7.5 X 11.5.Doubleline.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-67631-1 - District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries, Part 2 - Second Edition Monica Cheesbrough Index More information

417

Index

A/AFB, 39, 40, 41, 73 time (APTT), 341, 343–344, Allergic reactions, 288 A subgroups, 363 347 Allergy, 74, 288, 375 ABO bedside check, 375 Active infection, 15 Alpha-haemolysis, 164 ABO blood group system, Acute epiglottitis, 201 Alpha-thalassaemia, 280, 281, 282 ABO subgroups, 363 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia Alpha-toxin of C. perfringens, 171 antibodies, 362–363 (ALL), 290, 291, 293 Alphaviruses, 28, 31 antigens, 362 Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), Alveolar exudate, 246 genes, 362 290, 291, 293 American Type Culture grouping techniques, 365–368 Adenoviruses, 30 Collection (ATCC), 50 H substance, 362 Adherence fimbriae, 12 Amies transport medium, haemolysins, 363 Adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma preparation, 384 population differences, 363 (ATL), 292 use of, 7, 91, 92 secretors, 362 Aerobe, 22, 59 Aminoacetophenone production, Absidia species, 245 Aeromonas species, 193–194 194 Absolute values (red cell indices), Aerosols, 9 Aminoglycosides, 133 312–314 Aerotolerant campylobacters, 195 Ammonia water diluting fluid, Absolute white cell numbers, 323, Aesculin hydrolysis, 69, 193 303, 385 324–325 AFB, 39, 40, 41, 73 Ammonium oxalate diluting fluid, Acanthocytes, 328 African tick typhus, 229 317, 385 Acetone-alcohol decolorizer, Agar, 47 Amoebae, 38–39, 382 Agglutination, tests, 14, 16 in cerebrospinal fluid, 122, 124 Acetyl-l-cysteine reagent, 246, 282 AHD haemoglobin method, 299, in faeces, 100 Acid alcohol, 1% v/v, 40, 215, 382 301, 302 Amoebic dysentery, 99 Acid alcohol, 3% v/v, 40, 382–383 AHG crossmatch, 371–372 Amoebic meningoencephalitis, Acid citrate dextrose (ACD), 383 AHG reagent, 371, 377 122, 124 Acid fast bacilli (AFB), 39, 40, 41, AIDS, 253, 254, 257 Ampicillin, 133, 141 73, 214 Albert’s iodine, 44 Anaemia, Acidified copper sulphate Albert’s stain, 44, 78, 168 aplastic, 279 solution, 60 Albumin crossmatch, 372–373 AZT linked, 264, 265 Acidimetric test, 142–143 Albumin in urine (albuminuria), blood donors, 353 Acquired immunodeficiency 112 blood loss, 276 syndrome (AIDS), 253, Alcohol fixative for cytology blood transfusion requirement, 254–256, 257 smears, 383 349 Acridine orange, Alcohol saline solution, 45, 384 causes, 275–277 preparation, 383 Alka-Seltzer tablet, use of, 60, 62 chronic disease, 279, 309 use of, 45, 95, 118 Alkaline cellulose acetate clinical features, 275 Actinomadura madurae, 217, 239 electrophoresis, 337–340 definition, 274, 275 Actinomadura pelletieri, 217, Alkaline haematin technique, 299, folate deficiency, 276, 278, 309 239 302–303 haemolytic, 232, 276, 279–280 Actinomyces israelii, 217–218 Alkaline methylene blue, see HIV, 309 Actinomycetes, 216–218, 240 Loeffler methylene blue hypochromic, 277–278, Actinomycetoma, 239 Alkaline (pH 8.6) peptone water, 312–313, 328 Actinomycosis, 217 preparation, 384 infections, 277 Activated partial thromboplastin use of, 47, 190 iron deficiency, 275–276, 309

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-67631-1 - District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries, Part 2 - Second Edition Monica Cheesbrough Index More information

418 INDEX

laboratory investigation, heparin, 297 Aspergillosis, 244 277–280, 308, 309 Liquoid, 125, 390 Aspergillus fumigatus, 244 macrocytic, 278, 309 sodium citrate, 297, 329–330, Aspergillus nidulans, 239 malaria, 275 403 Aspergillus species, 34, 244 megaloblastic, 276, 278 Anticoagulated (EDTA) blood, ATCC, control strains, 50 microcytic, 277–278 297, 299 Athlete’s foot, 234 normochromic, 278–279 Antigen A from throat swabs, 161 ATP, 274 severe, 275 Antigen-antibody reactions, Atypical lymphocytes, see tropical countries, 275, 309 364–365 Reactive lymphocytes,

vitamin B12 deficiency, 276, 278 Antigen tests, Atypical mycobacteria, 210 Anaerobes, 22, 59, 205–206 camylobacter enteritis, 197 Atypical pneumonia, 232 Anaerobiasis, 59–62 chlamydial infection, 234 Auer rods, 291 Anaerobic cocci, 165 cholera, 191–192 Auramine phenol, Anaerobic culture, 59–62, 83, 85 cryptococcal infection, 244 stain, 385 Anaerobic systems, 61 gonorrhoea, 177 technique, 41–42 Anaerobic streptococci, 165 hepatitis (HBsAg), 251–252 Autoagglutination, 368, 374 Anaerocult systems, 59 meningitis, 119, 203, 215 Autoagglutinins, 368, 374 Analytical stage, principle, 14–15 Autoantibodies, 369 haematology tests, 270–271 streptococcal pharyngitis, 161 Autoclaving, 49 microbiological tests, 4–5 summary, 16–17 Autologous blood transfusion, 350 Anaphylactic reactions, 11, 288 Antiglobulin reagent, 371 AZT, 264, 298 Anaphylaxis, 287, 288 Antimicrobial drugs, 132–134 AneroGen system, 59–60 Antimicrobial resistance, 134–135 B19 virus, 30, 275, 286 Aniline blue, 396 Antimicrobial sensitivity discs, 137 B lymphocytes, 11, 12, 289 Anisocytosis, 328 Antimicrobial sensitivity testing, Bacillary dysentery (shigellosis), Anonymous mycobacteria, 132–142 97, 181 210–211 Antimycobacterial agents, 133, Bacilli, 19–20 Anthrax, 83, 166 134 Bacillus anthracis, 166–167 Anthrax spores, 166 Antiretroviral drugs, 264 Bacillus cereus, 98, 167 Anti-A, anti-B antisera, 365–366 Antiretroviral drug regimens, 264 Bacitracin discs, 160, 385 Anti-A, anti-B haemolysins, 363 Antiretroviral therapy (ART), Bacitracin sensitivity, 160 Anti-D antiserum, 368–369 263–266 Bacteraemia, 124, 125, 183, 257 Antibiotic associated diarrhoea, Antisera, blood grouping, Bacteria, features and 98 365–366, 368–369 classification, 9–25 Antibiotic resistance, 134–135 Antistreptolysin O (ASO), 161 Bacterial capsules, see Capsules Antibiotic susceptibility discs, 137 Antitoxin, C. perfringens, 173 Bacterial cell composition, 18–19 Antibiotic susceptibility Aplastic anaemia, 279 Bacterial contamination donor (sensitivity) testing, 132–143 APTT, 341, 343–344, 347 blood, 358, 374 Antibiotics, 132–134 Arabinose fermentation, 193 Bacterial endocarditis, 125 Antibodies, 11–12 Arboviral infections, 25, 27, 31–32 Bacterial index (BI), 216 Antibody tests, Arboviruses, 31–32 Bacterial morphology, 19–22 antibody titre, 15 Arc of identity, 170 Bacterial numbers in urine, 105, brucellosis, 200–201 Arcobacter group, 195 113 collection of blood, 17 Arenaviruses, 28, 31 Bacterial reproduction, 22 dengue, 248–249 Arnold steamer, 49 Bacterial vaginosis, 94 hepatitis C, 252 ART, 263–266 Bactericidal drugs, 134 HIV infection, 258–263 Arthritis, 86 Bacteriological analysis of water, leptospirosis, 226 Arthroconidia, 33, 236, 237 149–154 principle, 17–18 Arthropod-borne infections, 25, Bacteristatic drugs, 134 prozone reaction, 17, 201, 220 27, 31–32 Bacteriuria, 105, 108, 109 rickettsial infections, 229–230 Arthropod-borne viruses, 31–32 Bacteroides fragilis, 85, 205–206 streptococcal infection, 161–162 Arthropod vectors, 25 Bacteroides species, 205 summary, 16–17 Arthrospore, 33 Bactiburner, 54 syphilis, 219–222, 223 ARV drugs, 264 Balanced polymorphism, 284 tuberculosis, 209 Ascitic (peritoneal) fluid, 85, 86 Band cell, 287 typhoid, 185–186 Aseptic (viral) meningitis, 124 Barium chloride (turbidity) Antibody titre, 15 Aseptic techniques, 54–55, 126 standard, 137 Anticoagulants, ASO antibody, 161 Barrier filters, 42, 43 ethylenediaminetetra-acetic ASO latex test, 161 Bartonella bacilliformis, 231 acid (EDTA), 297, 299 Aspergilloma, 244 Bartonella hensele, 231

INDEX 419

Bartonella quintana, 231 Bleeding time, 340 practice at district level, Bartonellosis, 231 Blindness caused by trachoma, 348–350 Basic fuchsin stained faecal smear, 232 reaction, 375–376 100, 195 Blood agar, 188, 385–387 request form, 370 Basic media, 46 Blood bag (pack), 354 safety, 348, 357–358, 374–375 Basidiobolus species, 240 Blood bank, 359–361 selecting blood, 370 Basophilia, 288, 326 Blood cells, see individual cells transfusing young children, 349 Basophilic stippling, 329 Blood clotting factors, 341 treating anaemia, 349 Basophils, Blood coagulation, 341 Body’s defence mechanisms, appearance, 288, 327 Blood collection from donors, 10–12 basophilia, 288, 326 353–357 Bone marrow, 273, 278, 293 functions, 288 Blood composition, 272 Borderline leprosy (BT, BB, BL), granules, 288 Blood contamination, 358, 374 213 production, 273, 288 Blood cultures, Bordetella parapertussis, 205 Battery operated incubator, 151 collection of blood, 125–127 Bordetella pertussis, 205 Baxter blood bags, 354 contamination of cultures, 130 Boric acid preservative, 106 Bejel, 224 culture media, 125–126, 127 Borrelia species, Bence Jones protein, 294 microscopy, 127 B. burgdorferi, 228 Bengal V. cholerae (0139), neonates, 127 B. duttoni, 227 189–190, 191, 192 pathogens, 125 B. recurrentis, 227 Beta-galactosidase (ONPG), 176, subculture, 128 B. vincenti, 228 177, 180 Blood donation, 352–357 Giemsa staining, 44–45 Beta-glucuronidase (PGUA) test, Blood donor questionnaire, Botulism, 173 68 352–353 Bound coagulase, 65, 66 Beta-haemolysis, 77, 159, 160, 162, Blood donor records, 358–359 Brazilian purpuric fever (BPF), 172 Blood donor recruitment officer, 203 Beta-haemolytic streptococci, 77, 352 Brill-Zinsser disease, 229 159, 160, 162 Blood (donor), storage, 359–360 Brilliant cresyl blue, 332, 387 Beta-lactam agents, 133, 141 Blood donors, Broad-spectrum antibiotics, 134 Beta-lactam ring, 133, 142 collecting blood, 353–357 Bronchial washings, 246 Beta-lactamase production, 12, 95, health check, 353 Broncho-alveolar lavage, 246 133, 135, 142, 177 HIV counselling, 353 Bronchopneumonia, 71, 72 Beta-lactamase tests, 142–143 records, 358–359 Brownian movement, 35 Beta thalassaemia, 280, 281–282 requirements, 352–353 Brucella abortus, 125, 199, 200 Beta-toxin of C. perfringens, 171 voluntary, 352 Brucella antibodies, 200–201 Bile aesculin slope, 163 Blood films, Brucella melitensis, 199 Bile solubility test, 63–64, 164 cell changes due to EDTA, Brucella species, 199–201 Biochemical testing of 298–299 Brucella suis, 199, 200 microorganisms, 13, 62–70 differential cell count, 323–329 Brucellosis, 125, 126, 199–200 Bioline tests, fixing, 321 Brucellosis IgM/IgG rapid test, hCG in urine, 115 preparation, 321–323 200–201 Biological false positive reactions, reporting, 323–329 Bubo, 198 220 spreading, 320–321 Bubonic plague, 82, 83, 198 Biopsies, 216 staining, 270, 321–322 Buffer indicator solution, pH 7.2, Biotec FASTplaque TB test, 210 Blood, functions of, 272 168, 387 Bipolar staining, 43–44, 198 Blood grouping, 362–369 Buffered carbohydrate solutions, Black granule eumycetoma, 239 Blood grouping antisera, 365–366, 168 Black stools, 99 368–369 Buffered saline, 402–403 Blackwater fever, see Malaria Blood grouping techniques, Buffered water, haemoglobinuria ABO, 365–368 pH 6.8, 322, 387–388 Blaser’s medium, 196 Rhesus, 368–369 pH 7.0–7.2, 44, 387–388 Blast cell, 290 Blood groups, 362–364 pH 8.0, 387–388 Blastoconidia, 32 Blood transfusion, Buffy coat smears, 127 Blastomyces dermatitidis, 242 appropriate use, 348, 349 Bulb pipettes, 314 Blastomycosis, 242 autologous, 349–350 Bunsen burner, 54 Bleach concentration technique, bedside check, 375 Bunyamwera virus, 28 73, 208 compatibility testing, 369–375 Bunyaviruses, 28, 31 Bleeding disorders, laboratory exchange transfusion, 349, 377, Bürker chamber, 314 investigation, 340–347 378 Burkholderia pseudomallei, 195, Bleeding donors, 353–357 need for, 348, 349 198

420 INDEX

Burkitt’s lymphoma, 30, 292 Caseous material, 73 Cervical smears for malignant Burr cells, 328 Castaneda culture medium, 126 cells, 93 Buruli ulcer, 82, 211, 212 Casts, 108, 109, 110 Cervical specimens, Butzler medium, 196 Catalase enzyme activity, 64 collection, 92–93 Catalase test, 64–65 examination, 90–97 Calcium chloride reagent, 343 CD4 cell counting, 257–258 pathogens, 90–91 Calcium oxalate crystals, 111 CD4ϩ T lymphocytes, 12, 254, CFU (progenitor blood cells), 273 Calcium pyrophosphate crystals, 257, 290 CFU (urine), 113 88 CD8ϩ T lymphocytes, 12 Chancre (syphilitic), 91, 92, 95 Calcivirus, 29 Cefinase discs, 142 Chancroid, 91, 93, 204, 218 Calcofluor white, 34 Cell count, Charcoal cephalexin blood agar Calculi (stones), 111 cerebrospinal fluid, 119–120 (CCBA), Calibrated wire loops, 113 effusion, 87 preparation, 389 Calymmatobacterium Cell-mediated immune response, use of, 205 granulomatis, see Klebsiella 12 Chikungunya virus, 28 granulomatis Cell wall of bacteria, 19 Chlamydia antigen tests, 233, 234 CAMP test, 163, 173 Cells, Chlamydia pneumoniae, see Campylobacter coli, 195–197 in cerebrospinal fluid, 119–120 Chlamydophila pneumoniae Campylobacter enteritis, 195 in effusion, 87 Chlamydia species, 21, 231–234 Campylobacter jejuni, 195–197 in urine, 108 Chlamydia trachomatis, Campylobacter species, 61, 98, Cellular casts, 109, 110 antigen tests, 234 100, 195–197 Cellular immunity, 12 Giemsa staining, 44–45, 233 Campylobacters, 195 Cellulose acetate electrophoresis, immunological diagnosis, 234 Candida albicans, 76, 92, 243–244 337–340 inclusion bodies, 45, 233 Candida dubliniensis, 244 Cellulose acetate paper inclusion conjunctivitis, 232 Candidiasis, 92, 93, 94, 243–244 (membrane), 337–338 iodine staining, 233 Candle jar, 61 Centrifuge, microhaematocrit, lymphogranuloma venereum Capillary blood, collection, 310, 311 (LGV), 90–92, 93, 232 295–296 Cephalosporins, 133, 141 neonatal ophthalmia, 232 Capillary tubes for PCV, 310 Cerebrospinal fluid, non-gonococcal urethritis, 90, Capillus HIV test, 261 acridine orange smear, 118 94, 232 Capsid of viruses, 26 amoebae in, 116, 122 pathogenicity, 231–232 Capsomeres, 26 antigens, 119, 163, 176, 203 trachoma, 232–233 Capsular antigens, 19, 119, 176, antimicrobial sensitivity testing, urogenital infections, 90, 93, 178 124 232–233 Capsules, 19, 43, 163, 166, 244 appearance of, 117 Chlamydophila pneumoniae, 233 Carate, 224 blood in, 117 Chlamydospores, 240 Carbapenems, 133 cell count, 119–120 Chloramphenicol, 133, 134, 141 Carbohydrate fermentation tests, clots in, 117 Chlorinated water supplies, 63, 168–169, 175 collection of, 116–117 151–152 Carbohydrate indicator solutions, culture of, 119, 122–124 Chlorine testing of water, 154–155 168 examination (summary), 123 Chlorohaemin, 299, 302 Carbohydrate utilization test, Giemsa preparation, 122 Chocolate (heated blood) agar, 168–169 globulin (Pandy’s) test, 121 386 Carbol fuchsin, glucose estimation, 120–121, Cholera, 98, 189–190 dilute, 38 124 Cholera dipstick test, 191–192 preparation, 388 Gram smear, 118, 175 Cholera toxin, 190 use of, 40–41 IgM, 122 Cholesterol crystals, 111 Carbon dioxide enriched India ink preparation, 121–122 Choriocarcinoma, 115 atmosphere, 61–62 lymphocytic meningitis, 116 Christensen’s urea broth, 70, 197, Carbon dioxide incubation, 61–62 neurosyphilis, 222 389–390 Carboxyphilic organism, 59 pathogens in, 116, 170 Chromoblastomycosis, 238 Cardiolipin antibodies, 219, 220, protein estimation, 121 Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia 223 pyogenic meningitis, 116, 124, (CLL), 291, 293 Cardiolipin tests, 219, 220, 223 175 Chronic myeloid leukaemia Carriers of pathogens, 10 trypanosomes, 117, 122 (CML), 291, 293 Carrion’s disease, 231 viral meningitis, 124 Chyle in urine, 107 Cary-Blair transport medium, wet preparation, 122 Circulating anticoagulant preparation, 388–389 Ziehl-Neelsen smear, 121, (inhibitor), 343 use of, 99 124 Citrate-utilization test, 65, 180

INDEX 421

Citrate-utilizing bacteria, 180 pus, 81–82 Copper coated steel wool, 60 Citrobacter freundii, 180 quality control, 6–8 Co-receptors CCR5, CXCR4, 254 Cladosporium carrionii, 238 rectal swab, 98–99 Coronaviruses, 29 Classes of immunoglobulin (Ig), semen, 130–131 Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 44, 11 serum, 17 76, 78, 79, 167–170 Classical Vibrio cholerae, 189 skin, 81–82 Corynebacterium ulcerans, 169 Classification of microorganisms, skin smears for leprosy, Cotton blue, 242, 396 9–10, 18–22, 23–25 214–215 Counselling (HIV), 258 CLED agar, 113, 391 sputum, 71–72 Counting cells, Clostridium botulinum, 173–174 stool specimens, 98–99 CD4ϩ T cells, 257–258 Clostridium difficile, 98 throat swab, 76–77 platelets, 317–319 Clostridium histolyticum, 172 transport, 7 reticulocytes, 331–332 Clostridium novyi, 171, 172 ulcer material, 81–82 white cells, 313–317 Clostridium perfringens, 98, urine, 106–107 Counting chamber, 171–173, 309 urogenital specimens, 91–92, Bürker, 314 Clostridium septicum, 171, 172 233 Fuchs Rosenthal, 120 Clostridium sordellii, 172 vaginal discharge, 92 Improved Neubauer, 120, 314, Clostridium tetani, 174 water for testing, 147–149 315–316 Clotted blood for antibody tests, Collection of haematological Counting faecal coliforms, 17 specimens, 269–270, 296–299 149–154 Clotting time, 346 Colloidal gold, 15, 18 Cover glasses for Clue cells, 94 Colloids, use of, 349 haemocytometer, 314 CMM, see Cooked meat medium Colonial appearances, Coxiella burnetii, 230–231 CMV, see Cytomegalovirus bacterial, 47 Coxsackieviruses, 29 Coagglutination (COAG), 14, 16 fungal, 34 CPD-NaCl solution, 389 CoaguChek S meter, 345 Colony-forming units in urine, 113 CPDA anticoagulant, 354 Coagulase production, 65 Columbia agar and broth diphasic Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic Coagulase tests, 65–67 medium, 125–126, 175, 390 fever virus, 27, 28 Coagulation disorders, 340, 341 Commensals, 23 Cristaseal, 310 Coagulation factors, 341 Communicable diseases, 10–11 Crossmatching, 369–375 Cocci, 19, 20 Compatible blood, labelling, 374 Cryptococcal meningitis, 116, Coccidioides immitis, 242–243 Compatibility testing, 369–375 121–122, 124, 244 Cold agglutinins, 369 Complement activity, 11 Cryptococcosis, 244 Cold Ziehl-Neelsen staining Complex viruses, 26 Cryptococcus antigen test, 244 technique, 39–40 Composition of blood, 272 Cryptococcus neoformans, 116, Coliform (E. coli) count, Concentrated red cells, 349, 375 121–122, 124, 244 149–154 Concentrating tubercle bacilli, 73, Crystal violet blood agar, 160, 387, Collecting blood from donors, 208 391 353–357 Confidence limits for water tests, Crystal violet in Gram stain, Collection and transport of 150 38–39, 391 microbiological specimens, Congenital syphilis, 218–219, 224 Crystalline penicillin bromocresol ascitic (peritoneal) fluid, 86–87 Conidia, 33 purple solution, 142, 391 blood (antibody testing), 17 Conidiophore, 33 Crystals, blood (cultures), 125–127 Conjunctival scrapings, 233, 234 in synovial (joint) fluid, 88 broncho-alveolar lavage, 246 Conjunctivitis, 176, 232 in urine, 111 cerebrospinal fluid, 116–117 Contamination, CSF, see Cerebrospinal fluid cervical swab, 92, 93, 233 faecal, 144 Culti-Loops, 50 control of specimen collection, of bank blood, 130 Culture media, 5–7 of cultures, 130 basic, 46 effusions, 86–87 of hands, 144, 145 control strains, 52 endocervical, 92, 233 of water supplies, 147 differential, 46 faecal specimens, 98–99 Control blood and haemolysate, dispensing, 53–54 fungal specimens, 235–236 270 enriched, 46 genital specimens, 91–92, 233 Control species, 50, 51, 52 inoculating, 54–56 hydrocele fluid, 86–87 Control strains, sensitivity testing, labelling, 51–52 mouth swab, 76–77 138 pH, 49 packing, 8 Convalescent serum, 15 pouring, 53–54 pericardial fluid, 86–87 Cooked meat medium, preparation of, 48–49 pleural fluid, 86–87 preparation, 390–391 quality control, 48–49, 51–52 preservatives, 7 use of, 60, 85, 94, 172, 174 selective, 46, 51

422 INDEX

sterilizing, 49–50 Dental caries, 164 Distilled water motility test, storage of, 51–53 Deoxycholate citrate agar (DCA), 193–194 transport media, 46–51 preparation, 391–392 District laboratories, weighing, 48 use of, 179 blood transfusion, 348–351 Culturing microorganisms, Deoxyribonuclease (DNA-ase) haematology, 268 anaerobic, 59–62 test, 67 microbiology, 1–9 carbon dioxide, 61–62 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), Dithiothreitol, 74 features, 13, 22 22 DMSO reagent, 236 fungi, 34 Dermatophytes (ringworm fungi), DNA, see Deoxyribonucleic acid reporting cultures, 62 234–238 DNA hibridization, 182 requirements, 45–62 Determine HIV 1/2 test, 262–263 DNA viruses, 29–30 Curettings, 93 Dextrose broth, 394 DNA-ase agar, 67, 392 Cutaneous anthrax, 81, 83, 166 DHF, 248 DNA-ase B antibody, 161–162 Cutaneous diphtheria, 167 DHT Haemoglobin Meter, DNA-ase test, 67 Cyanmethaemoglobin technique, 303–304 Donor blood, 299, 300–301 Diagen coagulation reagents, 343, bacterial contamination, 130, Cystine crystals, 111 345, 346 358, 374 Cystine lactose electrolyte Diagest Bedside card, 375 collecting, 353–357 deficient agar (CLED), Diagnostic discs, records, 358–359, 361 preparation, 391 antimicrobial, 137 storage, 359–360 use of, 113, 187, 188 bacitracin, 160 testing for pathogens, 357–358 Cystitis, 105, 178 optochin, 164 transporting, 360–361 Cysts of Pneumocystis, 246–247 Diarrhoeal diseases, 97–98, 100, Donovan bodies, 95 Cytochemical staining, 291, 293 178, 183, 195, 257 Donovanosis, 91, 95 Cytochrome oxidase test, 69–70 DIC, 346, 347 Dorset egg medium, 54, 168, Cytokines, 11, 288 Dichroic mirror, 42 392–393 Cytology smear for malignant Differential culture media, 46, 50 DOTS, 210 cells, 93, 383 Differential WBC count, 323–329 DPD method for estimating free Cytomegalovirus, 27, 30 Differential WBC counter, 324 chlorine, 154–155 Cytoplasmic membrane, 19 Diffusion sensitivity tests, 136–137 2–3 DPG, 274 Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, 12, 289 Diluting fluids, Drabkins diluting fluid, 300 Cytotoxins, 289 ammonia water, 303, 385 Drinking water supplies, see ammonium oxalate, 317, 385 Water D-Dimers, 346, 347 c.s.f. diluting fluid, 119 Drug hypersensitivity, 133 Dane particles, 250 sodium bicarbonate-formalin, Drug resistance, 1, 134–135 Dangerous pathogens, 7 132, 403 Drug toxicity, antiretroviral drugs, Dark-field microscopy, 36, 95, 121 toluidine blue, 119, 406 264 Dark-field stops, 36, 95 Dilution sensitivity tests, 136 Dryspot Campylobacter test, 197 Darkground illumination, see Dimethylsulphoxide-KOH Dryspot Staphytect Plus, 158 Dark-field microscopy (DMSO) reagent, 236, 392 DSS, see Dengue shock syndrome DAT (direct antiglobulin test), Dimorphic blood picture, 327 Duffy blood group system, 369 276, 280, 286, 377 Dimorphic fungi, 33 Durham tube, 402 DCA, 179 Diphasic blood culture medium, Dysentery, 97, 181 Deep mycoses, 33 126 Deep (stab) media, 56, 57 Diphtheria, 78, 167 Ebola virus, 27, 28, 31–32 Defence mechanisms of the body, Diphtheria antitoxin, 167 EBV, see Epstein-Barr virus 11–13 Diphtheroids, 168 Echinocytes, 328 Dehydrated media, 47–48 Dipslides, 106–107 Echoviruses, 29 DelAgua water testing kit, 153 Dipstick comb assays, 15, 16, 18 Ectopic pregnancy, 115, 176, 232, Delta agent (particle), 30, 251 Direct antiglobulin test (DAT), 350 DEN/DHF, 248 276, 280, 286, 377 Ectothrix, hair, 237 Dengue antibody tests, 248–249 Disc diffusion sensitivity tests, EDTA, 297 Dengue Duo IgM/IgG test, 249 136–137 Effusions, Dengue Fever IgM/IgG, IC test, Discs collection, 86–87 249 bacitracin, 160, 385 examination of, 85–90 Dengue haemorrhagic fever optochin, 164 pathogens, 86 (DHF), 248 sensitivity, 137 EHEC, see Enterohaemorrhagic Dengue shock syndrome (DSS), Dispensing culture media, 53–54 E. coli 248 Disseminated intravascular EIA, 14, 16 Dengue viruses, 248–249 coagulation (DIC), 346, 347 EIEC, see Enteroinvasive E. coli

INDEX 423

El Tor Vibrio cholerae, 98, 189 Epidemic, 9 Febrile antigen tests, 185 Electronic blood cell counting, Epidemic typhus, 229 Ferritin, serum, 278, 281 319 Epidemiology, 9 Fibrinogen, 341, 342 Electrophoresis (Hb), 337–340 Epidermophyton floccosum, 235 Fibrinolysis, 346 Elek gel precipitation test, Epithelial cells in urine, 109, 110 Fièvre boutonneuse, 229 169–170 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 30 Filoviruses, 28, 31–32 Elementary particles, 21, 234 Erysipeloid, 171 Filters, membrane, 49–50, 150 ELISA, see Enzyme linked Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, 81, Filtration, immunosorbent 171 isolating campylobacters, Elliptocytosis, 286 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 195–196 Emergency blood grouping, 367 (ESR), 329–331 media ingredients, 49–50 Emergency compatibility testing, Erythrocytes, see Red cells water testing, 150 373, 374 Erythromycin, 141 Filtration HbS solubility test, Emerging pathogens, 1 Erythropoiesis, 272–274 336–337 Empyema, 86 Erythropoietin, 272 Fimbriae, adherence, 12, 19 Encephalitis viruses, 32 Escherichia coli, 67–68, 98, 101, FIND Foundation, 209 Endemic disease, 9 149–154, 178–179, 180 Fixing blood films, 321–322 Endemic flea-borne typhus, 229 ESR, 329–331 Fixing smears, Endemic typhus, 229 ETEC, see Enterotoxigenic bacterial, 36–37, 166, 177 Endocarditis, 164 E. coli blood films, 321–322 Endospores, 19 Etest, 140, 142 cytological, 90 Endothrix hair, 237 Ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid Flagella, 19 Endotoxin, 13 (EDTA), 397, 299, 393 Flagellar(H)antigens, 178 Enriched media, 46 Ethylhydrocupreine Flame sterilization, 54 Enrichment media, 46 hydrochloride discs, 164 Flaviviruses, 28, 31, 248 Entamoeba histolytica, 97, 100 Eumycetoma, 239 Flea-borne typhus, 229 Enteric anthrax, 166 Evacuated tube collection Flocculation tests, 16, 17 Enteric fever, 182–183 systems, 298 Flora, microbial, 22–23, 62 Enteritis necroticans, 98 Exchange blood transfusion, 349, Fluid culture media, 47, 56 Enteroaggregative E. coli 377, 378 Fluorescence microscopy, 41–43, (EaggEC), 178 Exciter filter, 43 45, 209 Enterobacter species, 187–188 Exophiala jeanselmei, 239 Fluorescence of fungal lesions, Enterobacteria, 178, 180 Exotoxins, 12, 98, 167, 211 235, 238 Enterochek-WB, 185–186 External quality assessment Fluorescence of hair, 235 Enterococci, 69, 165 (EQA), Fluorescence staining, 14, 41–43 Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli haematology tests, 270 Fluorescent antibody tests, 14 (EHEC, 0157), 98, 105, 178, microbiology tests, 5 Fluorescent treponemal antibody 179 Extramedullary haematopoiesis, test, (FTA-ABS), 221, 223 Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), 272 FluoreslenS, 42–43 98, 178 Extravascular haemolysis, 279 Fluorochrome, 14, 17–18 Enteropathogenic E. coli Extrinsic system, 341, 343 acridine orange, 45 (EPEC), 98, 178 Exudate, 3, 85, 88 auramine, 41 Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), Eye scrapings, 233 calcofluor white, 34 98, 178 fluorescein isothiocyanate, 14 Enterotoxin, 12, 171, 190 FAB classification, 291 Folate deficiency, 276, 278, 309 Enteroviruses, 29 Facultative anaerobes, 22 Food-poisoning, Envelope of virus, 26, 27 Faecal coliform count, 149–154 Bacillus cereus, 167 Environmental mycobacteria, 210 Faecal leucocytes, 100 Clostridium botulinum, 173 Enzyme linked immunosorbent Faecal-oral route of transmission, Clostridium perfringens, 171, assay (ELISA), 14, 17 144, 190 172 Eosin faecal stain, 100, 393 Faecal pollution of water, 146 Salmonella, 183 Eosinophils, Faecal specimens, Staphylococcus aureus, 157 appearance, 287, 327 collection, 98–99 Formol saline fixative, 393 eosinophilia, 326 examination, 97–105 Framboesia, 224 functions, 287–288 pathogens, 97–98, 99, 100, 181 Free coagulase, 65, 66 granules, 287 Falciparum malaria, 284, 309, 327 Free residual chlorine testing, production, 273, 287 FASTplaque TB test, 210 154–155 Eosinophils in sputum, 74 Favic hair, 235, 237 FTA–ABS, 221, 223 EPEC, see Enteropathogenic Favism, 285 Fuchs-Rosenthal ruled chamber, E. coli FDP levels, 346 119, 120

424 INDEX

Fungal hyphae, 32–33 Gonococcal conjunctivitis, 176 structure, 274 Fungal infections, 33–34 Gonococci, see Neisseria values, 275, 307 Fungal mycetoma, 238–239 gonorrhoeae Haemoglobin A, 274, 282

Fungal specimens, 235–236 Gonorrhoea, 90, 176 Haemoglobin A2, 274, 282 Fungi, 32–35 Gout, 88 Haemoglobin Barts hydrops Fungus ‘ball’, 244 Grains in mycetoma, 82, 239 syndrome, 281, 282 Fusobacterium species, 205, 206, Gram negative bacteria, 22, 38 Haemoglobin C, 284, 339, 340 228 Gram positive bacteria, 22, 38 Haemoglobin chains, 274, 280, 283 Gram staining, 38–39 Haemoglobin Colour Scale, G6PD deficiency, 285–286, 309, Gram’s iodine, see Lugol’s iodine 306–307, 353 334 Granular casts, 110 Haemoglobin Constant Spring, G6PD screening test Granules in actinomycosis, 217 281 (methaemoglobin reduction), Granules in mycetoma, 82, 239 Haemoglobin D, 283, 340 333–334 Granules in pus, 82, 217, 239 Haemoglobin DPunjab, 284 Gardnerella vaginalis, 91, 94 Granuloma inguinale, 91 Haemoglobin E, 285, 340 Gas gangrene, 171 Gravis biovar of C. diphtheriae, Haemoglobin electrophoresis, Gas refrigerator blood bank, 167, 168 337–340 359–360 Greiss test, 112 Haemoglobin F (fetal), 274, 282 Gaseous atmosphere for cultures, Grid membrane filters, 150 Haemoglobin GPhiladelphia, 340 59 Group A meningococci, 175 Haemoglobin H, 281, 282, 333, GasPak, 61 Group A Streptococcus, 159, 160 340 Gastritis caused by H. pylori, Group B meningococci, 175 Haemoglobin H disease, 281 197 Group B Streptococcus, 162–163 Haemoglobin, measurement of, Gastroenteritis, 97 Group C meningococci, 175 299–307 Gel blood grouping systems, 364 Group D streptococci, see Haemoglobin S, 283–284, 334–340 Gelatin stab culture, 167 Enterococcus Haemoglobin S ß thalassaemia, Genital herpes, 93 Grouping, see Blood grouping 282, 283, 335 Genital specimens, see Urogenital Haemoglobin SC disease, 284 specimens H agglutinin titre, 185 Haemoglobinopathies, 283–285 Genital ulcers, 90, 92 H antigens, 178 Haemolysate for electrophoresis, Gentamicin, 133 H substance, 362 340 Gentian violet in donor blood, HAART, 264 Haemolysis, avoiding, 299 358 Haem, 274 Haemolytic anaemia, 231–232, Germ tube test, 243–244 Haemagglutination test for 276, 279–280 Ghost cells, 285, 328 V. cholerae biovars, 191 Haemolytic disease of newborn, Giemsa stain, Haematocrit centrifuge, 310, 311 364, 376–377 preparation, 393–394 Haematocrit in DHF, 248 Haemolytic streptococci, 159, 160, use of, 44–45, 122, 247 Haematocrit, measurement, 162, 164 Gingivitis, 228 310–312, 249 Haemolytic transfusion reaction, Glandular fever, 30, 294–295 Haematoma, 298, 356 375–376 Glass tubing for Pasteur pipettes, Haematopoiesis, 272–274 Haemolytic uraemic syndrome, 58 Haematospin 1300, 310, 311 105, 178 Globi, 214 Haematuria, 108, 109 Haemophilia, 341, 347 Globulin detection in c.s.f., 121 Haemiglobincyanide Haemophilus biogroup aegyptius, Glomerulonephritis, 108, 161 (cyanmethaemoglobin) 202, 203 Glucose broth, 394 technique, 299, 300–301 Haemophilus ducreyi, 91, 93, 204 Glucose estimation in c.s.f., Haemocytometer, Haemophilus influenzae, 116, 124, 120–121, 124 Bürker, 314 201–203 Glucose 6 phosphate Fuchs Rosenthal, 120 Haemophilus influenzae antigen dehydrogenase (G6PD) Improved Neubauer, 120, 314, in csf, 203 deficiency, 285–286, 309, 315–316 Haemophilus parainfluenzae, 202, 334 Haemoglobin, 204 Glucose phosphate peptone abnormal forms, 283–285 Haemorrhage, acute, 349 water, 394 adult, 274 Haemorrhagic colitis, 99, 105, 178, Glutamic acid, 283 anaemia, 274–280 179 Glutamyl-aminopeptidase (GAP), fetal, 274 Haemorrhagic fever viruses, 28, 176, 177 haemoglobinopathies, 283–285 31–32 Glycerol saline transport medium, measurement, 299–307 Hair, fungi of, 235, 236, 237 394–395 oxygen dissociation, 274 Hand tally counter, 314, 316 Glycopeptides, 133 reference range, 307 Hand washing, 144, 145

INDEX 425

Hanging drop motility method, 35 HIV disease, 254–256 hepatitis, 252 Hantaan virus, 28 HIV opportunistic pathogens, 207, HIV, 186 HAV, see Hepatitis A virus 235, 246, 255, 256 leptospirosis, 226 Hawksley microhaematocrit HIV tuberculosis association, 71, principle, 14–15 centrifuge, 310, 311 207, 255 syphilis, 221–222 Hazara virus, 28 HIV-1, HIV-2, 253 typhoid, 186 Hazardous pathogens, 7, 8 Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 292 Immunocompetency, 289 HBs Ag tests, 252 Hot air oven, 53 Immunoglobulins (Ig), 11, 12 HbS solubility filtration test, Hot/cold Ziehl-Neelsen Immunological (antigen) tests, see 336–337 techniques, 39–40 Antigen tests HBV, see Hepatitis B virus Howell Jolly bodies, 329 Immunosuppression, 130, 253 hCG in urine, 115 HTLV–1, 11, viruses, 29, 358 Impedance cell analyzers, 319 Health check for blood donors, Human blood in blood agar, 385 Improved Neubauer chamber, 353 Human carriers, 10–11 120, 314, 315 Heat fixation of smears, 37 Human chorionic gonadotrophin Improved Preston medium, 196 Heated blood agar, 386 (hCG), 115 Inaba subtype of V. cholerae, 189 Heinz bodies, 285, 333 Human immunodeficiency virus Inclusion blenorrhoea, 232 Helena BioSciences (HIV), 253–266 Inclusion bodies of Chlamydia electrophoresis system, Human T cell lymphotropic virus trachomatis, 233 338–340 (HTLV), 29, 292, 358 Inclusion conjunctivitis, 232 Helical viruses, 26 Humoral immunity, 11–12 Incoagulable blood, 346 Helicobacter pylori, 197 Hyaline casts, 108, 109, 110 Incubation in carbon dioxide, Helper T lymphocytes, 289 Hyaluronidase, 12 61–62 HemoCue system, 299, 305 Hybridoma, 365 Incubation of cultures, 56, 59–62 Heparin anticoagulant, 297 Hyditiform mole, 115 Incubator, 56, 59 Hepatitis, 250–252 Hydrocele fluid, 85, 86 Indeterminate leprosy, 213 Hepatitis A virus (HAV), 29, 250, Hydrochloric acid, 1 mol/l, 67, 395 India ink preparation, 121–122, 251 Hydrogen sulphide production, 244 Hepatitis B antigens, 252 102, 103, 180 Indole reaction, 67, 103, 180 Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Hygroscopic culture media, 48 Indole test, 67–68 Ag), 252, 357 Hyper-reactive malarial Induced sputum, 246 Hepatitis B virus (HBV), 27, 250, splenomegaly, 274, 292 Infantile gastroenteritis, 178 251, 357 Hypersegmented neutrophils, 278, Infection, 3, 9–13, 15 Hepatitis C virus (HCV), 28, 250, 327 Infectious diseases, 1 252, 357 Hyphae of fungi, 32–33, 236, 238, Infectious mononucleosis, Hepatitis D virus (HDV), 30, 250, 245 294–295 251 Hypochromic anaemia, 277–278, Infective endocarditis, 125 Hepatitis E virus (HEV), 29, 250, 313, 327 Infertility, 130 251 Inflammation, 11 Hepatitis G virus (HGV), 28, 250 IC tests, see Inflammatory diarrhoeal disease, Hepatitis viruses, 250–252 Immunochromatographic 100 Hereditary spherocytosis, 286, 328 tests Influenza viruses, 29 Herpes zoster virus, 30, 255 Icosahedral viruses, 26 Innate immunity, 11 Herpesviruses, 29–30 IDL Tubex, 186 Inoculation of culture media, Heterophil antibodies, 295 Immobilization of Vibrio species, 54–56, 57 HIGH RISK pathogens, 7, 8 193–194 INR, 344 Hikojima, subtype of V. cholerae, Immune antibodies, 364, 369, 371, Inspissation, 54 189 376 Insulated container, 360 Hippurate hydrolysis test, 163, 197 Immune haemolytic anaemia, 276, Intermediate sensitivity pathogen, Histoplasma capsulatum, 241 280 139, 141 Histoplasma duboisii, 241 Immune responses, 11–13 Intermedius strain of Histoplasmosis, 241 Immunity, 11 C. diphtheriae, 167, 169 HIV, 253–266 Immunization, 11 Intravascular haemolysis, 274, 279, HIV/AIDS in Tropics, 254, 256 Immunoassays, 14, 16, 17 280, 285, 375 HIV antibody tests, 256, 258–263, Immunochromatographic tests, Intrinsic system, 341, 342 357 brucellosis, 200–201 Invasiveness of bacteria, 10 HIV ART, 263–266 chlamydia, 234 Iodine HIV Capillus test, 261 cholera, 191–192 Albert’s 44 HIV counselling (pre-, post-test), D-dimer test, 346 Gram’s (Lugol’s), 38, 398 258 dengue, 249 staining of C. trachomatis, 233

426 INDEX

Iridescence of Haemophilus Latex agglutination tests, 14, 16, Litmus milk decolorization test, influenzae b, 203 17, 105, 158, 161, 176, 226, 68–69 Iron deficiency anaemia, 275–276, 261 Litmus milk medium, 379 309, 317 Lauryl sulphate broth, 150 Lock-jaw, 174 Iron, serum, 278, 281 Layered blood agar plates, 386 Loeffler (alkaline) methylene ISI, 344 LCM virus, see Lymphocytic blue, choriomeningitis virus preparation, 397 Japanese encephalitis virus, 31 LDC test, 68, 102, 103, 180, 182 use of, 43 Jaundice, 251, 279 Lecithinase C activity, 172 Loeffler’s polychrome methylene Joint (synovial) fluid, 86 Left shift of neutrophils, 326 blue, 166 Junin virus, 31 Leg ulceration, 80 Loeffler serum agar, 54, 168, Legionella pneumophila, 71 397–398 K antigens, 102, 178 Legionnaire’s disease, 71 Looping out, 55 Kanamycin blood agar, 386 Leishman stain, 322, 396–397 Louse-borne relapsing fever, 227 Kaolin/platelet substitute, 343 Leishman staining of blood films, Louse-borne typhus, 229 Kaposi’s sacroma, 30 322–323 Lovibond comparator for testing Kauffmann-White system, 184 Lepromatous leprosy (LL), 213 chlorine, 154–155 Kedani mite disease, 228 Leprosy, 212–216 Lovibond haemoglobin method, Kell blood group system, 369 Leptocytes, 328 307 Kerosene refrigerator, 359 Leptosphaeria senegalensis, 239 Lowenstein Jensen medium, 209 KIA, see Kligler iron agar Leptospira biflexa, 225 Lower respiratory tract Kidd blood group system, 369 Leptospira interrogans, 225–227 specimens, 3 Kirby-Bauer sensitivity testing, Leptospires, 225 Lugol’s iodine, 136, 137–142 Leptospirosis, 225 preparation, 398 Klebsiella aerogenes, 187 LeptoTek Dri Dot test, 226 use of, 38–39 Klebsiella granulomatis, 44, 91, LeptoTek lateral flow test, 226 Lumbar puncture, 116–117 92, 95 Leptotrichia species, 205 Lutheran blood group system, 369 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 187 Leucocyte esterase in urine, 112 Lyme disease, 228 Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis, 187 Leucocytosis, 317 Lymphoblast, 291, 293 Kligler iron agar (KIA), Leucopenia, 317 Lymphocytes, preparation, 395, 396 Leucoerythroblastic blood picture, appearance, 289 use of, 102, 103, 179, 180 287 atypical (reactive), 327 Koch steamer, 49 Leukaemias, B lymphocytes, 12, 289–290 KOH (potassium hydroxide) acute lymphoblastic (ALL), CD4 helper T lymphs, 12, preparation, 236–238 290, 291, 293 257–258, 289–290 Kovac’s indole reagent, 68 acute myeloblastic (AML), 290, CD8 cytotoxic T lymphs, 12, Kyasanur forest disease virus, 27, 291, 293 289, 290 28 chronic lymphocytic (CLL), functions, 289 291, 293 immunocompetency, 289 L-arabinose fermentation, 193 chronic myeloid (CML), 291, large lymphs, 289, 326 L-forms, 21–22 293 lymphocytosis, 325 Labelling, cytochemical staining, 291, lymphopenia, 325 of inoculated media, 56 293 NK cells, 11, 289 of slides, 36 hairy cell, 291, 293 production, 273, 289 of specimens, 7 prolymphocytic, 291, 293 reactive (atypical), 327 Lactophenol cotton blue, 242, 396 Leukaemoid reaction, 291, 293 small lymphs, 289, 326 Lactose egg yolk milk agar, 172, Leukocytosis (leucocytosis), 317 T lymphocytes, 12, 254, 257, 289 173, 174, 396 Leukopenia (leucopenia), 317 Lymphocytic choriomeningitis Lactose fermenting enteric Levinthal agar, 203, 397 virus, 116 organisms, 178, 180 Lewis blood group system, 369 Lymphocytic meningitis, 116 Lancefield grouping of LGV see Lymphogranuloma Lymphocytosis, 325 streptococci, 78, 159, 160, venereum Lymphogranuloma venereum 162, 165 Light chains of immunoglobulins, (LGV), 90, 232 Large lymphocytes, 289, 326 294 Lymphoid cells, 272, 273 Lassa fever virus, 27, 28, 31–32 Lincosamides, 133, 134 Lymphomas, 292, 294 Late syphilis, 218, 223 Lipase hydrolysis, 172 Lymphopenia, 325 Latent syphilis, 218 Liquoid, 125, 390 Lysine decarboxylase (LDC) test, Lateral flow tests, see LISS, 365, 372 68, 102, 103, 180, 182 Immunochromatographic Listeria monocytogenes, 170–171 tests Listeriosis, 170 M protein, 12, 294

INDEX 427

MacConkey agar, 398 Messenger RNA, 22 Monoclonal (M) Ig in myeloma, MacConkey broth (purple), Metachromatic granules, 168 294 152–153 Metamyelocyte, 287 Monocytes, Macrocytes, 309, 327 Methaemoglobin reduction test, appearance, 288, 326 Macrocytic anaemia, 278, 308, 313, 333–334 functions, 288–289 327 Methanol, fixing blood films, 321 monocytosis, 326 Macrolides, 133, 134 Methicillin resistant S. aureus production, 273, 288 Macrophages, 11, 288–289 (MRSA), 65, 133, 158 Monocytosis, 326 Macroscopical agglutination test Methylene blue, 0.4 mmo1/l, 334, Monosodium urate crystals, 88 in leptospirosis, 226 399 Monsur’s medium, 191 Madura foot, 239 Methylene blue to detect faecal Moraxella catarrhalis, 71, 204 Madurella grisea, 239 leucocytes, 100 Morbillivirus, 29 Madurella mycetomatis, 239 Methylene blue staining Morganella morganii, 189 Mal del pinto, 224 technique, 43 Morphological index (MI), 216 Malachite green stain, 40, 398 Metronidazole, 83, 133, 134, 206 Morphology of bacteria, 19–22 Malaria, 275, 284, 308, 327, 357 MHC 1, 11, 12 Morula (Mott) cells, 122 Malaria haemoglobinuria, 278, 279 MI, 216 Mosaic fungus, 236 Malassezia furfur, 238 MIC, see Minimum inhibition Mosquito-borne infections, 31 Mannitol egg yolk phenol-red concentration Motile bacteria, 35–36, 100, 103, polymyxin agar, 167 Microaerophilic organisms, 22, 59, 170, 180, 190, 193–194 Mannitol salt agar culture, 158, 62 Motility of spermatozoa, 131 398–399 Microbial antigens, see Antigen Motility testing, 35–36, 100–101, Manufacturers addresses, see tests 103, 170, 180, 193–194 Appendix 11 Microbial diseases, 23–25 MOTT, 210 Marburg disease virus, 27, 28, Microbial flora, 22–23, 62 Mott cells, 122 31–32 Microbial resistance, 134–135 Moulds, 32–33 Marginating pool of neutrophils, Microbiological services, 1–2 Mouth specimens, examination of, 287 Microconidia, 33 76–79 Mastalex MRSA, 158 Microcytic anaemia, 277–278, 308, MRSA, 65, 133, 158 Mayaro virus, 28 313, 327 MTM, see Modified Tinsdale’s McFadyean reaction, 43, 166 Microhaematocrit centrifuge, 310, medium McFarland turbidity standard, 137 311 Mucormycosis, 245–246 MCH, 277, 278, 313 Microhaematocrit reader, 310, 311 Mueller Hinton agar, 137 MCHC, 277, 278, 312–313 Microscopical examination of Multibacillary leprosy, 214 MCV, 277, 278, 313 specimens, 13, 35–45 Multidrug therapy (MDT), 216 MDT for leprosy, 216 Microsporum species, 234, 235, Multiple budding of Measles virus, 29 237 P. brasiliensis, 242 Media, see Culture media Midstream urine (MSU), 106 Multiple myeloma, see Megaloblast, 329 Miliary tuberculosis, 207 Myelomatosis Megaloblastic anaemia, 276, 278 Minimum bactericidal Multiple tube/MPN technique, Melioidosis, 195 concentration (MBC), 136 149, 152–154 Membrane colony count, 152 Minimum inhibition concentration Multiplication of bacteria, 22 Membrane filters, 49–50, 150, (MIC), 136 Murine typhus, 229 195–196 Mitis strain of C. diphtheriae, 167, Mycelium, 32 Membrane filtration technique for 168 Mycetoma, 81, 82, 217, 238–240 testing water, 149–152 ML Flow test, 214 Mycobacterium africanum, 207 Membrane lauryl sulphate broth, MNS blood system, 369 Mycobacterium avium- 150 Modified New York City intracellulare, 211 Meningitis, 116, 119, 123, 124, 163, (MNYC) medium, Mycobacterium bovis, 207 174, 175, 178 preparation, 399 Mycobacterium chelonei, 211 Meningococcal meningitis, 116, use of, 94, 95, 177 Mycobacterium fortuitum, 211 118, 124, 175 Modified Tinsdale’s medium Mycobacterium kansasi, 211 Meningococcal septicaemia, 175 (MTM), Mycobacterium leprae, 212–216 Meningoencephalitis, preparation, 399–400 Mycobacterium malmoense, 211 amoebic, 116, 122 use of, 78, 168 Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, 211 anthrax, 166 Molluscum contagiosum virus, 29 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, trypanosomiasis, 122 Moniliasis, 243 acid fastness, 39 viral, 124 Monkeypox virus, 29 antibodies, 209 Mesenteric lymphadenitis, 199 Monoblast, 288 antimicrobial susceptibility, 76, Mesosomes, 19 Monoclonal antisera, 365–366, 369 210

428 INDEX

complex, 207 Neonatal septicaemia, 127 Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae concentration technique, 73, 208 Neonatal tetanus, 174 in urine, 110 culture of, 76, 209 Neo-Sensitabs, 137 Oncogenes, 290 drug resistance, 210 Neurosyphilis, 218, 222 Oncogenic viruses, 26 FASTplaque TB phage test 210 Neurotoxin, 173, 174 ONPG, 176, 177, 180 fixation of smears, 40 Neutral red stain, Onyalai, 318 fluorescence microscopy, 209 preparation, 400 O’nyong-nyong virus, 28 HIV association, 71, 207, 255, use of, 38–39 Ophthalmia neonatorum, 90, 176 256 Neutropenia, 325 Opportunistic pathogens, 23, 27, identification of, 209 Neutrophilia, 325 33, 34, 211 in cerebrospinal fluid, 121, 124, Neutrophils, Opsonin, 11 207 appearance, 287, 326 Optochin sensitivity, 164 in sputum, 71, 73, 207, 208 circulatory pool, 287 Orf virus, 29 in urine, 105, 107 functions, 287 Orientia tsutsugamushi, 25, 229 microscopy, 39–41, 72–73 granules, 287 Ornithodorus ticks, 227 pathogenicity, 71, 207 hypersegmented, 278, 327 Oropouche virus, 28 pigment production, 209, 211 left shift, 326 Oroya fever, 231 specimens, 71–72 marginating pool, 287 Orthomyxovirus, 29 transmission, 207 neutropenia, 287, 325 Orthopox viruses, 29 Ziehl-Neelsen staining, 39–41, neutrophilia, 287, 325 Ovalocytosis, 286 73, 208–209 phagocytosis, 287 OX19, OXK, OK2 Proteus Mycobacterium tuberculosis production, 273 strains, 188, 230 complex, 207 toxic granulation, 287, 326 Oxacillin disc, 141, 164 Mycobacterium ulcerans, 39–41, New methylene blue, 331, 400 Ox-gall medium, 183 211–212 Nichrome wire loop, 55 Oxidant drugs (associated with Mycobacterium xenopi, 211 Nitrate broth, 400 G6PD deficiency), 285 Mycology, 8, 32–35, 234–247 Nitrite in urine, 112 Oxidase activity, 69, 95, 103, 175, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 21 Nitrite reducing bacteria, 112 180 Mycoses, 33–34 Nitrocefin test, 142 Oxidase reagent, 70, 401 Mycotoxicoses, 33–34 Njovera, 224 Oxidase reagent strips, 70 Myeloblast, 286, 291 NNRTIs, 264 Oxidase test, 69–70 Myelocyte, 287 Nocardia asteroides, 216 Oxygen dissociation Myelofibrosis, 287 Nocardia brasiliensis, 216, 217, (haemoglobin), 274 Myeloid cells, production, 272, 239 273 Nocardia species, 216–217 P blood group system, 369 Myelomatosis, 294 Nonchromogen, 209, 210, 211 Packed cell volume (PCV), 248, Myonecrosis, 171 Non-gonococcal urethritis, 90, 94, 309–312 Mylar-backed cellulose acetate 233 Packed red cells for transfusion, membranes, 337–338 Non-lactose fermenting 349, 375 enterobacteria, 178, 180 Paired sera, 15 Naegleria amoebae, 122 Non-specific immunity, 11 Panagglutination, 374 Nagler reaction, 172–173 Normal microbial flora, 22–23, 62 PanBio Dengue Duo IgM/IgG Nail fungi, 234, 235, 236 Normochromic anaemia, 278–279 test, 249 Nasopharyngeal aspirate, 205 Norwalk agent, 29 Pancreatin mucolytic reagent, 401 Natural killer cells, 11, 289 NsRTIs, 264 Pandemic, 9 Natural immunity, 11 NtRTIs, 264 Pandy’s test, 121 NCCLS chart, 141–142 Nucleated red cells, 279, 316, 328 Papillomavirus, 30 Necrotizing enterocolitis, 171 Nucleic acid tests, 18 Papovaviruses, 30 Needlestick injury, 9 Nutrient agar, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 90, 91–92, preparation, 400 242 94, 95, 176–179 use of, 50 Paracoccidioidomycosis, 242 Neisseria meningitidis, 116, 124, Nutrient broth, 401 Paragonimus eggs, in sputum, 74 175–176 p-Nitro-benzoic acid (PNB), 209 Parainfluenza viruses, 29 Neomycin blood agar, 162, 172, Paramyxovirus, 29 386 O agglutinin titres, 185 Parapox viruses, 29 Neonatal conjunctivitis, 176 O antigens, 102, 178, 182 Paraproteinaemia, 294 Neonatal jaundice, 285, 349 Ocular chlamydial infection, 232 Paratyphoid, 182–183, 185 Neonatal meningitis, 162, 170, Ogawa V. cholerae subtype, 189, Partial antigen D variants, 364

178 191 Parvovirus B19, 30, 275, 286 Neonatal ophthalmia, 232 O, H titres in Widal test, 185 Passive immunity, 12

INDEX 429

Pasteur pipette, making of, 58 Pili (fimbriae), 12 Pouring plates (dispensing agar), Pastorex Staph Plus test, 158 ‘Pink-eye’, 203 53–54 PATH immunodiagnostics, 15 Pinta, 224–225 Power supply for electrophoresis, Pathogenic microorganisms, Pipetting accurately, 302 338 23–25 Pityriasis versicolor, 238 Poxviruses, 29 Paucibacillary leprosy, 213, 214 Plague, 197–198 PPNG, 177 PCR (polymerase chain reaction), Plague dipstick, 199 Practice of microbiology at district 18 Plasma cells, 11, 294 level, 1–2, 8 Pediculus lice, 227 Plasma used in coagulase test, Pre-analytical stage, Pelvic inflammatory disease, 90, 65–66 haematology tests, 269–270 176 Plasmids, 19, 135, 177, 178, 179 microbiological tests, 3–4 Pencil cells, 328 Plasmin, 346 Pregnancy testing, 115 Penicillin bromocresol purple Platelet count, 317–319, 346 Preparation of culture media, reagent, 391 Platelets, 48–49 Penicillin resistance, 133, 135 count, 317–319 Preservation of control strains, Penicillinase, 133, 138, 177 function, 271, 341 51 Penicillins, 133 haemocytometer, 318 Preston blood-free medium, 196 Penicilliosis, 245 production, 273 Presumptive E. coli count, 149 Penicillium marneffei, 245 thrombocytopenia, 249, 318, Prevotella species, 206 Peptone water, 190, 401 341, 347 Primary amoebic Peptone water, alkaline, 47, 19, thrombocytosis, 319 meningoencephalitis, 122, 190, 384 Plating out, 55–56, 57 124 Peptone water sugars, 401–402 Pleural effusion (fluid), 85, 86 Primary dengue, 248, 249 Peptostreptococcus species, 85, Pneumococcal antigen, 164 Primary syphilis, 218, 223 165 Pneumococci, see Streptococcus Primary tuberculosis, 207 Performance testing of culture pneumoniae Prions, 21 media, 50 Pneumocystis carinii, see Probability tables for estimating Pericardial fluid, 85, 86 Pneumocystis jiroveci faecal coliforms, 153–154 Pericarditis, 86, 256 Pneumocystis jiroveci, 71, Promonocyte, 288 Peritoneal fluid, see Ascitic fluid 246–247 Promyelocyte, 286 Petri dishes, 53, 55–56, 57, 150 Pneumocystis cysts, 247 Pronormoblast, 273 Peurperal sepsis, 90 Pneumocystis pneumonia, 246 Propane gas, 359 pH, Pneumoenteritis, 195 Protease inhibitors (PIs), 264 of faeces, 99, 181 Pneumonia, 71, 72, 163, 256 Protein, of culture media, 49 Pneumonic plague, 74, 198 in csf, 121, 124 of vaginal discharge, 92 Pneumothorax, 86 in effusions, 87–88 Phage test to detect TB, 73–74 Poikilocytosis, 328 in urine, 112 Phagocyte, 11, 12 Poliomyelitis, 31 Proteinase activity, 172 Phagocytosis, 11, 12, 287, 288 Polioviruses, 29 Proteinuria, 112 Pharyngitis (sore throat), 76, 159 Pollution of water supplies, 143, Proteolytic reaction, 172 Phase 1 and 2 antigens, 185 146 Proteus mirabilis, 180, 188–189 Phenylalanine test (PDA), 188, Polychromasia, 277, 279, 327 Proteus strains, OX19, OXK, 189 Polychrome Loeffler methylene OX2, 188, 230 Phialophora species, 238 blue, 43, 83 Proteus vulgaris, 189 Philadelphia chromosome, 291 Polycythaemia, 286 Prothrombin time, 344–345, 346 Phorphyromonas species, 205, 206 Polymorphonuclear neutrophil, Protoplast, 22 Phosphate buffer-saponin, 336, see Neutrophils Providencia species, 189 402 Polymyxin B sensitivity test, 191 Prozone reaction, 15, 201, 225 Phosphate buffer water, 387–388 Post-analytical stage, Pseudallescheria boydii, 239 Phosphate buffered saline, haematology tests, 271 Pseudogout, 88 402–403 microbiological tests, 5 Pseudohyphae, 32, 244 Phospholipase C, 171 Post-partum haemorrhage, 349 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 194 Photochromogen, 210, 211 Post-streptococcal diseases, 161 Pseudomonas fluorescens, Physiological saline, 402 Potassium hydroxide (KOH) 194–195 Pian, 224 preparation, 74, 235–236, 403 Pseudomonas pseudomallei, see Picornaviruses, 29 Potassium hydroxide reagent, Burkholderia pseudomallei PID, 70, 176 235 Pseudomonas putida, 194–195 Pigbel, 98, 171 Potassium permanganate fixative, Puerperal sepsis, 94 Pigment produced by 41–42, 166, 403 Pulmonary anthrax, 166 P. aeruginosa, 194 Potassium tellurite, 404 Pulmonary tuberculosis, 207

430 INDEX

Purulent effusion, 87, 89 haemoglobin, 307 Rift Valley fever virus, 28 Pus, MCHC, 312 Ringworm fungi, 234–238 collection, 81–82 MCV, 313 RNA viruses, 28–29 examination, 80–85 PCV, 312 Robertson cooked meat medium, pathogens, 80–81 platelets, 318–319 172, 174, 175 Pus cells, reticulocytes, 332 Rocio virus, 28 containing diplococci, 94 WBC differential count, 325 Rods (bacilli), 19–20 in csf, 117, 118, 123 WBC total count, 317 Rosco products, in faeces, 100, 181 Reiter’s syndrome, 86 antimicrobial testing tablets, in urine, 108, 109 Relapsing fever, 227–228 137 Pyelonephritis, 105 Renal tuberculosis, 207 diagnostic tablets, 63 Pyocyanin pigment production, Reoviruses, 29 Neo-Sensitabs, 137 194 Reporting tests, Rotators, 220 Pyogenic (purulent) meningitis, haematological, 271 Rotaviruses, 29 116, 124, 175 microbiological, 5 Rouleaux of red cells, Pyuria, 105, 108 Reproduction of bacteria, 22 in blood grouping, 368 Resistant pathogen, 138, 141 in myeloma, 294, 328 Q fever, 230–231 Reticulin, 331 Routes of infection, 10, 26–27 Quality assurance, Reticulocyte count, 331–333 Rowanowsky stain, 321–322 blood transfusion, 350–351 Reticulocytes, RPR card test, 220, 223 culture media, 50–51 appearance, 277, 284 Rubella virus, 28 haematology, 268–271 counting, 331–333 microbiology, 2–5, 50–52, 140 polychromasia, 277, 279 Saccharolytic reaction, 172 sensitivity tests, 140 production, 273 Safe working practices, 8–9, 27 Quinolones, 133, 134, 141 response in anaemia, 232, 277, Safety in microbiology, 8–9 332 Sahli acid haematin method, Rabies virus, 29 reticulocytosis, 332 307 Rapid carbohydrate utilization staining, 331–332 Saline, see Sodium chloride, test, 168–169 thick blood film (HbSS), 284 8.5 g/l Rapid litmus milk reduction test, Reticuloendothelial (RE) system, Saline preparation, 68–69 288 for faecal parasites, 100 Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) card Retrovirus, 29 for Paragonimus, 74 test, 220, 223 Request forms, of vaginal discharge, 92 Reactive (atypical) lymphocytes, blood transfusion, 370 Salmonella antigen suspensions, 327 haematological, 270 185 Reader for PCV, 310, 311 microbiological, 4 Salmonella antisera, 185 Reagents, see Appendix 1 Resazurin, 60 Salmonella enterica, 182 Reagin (cardiolipin) tests, 219, Residual chlorine, 154–155 Salmonella Enteritidis, 183 220–221 Resistance of bacteria to Salmonella food-poisoning Rectal swab, 98–99 antimicrobials, see Drug (enterocolitis), 183 Red cells, resistance Salmonella Paratyphi A, B, C, composition, 274 Rhabdoviruses, 29 103, 182, 183, 184, 185 disorders, 274–286 Rhesus antibodies, 364 Salmonella Shigella (SS) agar, hypochromic, 313, 327 Rhesus antigens, 363–364 181 indices, 312–313 Rhesus blood group system, Salmonella serovars, 103, 125, macrocytic, 278, 308, 313, 327 363–364 180, 182–186 microcytic, 313, 327 Rhesus HDN, 364, 377–378 Salmonella Typhi, 103, 125, 180, morphology in blood films, Rheumatic fever, 159, 161 182–183, 185–186 324–325, 327–329 Rheumatic heart disease, 159 Salmonella Typhimurium, 183, production, 272–274 Rhinoscleroma, 187 184 sickle, 283, 328, 334–337 Rhinosporidiosis, 240 Sampling (water) techniques, Red cells in urine (haematuria), Rhinosporidium seeberi, 240 147–149 108, 109 Rhizomucor species, 245 Sandfly fever viruses, 28 Red Cross/Red Crescent Rhizopus species, 245 Sanitation related diseases, Societies, 349 Ribosomal RNA of reticulocytes, 143–145 Reducing agents in culture media, 331 Saponin phosphate buffer, 336, 60–61 Rice water stools, 190 402 Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells, 292 Rickettsia species, 21, 228–230 SARS, 29, 31 Reference ranges, Rickettsialpox, 229 Satellitism test, 202 ESR, 331 Rifampicin, 134, 210, 216, 264 Scalp fungi, 234, 236–237

INDEX 431

Scarlet fever, 159 Sickle cell slide test, 284, 335–336 Specific immunity, 11–12 Schistocytes, 279–280, 328 Sickle cell solubility filtration test, Specificity of assays, 18, 260 Schistosoma eggs in urine, 109, 284, 336–337 Specimens, 110 Sickle cell trait, 284, 335, 337 blood specimens, 269–270 Sclerotic cells, 238 Sickle cells, 283, 328, 335 HIGH RISK, 7, 8 Scotochromogen, 210 Simmons citrate agar, 65 microbiological, 3, 4, 6–8 Scrub typhus, 228, 229 Sindbis virus, 28 transporting, 7–8 SD Bioline HIV 1/2 test, 262 Siti, 224 Sperm count, 131–132 Sd i, 181, 182 Skin, Spermatozoa, Sealant for capillaries, 310 B. anthracis, 166 abnormalities, 132 Secondary dengue, 248, 249 C. diphtheriae, 167 in urine, 109, 111 Secondary syphilis, 218, 223 fungi, 234, 235–236 morphology, 132 Selective media, 46 M. leprae, 212–216 motility, 132 Self antigen reacting lymphocytes, M. ulcerans, 211–212 pH, 137 289 specimens, examination of, sperm count, 131–132 Semen, examination, 130–132 80–85 volume, 131 Seminal fluid, see Semen Skin diphtheria, 167 Spherocytes, 279, 286, 328 Semisolid culture media, 47, 401 Skin smears in leprosy, 214–216 Spheroplast, 22 Sensitivity (susceptibility) discs, SLE, 295 Spherule (C. immitis), 243 136, 137 Slide coagulase test, 66 Spinal fluid, see Cerebrospinal Sensitivity of assays, 18, 260 Slopes of media, 56, 57 fluid Sensitivity (susceptibility) testing, Small lymphocytes, 289, 326 Spirillum minus, 21 134–142 Smallpox virus, 29 Spirochaetes, 21, 95, 219 Sensitized cells (D), 371 Smear cells in CLL, 293 Spores, Septic abortion, 94 Smears, preparation of, bacterial, 19, 166, 173, 174 Septicaemia, 124–125 bacterial, 36 fungal, 33 Septicaemic plague, 198 blood, 319–321 Sporothrix schenckii, 240–241 Sequestrene, see EDTA Snake bite causing bleeding, 347 Sporotrichosis, 240–241 Seroconversion (HIV), 255 Sodium bicarbonate-formalin Spotted fever, 229, 230 Serological tests, 17–18 diluting fluid, 132, 403 Spreader for blood films, 320 Serratia marcescens, 180, 188 Sodium chloride, 8.5 g/l SPS, 125, 390 Serum for antibody testing, 17 (physiological saline), 402 Sputolysin, 74 Serum hepatitis, see Hepatitis B Sodium citrate anticoagulant, 297, Sputum, Sexually transmitted infections 330, 403 collection, 71–72 (STI), Sodium deoxycholate reagent, 63, examination, 71–76 chancroid, 93, 204, 218 403 pathogens, 71 Chlamydia infection, 231–234 Sodium dithionite reagent, 335, SS (Salmonella-Shigella) agar, donovanosis, 91, 95 336 181 Gardnerella infection, 91, 94 Sodium hydroxide reagents, 404 Stab cell, 287 gonorrhoea, 90, 176 Sodium metabisulphite reagent, Stab media, 56, 57 hepatitis B, 250 335 Stability, EDTA blood, 298–299 HIV, 253–254, 257 Sodium nitrite-glucose reagent, Staining blood films, 320–323 laboratory diagnosis, 93 333, 404 Staining smears, lymphogranuloma venereum Sodium polyanethol sulphonate bacterial, 37–45 (LGV), 90, 232 (SPS), 125, 390 blood, 270, 320–323 syphilis, 218–219 Sodium thioglycollate, 60 Stains, see Appendix 1 trichomoniasis, 92, 94–95 Soft sore, 91, 93, 204 Standard crossmatch, 371–373, Shigella antisera, 182 Solid culture media, 47 374 Shigella boydii, 103, 179, 181, 182 Solubility bile test, 63–64, 164 Standard operating procedures, Shigella dysenteriae, 103, 179, Solubility test to detect HbS, 284, see SOPs, 181, 182 336–337 Staphylococcus aureus, 64, 65–67, Shigella flexneri, 103, 179, 181, Somatic antigens, 102, 178, 182 138, 157–158 183 SOPs, Staphylococcus epidermidis, 158 Shigella sonnei, 103, 179, 181, blood transfusion, 350–351 Staphylococcus saprophyticus, 182 haematology, 268–271 158 Shigella species, 97, 103, 179–182 microbiology, 2–5 Starch utilization, 168–169 Shigellosis, 97, 181 Sorbitol MacConkey agar, STD, see Sexually transmitted Shingles, 30 preparation, 404 infections, Sickle cell anaemia, 284, 336, 337 use of, 101, 105, 179 Steaming, 49 Sickle cell disease, 284, 334–337 Sore throat, 159 Steel wool, 60

432 INDEX

Stem cells, 272, 273 Syphilis tests, 219–223 Transfusion transmitted Sterile sites, 23, 62 Syphilitic meningitis, 124 infections, 353, 357–358 Sterile technique, 54–55 Syphilitic meningitis, 124 Transmission of microbial Sterility testing of culture media, Systemic lupus erythematosus diseases, 10 50 (SLE), 295 Transport media, Sterilization, Systemic mycoses, 33, 34 alkaline peptone water, 190, autoclaving, 49 384 filtration, 49–50 T cell leukaemia, 29 Amies medium, 7, 91, 92, 384 flaming, 54 T lymphocytes, 11, 12, 254, 257, Cary-Blair, 7, 388–389 hot air oven, 53 289 control of, 7, 51 steaming, 49 Tally counter, 315 glycerol saline, 394–395 Sterilizing glassware, 53 Target cells, 280, 284, 328 Transport of microbiological Stock buffer solutions, 387–388 TBA, see Tellurite blood agar specimens, 7–8 Stock control cultures, 50 TCBS, see Thiosulphate citrate- Transporting blood, 360–361 Stokes sensitivity testing bile salt sucrose agar Transudate, 85, 88 technique, 136–137 Tear drop cells, 328 Travellers diarrhoea, 178 Stool specimens, see Faecal Tellurite blood agar (TBA), Treponema carateum, 224–225 specimens preparation, 404 Treponema endemicum, 224 Stops for dark-field, 36, 95 use of, 78, 168 Treponema pallidum, 91, 92, 95, Storage, Temperature, 218–224, 357 control cultures, 51, 52 blood bank, 359, 361 Treponema pallidum culture media, 51, 53 incubating bacteria, 56 haemagglutination (TPHA) Storage of donor blood, 359–360 Tetanus, 174 test, 221, 223 Streptococcal glomerulonephritis, Tetracyclines, 133, 134 Treponema pertenue, 224 161 Thalassaemia intermedia, 280, 282 Treponemal tests, 219–222 Streptococcal grouping kits, 160 Thalassaemia major, 280, 282 Trichomonas vaginalis, 45, 94–95, Streptococcus agalactiae (Group Thalassaemia minor, 280, 282 109, 110 B), 162–163 Thalassaemia syndromes, Trichomoniasis, 92, 94–95 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 63–64, alpha, 280, 281, 282 Trichophyton species, 235, 238 116, 124, 163–164 beta, 280, 281, 282 Trimethoprim, 133, 134, 141 Streptococcus pyogenes (Group haemoglobin Bart’s hydrops Triple phosphate crystals, 111 A), 77, 78, 79, 159–162 syndrome, 281, 282 Tris-EDTA borate buffer, 406 Streptococcus suis, 116, 124 haemoglobin H disease, 281 TRNG, 177 Streptolysin O, 161 intermedia, 280, 282 ‘Tropical arthritis’, 86 Streptomyces somaliensis, 217, major, 280, 282 Tropical spastic paraparesis 239 minor, 280, 282 (TSP), 292 Structure of bacteria, 19–22 Thayer Martin medium, Tropical ulcer, 228 Stuart’s transport medium, 7 preparation, 404–405 Trypanosoma cruzi in donor Subarachnoid haemorrhage, 117 use of, 94, 95, 177 blood, 357–358 Subculturing blood culture broth, Thermotolerant coliforms, 146 Trypanosomes in c.s.f., 117, 122 128 Thin blood films, 319–329 Trypanosomiasis Subcutaneous mycoses, 33, 34 Thioglycollate broth, meningoencephalitis, 122, Subcutaneous zygomycosis, 240 preparation, 405 124 Sucrose fermentation of Vibrio use of, 60, 83, 126, 128 Tryptone soya agar, 200 species, 192 Thiosulphate citrate bile-salt Tryptone soya diphasic medium, Sulphonamide crystals in urine, sucrose (TCBS) agar, 126, 200 111 preparation, 405 Tryptone water, 68 Sulphonamides, 133, 134 use of, 101, 102, 190–191, 193 Tryptophan breakdown, 67 ‘Sulphur’ granules, 217 Throat diphtheria, 167 Tryptose agar, 170 Superficial mycoses, 33, 34 Throat, mouth specimens, Tube coagulase test, 66–67 Supravital staining, 331 examination of, 76–79, 161, Tubercle bacillus, see Susceptibility testing, 134–142 168 Mycobacterium tuberculosis Susceptible pathogen, 139, 141 Transfusion, see Blood Tuberculoid leprosy (TT), 213 Swarming of Proteus, 188 transfusion Tuberculosis, 207, 255, 256 Swinnex type filter, 49–50 Transfusion reaction, Tuberculous meningitis, 121, 124, Symbionts, 22–23 action to take, 376 207 Symmetry of viruses, 26 bacteriological investigation, Turbidity standard, 137 Synovial (joint) fluid, 86 130 Turbidity tube, 155 Syphilis, 91, 95, 124 causes, 375–376 Turbidity units (TU), 155 Syphilis IC tests, 221–222 Transfusion records, 373 TYPHI rapid IgM test, 186

INDEX 433

Typhoid, 182, 185–186 strip tests, 112 Viruses, Typhoid carriers, 182 transport of, 106 arboviruses, 31–32 Typhoid fever IgM tests, 186 T. vaginalis, 107, 110 capsid symmetry, 26 Typhus, 228, 229 W. bancrofti, 110 characteristics of, 25–32 Tyrosine crystals, 111 yeasts in, 109, 110 classiﬁcation, 26, 28–30 Urogenital specimens, dengue viruses, 248–250 Ulcer material, collection, 91–93 DNA viruses, 29–30 collection, 81–82, 212 examination, 90–97 effect of heat and chemicals, examination, 80–84 pathogens, 90–91 27–28 pathogens, 80–81, 212 Urticaria, 375 Epstein Barr virus (EBV), 292 Unchlorinated water supplies, UTI, 105 haemorrhagic fever viruses, 28, 152 31–32 Undulant fever, 199 Vaccinations, 12, 176 hepatitis viruses, 250–252 Uni-Gold HIV test, 261–262 Vaginal candidiasis, 91, 92 HIGH RISK viruses, 27 Untreated water samples, 152 Vaginal discharge, see Vaginal HIV-1, -2, 253–266 Urea broth, 70 specimens pathogenicity, 26, 30–32 Urease breath test, 197 Vaginal specimens, reproduction, 25–26 Urease enzyme activity, 169, 180, collection, 92 RNA viruses, 28–29 188, 189, 197 examination, 94–95 structure, 26 Urease test, 70 pathogens, 90, 91, 243 transmission, 26–27 Urethral specimens, Vaginitis, 91, 92, 243 tropical countries, 30–31 collection, 91–92 Vaginosis, 91, 92, 94 VHF viruses, 28, 31–32 examination, 90–97 Valine substitution, 283 viral meningitis, 124 pathogens, 90–91 Vancomycin, 134, 141 Visitect Syphilis test, 221–222

Urethral swab, 90, 91–92 Varicella-zoster virus, 30 Vitamin B12 deficiency, 276, 278 Urethritis, 90 Vascular endothelial damage, 341 Voges-Proskauer (V-P) reaction, Uric acid crystals, 111 VDRL test, 220, 222, 223 180, 191 Urinary schistosomiasis, 109, Vectors of pathogens, 13 Volutin granules, 44, 168 110 Venepuncture, VTEC, see Vero-toxin producing Urinary tract infection, 105, 178, for blood tests, 297–298 E. coli 188 for collecting donor blood, Urine, 355 Wagtech water testing kit, 152 AFB in, 107 Venereal diseases, see Sexually Waldenström’s antimicrobial sensitivity testing, transmitted infections macroglobulinaemia, 294 113 Venous blood, collection, 297–298 Warfarin monitoring, 344–345 appearance, 107 Vero-toxin producing E. coli, Water, bacterial count, 105, 113 0157, 98, 105 bacteriological testing, 149–154 boric acid preservation, 106 VHF, see Viral haemorrhagic chlorine test, 154–155 casts, 108–110 fever viruses coliform count, 146, 149–154 collection of, 106–107 Vi antigen, 102, 178 membrane filtration, 149–152 crystals, 111 Vibrio alginolyticus, 192, 193 multiple tube technique, culture, 112–113 Vibrio cholerae, 01, 0139, 98, 99, 152–154 dipslides, 106–107 101, 189–192, 384 sampling of, 147–149 E. coli, 178 Vibrio cholerae antisera, 191 surveillance, 144 epithelial cells, 109, 110 Vibrio cholerae dipstick, 191–192 turbidity, 155 Greiss test, 112 Vibrio fluvialis, 192, 193 water-related diseases, 143–144 Gram smear, 111–112 Vibrio mimicus, 192, 193 Water for life decade, 143 hCG, 115 Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 192, Water supply/sanitation leucocyte esterase, 112 193 organizations, 156–157 microscopy, 107–112 Vibrio vulnificus, 192, 193 Waxy casts, 110 M. tuberculosis, 105, 107 Vincent’s angina, 228 Wayson’s stain, N. gonorrhoeae, 92, 112 Vincent’s organisms, 76, 78, 82 preparation, 406, 407 nitrite, 112 Viper envenomation, 347 use of, 43–44, 198 pathogens in, 105, 112, 178, 188 Viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) WBC differential count, 323–329 pregnancy test, 115 viruses, 28, 31–32 WBC differential counter, 324 protein, 112 Viral hepatitis, 250–252 WBC diluting fluid, 314, 402, pus cells, 108, 109 Viral meningitis, 124 407 red cells, 108, 109 Viridans streptococci, 164 WBC total count, 313–317 Schistosoma eggs, 109, 110 Virology, 8 Weak antigen D, 364 spermatozoa, 109, 111 Virulence, 9, 13, 166, 169 Weil’s disease, 225

434 INDEX

Weil-Felix reaction, 230 Whole blood control, 270 Cryptococcus neoformans, Westergren ESR method, Whooping cough, 205 121–122, 124, 244 329–331 Widal test, 185 Malassezia furfur, 238 Westergren stand, 329, 330 Wire loop, 55, 113 urine, 109, 110 Wet preparations, 35–36 Wood’s light, 235 Yellow fever virus, 28 White cells (leukocytes), Wright’s stain, 323, 407 Yersinia enterocolitica, basophils, 273, 288, 326 Wright’s staining technique, 323 199 differential count, 323–329 Wuchereria bancrofti in urine, Yersinia pestis, 43–44, 74, disorders, 290–295 110 197–199 eosinophils, 273, 287–288, 326 leukocytosis, 290, 317 X and V factors, 202–203, 204 Ziehl-Neelsen staining leukopenia, 290, 317 Xanthochromic csf, 117 M. tuberculosis, 39–41 lymphocytes, 257–258, 273, Xenopsylla cheopis, 197 M. ulcerans, 39–41 289–290 Xylose lysine deoxycholate M. leprae, 215–216 monocytes, 273, 288–289, 326 (XLD) agar, N. meningitis, 121 neutrophils, 273, 286–287, 326 preparation 407 Zip-Zone electrophoresis reference ranges, 317, 325 use of, 101, 179, 184, 188 chamber, 339 total count (WBC), 313–317 Zone diameters, 141 urine, 108, 109 Yaws, 224 Zones of inhibition, 138–140, 141 WHO Strategy for HIV testing, Yeast cells, 32 Zoonoses, 25, 165, 225 259–260 Candida albicans, 76, 92, Zygomycetes, 246 Whole blood clotting time test, 347 243–244