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Lake Champlain Basin SWAT Model Configuration, Calibration and Validation Lake Champlain Basin SWAT Model Configuration, Calibration and Validation April 2015 Prepared for: U.S. EPA Region 1 – New England 5 Post Office Square Boston, MA 02109-3912 Prepared by: Tetra Tech, Inc. 10306 Eaton Place, Suite 340 Fairfax, VA 22030 Lake Champlain Basin Modeling Report (This page was intentionally left blank.) ii Lake Champlain Basin Modeling Report Contents Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Watershed Background and Model Setup ......................................................................................... 7 Waterbody and Basin Overview .............................................................................................................................7 Elevation and Slope ................................................................................................................................................9 Land Cover and Land Use Representation ......................................................................................................... 11 Agricultural Lands and Practices ..................................................................................................................... 11 Developed Lands ............................................................................................................................................. 16 Soil Characteristics .............................................................................................................................................. 22 Highly Erosive Lands (HELs) ........................................................................................................................... 24 HRU Development ............................................................................................................................................... 24 Point Sources ...................................................................................................................................................... 26 Water Withdrawals ............................................................................................................................................... 26 Meteorological Data ............................................................................................................................................. 27 Model Segmentation ............................................................................................................................................ 30 Reservoirs ............................................................................................................................................................ 32 Parameter Simulations ...................................................................................................................... 33 Hydrology Simulation ........................................................................................................................................... 33 Sediment Simulation and Channel Erosion ......................................................................................................... 33 Water Quality Simulation ..................................................................................................................................... 36 SWAT Model Calibration and Validation .......................................................................................... 38 Hydrology Calibration and Validation .................................................................................................................. 38 Water Quality Calibration and Validation ............................................................................................................. 43 References ......................................................................................................................................... 50 Appendix A. Agricultural Management Practices ................................................................................................... A-1 Appendix B. NPDES Facility Representation ......................................................................................................... B-1 Appendix C. Poultney Basin Calibration Results .................................................................................................... C-1 Appendix D. Otter-Lewis Basin Calibration Results ............................................................................................... D-1 Appendix E. Winooski Basin Calibration Results ................................................................................................... E-1 Appendix F. Lamoille Basin Calibration Results ..................................................................................................... F-1 Appendix G. Missisquoi Basin Calibration Results ................................................................................................ G-1 Appendix H. Mettawee Basin Calibration Results ................................................................................................. H-1 Appendix I. Ausable Basin Calibration Results ....................................................................................................... I-1 Appendix J. Saranac Basin Calibration Results ...................................................................................................... J-1 Appendix K. Direct Drainage Calibration Results .................................................................................................. K-1 iii Lake Champlain Basin Modeling Report Tables Table 1. Distribution of watershed area amongst Vermont, New York and the province of Quebec ........................7 Table 2. Number of animals by type and county in Vermont ..................................................................................12 Table 3. Average number of animals per operation for all counties in Vermont as per USDA 2007 Census of Agriculture .....................................................................................................................................14 Table 4. Excretion rate by animal type .....................................................................................................................15 Table 5. Animal grazing assumptions ......................................................................................................................15 Table 6. VTrans road centerline data attributes ........................................................................................................18 Table 7. Range of TP concentration from unpaved road sites ..................................................................................18 Table 8. Summary of Road and Driveway Source Data ...........................................................................................19 Table 9. Modeled land use as a percentage of major drainages in the Lake Champlain Basin ................................20 Table 10. Land use areas before and after implementing thresholds .......................................................................24 Table 11. Landuse, soil and slope areas redefined for each watershed in the SWAT model ...................................25 Table 12. Vermont water withdrawals in Lake Champlain Basin SWAT Models (mgd) ........................................27 Table 13. New York water withdrawals in the Lake Champlain Basin SWAT Models (mgd) ...............................27 Table 14. Precipitation stations for the Lake Champlain Basin SWAT model ........................................................28 Table 15. Reservoirs represented explicitly in the SWAT model ............................................................................32 Table 16. Streambank scour susceptibility ratings for soils .....................................................................................34 Table 17. Susceptibility rating for the major drainages flowing into Lake Champlain ............................................35 Table 18. Target calibration criteria .........................................................................................................................38 Table 19. Hydrology calibration - parameter values ................................................................................................40 Table 20. Summary of calibrated values of initial moisture condition II curve numbers* by landuse and hydrologic soil group ......................................................................................................................40 Table 21. Daily and Monthly NSE values for flow gages in the Vermont portion of the watershed .......................41 Table 22. Average observed and simulated seasonal baseflow, runoff and total flow volumes (cfs) at USGS 04294000 Missisquoi River at Swanton, VT, from 10/1/2000 to 9/30/2010 .................................41 Table 23. Tributary monitoring stations ...................................................................................................................43 Table 24. Literature reported phosphorus export rate by landuse ............................................................................47 Table 25. Sediment calibration - parameter values ..................................................................................................48 Table 26. Phosphorus calibration - parameter values ...............................................................................................48
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