Book Reviews 107

Dick Schoon, Een aartsbisschop aangeklaagd in . De dagboeken van aartsbis- schop Petrus Codde en zijn metgezellen Jacob Krijs en Benedict de Waal over hun reis naar en hun verblijf in Rome, 1700–1703. Verloren, Hilversum 2019, 888 pp. ISBN 9789087047764. €49.

In 1700 Clement XI (1700–1721) summoned Petrus Codde, the apostolic vicar of the Missio Hollandica, to Rome to defend himself against accusations of , made by the regular priests working in the Dutch Republic. Codde’s lengthy stay in the Eternal City and his subsequent suspension would be the prelude to the dramatic Schism of 1723, splitting the clandestine Church in the Dutch Republic into two hostile camps: the Jansenist ‘Clere- sij’ supported by the majority of the secular clergy, and the Roman endorsed by the regular priests. The origins of the Schism date back to the very beginning of the Missio, when the arrival of regular priests from abroad caused frictions with the apostolic vicar Sasbout Vosmeer about his status and jurisdiction. Vosmeer and his suc- cessors regarded the Mission as a continuation of the pre- church hierarchy. As de facto successor to the last of Utrecht, they repre- sented the highest ecclesiastical authority in the Dutch Republic to which all priests should answer. In their view only the local priesthood could say mass and administer the sacraments; regulars needed the vicars’ explicit permission. The latter, however, believed the Dutch church to be a missionary organization under direct governance of Rome. Consequently they obeyed only their supe- riors abroad and rendered their pastoral services as they deemed fit. In the second half of the seventeenth century these competing views on ecclesiastical hierarchy became increasingly intertwined with theological and pastoral debates. The leadership of the Mission and the majority of the secu- lar clergy sympathized with austere Augustinian ideas on selective grace and limited as set out in the posthumously published Augustinus (1640) by Cornelius Jansenius. They advocated a rigorist type of Catholicism with a preference for inner spirituality over excessive outward devotion. Jansenius’s doctrine clashed heavily with the influential teachings of the Jesuit Luis de Molina (†1600) that man was free to accept God’s ‘sufficient’ grace and that by doing good works man could obtain salvation. In the view of the Jesuits, as in the eyes of the papacy, Jansenism came dangerously close to the Calvinist concept of predestination. The Jansenist controversy escalated even further when the Dutch authori- ties actively supported the secular clergy in its quarrels with the members of the religious orders, because of its predilection for a locally-oriented church.

Church History and Religious Culture © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2020 | doi:10.1163/18712428-10001016 108 Book Reviews

The Jesuits in particular doubled their efforts to discredit the apostolic vicars, sending to Rome numerous testimonies about theological errors on the part of the secular clergy. Whilst the diplomatically skilled apostolic vicar Johannes van Neercassel (†1686) succeeded in placating Rome and appeasing the intra- Catholic quarrels, his successor Petrus Codde was less fortunate. Pope Clement XI, who had adopted a harsher anti-Jansenist stance than his pre- decessors, was susceptible to the anti-Codde campaign and eventually forced the reluctant apostolic vicar to travel to Rome to refute the allegations of Jansenism. What Codde expected to be a short visit, turned into a three-year stay. In the end he was unable to convince the pope and the Roman prelates of his orthodoxy and in May 1702 he was suspended as apostolic vicar, a decision he had to learn from his confidantes in the Northern Netherlands. This course of events illustrates that the relationship between the Dutch priests and the Roman prelates was shrouded in mist and distrust. Codde and two of his companions (Jacobus Krijs and Benedict de Waal) kept diaries of their stay in Rome. Krijs also chronicled their journey to Italy. Given the enormous impact of the Schism within the Catholic Church and the extensive historiography it entailed, it is surprising that these diaries, written in , have never been published. Dick Schoon, Bishop of the and an expert on Old Catholic Church History, has now filled this gap with an integral Dutch translation, an impressive achievement that makes important source material on the Jansenist controversy accessible to scholars who do not read Latin. Een aartsbisschop aangeklaagd is divided into two parts and concludes with three appendices. In part I Schoon contextualizes the opposition against Codde and summarizes both his formal and informal dealings in Rome. Particularly informative is his reconstruction of the (foreign) networks Codde and his com- panions were part of, illustrating whose help Codde sought to plead his case with the cardinals who had to decide his case. In a similar way appendix 3, listing the names of both the supporters and adversaries of Codde at home, provides a helpful overview of the division of the Catholic landscape in the Dutch Republic. The Dutch translation of the diaries forms part II, with almost 700 pages by far the most substantial part of the book. The size of this second part explains why a transcription of the Latin text has not been included—however wel- come that would have been (for example in the form of a cd-rom) to historians who prefer to study the original texts. Part II begins with the travel journal of Jacobus Krijs, who documented many delightful anecdotes about strange cus- toms, religious and otherwise, and peculiar people they met during the three-

Church History and Religious Culture 100 (2020) 61–129