FACT SHEET- PREP SERIES - 3 PRE - 2016 Prep Series : Part -3 ANSWERS INDIAN HISTORY & CULTURE by

1 Ans. a The Early Paleolithic Age covers the greater part Explan - The Paleolithic sites are spread in of the Ice Age. Its characteristic tools are hand practically all parts of India except the alluvial axes, cleavers and choppers. Such tools have been plains of Indus and Ganga. The people of this age found in Soan and Sohan river valley (now in were food gathering people who lived on hunting Pakistan) and in the Belan Valley in the Mirzapur and gathering wild fruits and vegetables. district of UP In this period climate became less humid. Man during this period used tools of unpolished, undressed rough stones and lived in cave and rock Middle Paleolithic Phase is characterized by the shelters. They had no knowledge of Agriculture, use of stone tools made of flakes mainly scrapers, fire or pottery of any material. They mainly used borers and blade like tools. The sites are found in hand axes, cleavers, choppers, blades, scrapers the valleys of Soan, Narmada and Tungabhadra and burin. Their tools were made of hard rock Rivers. called ‘quartzite’. Hence Paleolithic men are also In the Upper Paleolithic Phase, the climate called ‘ Quartzite Men’. became warm and less humid. This stage is Homo sapiens first appeared in the last of this marked by burins and scrapers. Such tools have phase. It has been pointed out that Paleolithic men been found in AP , Maharashtra, Bhopal belonged to the Negrito race. and Chhota Nagpur plateau. The Paleolithic Age in India has been divided into 2. Ans. d three phases according to the nature of stone tools Explan - The credit for the rediscovery of Indian used by the people and also according to the nature pre-history goes to Dr. Primrose, an Englishman, of change in the Climate – Early or lower who was the first person to discover pre-historic Paleolithic, Middle Paleolithic and Upper implements (stone knives and arrowheads) in Paleolithic. 1842 at a place called Lingsugur in the Raichur

nd NEXT PREP SERIES-POLITY 22 JULY district of Karnataka. However, John Evans was 4. Ans. d first to publish an account of worked flints Explan - Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age falls discovered on the bed of the Narmada River near roughly from 10000 B.C. to 6000 B.C. It was the Jabalpur in 1853. transitional phase between the Paleolithic Age and In the second half of the nineteenth century Neolithic Age. Mesolithic remains are found in Colonel Meadows Taylor published many Langhanj in Gujarat, Adamgarh in Madhya excavation reports of megalithic burials in Pradesh and also in some places of Rajasthan, Hyderabad. Another person who enriched our Utter Pradesh and Bihar. The paintings and knowledge about Indian pre-history was Robert engravings found at the rock shelters give an idea Bruce Foote who, although a geologist by about the social life and economic activities of profession, discovered a large number of Mesolithic people. In the sites of Mesolithic Age, pre-historic sites in South India and collected a different type of stone tools is found. These are Stone Age artefacts in 1930, M.C. Burkitt tiny stone artifacts, often not more than five published an account of the collection from the centimetres in size, and therefore called Krishna basin and in 1935 H. de Terra and T.T. microliths. The hunting-gathering pattern of life Paterson studied the glacial sequence of Kashmir continued during this period. and Punjab and related their findings to the pre- However, there seems to have been a shift from historic stone industries of Punjab, the Narmada big animal hunting to small animal hunting and valley and Tamil Nadu. fishing. The use of bow and arrow also began These early efforts could not place India on the during this period. Also, there began a tendency pre-historic map of the world. It was Sir Mortimer to settle for longer periods in an area. Therefore, Wheeler whose efforts resulted in our knowledge domestication of animals, horticulture and of the entire pre-historic culture sequence of India; primitive cultivation started. Animal bones are putting India firmly on the world map of pre- found in these sites and these include dog, deer, history the efforts of the 1940s resulted in the boar and ostrich. Occasionally, burials of the dead publication of Stuart Piggott’s Prehistoric India along with some microliths and shells seem to in 1950. Since then, the explorations and have been practiced. excavations done have resulted in the Bagor, a Mesolithic site in Rajasthan on the river identification and establishment of culture Kothari is the largest Mesolithic site in India also sequences more firmly. from where systematic burials of skeletons have 3. Ans. c been found. Explan - In the Old Stone Age, food was obtained 5. Ans. d by hunting animals and gathering edible plants Explan - , sometimes anglicized as and tubers. Therefore, these people are called as Mehergarh or Mehrgar, is a Neolithic (7000 BCE hunter-gatherers. to c. 2500/2000 BCE) site located near the Bolan They used stone tools, hand-sized and flaked-off Pass on the Kacchi Plain of Balochistan, Pakistan, large pebbles for hunting animals. Stone to the west of the Indus River valley. implements are made of a hard rock known as The earliest settlement at Mehrgarh, in the quartzite. Large pebbles are often found in river northeast corner of the 495-acre (2.00 km2) site, terraces. The hunting of large animals would have was a small farming village which was inhabited required the combined effort of a group of people from circa 6500 BCE. [2] It is one of the earliest with large stone axes. We have little knowledge sites with evidence of farming and herding in about their language and communication. South Asia. Their way of life became modified with the The site was discovered in 1974 by an passage of time since they made attempts to archaeological team led by French archaeologists domesticate animals, make crude pots and grow Jean-François Jarrige and Catherine Jarrige, and some plants. A few Old Stone Age paintings have was excavated continuously between 1974 and also been found on rocks at Bhimbetka and other 1986, and again from 1997 to 2000. places. The period before 10000 B.C. is assigned Archaeological material has been found in six to the Old Stone Age. mounds, and about 32,000 artifacts have been collected. MAINS RESCUE BATCH:IAS 2016 22 AUGUST AT 4:30 PM Mehrgarh is now seen as a precursor to the Indus the type-site. The Rangpur culture sites are located Valley Civilization, displaying the whole sequence mostly on Ghelo and Kalubhar rivers in Gujarat. from earliest settlement and the start of Ahara Culture: The sites of Ahar Culture were agriculture, to the mature Harappan Civilisation. Aahar (Rajasthan), balathal, Gilund etc. The 6. Ans. b distinctive feature is . Explan - The Neolithic period is followed by Kayatha Culture: Located in Chambal and its Chalcolithic (copper-stone) period when copper tributaries, the sturdy red slipped ware with and bronze came to be used. The new technology chocolate designs is main feature. of smelting metal ore and crafting metal artifacts Culture: Narmada & its tributaries in is an important development in human Gujarat. One of the largest Chalcolithic civilization. But the use of stone tools was not settlements. given up. Some of the micro-lithic tools continued to be essential items. People began to travel for a Svalda Culture: The well-known sites are in long distance to obtain metal ores. This led to a Dhulia district of Maharashtra. network of Chalcolithic cultures and the Prabhas & Rangpur Culture: Both of them are Chalcolithic cultures were found in many parts derived from the Harappa culture. The polished of India. red ware is the hall mark of this culture. Generally, Chalcolithic cultures had grown in 8. Ans. a river valleys. Most importantly, the Harappan Explan - During the lifetime of Buddha, the culture is considered as a part of Chalcolithic powerful Achaemenian emperor of Persia Darius culture. In South India the river valleys of the I (522-486 B.C.) captured a portion of Punjab and Godavari, Krishna, Tungabhadra, Pennar and Sindh. The Behistun Inscription of 519 B.C. states Kaveri were settled by farming communities that Gadara (Gandhara) was a province which sent during this period. Although they were not using teak. metals in the beginning of the Metal Age, there is evidence of copper and bronze artifacts by the The Behistun Inscription is a multilingual end of second millennium B.C. Several bronze inscription and large rock relief on a cliff at Mount and copper objects, beads, terracotta figurines and Behistun in the Kermanshah Province of Iran, near pottery were found at Paiyampalli in Tamil Nadu. the city of Kermanshah in western Iran. It was crucial to the decipherment of cuneiform script. The Chalcolithic age is followed by Iron Age. Iron is frequently referred to in the Vedas. The Iron Authored by Darius the Great sometime between Age of the southern peninsula is often related to his coronation as king of the Persian Empire in Megalithic Burials. Megalith means Large Stone. the summer of 522 BC and his death in autumn The burial pits were covered with these stones. of 486 BC, the inscription begins with a brief Such graves are extensively found in South India. autobiography of Darius, including his ancestry Some of the important megalithic sites are Hallur and lineage. and Maski in Karnataka, Nagarjunakonda in Later in the inscription, Darius provides a lengthy Andhra Pradesh and Adichchanallur in Tamil sequence of events following the deaths of Cyrus Nadu. Black and red pottery, iron artifacts such the Great and Cambyses II in which he fought as hoes and sickles and small weapons were found nineteen battles in a period of one year (ending in in the burial pits. The Harappan Civilization December 521 BC) to put down multiple succeeded the Prehistoric India. rebellions throughout the Persian Empire. The Chalcolithic people used different types of The inscription states in detail that the rebellions, pottery of which black and red pottery was most which had resulted from the deaths of Cyrus the popular. It was wheel made and painted with white Great and his son Cambyses II, were orchestrated line design. by several impostors and their co-conspirators in 7. Ans. d various cities throughout the empire, each of whom falsely proclaimed kinghood during the Explan - The Chalcolithic culture in Rajasthan upheaval following Cyrus’s death. is known as Banas culture after the river of the same name and is also known as Ahar culture after

PRELIMS REGULAR BATCH : IAS-2017 WEEKEND & WEEKDAYS - DECEMBER Darius the Great proclaimed himself victorious During his youth, Alexander was tutored by the in all battles during the period of upheaval, philosopher Aristotle until the age of 16. After attributing his success to the “grace of Ahura Philip’s assassination in 336 BC, Alexander Mazda”. succeeded his father to the throne and inherited a 9. Ans. c strong kingdom and an experienced army. Alexander was awarded the generalship of Greece Explan - The Battle of the Hydaspes (or Jhelum) and used this authority to launch his father’s was fought by Alexander the Great in 326 BC Panhellenic project to lead the Greeks in the against King Porus of the Paurava kingdom on conquest of Persia. In 334 BC, he invaded the the banks of the river Hydaspes (now known as Achaemenid Empire, ruled Asia Minor, and began the Jhelum) in the Punjab near Bhera, thought to a series of campaigns that lasted ten years. be located at the site of modern-day Mong. The Alexander broke the power of Persia in a series battle resulted in a complete Macedonian victory of decisive battles, most notably the battles of and the annexation of the Punjab, which lay Issus and Gaugamela. He subsequently overthrew beyond the far easternmost confines of the already the Persian King Darius III and conquered the absorbed Persian Empire, into the Alexandrian Achaemenid Empire in its entirety. At that point, Empire. his empire stretched from the Adriatic Sea to the Alexander’s decision to cross the monsoon- Indus River. swollen river despite close Indian surveillance, 11. Ans. d in order to catch Porus’ army in the flank, has been referred as one of his “masterpieces”. Explan - 1st Rock Edict: It puts prohibition on Although victorious, it was also the most costly animal sacrifices in festive gatherings. battle fought by the Macedonians. The resistance 2nd Rock Edict: It mentions about the medical put up by King Porus and his men won the respect missions sent everywhere for both men and of Alexander, who asked Porus to become a animals by Ashoka. Macedonian satrap. 1st Major Rock Edict The battle is historically significant for opening The Beloved of the Gods, Piyadassi the king, has up India to Greek political (Seleucid, Greco- had this inscription on Dhamma engraved. Here, Bactrian, Indo-Greek) and cultural influences no living thing having been killed is to be (Greco-Buddhist art), which continued to have an sacrificed; nor is the holding of a festival impact for many centuries. permitted. For the Beloved of the Gods, the king 10. Ans. c Piyadassi, sees much evil in festivals, though there Explan - Alexander III of Macedon, commonly are some of which the Beloved of the Gods, the known as Alexander the Great, was a King king Piyadassi, approves. (Basileus) of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Formerly in the kitchens of the Beloved of the Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty. Gods, the king Piyadassi, many hundreds of Born in Pella in 356 BC, Alexander succeeded thousands of living animals were killed daily for his father, Philip II, to the throne at the age of meat. But now, at the time of writing this twenty. He spent most of his ruling years on an inscription on Dhamma, only three animals are unprecedented military campaign through Asia killed, two peacocks and a deer, and the deer not and northeast Africa, and by the age of thirty he invariably. Even these three animals will not be had created one of the largest empires of the killed in future. ancient world, stretching from Greece to 2nd Major Rock Edict northwestern India. He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered one of history’s most Everywhere in the empire of the Beloved of the successful military commanders. Gods, the king Piyadassi, and even in the lands on its frontiers, those of the Colas, Pandyas,

GEOGRAPHY OPTIONAL with Shamim Anwer Reverse Strategy to Secure higher marks TEST SERIES : 20th AUGUST Online Course Available On flavido.com/keynoteias Satyaputras, Keralaputras, and as far as Ceylon, monarchs. Senguttuvan introduced the Pattini cult and of the Greek king named Antiochus and of or the worship of Kannagi as the ideal wife in those kings who are neighbours of that Antiochus, Tamil Nadu. The stone for making the idol of everywhere the two medical services of the Kannagi was brought by him after his Himalayan Beloved of the Gods, the king Piyadassi, have expedition. The consecration ceremony was been provided. These consist of the medical care attended by many princes including Gajabhagu of man and the care of animals. Medicinal herbs II from Sri Lanka. whether useful to man or to beast, have been The Chola kingdom of the Sangam period brought and planted wherever they did not grow; extended from modern Tiruchi district to southern similarly, roots and fruit have been brought and Andhra Pradesh. Their capital was first located planted wherever they did not grow. Along the at Uraiyur and then shifted to Puhar. Karikala was roads wells have been dug and trees planted for a famous king of the Sangam Cholas. the use of men and beasts. Pattinappalai portrays his early life and his 3rd Major Rock Edict military conquests. In the Battle of Venni he Thus speaks the Beloved of the Gods, the king defeated the mighty confederacy consisting of the Piyadassi: When I had been consecrated twelve Cheras, Pandyas and eleven minor chieftains. This years I commanded as follows: Everywhere in my event is mentioned in many Sangam poems. empire, the yuktas [subordinate officers] with the Vahaipparandalai was another important battle rajukas [rural administrators] and the pradesikas fought by him in which nine enemy chieftains [heads of the districts], shall go on tour every five submitted before him. Karikala’s military years, in order to instruct people in the Dhamma achievements made him the overlord of the whole as well as for other purposes. It is good to be Tamil country. Trade and commerce flourished obedient to one’s mother and father, friends and during his reign period. He was responsible for relatives, to be generous to brahmans and the reclamation of forest lands and brought them sramanas, it is good not to kill living beings, it is under cultivation thus adding prosperity to the good not only to spend little, but to own the people. He also built Kallanai across the river minimum of property. The council will instruct Kaveri and also constructed many irrigation tanks. the officials to record the above, making it both 13. Ans. a manifest to the public and explaining why. Explan - The Vakataka Empire was a royal Indian 12. Ans. a dynasty that originated from the Deccan in the Explan - Senguttuvan ascended the Chera throne mid-3rd century CE. Their state is believed to have after the death of his father Nedunjeral Adan. He extended from the southern edges of Malwa and won a war against the Mokur chieftain. The Gujarat in the north to the Tungabhadra River in Stlappadikaram tells us that he attacked Viyalur the south as well as from the Arabian Sea in the in the land of Nannan and took the Kodukur west to the edges of Chhattisgarh in the east. They fortress in Kongu country. were the most important successors of the Satavahanas in the Deccan and contemporaneous The Cheras ruled over parts of modern Kerala. with the Guptas in northern India. Their capital was Vanji and their important seaports were Tondi and Musiri. They had the The Vakatakas, like many coeval dynasties of the palmyra flowers as their garland. The Pugalur Deccan, claimed Brahmanical origin. Little is inscription of the first century A.D refers to three known about Vindhyashakti (c. 250–270 CE), the generations of Chera rulers. Padirruppattu also founder of the family. Territorial expansion began provides information on Chera kings. Perum in the reign of his son Pravarasena I. It is generally Sorru Udhiyan Cheralathan, Imayavaramban believed that the Vakataka dynasty was divided Nedum Cheralathan and Cheran Senguttuvan into four branches after Pravarasena I. Two were the famous rulers of this dynasty. Cheran branches are known and two are unknown. The Senguttuvan belonged to 2nd century A.D. His known branches are the Pravarpura- younger brother was Elango Adigal, the author Nandivardhana branch and the Vatsagulma of Silappathigaram. Among his military branch. The Gupta emperor Chandragupta II achievements, his expedition to the Himalayas married his daughter into Vakataka royal family was remarkable. He defeated many north Indian and with their support annexed Gujarat from the

GEOGRAPHY OPTIONAL with Shamim Anwer 20th AUGUST at 1:30 PM Saka Satraps in 4th century CE. The Vakataka Bilhana is also known for writing, under the power was followed by that of the Chalukyas of patronage of the Western Chalukya Empire King Badami in Deccan. Vikramaditya VI, the Vikramankadevacharita. The Vakatakas are noted for having been patrons Bilhana is from the period of time when Sanskrit of the arts, architecture and literature. They led continued to be the language of literature, and is public works and their monuments are a visible a very important poet of Kashmir from the legacy. The rock-cut Buddhist viharas and Medieval period of Indian literature. chaityas of Ajanta Caves (a UNESCO World The Mitak c ara is a vivrti (legal commentary) on Heritage Site) were built under the patronage of the Yajnavalkya Smriti best known for its theory Vakataka Emperor Harishena. of “inheritance by birth.” It was written by 14. Ans. b Vijnanesvara, a scholar in the Western Chalukya Explan - The Thirukkural is a classic Tamil court in the late eleventh and early twelfth century. sangam literature consisting of 1330 couplets or Along with the Dayabhaga, it was considered one Kurals, dealing with the everyday virtues of of the main authorities on Hindu Law from the common man. It was authored by Thiruvalluvar. time the British began administering laws in India. The entire Mitaksara, along with the text of the The Thirukkual is one of the most important works Yajnavalkya-smriti, is approximately 492 closely in the Tamil language. This is reflected in some printed pages. of the other names by which the text is given by such as Tamil Marai (Tamil Veda); Poyyamoli 16. Ans. b (words that never fail); and Daiva nul (divine text). Explan - The book Gahasattasai in Prakrit, is The work is dated to sometime between the third more popularly known as Gatha Saptasati in and first centuries BCE and is considered to Sanskrit. It is also known as Gahakosa which is a precede Manimekalai and Silappatikaram, since collection of 100 Maharashtri Prakrit lyric and they both acknowledge the Kural text. exotic verses par excellence. Since Prakrit had 15. Ans. d been a dialect of the masses, it was supposed to have a better emotional appeal than Sanskrit. This Explan - Kavi Bilhana was an 11th-century work contains the best selected lyrical poems, Kashmiri poet. He is known for his love poem, independent, unconnected with each other, full the Caurapancasika. of meaning, abounding in suggestive or figurative According to legend, the Brahman Bilhana fell speech rather than in laksana and abhidha, with in love with the daughter of King Madanabhirama, depth of emotional feelings. It is not a small Princess Yaminipurnatilaka, and had a secretive wonder that Prakrit poetic composition had love affair. They were discovered, and Bilhana reached such a peak in the first or second century was thrown into prison. While awaiting A.D. judgement, he wrote the Caurapancasika, a fifty- The compiler of Gahasattasai is Hala, the Kavi- stanza love poem, not knowing whether he would vatsala (literally ‘affectionate’ towards the poet), be sent into exile or die on the gallows. It is who was the lord of Kuntala . The unknown what fate Bilhana encountered. “Country of Kuntala” represents the south- Nevertheless, his poem was transmitted orally western region of Hyderabad of modern Andhra around India. There are several versions, including Pradesh. In a gatha of his own composition, ones from South India which had a happy ending; the Satavahana king, Hala states that he has the Kashmiri version does not specify what the composed, rather collected, only outcome was. The Caurapancasika was first 700 gathas adorned with alankars (figure of translated into a European language, French, in speech) out of ten millions of such verses. 1848. Subsequently it was translated several other times. Notable translations are those of Sir Edwin This book provides much information about the Arnold (London 1896) and Edward Powys history and culture of Andhra and Maharashtra Mathers titled Black Marigolds. This latter version people during, before and after his rule especially was quoted extensively by John Steinbeck in in the field of social, economic and religious life Cannery Row. of the rural people. But Uttarapatha (generally North India), the Himalayas and the Ganga are not mentioned in any of the gathas.

| Off : 57/17 1st Flr, Old Rajender Nagar  8026506054, 8826506099 | Above Dr, Batra’s Delhi - 110060 The river Yamuna is mentioned only once but the salary either in cash or in kind. Good functioning Vindhya ranges have been mentioned time and of these variams increased the efficiency of the again. Of the rivers of the Deccan, the Goda or local administration of the Cholas. Godavari, the Narmada or Reva, the Tapi or Tapti 18. Ans. d are mentioned in different contexts. Hala, the sixteenth ruler of the Satavahana line reigned Explan - In Europeans sense, feudalism describes sometime during the first half of 1st c.A.D. So, a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations the social picture of culture and civilization which among the warrior nobility, revolving around the was revealed in the Gatha Saptasati may be three key concepts of lords, vassals, and fiefs. regarded as relating approximately between However, in context with ancient India, the system 2nd c.B.C. and 2nd c. A.D. gradually developed from the beginning of the land grants. The practice of making land grants 17. Ans. c to the Brahmanas was a custom, sanctified by the Explan - The most important feature of the Chola injunctions laid down in the Dharmashashtras, administration was the local administration at Epics and Puranas. The Anusasana Parva of the districts, towns and villages level. Uttaramerur Mahabharata devotes a whole chapter to the praise inscriptions speak much about the Chola of making gifts of land (Bhumidanaprasamsa). administration. Village autonomy was the most The main implications of the Indian Feudalism in unique feature of Chola administrative system. early medieval period are as follows: The entire responsibility of the village Political decentralization: The seed of administration was in the hands of the village decentralization that was sown in the form of Land assembly called Grama Sabha. The lowest unit grants turned into a vividly branched political of the Chola administration was the village unit. organization made up semi-autonomous rulers, The village assemblies looked after the Samantas, Mahasamantas and others such as maintenance of peace, tanks, roads, public ponds Rajpurushas. revenue collection, judiciary, education and temples. The village assemblies were in charge Emergence of new landed intermediatories: of the payment of taxes due from the villages to The emergence of landed intermediaries- a the treasury. They regulated public markets and dominant landholding social group absent in the helped people at times of fathine and flood. early historical period- is linked to the practice of Assemblies provided provisions for education. land grants which began with the Saatavahana. The village assemblies possessed absolute Changes in agrarian relations: Free vaishya authority over the affairs of villages. They peasants dominated the agrarian structure in early maintained law and order in every village. historical India and labour services provided by Brahmin settlement was called Chathurvedi the Shudra. But, from the sixth century AD mangalam. onwards the peasants stuck to the land granted to Village Assemblies carried on village the beneficiaries because they were asked not to administration effectively with the help of leave the village granted to the beneficiaries or variyams. Male members of the society were the migrate to tax-free village. This resulted in the members of these variyams. Composition of these immobility of the population and isolation from variyams, qualification and durations of the rest of the world. Its implication was very membership differed from village to village. There profound such as development of localized were many variyams in every village. Niyaya customs, languages and rituals. variyam administered justice, Thottavariyam 19. Ans. d looked after flower gardens. The Dharma variyam Explan - The Kalachuris of Chedi also known as looked after charities and temples. Erivariyam was kings of Dahalas, had their capital at Tripur, in charge of tanks and water supply. The pon represented by the modern village of Tewar, six variyam was in charge of the finance. The miles to the west of Jubulpore. Gramakariya variyam looked after the works of all committees. The members of these varivams They ruled parts of the Deccan extending over were known as “Varivaperumakkal They rendered regions of present day North Karnataka and parts honorary service. The village officials were paid of Maharashtra. This dynasty rose to power in the Deccan between 1156 and 1181 A.D. They traced

ETHICS, INTEGRITY & APTITUDE MODULE with A. Sheikh (Harvard Graduate & Civil Servant) their origins to Krishna, the conqueror of Kalinjar It also helped the Kings to gain the ideological and Dahala in . support for their rule. Brahamdeya sometimes also Some people say that Bijjala a viceroy of this resulted in alienation of peasant land rights and dynasty established the authority over Karnataka. created social tension and clash leading even to He wrested power from the Chalukya king Taila death between peasant, Brahmans and the Kings. III. Bijjala was succeeded by his sons Someshwara 22. Ans. d and Sangama. After 1181 A.D, the Chalukyas Explan - The term Rajput starts coming in use gradually retrieved the territory. Their rule was a from the 6th Century AD. They rose to short and turbulent, although very important from prominence from the 6th century till 12th century the socio - religious movement point of view. A and kept ruling in different parts of the country unique and purely native form of Kannada from Sultanate to Mughal Era and as rulers of the literature-poetry called the Vachanas was also princely states till the departure of British from born during this time. The writers of Vachanas the country in 1947. Several theories exist about were called Vachanakaras (poets). Many other the origin of the Rajputs. They important theories important works like Virupaksha Pandita’s are as follows: Chennabasavapurana, Dharani Pandita’s Bijjalarayacharite and Chandrasagara Varni’s Foreign origin of Rajputs: This theory says that Bijjalarayapurana were also written. the Rajputs are descendents of the races like Sakas, Kushanas, Hunas etc. This theory was The Kalachuris of the south were Jains and put forward by Col. James Todd, the celebrated encouraged Jainism in their kingdom. The author of Annals and Antiques of Rajasthan. He Southern Kaluchuri kingdom went into decline has detailed the history of Rajputana and Central after the assassination of Bijjalla. The rulers who India. The main argument of James Todd behind followed were weak and incompetent, with the the foreign origin of the Rajputs was that these exception of Sovideva, who managed to maintain people worshipped Fire and Fire was the main control over the kingdom. The Kalachuris are the deity of the Sakas and Hunas. principal characters in the Andhra epic The battle of Palnadu. Kashtriya Heroes theory: This theory says that the Rajputs are NOT from the foreign origin and 20. Ans. b they are descendents of the mythological Aryan Explan - Nanadesi was merchant operating Heroes like Rama. They worship fire as the Aryans internationally in . The Nanadesis did and worship of fire was not the tradition of were a guild of traders who organized themselves the Foreigners only. into one of the biggest of the trading associations Mixed Origin Theory: This theory as put forward at the time of the Hoysala Empire. They developed by V A Smith says that Rajput is a mixed race. significant trade contact with many areas, Some of them were descendents of the Aryans including foreign countries such as Malaya, while some of them were from the foreign races Magadha, Kosala, Nepal, and Persia. They were such as Hunas, Sakas etc. respected in their communities and were generous in their grants to temples and mathas. The term Agnikula Thoery: This theory comes from Nanadesi means “traders from other kingdoms” the Prithvirajraso of Chandarbardai. The Rajputs while nagaram was used for local merchants. descended from Agni. The theory is based upon the Agnikula Legend of Bhavishyapurana. 21. Ans. c Basically, this theory says that the forefathers of Explan - Brahmadeya (given to Brahmin) was the Rajputs were born at Mount Abu. The four tax free land gift either in form of single plot or Rajput clans from Agnikunda are Chauhans, whole villages donated to Brahmans in the early Chalukyas, Parmaras and Pratiharas. medieval India. It was initially practiced by the A Zimmi/Dhimmi is a historical term referring to ruling dynasties and was soon followed up by the non-Muslim citizens of an Islamic state. The word chiefs, merchants, feudatories, etc. Brahmadeya literally means “protected person.” According to was devised by the Brahmanical texts as the surest scholars, dhimmis had their rights fully protected mean to achieve merit and destroy sin. in their communities, but as citizens in the Islamic Brahmadeya helped the expansion of agrarian state, had certain restrictions, and it was obligatory economy and the emergence of urban settlements. for them to pay the jizya tax, which complemented

| Off : 57/17 1st Flr, Old Rajender Nagar  8026506054, 8826506099 | Above Dr, Batra’s Delhi - 110060 the zakat, or alms, paid by the Muslim subjects. 24. Ans. c Dhimmis were excluded from specific duties Explan - Kailash Mansarovar Yatra (KMY) is assigned to Muslims, and did not enjoy certain known for its religious importance, cultural political rights reserved for Muslims, but were significance and arduous nature. The trek through otherwise equal under the laws of property, high altitudes in freezing temperature entails hard contract, and obligation. labour and courting danger. The annual pilgrimage Historically, dhimmi status was originally applied holds religious importance for Hindus, Jains and to Jews, Christians, and Sabians. This status later Buddhists. also came to be applied to Zoroastrians, Yatra involves trekking at high altitudes of up to Mandaeans, Hindus, and Buddhists. Eventually, 19,500 feet, under inhospitable conditions, the Hanafi school, the largest school of Islamic including extreme cold and rugged terrain. It may jurisprudence, and the Maliki school, the second prove hazardous for those who are not physically largest school of Islamic jurisprudence, applied and medically fit. this term to all non-Muslims living in Islamic lands outside the sacred area surrounding Mecca, in Mansarovar Lake is located at an altitude of present-day Saudi Arabia. Some modern Hanafi 14,950 ft (4,558 m) is said to be the highest scholars, however, do not make any legal freshwater lake in the world. It is located in the distinction between a non-Muslim dhimmi and a Tibet Autonomous Region, China, 940 kilometres Muslim citizen. (580 mi) from Lhasa. To the west of it is Lake Rakshastal and to the north is Mount Kailash. 23. Ans. a The yatra is organized by the Ministry of External Explan - Vajrayana, also known as Tantric Affairs (MEA) annually. The Yatra is organized Buddhism, Tantrayana, Mantrayana, Secret in close cooperation with the Government of the Mantra, Esoteric Buddhism, Diamond Way, People’s Republic of China. State Governments Thunderbolt Way, or the Indestructible Way, is a of Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Delhi, and Indo- complex and multifaceted system of Buddhist Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) and Kumaon thought and practice which has evolved over Mandal Vikas Nigam Limited (KMVN) are other several centuries. major Indian partners of the Ministry in organizing According to Vajrayana scriptures, the term the Yatra. Vajrayana refers to one of three vehicles or routes 25. Ans. a to enlightenment, the other tw o being the ravakayana (also known as the Theravada or Explan - City Railway Station has been Hinayana) and Mahayana. renamed as “Krantivira Rayanna” Railway Station. Founded by Indian Mahasiddhas, Vajrayana subscribes to Buddhist tantric literature. The Sangolli Rayanna (15 August 1798 – 26 January tantric sect gained wider acceptance during the 1831) was a prominent warrior from Karnataka, Pala rule. India. Rayanna was born on 15 August 1798. He was the army chief of the Kingdom of ruled The Pala Empire was an imperial power during at the time by Rani Chennamma and fought the the Late Classical period on the Indian British till his death. subcontinent, which originated in the region of Bengal. It is named after its ruling dynasty, whose Sangolli Rayanna also participated in the 1824 rulers bore names ending with the suffix of Pala, rebellion and was arrested by the British, who which meant “protector” in the ancient language released him later. He continued to fight the of Prakrit. They were followers of the Mahayana British and wanted to install adopted son and Tantric schools of Buddhism. The empire was Shivalingappa as the ruler of Kittur. He mobilised founded with the election of Gopala as the local people and started a guerilla type war against emperor of Gauda in 750. The Pala stronghold the British. He and his “army” moved from place was located in Bengal and Bihar, which included to place, burnt government offices, waylaid the major cities of Pataliputra, Vikrampura, British troops and plundered treasuries. Most of Ramvati (Varendra), Munger, Tamralipta and his land was confiscated and what remained of it Jaggadala. was heavily taxed. He taxed the landlords and built up an army from the masses. The British

FOR ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATION - Call - 8826506054 or visit Keynote IAS Office www.keynoteias.com & www.facebook.com/keynoteias.in troops could not defeat him in open battle. Hence, legislative Council. The reserved subjects, on the by treachery, he was caught in April 1831 and other hand, were to be administered by the tried by the British; and sentenced to governor and his executive council without being death. Shivalingappa, the boy who was supposed responsible to the legislative Council. This dual to be the new ruler, was also arrested by the scheme of governance was known as British. ‘diarchy’.Separate electorate was introduced by Rayanna was executed by hanging to death from the Morley-Minto Reforms or the Indian Councils a Banyan tree about 4 kilometers from Nandagad Act, 1909 in district on 26 January 1832. 30. Ans. c Rayanna was helped by Gajaveera, a Siddi Explan - The Ryotwari system had provisions of warrior, in his revolt against the British in 1829- scientific provisions to take into consideration 30. factors like soil fertility, rainfall etc. but it was 26. Ans. d seldom done properly. It was first started in south Explan - Chadar Badar— Santhal — Performing and south western India with an aim of collecting Art – Puppetry that tells stories of Santhal way of more revenue. later it was extended to provinces life and migration. of Bombay and madras This system did not facilitate the system of peasant ownership as the Pari-Khanda — Rajputs — Martial art – Sword rent fixed was exorbitant and the Govt could and shield fighting, Techniques are also used in enhance the revenue at its own will and revenue chau dance. was to be paid even in case of drought or floods. Lavani/Tamasha — Dhangars or shepherds of 31. Ans. c Sholapur — Maharashtrian folk including song and dance. 32. Ans. c 27. Ans. d Explan - After first phase of Civil disobedience Movement, Gandhi signed pact with Irwin in Explan - Ghoomar — Bhil — A traditionally 1931, which led to suspension of movement and passed folk dance of Mewar of Rajasthan includes congress agreed to participate in 2nd RTC. All rhythmic swirling. Women’s dance performed in the confiscated lands of farmers were promised women gatherings. to be returned, but couldn’t happen immediately, Chari — Gujjar — Women’s dance form depicting which happened only after congress governments collecting of water. Women dance by balancing came in power in 1937.Congress didn’t get brass pots which are kept ignited with the cotton divided on this issue. seeds dipped in oil. 33. Ans. a 28. Ans. a Explan - Of the ba-shara movements, i.e. those Explan - The federation as prescribed by Sufi movements which followed the Islamic law Government of India Act, 1935 never came into (shara), only two acquired significant influence being because it was optional for the Indian States and following in north India during the thirteenth (or the Princely States) to join the federation. And and fourteenth centuries. These were the Chisti since the rulers of the Indian States never gave and Suhrawardi silsilahs. their consent, the Federation as envisaged by the The Chishti sufis believed in simplicity and Act of 1935 never came into being. poverty; possession of private property was 29. Ans. a considered as an impediment to the development Explan - Though Government of India Act, 1919 of the spiritual personality and hence they lived relaxed the central control over the provinces by mainly on charity. These sufi saints made demarcating and separating the central and themselves popular by adopting musical provincial subjects, the structure of government recitations called sama, to create a mood of continued to be centralised and unitary. The Act, nearness to God. The Chishtis preferred to keep further divided provincial subjects into two aloof from state politics and shunned the company parts—transferred and reserved. The transferred of rulers and nobles. subjects were to be administered by the governor Unlike the Chishtis, the Suhrawardi saints did not with the aid of ministers responsible to the believe in leading a life of poverty. They accepted

| Off : 57/17 1st Flr, Old Rajender Nagar  8026506054, 8826506099 | Above Dr, Batra’s Delhi - 110060 the service of the state, and some of them held people slowly started asking questions for their important posts in the ecclesiastical department rights. Music was rejected by this order. So, in the best interest of the Government, Lord 34. Ans. b Lytton passed the Vernacular Press Act in 1878. Explan - When the Montague report of 1918 was By this act, the magistrates of the districts were made public, there was a divide in the Congress empowered, without the prior permission of the over it. The moderates welcomed it while the Government, to call upon a printer and publisher extremists opposed it. This led to a schism in the of any kind to enter into a Bond, undertaking not Congress with moderate leaders and forming the to publish anything which might “rouse” feelings “National Liberal Federation of India” in 1919. of disaffection against the government. Its most prominent leaders were Tej Bahadur The magistrate was also authorized to deposit a Sapru, V. S. Srinivasa Sastri and M. R. Jayakar. security, which could be confiscated if the printer 35. Ans. a violated the Bond. Explan - When the Congress ministries in the If a printer repeated the violation, his press could Provinces resigned, the British arose and wanted be seized. to get support of the Congress for war. In March Thus the Vernacular Press Act of 1878 gagged 1940, Congress met at Ramgarh in Bihar in its the press and result was some proceedings against annual session. The Congress passed a resolution some vernacular press people. There was now a offering the British Government support in war, popular protest against this act. The act was later if a provisional National Government is setup at repealed by Lord Ripon, who followed Lord Centre. This was responded by Lord Linlithgow Lytton. in the sort of a proposal which is called August Offer. 37. Ans. a The august Offer turned down the demand of the Explan - The first provision of this act was that Congress to set up a national Government at the the governing bodies of the universities were to center but proposed the following: be reconstituted and the size of the Senates was reduced. Now the number in the senate could be  After the war, a representative “Constitution minimum 50 and maximum 100. Making Body” shall be appointed immedi- ately after the war. Each of them would hold the office for 6 years.  The number of the Indians in the Viceroy’s For the Universities of Bombay, Calcutta and Executive council will be increased. Madras, the elected fellows were to be 50 and for rest of the universities, the number was fixed 15.  A war advisory Council would be set up. This act allowed the Government to appoint a  The Congress did not approve the August majority of the fellows in a university. Offer. Jawahar Lal Nehru said that the whole The Governor General was now empowered to idea was “dead and doornail”. The Muslim decide a University’s territorial limits and also League said that it will not be satisfied with affiliation between the universities and colleges. anything short of . The Indian Universities Act made the universities 36. Ans. c and colleges completely under the Government Explan - The latter half of the 19th century saw a control. remarkable growth in the Vernacular Press of the However, for better education and research a grant country and newspapers played a role of catalyst of Rs. 5 Lakh per year for 5 years was also in the new socio-political consciousness. accepted. Earlier, the newspapers were being published in This was the beginning of university grants in Calcutta, Madras, Bombay, and Allahabad only India which later became a permanent feature in but later the newspapers started getting published the structure of India education. from smaller places also. Since, most of the newspapers published from smaller places, they 38. Ans. c all were in vernacular languages. In 1878, when Explan - Fahien noted the peacefulness of India, this act was passed, the number of English the rarity of serious crime, and the mildness of Newspapers was 20 and Vernacular newspapers the administration. He stated that it was possible were 200. These vernacular newspapers made the to travel from one end to another in the country people aware of the political affairs and now the without molestation, and without passports. In his remarks on social custom he stated that all This means that out of 20 khatas which make an respectable persons were vegetarians, meat eating acre, they had to dedicate 3 khatas for indigo being confined to low castes and untouchables. plantation. This was the root cause of the trouble. Fahien stated that the death penalty was not They had to lease this part in return to the advance imposed in north India, but most crime was at the beginning of each cultivation season. The punished by fines and only serious revolt by the price was too less and was fixed on the area amputation of one hand. Executions were rare. cultivated rather than the crop produced. They were actually being cheated by the English Yuan Chwang had also reported that Nalanda was planters. supported by the revenues of an enormous estate of one hundred villages, and by the alms of many The planters had agreed to the peasants to relive patrons, including the great Harsha himself; it them from the lease contracts but demanded heavy provided free training for no less than 10,000 compensations which they were not able to pay. students, who had a large staff to wait on them. One local peasant leader Rajkumar Shukla had invited to visit Champaran. 39. Ans. c Gandhi ji arrived in Champaran but was later Explan - Siri Guru Granth Sahib was originally ordered by the District magistrate of Champaran compiled by the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjan Dev W B Heycock to leave the district. Gandhi ji ji in 1604. It included the sacred teaching songs refused and persisted. He decided to commit of the previous Sikh Gurus, the songs of Guru . He proceeded towards the Arjan himself, as well as sacred songs from Hindu Champaran. The commissioner of tirhut division and Muslim saints. The name given to this ordered Gandhi’s arrest but Government of India compilation was Adi Granth. During the time of cancelled the arrest because it did want to make the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, the him a hero. sacred songs of the ninth Sikh Guru, Guru Teg He was left at liberty to pursue his investigations Bahadur, were added to the Granth. Before his into the peasant’s grievances. Later the death, Guru Gobind Singh ji appointed the Adi Champaran Agragarian committee was Granth, which would come to be known as Siri constituted and Gandhi was offered a seat in it. Guru Granth Sahib, as the final and ultimate teacher for the Sikhs. The psychological impact of this Satyagraha was outstanding. Gandhi became Lord Rama of the 40. Ans. c peasants who demolished the demons (planters) Explan - Gandhiji dangled between India and J People got a holy man” Gandhi Baba” in Gandhi South Africa for many times till January 1915, who could cure all their problems. when he arrived in India and remained here till 41. Ans. c his death. The date of his arrival is celebrated today as Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas. Explan - The Carnatic Wars were fought between the English and the French on the Indian soil for His first major public appearance in India was at supremacy. These wars were fought to decide the the opening ceremony of the Banaras Hindu rivalry between the English and the French and University in February 1916. were directly connected with their rivalry in In the next two years he involved in some Europe. significant struggles that made him the undisputed These were really part of the great Anglo-French leader of India’s masses. wars of the eighteenth century and are called the The of 1917 was Mahatma Carnatic wars because the theatre of these wars Gandhi’s first Satyagraha. in India lay mainly in the Carnatic. Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha were the Dupleix raised an army: It was Joseph Francis events which later put Gandhi on the front seat of Dupleix, Governor of Pondicherry, who made the Indian National Revolution and made Satyagraha first attempt to set up a colonial empire in India. a powerful tool. In 1740, he began to train detachments of Indian The peasants (bhumihars) of the Champaran and soldiers under the command of the French other areas of North Bihar were growing the officers. This was how the first Sepoy detachments Indigo under the tinakathia system. Under the came into existence. These Indian soldiers trained tinakathia system the peasants were bound to plant by the French officers fought so well in the First 3 out of 20 parts of his land with indigo for his Carnatic War that the British also began forming landlord. Indian detachments. 42. Ans. c tility of the Indian rulers and the people. Explan - In 1728, Shuja-ud-Din promoted iii. Their clandestine practises in trade went Muhammad Ali to Faujdar (General) of Rajmahal against them, one of which was the Cartaze and entitled him as Alivardi Khan. In 1733, he system by which every Indian ship sailing to was assigned as the Naib Nazim (Deputy a destination not reserved by the Portuguese Subahdar) of Bihar. for their own trade had to buy passes from Alivardi Khan aspired for larger authority. On 10 the Portuguese Viceroy to avoid seizures and April 1740 in the Battle of Giria, he defeated and confiscation of its merchandise as contra- killed Shuja ud-Din’s successor, Sarfaraz Khan. band. Thus he took control of Bengal and Bihar. Then i v. The discovery of Brazil drew the colonising on 3 March 1741 he defeated Rustam Jang, deputy activities of Portugal to the west. governor of Orissa and a relative of Sarfaraz v. The Portuguese failed to compete success- Khan, in the battle of Phulwarion. Orissa also fully with the other European companies. came under control of Alivardi Khan. 44. Ans. c Alivardi Khan died of dropsy on 10 April 1756 at the age of 80 or 80 above. His grandchildren from Explan - With a view to get direct access to the daughters side, Siraj-ud-Daula, succeeded him in spice markets in South-East Asia, the Dutch April 1756 at the age of 23. undertook several voyages from 1596 and eventually formed the Dutch East India Company 43. Ans. d or the Vereenigde ost-lndische Companies (VOC) Explan - The territories ruled by Portugal in India in 1602. It was granted an exclusive right to trade were called “India Portuguesa” and included Goa, with India and East Indies and vested with powers Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu. These of attack and conquest by the state. territories are sometimes collectively referred to The Dutch first came to the islands of Sumatra, as Goa. Java and the Spice Islands, attracted by the Later the name “Estado Da India” or “State of lucrative trade in pepper and spices. What brought India” was adopted and included all Portuguese them to India in the first instance was rather the territories in the Indian Ocean from Southern requirements of the archipelago than of the Africa to South – East Asia governed by a Viceroy European market. or Governor from Goa since 1510. The spices of the archipelago were exchanged for The Portuguese monopoly of the Indian Ocean cotton goods from Gujarat and the Coromandel remained unbroken till 1595 but gradually lost Coast. many of the settlements in India. Shah Jahan 45. Ans. a captured Hugli in 1632. In 1661, the king of Portugal gave Bombay as dowry to Charles II of Explan - In 1605, Admiral Van der Hagen England when he married Catherine of Braganza, established Dutch Factory at Masulipatam. the sister of Portuguese king. Another factory was founded at Pettapoli (Nizamapatanam),Devanampatinam The Marathas captured Salsette and Bassein in (Tegnapatam, called fort St. David later under the 1739. In the end the Portuguese were left only British). In 1610, upon negotiating with the King with Goa, Diu and Daman, which they retained of Chandragiri, the Dutch were permitted to found till 1961. The decline of Portuguese power in India another factory at Pulicat which was fortified and was due to several internal and external factors. named as Fort Geldria. Other commodities Following are some of the main causes: exported by the Dutch were indigo, saltpetre and i. The Portuguese failed to evolve an efficient Bengal raw silk. system of administration. 46. Ans. a i i. Their religious intolerance provoked the hos- Explan - The credit for making Indian textiles the premier export from India goes to the Dutch. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION with RAJIV RANJAN SINGH OPTIONAL Comprehensive Coverage through Practice Test TEST SERIES : 27th AUGUST at 9 AM Textiles woven according to special patterns sent On that day Queen Elizabeth granted Charter to from Bantam and Batavia, constituted the chief “The Governor and Company of Merchants of export of the Coromandel ports. Indigo was London Trading into the East Indies”, later called exported from Masulipatam. the East India Company for fifteen years. The Apart from spice, the chief articles of import to company sent Captain Hawkins to Jahangir’s the Coromandel were pepper and sandal-wood court to seek permission for the English to open from the archipelago, textiles from China and a factory at Surat in 1609 which was refused due copper from Japan. In 1617, the chief of Pulicat to the hostile activities of the Portuguese and the became the Governor and Pulicat was the opposition of the Surat merchants. headquarters of the Dutch in India below the A fireman was issued by Jahangir in 1613 Governor- General in Batavia. Negapatam on the permitting the English to establish a factory at Tanjore coast acquired from the Portuguese in Surat after the defeat of the Portuguese fleet by 1659 super-seded Pulicat as the seat of Governor the English under Captain Best at Swally (near and as the strategic centre of the Coromandelin Surat) in 1612. Sir Thomas Roe, the royal 1689. ambassador of the king of England James I to the In 1616 Pieter Van den Broecke got from the Mughal Court succeeded in getting the Emperor’s governor the permission to erect a factory at Surat. permission to trade and erects factories in certain The director-ate of Surat proved to be one of the places within the empire in 1618. most profitable establishments of the Dutch 49. Ans. c Company. Explan - Before Roe left India in February 1619, Factories were organised at Broach, Bombay, the English had estab-lished factories at Surat, Ahmedabad, Agra and Burhanpur. Bimlipatam Agra, Ahmadabad and Broach. All these were (1641), Karikal (1645), Chinsura (1653) where placed under the control of the President and the Dutch constructed Fort Gustavus, Kasimbazar, counsel of the Surat factory. In 1668, Bombay was Baranagore, Patna, Balasore (1658) and Cochin transferred to the East India Company by Charles (1663) were other important Dutch factories in 11 at an annual rent of £10. Bombay replaced India By supplanting the Portuguese, the Dutch Surat as the chief settlement of the English on the practically maintained a monopoly of the spice west coast in 1687 and it became the headquarters trade in the East throughout the 17th Century. of the Company on the west coast. 47. Ans. d 50. Ans. c Explan - The Dutch rivalry with the English, Explan - On the south-eastern coast, the English during the 17th century was more bitter than that established a factory at Masulipatam in 1611 and of the Portu-guese. By the beginning of the 18th Armagaon near Pulicat in 1626. The Sultan of century the Dutch power in India began to decline. Golcunda granted the English the “Golden Their final collapse came with their defeat by the Fireman” in 1632 by which they were allowed to English in the battle of Bedara in 1759. The trade freely in their kingdom ports on payment of expulsion of the Dutch from their possessions in duties worth 500 pagodas per annum. India by the British came in 1795. The Battle of Bedara (25 November 1759) was fought between the British Army and the Dutch Army, in Bengal, India. In this battle, the latter force was decisively defeated by the British forces. 48. Ans. b Explan - In 1599, John Mildenhall, a merchant adventurer of London came to India by the overland route and spent seven years in the East. It was on 31st December, 1600, that the first important step towards England’s commercial prosperity was taken.

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