OH G4 the First Ohioans AL.Pdf

A b o v e L e v e l SOCIAL STUDIES • GRADE 4

Benchmark Grade-Level Indicator History: B Settlement: 2 People In Societies: A Cultures: 1 Geography: C Human Interaction: 8

The First LOO K IN SIDE F OR:

O hio’ C s Ac onte adem nt St ic Ohioans anda Co rds vered • Re prod St ucib uden le t Boo • k Rep E rodu nglis cible h Lan Arts guag Acti e F O C U S curriculum vities Curriculum materials for your content standards 33 Milford Drive, Suite 1, Hudson, OH 44236 866-315-7880 • www.focuscurriculum.com The First Ohioans Ohio’s Academic Content Standards Met G R A D E 4 S O C I A L S T U D I E S

HISTORY: B—Describe the cultural patterns that are evident in North America today as a result of exploration, colonization, and conflict. Settlement: 2—Describe the earliest settlements in Ohio including those of prehistoric people. PEOPLE IN SOCIETIES: A—Compare practices and products of North American cultural groups. Cultures: 1—Describe the cultural practices and products of various groups who have settled in Ohio over time. GEOGRAPHY: C—Identify and explain ways people have affected the physical environment of North America and analyze the positive and negative consequences. Human Environmental Interaction: 8—Identify how environmental processes (i.e., glaciation and weathering) and characteristics (landforms, bodies of water, climate, vegetation) influence human settlement and activity in Ohio.

G R A D E 4 E N G L I S H L A N G U A G E A R T S

ACQUISITION OF VOCABULARY Contextual Understanding: 2—Use context clues to determine the meaning of synonyms, antonyms, homophones, homonyms and homographs. READING APPLICATIONS: Informational, Technical, and Persuasive Text 2—Summarize main ideas in informational text, using supporting details as appropriate. 5—Draw conclusions from information in maps, charts, graphs and diagrams. 7—Distinguish fact from opinion. A b o v e L e v e l SOCIAL STUDIES • GRADE 4

Benchmark Grade-Level Indicator History: B Settlement: 2 People In Societies: A Cultures: 1 Geography: C Human Interaction: 8 Student Book The First Ohioans

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Open the PDF of the book you want to print. Select print from If you want to make a one-sided master copy, print ALL pages your file menu. In your printer’s dialogue box enter pages 5–18 5–18 at once. Then select “one-sided to two-sided" on the to print. Then select EVEN pages only. It is important to print copy machine. only the EVEN pages first. Click “Print” to print the even pages. (Important note: The first page that prints will be blank. DO NOT discard this page. It will be needed to print the cover in the next step.) The First Ohioans A L SOCIAL STUDIES • GRADE 4 Academic Content Standards Met Benchmark Grade-Level Indicator History: B Settlement: 2 People In Societies: A Cultures: 1 G R A D E 4 S O C I A L S T U D I E S Geography: C Human Interaction: 8

HISTORY: B—Describe the cultural patterns that are evident in North America today as a result of exploration, colonization, and conflict. Settlement: 2—Describe the earliest settlements in Ohio including those of prehistoric people. PEOPLE IN SOCIETIES: A—Compare practices and products of North American cultural groups. Cultures: 1—Describe the cultural practices and products of various groups who have settled in Ohio over time. The First GEOGRAPHY: C—Identify and explain ways people have affected the physical environment of North America and analyze the positive and negative consequences. Human Environmental Interaction: 8—Identify how environmental processes (i.e., glaciation and weathering) and characteristics Ohioans (landforms, bodies of water, climate, vegetation) influence human settlement and activity in Ohio. by Linda Barr G R A D E 4 E N G L I S H L A N G U A G E A R T S

ACQUISITION OF VOCABULARY Contextual Understanding: 2—Use context clues to determine the meaning of synonyms, antonyms, homophones, homonyms and homographs.

READING APPLICATIONS: Informational, Technical, and Persuasive Text 2—Summarize main ideas in informational text, using supporting details as appropriate. 5—Draw conclusions from information in maps, charts, graphs and diagrams. 7—Distinguish fact from opinion.

SOCIAL STUDIES • GRADE 4

Benchmark Grade-Level Indicator Index History: B Settlement: 2 People In Societies: A Cultures: 1 Adena, 12, 13 Geography: C Human Interaction: 8 Archaic Indians, 8, 9 Delaware, 20 Fort Ancient, 14–15, 16 Fort Ancients, 12, 16–17, 19 The First Hopewell, 12, 14 Iroquois, 19, 20 Miami, 20 Ohioans Mingo, 20 by Moundbuilders, 10–17 Linda Barr Ottawa, 20 Paleo-Indians, 5–6 Serpent Mound, 10, 12 Shawnee, 20 Woodland Indians, 14 Wyandot, 20

F O C U S curriculum

Curriculum materials for your content standards

Try these books Introduction: The Adena, Hopewell, and Fort Ancient of Ohio The Very First Ohioans ...... 3 by Greg Roza. PowerKids Press, 2005 Chapter 1: Paleo-Indians . . . . . 4 Chief Tecumseh (Native American Biographies) by Anne M. Todd. Heinemann, 2004. Chapter 2: Archaic Indians . . . . 8 Ohio Native Peoples by Marcia Schonberg. Heinemann Library, 2003. Chapter 3: Moundbuilders . . . . 10 Prehistoric People of North America by Diana The Adena ...... 13 Childress. Chelsea House, 1996. The Hopewell ...... 14 Woodland Indians (Native Peoples of the The Fort Ancients ...... 16 Americans) by Elaine Cleary. Evan-Moor Educational Publishers, 1995. Chapter 4: Historic Indians . . . 19 Access these Web sites Glossary...... 22 Ohio History Central Online Encyclopedia To Find Out More ...... 23 http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ Index ...... 24 Ohio History for Kids http://www.ohiokids.org/ Ohio Historical Society http://www.ohiohistory.org/ What do you think you will learn from this book? Write for more information Ohio Historical Society 1982 Velma Avenue Columbus, OH 43211 23 I N T R O D U C T I O N Glossary Adena—the first group of Moundbuilders, living from about 800 BC The Very First Ohioans to 100 AD Archaic Indians—a group of people who lived in North America from about 8000 BC to 1000 BC Was Ohio always covered with forests and flint—a very hard stone farmland, cities and towns? Not at all! Over Fort Ancients—the third and last group of Moundbuilders, living from about 1000 AD to 1600 AD 14,000 years ago, the land we now call Ohio was glacier—a very large body of thick ice covered with glaciers. Grass didn’t even grow here. historic Indians—groups of Native Americans with a written history As the Ice Age ended, the glaciers melted. Ohio Hopewell—the second group of Moundbuilders, living from about began to change. 100 BC to 500 AD The melting ice formed lakes and rivers. The Ice Age—a time when the climate was much colder and most of the huge glaciers had ground the rocks under them land was covered with thick ice into a layer of rich soil. Warmer temperatures mammoths—animals that no longer live on Earth; much like an elephant with large, curved tusks and long hair covering its body allowed plants to grow in this soil. Then animals mound—a pile of dirt or soil came to eat the plants. Soon people followed the Moundbuilders—groups of Native Americans who built large mounds animals into Ohio. Still, it would be much longer Paleo-Indians—a group of people who walked to North America before there were farms or towns. from Asia after the Ice Age from about 14,000 BC to 7000 BC This is the story of these people—the very first parallel—two or more lines the same distance apart never touching people to live in Ohio. permanent—lasting or meant to last a long time plaza—a place in the center of a village where people gather prehistoric—the time before history was written down serpent—a snake shoulder blade—a flat, thin bone Woodland Indians—the Adena and Hopewell glacier: a very large body of thick ice Ice Age: a time when the climate was much colder and most of the land was covered with thick ice

22 3 C H A P T E R 1 Native American Groups in Ohio Paleo-Indians

Michigan Lake Erie About 12,000 BC a boy watched a herd of mammoths in the distance. The animals were on

Ottawa P Mingo e the move again, and his family had to follow n n s them. It had been a week since his father had y l v

Wyandot a killed a mammoth. The boy was hungry and n i I a n tired—so tired of walking. d i a n

a Miami The boy and his family had stopped to find Delaware food. They picked berries, nuts, and herbs to stave off their hunger. They also found plants to make ropes and cloth. If only they could stop and find a Shawnee cave to live in for a while, the boy thought. Months ago, the family had crossed a narrow West Virginia icy bridge of land from what is now Asia to Kentucky Alaska. At least, the boy thought there was land under all that ice. Angry ocean waves crashed on both sides of them, trying to sweep them away. Why Indians? When Columbus sailed west, away from Europe in 1492, he was searching for the Indies. That included India, China, and nearby countries. When Columbus landed on an island in the Caribbean, he thought he had found the Indies. He and others began calling the native people living there Indians. Today, most of these people prefer to mammoths: animals that no longer live on Earth; much like an be called Native Americans. elephant with large, curved tusks and long hair covering its body

4 21 However, the Iroquois could not keep this rich Ahead, the land stretched as far as he could see, land to themselves. By the late 1700s, six Native but much of it was still covered with ice. In the American tibes were living in what is now Ohio. distance, the mammoths lumbered away, heading They were the Shawnee, Miami, Wyandot, for warmer lands where plants grew. The family Ottawa, Delaware, and Mingo. hurried to catch up. The six tribes of Native Americans lived in different parts of Ohio. They had their own customs, holidays, beliefs, music, and art. Each made and wore different types of clothing. Yet they spoke only two languages. Four of the tribes spoke Algonquian. The Mingo and Wyandot spoke Iroquoian. By the late 1600s, white, European settlers were moving into Ohio, too. Sometimes the Native Americans and settlers helped each other. Much of the time, though, they battled over the land. Native Americans believed that no one owned the land. People had the right to use the land and its resources. However the Europeans bought and sold land. They felt it was their right to keep other people off the land they owned. The settlers also brought diseases, such as smallpox. Smallpox could kill an entire village of Native Americans. By this time, the very first Ohioans were long gone.

20 5 C H A P T E R 4 The boy’s father carried a long spear tipped with flint. Some day, the boy hoped to find some Historic Indians flint for his own spear. Then he might kill a mighty mammoth. That night, the family huddled together under The Fort Ancients were the last prehistoric group a tent made from mammoth skin. They tried to to live in Ohio. We know little about prehistoric keep warm until daybreak. They dressed in animal groups. They left behind no written history. fur and wore boots made from animal skin. But However, in the late 1500s, the Europeans came the night was still cold. Maybe tomorrow the to North America. Then, people started writing father would bring down a mammoth, and they down history. could eat meat again. The first historic Indians arrived in Ohio in This was a family of Paleo-Indians. Paleo about 1650. They were the Iroquois. The Iroquois (PAY-lee-oh) means “very old.” They first came chased away the last of the prehistoric groups. to Ohio after 14,000 BC. These hunter-gatherers They were aggressive Indian fighters who defeated followed the mammoths into Ohio and other and chased other groups of people off the land. places. They often travelled in groups. They never The Iroquois hunted on the land. However, stayed long in one place. they did not live on the land. They set up temporary settlements and often returned to the same hunting areas season after season.

Can you describe some cultural practices and products of the Paleo-Indians? Can you describe some cultural practices and products of the Historic Indians?

flint: a very hard stone Paleo-Indians: a group of people who walked to North America prehistoric: the time before history was written down from Asia after the Ice Age from about 14,000 BC to 7000 BC historic Indians: groups of Native Americans with a written history

6 19 Ice Age Migration Routes

Arctic Greenland Ocean

Glacier

North America Atlantic Ocean

Pacific Ocean

South America

The historic Indians came to Ohio in the late 1600s. The Iroquois might have been the first historic group About 14,000 years ago, people walked from Asia to to live in Ohio. North America. They crossed the Bering Sea land bridge, which is gone now. Some of these people walked all the way to what is now Ohio.

18 7 C H A P T E R 2 Fish Hawk spent a lot of time on the central Archaic Indians plaza. There, he listened to music played with rattles and flutes. He and his friends often played games with stone or pottery discs called chunkey The Ice Age was nearly over. Thick forests grew. stones. Players roled the chunkey stone along the Now the mammoths could not find the kinds of ground, then tossed sticks or spears trying to hit food they needed. Many died. Some headed back the stone. Fish Hawk also helped build small north, to colder places. Like the mammoths, the mounds that were used as sundials to tell time. Paleo-Indians died or followed the herds north. After a while, the Fort Ancients’ overused the As the Paleo-Indians disappeared, the Archaic soil and crops no longer grew well. They had also Indians came to live in Ohio around 8000 BC. cut down all the trees for firewood. It was time to Archaic (are-KAY-ihk) also means “very old.” The move to new land. Over time, the Fort Ancients Archaics were also hunter-gatherers. They followed disappeared from Ohio. By the mid-1600s, all the and hunted bear, deer, and turkey. These smaller prehistoric Indians had left Ohio. For almost 50 animals replaced the large ice-age mammals as the years, the Ohio area was uninhabited. No one climate warmed. The Archaic Indians moved with knows why. the seasons in search of animals and ripening plants. They lived in tents as they roamed Ohio.

Why did the Fort Ancients keep moving to new land? What does hunter-gatherer mean?

Archaic Indians: a group of people who lived in North America from about 8000 BC to 1000 BC

8 17 The Fort Ancients Yellow Flower was an Archaic girl. She loved to explore the forests. She helped her mother gather After the Hopewell left Fort Ancient, others came. berries, nuts, and seeds. Her father and brothers They did not build the fort, but these new people hunted, made tools, and built shelters. are called Fort Ancients because they lived there. Yellow Flower and her family needed tools to They are also known as the Mississippian Indians. survive. In Ohio, flint was easy to find. Yellow Their lifestyle was similar to Indians in Mexico. Flower’s father chipped the flint to make spear Much of their artwork and the pyramid-shaped points, knives, and arrowheads. Sometimes he mounds that they built were like those made by even traveled to a place now called Flint Ridge, Mexican Indians. near Newark, to gather flint. Fish Hawk helped his family farm. They were Yellow Flower’s father and brothers also made good farmers. The Fort Ancients developed better axes and hammers from a hard rock called granite. methods of growing crops. They grew corn, They carved animal bones and antlers into squash, and beans. Fish Hawk also hunted. He fishhooks and sewing needles. was one of the first to hunt with a bow and arrow. Sometimes the family traded what they made Because the Fort Ancients were so good at with other groups of people. Yellow Flower had a growing food, they set up permanent villages. beautiful seashell, but she had never seen the sea. Several hundred people lived together in a single Her father had traded a knife for it. village. A typical village had rectangular houses covered with tree bark. The houses were grouped around a central plaza. The plaza was used for social or religious gatherings. Can you describe some cultural practices and products of the Archaic Indians?

permanent: lasting or meant to last a long time plaza: a place in the center of a village where people gather

16 9 C H A P T E R 3 Kicking Bird dug basket after basket of soil for Moundbuilders the fort. He stacked the dirt 10 to 25 feet high to form the outside wall. Inside, other workers built burial mounds. When the fort was finished, it Around 800 BC Little Wolf used the shoulder held enough soil to fill a long line of dump trucks. blade of a deer to dig soil out of the ground and The dump trucks could stretch across what is now dump it into a basket. When the basket was full, the entire state of Ohio! it weighed more than 35 pounds! Little Wolf lugged the heavy basket over to the mound and dumped it. When he looked closely, the mound was just a long pile of dirt, but when he stood back, he could see the serpent shape. The mound was three feet high. No one would live on the Serpent Mound, though. It would be a place to worship the spirits and bury important people. The serpent probably was an important animal to Little Wolf’s religion.

Over many years, wind and rain have damaged the walls of Fort Ancient. However, this is how the footprint of the shoulder blade: a flat, thin bone mound: a pile of dirt or soil fort probably looked 1,900 years ago. You can still visit Moundbuilders: groups of Native Americans who built large mounds Fort Ancient in Warren County. serpent: a snake

10 15 The Hopewell This was not the first mound Little Wolf built. He also built mounds to bury the dead. Many of Around 100 BC, the Adena were replaced by the these mounds were in the shape of large cones. Hopewell. Both groups were also called Some were more than seventy feet tall. The Woodland Indians. The Hopewell were even mounds were used over and over to bury people better at building mounds than the Adena. Some from different generations. of their mounds were rectangles, circles, octagons, pyramids, or parallel lines. Others were shaped like animals. Examples of these mounds can be found in Portsmouth, Newark, and Marietta. The Hopewell also built walls. Kicking Bird was a Hopewell boy. He lived in near what is now called the Little Miami River in Warren County. Day after day, he helped his people build Fort Ancient. It is the largest fort of its kind in the United States. The Hopewell had no shovels or wheelbarrows. By hand, they built 18,000 feet of dirt walls.

What three groups of people are called Moundbuilders?

Woodland Indians: the Adena and Hopewell parallel: two or more lines the same distance apart never touching

14 11 Little Wolf probably belonged to the Adena The Adena (ah-DEE-nah). Or he might have been a Fort Ancient. We are not sure which tribe built the The Adena were probably the first Moundbuilders Serpent Mound. These two nations, along with to live in Ohio. Unlike earlier Indians, who were the Hopewell, are called Moundbuilders. The first constantly on the move in search of food, the group came to Ohio around 800 BC. They were Adena had settlements that were more permanent. Ohio’s first farmers, and the first to live in villages. They lived in villages near rivers. They planted pumpkins, sunflowers, tobacco, and squash. They also hunted. The Adena built round mounds. They also built some in the shape of animals. They probably used the mounds as places to meet, hold ceremonies, and bury their dead.

Serpent Mound in Adams County is the longest mound in the United States. It stretches 1,330 feet.

Adena: the first group of Moundbuilders, living from about 800 BC to 100 AD Fort Ancients: the third and last group of Moundbuilders, The Adena built round houses from woven grass mats, living from about 1000 AD to 1600 AD animal hides, and wooden poles. A house might be Hopewell: the second group of Moundbuilders, living from about 100 BC to 500 AD 18 to 20 feet wide.

12 13 A b o v e L e v e l ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS • GRADE 4

Benchmark Grade-Level Indicator

Acquisition of Vocabulary Contextual Understanding, 2

Reading Application Informational Text, 2

Reading Application Informational Text, 5

Reading Application Informational Text, 7 English Language Arts Activities The First Ohioans

Print pages 20-24 of this PDF for the reading activities. Draw Conclusions from a Map T R Y T H E S K I L L

The map to the right shows the path or route that ancient people took from Asia to North America and Ice Age Migration Routes South America. You can use this map to draw conclusions. For example, you can see that the people Arctic Greenland who followed this route moved from north to south. You Ocean might conclude that they were looking for warmer lands where they could find more food. Glacier Study the map and decide which conclusion in each group makes the most sense.

1. Ꭽ All of the people who followed this route ended up North in South America. America Atlantic Ocean Ꭾ The people who ended up in South America had been there before and knew they wanted to live there. Ꭿ The people who ended up in South America were probably the grandchildren of those who started this Pacific Ocean journey. South America 2. Ꭽ The people who took this route had to break through a glacier to make a path. Ꭾ People followed this route because it took them between the glaciers. Ꭿ The great number of migrating people caused part of the glacier to melt.

Reading Applications: Informational, Technical and Persuasive Text, 5 Summarize Main Ideas T R Y T H E S K I L L

Summarizing means retelling the main ideas of Read the paragraphs. Shade the letter of the best something you have read using as few words as you summary. can. Summarizing helps you understand what you 1. Was Ohio always covered with forests and farmland, read. Read this paragraph. cities and towns? Not at all! Over 10,000 years ago, the land we now call Ohio was covered with glaciers. Grass didn’t even grow here. As the Ice Age ended, the glaciers Sometimes the family traded what they made melted. Ohio began to change. with other groups of people. Yellow Flower had a Ꭽ Ohio was once covered in glaciers. beautiful seashell, but she had never seen the sea. Her father had traded a knife for it. Ꭾ Grass did not grow in Ohio 10,000 years ago. Ꭿ Ohio was always covered in forests and farmland. ൳ As the Ice Age ended, the glaciers melted.

Is this sentence a good summary of this paragraph? 2. This was a family of Paleo-Indians. Paleo (PAY-lee-oh) Yellow Flower had never seen a beautiful seashell. means “very old.” They first came to North America around 12,000 BC. These hunter-gatherers followed the No! This is not the main idea of the paragraph. Is the mammoths into Ohio and other places. They often sentence below a good summary? travelled in groups. They never stayed long in one place. The family traded what they made with other Ꭽ Paleo means “very old.” groups of people. Ꭾ The Paleo-Indians followed the mammoths into Yes! This is the main idea of the paragraph. Ohio for food. Ꭿ The Paleo-Indians often travelled in groups. ൳ The Paleo-Indians never stayed in one place.

Reading Applications: Informational, Technical and Persuasive Text, 2 Fact and Opinion T R Y T H E S K I L L

A fact can be proved. For example, you can look up Mark each statement F for fact or O for opinion. information about the largest T. rex skeleton that has been found so far. An opinion is what someone believes. 1. The boy was hungry and tired—so tired of Scientists still have different opinions about why the walking. _____ dinosaurs disappeared. Opinion sentences often include words such as better, 2. It must have been uncomfortable to huddle together worse, should have, easy, and difficult. These words tell under a tent made from mammoth skin. _____ you that others might have different opinions about the same topic. Here are more examples. 3. The huge glaciers had ground the rocks under them into a layer of rich soil. _____ Facts Because the Fort Ancients were so good at growing 4. Yellow Flower must have been a brave girl for exploring food, they set up permanent villages. the forests with her mother. _____ Smallpox could wipe out an entire village of Native Americans. 5. The Serpent Mound is the most important achievement of the prehistoric Indians. _____ Opinions 6. It was not right for Native Americans to believe that no The Iroquois should not have defeated and scattered other groups of people off the land. one could own the land. _____ Yellow Flower’s father and brothers were the best at making axes and hammers from a hard rock called granite.

Reading Applications: Informational, Technical and Persuasive Text, 7 Synonyms and Antonyms T R Y T H E S K I L L

Words and phrases that mean the same, such as error and 6. An antonym for release mistake, are synonyms. Words and phrases that mean the opposite, such as help and hinder, are antonyms. Write 7. An antonym for permanent the correct words from the box on the lines.

8. An antonym for victory success near exchange temporary 9. A synonym for achieve defeat horrible grasp melt

restrict vacant complex 10. A synonym for trade

11. A synonym for changeable 1. A synonym for hold 12. An synonym for prohibit 2. An antonym for pleasant 13. An antonym for won 3. An antonym for failure 14. An antonym for simple 4. A synonym for thaw 15. A synonym for unoccupied 5. A synonym for close by

Acquisition of Vocabulary: Contextual Understanding, 2 Answer Key

Draw Conclusions from a Map Fact and Opinion 1. C 1. F 2. B 2. O 3. F Summarize Main Ideas 4. O 5. O 1. A 6. O 2. B Synonyms and Antonyms 1. grasp 11. temporary 2. horrible 12. restrict 3. success 13. defeat 4. melt 14. complex 5. near 15. vacant 6. grasp 7. temporary 8. defeat 9. success 10. exchange