenriffe Indonesiens die höchsten Schädigungen auf. Das zerstörende Fischen ist ein Hauptgrund für die Degradation der Korallenriffe in Indonesien, so dass das Gesamtsystem dieser Fangpraxis analysiert werden muss. Dazu wurden im Rahmen dieser Studie die Standortbedingungen der Korallen erfasst, die Hauptnutzungen mit ihren jeweiligen Auswirkungen und typischen Merkmale der Nutzungen bestimmt sowie die politische Haltung der gegenwärtigen Regierung gegenüber diesem Problemfeld untersucht. Die Feldarbeit wurde in der Zeit von März 2001 bis März 2002 an den Korallenstandorten Seribu Islands (Jakarta), Menjangan Island (Bali) und Gili Islands
    [Show full text]
  • ELIGIBILITY for BLOOD DONATIONS This List Is NOT a Complete List of Countries, Just the Most Visited Countries
    ELIGIBILITY FOR BLOOD DONATIONS This list is NOT a complete list of countries, just the most visited countries. If the country you have visited is not listed, you may call 713-791-6612 or 713-791-6608 or email Medical Services to find out if you are eligible to make a blood donation or not. LOCATION COMMENTS Africa Algeria - No deferral. Botswana: Gaborone and Francistown - No deferral. All other areas - Not eligible for one year after return. Kenya - Not eligible for one year after return. Nigeria - Not eligible for one year after return. South Africa - Large cities such as Johannesburg, Pretoria, Durban, Port Elizabeth - No deferral. Game parks, provinces of Northern, NE Kwa Zula-Natal, Mpumalanga Provinces - Not eligible for one year after return. Tanzania - Not eligible for one year after return. Uganda - Not eligible for one year after return. Argentina None Azerbaijan None Belize None Caribbean NEW! The chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has received increasing attention in North America due to the high volume of travel to and from the Caribbean islands. Individuals who travel to this region during the two weeks before donation are asked to call The Blood Center if they develop unexplained post-donation illness with symptoms consistent with acute tropical infections, including fever, joint pain, headache and rash. Donors who have been diagnosed with CHIKV are not eligible for 28 days after recovery. Bahamas - No deferral. Dominican Republic - Risk in all areas (including tourist resorts of Puerto Plata and Punta Cana) except no risk in cities of Santo Domingo and Santiago only. Travel duration greater than 24 hours to areas other than Santo Domingo or Santiago – 1 year deferral after return.
    [Show full text]
  • Scuba Diving Tourism Is Being Underestimated
    Scuba Diving Tourism is being underestimated Weak links between divers and local communities, governance issues and lack of support from authorities and the scientific community - these emerged during the Green Bubbles project that shed light on problems preventing scuba diving tourism systems from functioning as they should. Scuba diving tourism encourages conservation and supports local communities. It also generates billions worldwide and contributes heavily towards economies - yet its potential as a sustainable form of tourism is not being recognised enough. As a result, scuba diving tourism systems rarely function the way they should - and the scuba diving industry, and its stakeholders, are suffering the consequences. The EU-funded project Green Bubbles set out to address this issue by shedding light on what is affecting the healthy functioning of SCUBA Ecosystem. The goal of the project was to understand the problem and propose solutions to stimulate the growth of the scuba diving tourism industry. Understanding its interactions with environmental, social, and economic factors is important in the context of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), where dynamics between role players are complex. The project set out to explore two case studies from two completely different realties: the Portofino MPA in Italy and the Ponta do Ouro MPA in the developing country of Mozambique. Local dive operators from both countries were invited to share their views on scuba diving tourism industry during focus groups and interviews. Interestingly the replies, obtained from different corners of the globe, showed strong commonalities: Governance issues Operators in Italy and Mozambique felt that governance issues are hampering the functioning of the scuba diving tourism industry.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study of Koh Tao, Thailand
    AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF REEF-BASED SCUBA DIVE TOURISM: A CASE STUDY OF KOH TAO, THAILAND Panwad Wongthong Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Discipline of Geography, Environment and Population The University of Adelaide, South Australia February 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................................... I LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................. V LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................. VII ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................... VIII DECLARATION ................................................................................................................................. IX ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................. X ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................. XI CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Alleged Negative Impacts to Lake Ohrid and Galichica National Park Candidate Emerald Sites Due to Infrastructure Developments (North Macedonia)
    Strasbourg, 31 July 2021 T-PVS/Files(2021)37 [files37e_2021.docx] CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF EUROPEAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL HABITATS Standing Committee 41st meeting Strasbourg, 29 November – 3 December 2021 __________ Complaint on stand-by: 2017/2 Alleged negative impacts to Lake Ohrid and Galichica National Park candidate Emerald sites due to infrastructure developments (North Macedonia) - REPORT BY THE COMPLAINANT - Document prepared by Front 21/42 T-PVS/Files(2021)37 2 - July 2021 - 31.07.2021, Skopje To: Secretariat Bern Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats For the attention of the members of the Bureau of the Bern Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats Subject: Update on Complaint No. 2017/2: Alleged negative impacts to Lake Ohrid and Galichica National Park candidate Emerald sites due to infrastructure developments (North Macedonia) Dear members of the Bureau, Since our last update, in March 2021, the Report of the Joint World Heritage Centre/ICOMOS/IUCN Reactive Monitoring mission to the World Heritage of Ohrid Region was published1 and the experts’ assessment that Ohrid Region fulfills the criteria to be inscribed on the List of World Heritage in Danger was confirmed. This assessment was reflected in the Draft Decision 44COM 7B.772, but due to the Amendment submitted by the Delegation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ohrid Region was not inscribed as a World Heritage in Danger. The final text of the adopted Decision is not available at this time – the Delegation of Norway strongly opposed the proposed Amendment and a working group finalized the text which was then adopted without reading.
    [Show full text]