News in Review Resource Guide
October 2007 Credits Resource Guide Writers: Jill Colyer, Sean Dolan, Peter Flaherty, Jim L’Abbé Copy Editor and Desktop Publisher: Susan Rosenthal Production Assistant: Carolyn McCarthy Resource Guide Editor: Don Quinlan Supervising Manager: Karen Bower Host: Carla Robinson Senior Producer: Nigel Gibson Producer: Lou Kovacs Video Writers: Mark Harrison, Jennifer Harwood, Nigel Gibson Director: Fred Parker Editor: Brian Groberman Switcher: Joe Musitz Audio: Terry Goulding Camera: Stephanie Dunthorne Frame Storer: Liz Percival
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Copyright © 2007 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Contents In This Issue ...... 4
THE VAN DOOS HEAD FOR AFGHANISTAN...... 6 Introduction...... 6 Video Review ...... 8 Statistical Analysis...... 10 The Fighting Van Doos...... 12 War Update: 2007...... 14 Timeline 2007 ...... 16 Activity: Debate...... 18 THE TRIALS OF STEVEN TRUSCOTT ...... 19 Introduction...... 19 Video Review...... 21 The Crime...... 22 Truscott Timeline ...... 24 The Champions...... 26 The Judgment...... 28 Determining Compensation...... 30 THE ACT THAT MADE US CANADIAN ...... 31 Introduction...... 31 Viewing Activity...... 33 Timeline of Canadian Citizenship...... 34 Citizenship Profiles...... 36 Could You Pass the Citizenship Test?...... 39 Citizenship: Background and Current Issues...... 41 Designing and Staging a Citizenship Ceremony...... 44 GOING GREEN TO FIGHT GLOBAL WARMING...... 45 Introduction...... 45 Video Review...... 46 Greening Transportation ...... 48 Students Go Green...... 50 Greening Our Cities...... 53 Activity: How Green Are You?...... 55
News in Review Index...... 56
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page In This Issue . . .
NiR Study THE VAN DOOS HEAD FOR AFGHANISTAN (Start: 00:25; Length: 13:13) Modules In late summer soldiers from Canada’s Royal 22nd Regiment, commonly known as Using print and theVan Doos, began arriving in Afghanistan. They had barely settled in when they video material were rocked by the deaths of three soldiers in two bomb attacks. Because the Van from archival issues Doos are based in Quebec, where anti-war feeling runs high, the tragedy also had a of News in Review, political dimension. In this News in Review story we’ll look at the deployment of the teachers and Van Doos and how Quebecers reacted to the tragic news. students can create thematic modules NiR Study Modules Dying for Peace: Our Soldiers in Kabul for independent Omar Khadr: Canadian in Guantanamo March 2004 assignments, and September 2007 Canada Returns to Afghanistan small group study. Afghanistan: The Dead and the Wounded November 2003 February 2007 Canada’s Forces Go to Afghanistan Related CBC Canada’s Bloody War in Afghanistan March 2002 Afghanistan: Telling the Story Videos November 2006 Other videos Toronto Arrests: 18 Face Terror Charges February 2002 available from September 2006 Routing the Taliban, December 2001 CBC Learning; see London Bombers: Alienation and Terror Terrorist Attack: The Retaliation the back cover for September 2006 November 2001 contact details. Afghan Fighting: Canadians Under Attack May 2006 Related CBC Videos Afghanistan: Canadians Prepare for War Afghanistan: Captives of the Warlords March 2006 Saudi Arabia and the War in Afghanistan London Bombs: A Summer of Terror November 2005
THE TRIALS OF STEPHEN TRUSCOTT (Start: 13:51; Length: 13:24) In 1959, 14-year-old Stephen Truscott was sentenced to hang for the murder of a 12-year-old girl near Clinton, Ontario. His death sentence was commuted, but it wasn’t until late August of this year that an Ontario court finally acquitted him of the murder charge. In this News in Review story we’ll look at the Stephen Truscott story and at the latest chapter of one of the most famous murder cases in Canadian history. NiR Study Modules Related CBC Videos DNA Evidence: Science and Justice Steven Truscott: His Word Against History March 1995 + Update The Trials of Guy Paul Morin, March 1993 Steven Truscott Story: The Moment of Native Justice in Manitoba, October 1991 Truth Donald Marshall, September 1990
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page THE ACT THAT MADE US CANADIAN (Start: 27:28; Length: 14:26) This summer ceremonies were held to mark the 60th anniversary of the Canadian Citizenship Act. Before that Act in 1947, both native-born and naturalized citizens in this country were considered British not Canadian. In this News in Review story we’ll look back at that historic day and meet the first person to be born a Canadian.We’ll also meet some new Canadians as they prepare for their own citizenship ceremony. NiR Study Modules Related CBC Videos The Maple Leaf Flag: Waving the National Expulsion: The Story of Acadia Symbol, May 1998 Landed: Six New Lives in Canada The Flag: Maple Leaf Forever? April 1995 Pier 21: The Journey to New Beginnings
GOING GREEN TO FIGHT GLOBAL WARMING (Start: 42:06; Length: 17:02) As politicians continue to argue over the best way to fight the threat of global warming, a lot of Canadians aren’t waiting to do something about the problem. They’re trying to cut down on greenhouse gases by going green. In this News in Review story we’ll look at a school with a sod roof and no furnace. We’ll also show you how a city turned a moonscape into a forest, and how another is trying to become a bike paradise.
NiR Study Modules Cutting Emissions: New Fuels for Cars Dangers of Global Warming, May 2007 February 1998 A Call for Action on Climate Change Global Warming: A Progress Report March 2007 May 1995 The Big Melt: Canada’s Changing Arctic Disappearing Ozone: Danger in the Sun? September 2006 March 1992 After Kyoto: Trying to Cool the Planet The Clean Air Act, December 1990 February 2006 Kyoto: The Battle Lines Are Drawn Related CBC Videos December 2002 Build Green Canada’s Long, Hot Summer Cooling the Planet September 2002 Earth Energy Ice Station SHEBA: The Warming Arctic September 1998
Sections marked with this symbol contain content suitable for younger viewers.
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page THE VAN DOOS HEAD FOR AFGHANISTAN Introduction
Focus The War Debate Winter of Discontent In the summer of Sergeant Steve Dufour was making his The mission in Afghanistan was a source 2007, Quebec’s way into Molson Stadium in Montreal of debate for much of 2007. The casualty Royal 22nd to see a CFL pre-season game between count of summer 2006, which drove the Regiment— the Alouettes and their arch rivals, the death total to almost 50, left Canadians nicknamed the Van Toronto Argonauts. The game was part feeling numb. So when the pollsters Doos—took over of a publicity campaign designed to started calling shortly after Christmas, it frontline duties in Afghanistan. This drum up public support for the Canadian was no surprise that, at times, the majority News in Review Forces (CF), with 1 700 troops invited of Canadians voiced their opposition to story examines the to the game. With the deployment of the mission in some shape or form. renewed debate the famed Van Doos—the francophone Couple the public opinion issue with a over the Afghan Royal 22nd Regiment—just months series of newspaper articles that suggested mission as the away, efforts were underway to that Canadian forces in Afghanistan deployment of galvanize public support in Quebec were handing prisoners over to Afghan the Van Doos puts the war effort behind the Afghan mission. Dufour, authorities even though they suspected to the top of the a veteran CF soldier who served in that the prisoners were going to be tortured, political agenda Bosnia, was approaching the stadium and it soon became clear that the news in the province of when he noticed the protesters. As he was working against the war effort. Quebec and the got closer, a young woman, a university Meanwhile, the opposition parties rest of Canada. student from McGill, suddenly let loose started circling the wagons. Jack Layton an angry rant aimed directly at him. and the NDP hammered Prime Minister The soldier maintained his composure Stephen Harper and Defence Minister and let the student voice her protest. Dennis O’Connor over their handling Then he responded to the woman’s of the prisoner-abuse allegations. concerns calmly and directly before Liberal leader Stéphane Dion tried to ending the debate, saying, “Can you go force Harper to come up with a firm to school if you want? Well, a little girl commitment to not extend the mission [in Afghanistan] will be found [dead] if beyond 2009. Eventually Harper had to she says she wants to go to school” (The provide answers on both fronts. First he Globe and Mail, August 4, 2007). For put a rigorous prisoner-exchange policy Dufour, it was as simple as that: he was in place with Afghan authorities and fighting for the right of a little girl to go then he agreed to not extend the mission to school. beyond 2009 unless all parties agreed to The confrontation between Dufour and an extension. In an effort to bring even the university student is a microcosm more clarity to the war message, Harper of the dissonance present in Quebec shuffled his cabinet in August. He placed over Canada’s participation in the war Peter MacKay into the defence portfolio. in Afghanistan. More than two thirds Political pundits claimed this move was of Quebecers disapprove of Canada’s part of a government plan designed to involvement in the Afghan conflict—a help sell the war to Canadians. fact that took on added prominence as the Van Doos took over frontline combat Opposition in Quebec duties in the summer of 2007. While the problem of national public opinion was weighing on Harper’s
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page mind, he knew he had an even bigger the arrival of the Van Doos, Private problem looming in the summer of 2007. Simon Longtin was killed by a roadside Quebec’s famed Royal 22nd Regiment, bomb while travelling with a Canadian the Van Doos, was slated to take on convoy in Kandahar. The death of frontline duties in Kandahar. While the Longtin occurred in the same week Van Doos had seen action in Afghanistan that seven soldiers were injured in two when Canada was stationed in Kabul, separate roadside bombing incidents and the Kandahar mission was much more on the same road where five Canadian dangerous. With the death count at over soldiers from the Royal Canadian 40 going into the spring fighting season, Regiment were killed in the previous Harper had to work with the military to month. Before the dust could settle drum up support in Quebec—no easy on the Longtin incident another group task in a province that has traditionally of Van Doos hit an IED (improvised opposed Canadian wars on foreign soil. explosive device) that killed two Nonetheless, the federal government more soldiers along with their Afghan worked with the CF in Quebec to raise translator and seriously injured a Radio awareness of the war effort. First, 1 700 Canada cameraman. This raised the total CF personnel were invited to a CFL of Canadian dead to 71 by the end of game. Then the army held a send-off September 2007. parade in Quebec City. Both events were met with counter-protests by opponents Conclusion of the Afghan conflict. Around the same Despite concerns that the deployment of time, CF personnel visited the National the Van Doos could be a public-relations Assembly in Quebec City. Most of the disaster for the Harper government, Quebec National Assembly greeted the summer ended with Quebecers them with a standing ovation—except demonstrating a deeper understanding for a number of members of the Parti of the Afghan mission. Even the Québécois. The PQ snub brought the war public opinion polls shifted—albeit debate into renewed focus as Quebecers marginally and not on a par with the rest prepared to deal with the dangers the Van of Canada—away from the 70 per cent Doos would face in Kandahar. opposition mark. Meanwhile, a world away, on the dusty roads of Kandahar, Early Casualties the Van Doos continue to fulfill their It didn’t take long for the war to try the mandate, leaving the squabbling over the patience of Quebecers. Just weeks after mission to the pundits and politicians.
Questions 1. Do you think Steve Dufour handled his confrontation with the protester effectively? Explain.
2. What challenges did the Harper government face as the deployment of the Van Doos approached?
3. How did some Quebecers show their opposition to the war in Afghanistan?
4. Did the opposition to the war grow or fade with the deployment of the Van Doos? Explain.
5. Outline your general view on the Canadian mission to Afghanistan.
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page THE VAN DOOS HEAD FOR AFGHANISTAN Video Review
Watch the video and answer the questions below.
1. What percentage of Quebecers are against the war in Afghanistan?
2. What is the correct name of the Van Doos regiment?
3. Identify one example of how Quebecers have shown their opposition to the war.
4. Why did the head of NATO travel to Quebec prior to the deployment of the Van Doos?
5. Describe Quebec’s attitude to Canadian involvement in foreign wars.
6. (a) How did the first of the Van Doos die in Afghanistan?
(b) What effect did the deaths of the soldiers have on the debate in Quebec over Afghanistan?
7. Describe Patrice Roy’s experience the day the convoy he was travelling in hit an improvised explosive device (IED).
8. What political move did Prime Minister Harper make to ensure Quebecers were receiving a clear message from the government regarding the war in Afghanistan?
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 9. What does Harper mean when he says he wants consensus before he extends the mission in Afghanistan?
10. Identify the positions of Stéphane Dion, Gilles Duceppe, and Jack Layton regarding the war.
11. What message did Afghan President Hamid Karzai give to Quebecers and Canadians regarding Canada’s participation in the war in Afghanistan?
12. Outline your own position on Canada’s military participation in Afghanistan.
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page THE VAN DOOS HEAD FOR AFGHANISTAN Statistical Analysis
Review the following statistical information and complete the activities that follow.
Chart #1: International Troops in Afghanistan Country Deaths Troops Committed United States 442 17 000 United Kingdom 81 6700 Canada 71^ 2500 Germany 25 3000 Spain 23 650 France 12 1000 Netherlands 11 2200 Italy 9 1950 Romania 5 750 Denmark 4 400 Sweden 2 260 Estonia 2 130 Australia 1 500 Norway 1 500 Czech Republic 1 150 Portugal 1 150 Finland 1 70 Poland 1 60 Total 694 37 970 Source: icasualties.org (as of September 26, 2007) ^ Does not include the death of diplomat Glyn Berry
Activity #1 1. Review the data regarding the five nations at the top of the list. Take the total number of deaths for each country and divide that number by the total number of soldiers serving in Afghanistan. United States ______United Kingdom ______Canada ______Germany ______Spain ______2. Next multiply that number by 100 to calculate the percentage of troops killed in the war for each country. United States ______% United Kingdom ______% Canada ______% Germany ______% Spain ______%
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 10 3. Which nation has sustained the highest percentage of deaths in relation to the number of troops serving in Afghanistan?
4. Is this type of calculation a fair one to make? Explain your answer.
Chart #2: Canadian Deaths in Afghanistan How they died 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total Improvised Explosive Device 2 8 22 32 Combat 13 2 15 Suicide Attack 1 11 12 Friendly Fire 4 2 6 Accident 1 3 1 5 Self-inflicted 1 1 Under Investigation 1 1 Total Deaths 4 2 1 1 37* 27 72* *Includes the death of diplomat Glyn Berry Source: CBC News In Depth: “In the Line of Duty – Canada’s Casualties,” cbc.ca
Activity #2 1. Review the data in Chart #2 and explain how the war has changed for Canadian troops since 2002.
2. In what type of situations have Canadians been most vulnerable?
3. What is the deadliest form of attack used by insurgents?
4. If you were the Canadian military commander, what measures would you take to best protect Canadian troops? Be specific and explain your decision.
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 11 THE VAN DOOS HEAD FOR AFGHANISTAN The Fighting Van Doos
The Royal 22nd Regiment is one of 22nd into battle east of Arras. Vanier Archives For an audio-visual the most recognized fighting units in put himself in the front lines with his history of this the Canadian Forces. Formed in 1914 men—something virtually unheard of in famed Canadian shortly after the outbreak of the First the First World War. He was shot in the unit, visit the CBC World War, the francophone regiment chest during this engagement and nearly Archives at www. based in Valcartier, Quebec, has earned a died when a mortar shell exploded near cbc.ca/archives reputation for discipline, reliability, and his stretcher as he was being carried off and review the file courage that makes it the envy of many the battlefield. Vanier survived and later “Canada’s Fighting Van Doos.” If you army regiments around the world. went on to earn the Military Cross, a can understand promotion to the rank of Major-General, French, you might The Beginning and, from 1959 to 1967, served as the wish to extend The Van Doos started as the 22nd first French-Canadian Governor General your visit and go Battalion, a battle group of French of Canada. to Radio-Canada Canadian men that came into existence In the post-war era, the 22nd Battalion at http://archives. radio-canada. after 50 prominent francophones in disbanded and was re-organized into the ca/IDD-0-9-534/ Quebec City and Montreal lobbied the 22nd Regiment. Eventually they became guerres_conflits/ federal government for an exclusively the Royal 22nd Regiment. Officially the 22e_regiment/ French-speaking unit in the Canadian correct rendering of the unit’s name is and explore the Expeditionary Force during the First the French version, Royal 22e Regiment. file “Les militaires World War. Brought together in the du Royal 22e fall of 1914, the 22nd soon became The Second World War Régiment.” known as the Van Doos, an anglicized The Van Doos’ next major military mispronunciation of the number 22, engagement did not take place until the Further Research which is vingt-deux in French. By spring Second World War. Originally sent to To learn more 1915, the Van Doos were shipped to England in December 1939, the Royal about the pivotal England for further training; later that 22nd Regiment did not see combat Battle at Ortona, year they saw action in the Somme action until 1943 (although they did have visit www.cbc.ca/ offensive at Courcelette in France. the honour of guarding Buckingham news/background/ While the Van Doos sustained over 200 Palace, home of King George—the first ortona/newsreels. casualties at Courcelette, they reached time a foreign army had been given the html. their objective and, along with two opportunity). At that point they were other battalions, managed to kill 1 200 shipped to the Mediterranean to help Germans and take close to 800 prisoners. open the Italian front. The Van Doos Their success in the Somme offensive fought fiercely at Santa Maria and Ortona led to other assignments at Vimy Ridge, in some of the most dramatic Canadian Hill 70, Lens, Amiens, Passchendaele, engagements in the Second World War. and Arras. Over 6 000 men served with By the end of the Italian campaign, the 22nd Battalion in the First World almost 2 000 Van Doos had become War. Of that number, close to 1 000 were casualties of war, with nearly 400 dying killed, and over half were wounded. and over 1 500 wounded in action.
Georges Vanier From Europe to Afghanistan One of the most famous Van Doos of The Van Doos also served with the First World War era was Major distinction in Korea and have been Georges Vanier, who led a beleaguered deployed in a variety of peacekeeping
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 12 operations around the world, including goals being to provide safe working Further Research Cyprus, East Timor, and Bosnia. environments for Canada’s provincial To learn more about this most Members of the Royal 22nd Regiment reconstruction teams, to push the Taliban distinguished are currently serving in Afghanistan. out of Kandahar province, and to train military unit, Close to 2 500 Van Doos were deployed the Afghanistan National Army to take consider a visit in the summer of 2007 with the primary over frontline combat duties. to the official regimental Web site at www.r22er. Interesting Facts com. Note that the • The Van Doos motto is je me souviens, which means “I remember.” It is also the site is in French official motto for the province of Quebec. only but does • The Van Doos mascot is a Tibetan goat named Batisse. contain updates about the unit in • “Vive la Canadienne” is a folk song that is the official quick march song of the Afghanistan. Van Doos. • The nickname Van Doos comes from an English mispronunciation of the French number 22. • La Citadelle in Quebec City is the official regimental headquarters of theVan Doos.
Source: CBC Archives: “Canada’s Fighting Van Doos,” cbc.ca
Analysis 1. How and when were the Van Doos founded?
2. Who was Georges Vanier? Why was he so highly regarded?
3. Where did the Van Doos serve during the Second World War?
4. Where are the Van Doos currently serving?
5. What are their goals in their current mission?
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 13 THE VAN DOOS HEAD FOR AFGHANISTAN War Update: 2007
only trying to maintain law and order in Did you know . . . IEDs One of the In 2007, the weapon of choice for the Panjwaii but they are also trying to move toughest problems Taliban and other insurgent groups deeper into Kandahar province to bring for Canadian became the improvised explosive device new areas under their control. As a result, forces is helping (IED). The IEDs used in Afghanistan insurgents have managed to infiltrate Afghan police are usually made of explosive materials the Panjwaii ink spot to plant IEDs, the forces hold a that are triggered either when a vehicle deadly weapon mentioned earlier. territory after it has been cleared or person comes in contact with them of the Taliban. (similar to a landmine) or by remote More Ink Spots Poorly equipped control. Of the 27 Canadians killed Meanwhile, Canada and its NATO and modestly in 2007, IEDs accounted for all but partners soldier on in their application trained, these five of the deaths. To some military of the ink-spot theory, hoping that police are easy analysts, the significant drop in actual more troops will be deployed by other targets for the combat deaths (down from 13 to just NATO member nations. The most recent Taliban. Often Canadian units two in one year) and the movement by military successes include: have to be re- insurgents to tactics such as IEDs show • December 2006 – Canada took part sent into areas that the approach used by U.S. and in Operation Baaz Tsuka near the that have been NATO troops may be working. Going village of Zangabad, driving Taliban previously cleared into the fall of 2006, coalition armies insurgents out of the region and into the of Taliban. The were employing the “ink-spot theory” to hinterland. Within a month, the main Afghan police are road leading into Zangabad was re- paying a terrible combat insurgents. The ink-spot theory price in trying to assumes that, if coalition troops can opened, and over 400 families returned bring order to drive insurgents out of contested areas, to their homes and began farming. The their nation. In and development aid can be infused into Canadian International Development 2007, it was noted the community, then the local populace Agency (www.acdi-cida.gc.ca ) and that the previous will rally around the foreign-backed UNICEF (www.unicef.org) brought aid 18 months had Karzai government because of the aid into the area shortly thereafter. seen the deaths of 1 150 police they would be receiving. The “ink spot” • March 2007 – Canada took part in officers. In July of Panjwaii, one of the most dangerous the British-led Operation Achilles 2007, 71 were districts in all of Afghanistan, was in Helmand province. Canadians killed in the zone brought under Canadian and NATO positioned themselves along the that Canada was control after Operation Medusa—a Helmand provincial border, hoping to trying to pacify. fierce, 15-day battle with the Taliban that capture Taliban insurgents fleeing the saw Canadian troops suffer 15 deaths. province for safe haven in Kandahar. The operation was a major military After Medusa success. In the year after Operation Medusa, These successful operations were aid has been brought into the region, accompanied by good news in one other but the Panjwaii district is far from significant area. In May, NATO forces secure. Many analysts believe that this is managed to kill Mullah Dadullah, the because Canadian and NATO troops are Taliban’s most powerful military leader spread too thin. With military successes and the architect of the suicide bombing in 2006, and the goal of opening new ink campaign that had plagued the Afghan spots in 2007, Canadian troops are not war landscape for much of 2006. From a
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 14 military standpoint, NATO commanders frontline duties. With 1 400 soldiers felt that the ink-spot theory was working combat ready, the Van Doos hope to and collateral successes like the death of drive that number up as high as they can Mullah Dadullah were evidence that the (perhaps to 2 000) by the time their tour strategy was sound. is over. While this plan is ambitious, Canadian military officials are hoping Training the ANA that a more active ANA, combined with With the deployment of the Van Doos the opening of even more ink spots, will in the summer of 2007, the military create the stability needed for Canada’s focus shifted from active engagement Provincial Reconstruction Team to bring with insurgents to training the Afghan more aid to the Afghan people. National Army (ANA) to assume more
Questions 1. What is an IED? How effective a weapon is it?
2. What is “the ink-spot theory”? Using evidence from the article, demonstrate whether or not the theory is working.
3. Describe two (2) of the military successes of the 2007 war in Afghanistan.
4. How has the focus of the military shifted with the deployment of the Van Doos?
5. Do you think that Canada will be able to achieve success in Afghanistan? Explain.
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 15 THE VAN DOOS HEAD FOR AFGHANISTAN Timeline 2007
February 26, 2007 Did you know . . . Background Dates Prime Minister Heroin from September 11, 2001 Terrorists attack Harper promises Afghanistan Afghanistan is a the United States, knocking down the $200-million in aid. major threat to Twin Towers of the World Trade Center April 8, 2007 Six Canadians are killed law and order on and striking the Pentagon. Canada’s streets. It by an IED near Kandahar. October 10, 2001 is estimated that The U.S. and April 23, 2007 News reports put into 60 per cent of the Britain begin war with the Taliban in question Canada’s handling of prisoners heroin found in Afghanistan. Canadian soldiers join them in Afghanistan. Canada is from in early 2002. Afghanistan. May 3, 2007 Canada signs a prisoner July 2003 Canada deploys close to transfer agreement with Afghanistan to 2 000 troops to Kabul. ensure prisoners would not be tortured May 17, 2005 Canada agrees to by Afghan authorities. redeploy its soldiers to Kandahar May 13, 2007 Mullah Dadullah, a province after the mission in Kabul ends. senior Taliban commander, is killed by August 2005 Canadian troops begin to NATO and Afghan troops. shut down the Kabul base and begin the May 22, 2007 Harper visits Kandahar mission. Afghanistan and hints that Canada may May 17, 2006 Parliament votes to stay past 2009. extend the mission in Afghanistan to June 21, 2007 A handful of Parti February 2009. Québécois MLAs refuse to stand and September 2, 2006 Operation Medusa applaud when officers from the Royal begins in Panjwaii. 22nd Regiment attend a session in Quebec’s National Assembly; 1 700 October 2, 2006 The International Canadian Forces personnel are invited Red Cross says Canada has not broken to attend a CFL game in Montreal any rules in the taking of prisoners in to bring more attention to Canada’s Afghanistan. military efforts in Afghanistan. 2007 June 22, 2007 A sendoff parade is held With 44 Canadian soldiers killed in for the Royal 22nd Regiment in Quebec Afghanistan since 2002, the Canadian City; Harper says Canada will not stay government faced a fresh set of in Afghanistan beyond 2009 unless all challenges in 2007. parties agree to continue the mission. January 30, 2007 The Canadian June 24, 2007 News reports claim government announces that there is no NATO and U.S. forces have killed over plan to extend the mission in Afghanistan 200 Afghan civilians in the first six beyond 2009. months of 2007. February 22, 2007 Liberals announce July 3, 2007 Canada gives the mission will definitely end in 2009 if $30-million to develop the legal system they are elected. in Afghanistan; nine days later another $8-million is added.
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 16 July 4, 2007 Six Canadians are killed August 19, 2007 The Van Doos suffer by an IED in a roadside bombing. their first death. Three days later two more soldiers die and a Radio-Canada July 15, 2007 The Van Doos begin their cameraman is seriously injured. deployment to Afghanistan. August 24, 2007 August 14, 2007 Harper moves The Ontario Foreign Affairs Minister Peter MacKay government endorses a public effort to into the defence portfolio, Industry rename the highway from CFB Trenton Minister Maxime Bernier moves into to Toronto the “Highway of Heroes.” foreign affairs, and Defence Minister September 24, 2007 A Canadian Gordon O’Connor moves to national soldier is hit and killed by an enemy revenue. MacKay becomes the new mortar shell while repairing an army voice of the Afghan mission. vehicle near Kandahar. Source: cbc.ca; ctv.ca Activity Use the information in the timeline to write a newspaper article about the war in Afghanistan.
Length of article: 250 words
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 17 THE VAN DOOS HEAD FOR AFGHANISTAN Activity: Debate
Form a group of three. Your teacher will assign one of the following six debate Quote topics and which position you will be taking based on the statements listed “The presence of below. You will debate another group of three students once the statements Canada is needed have been assigned and you’ve had a chance to prepare your arguments. till Afghanistan is able to defend Review the material found in this News in Review story. Consult other News itself. That day is in Review material from previous stories if you need more background not going to be in information. You may also want to consult cbc.ca (In Depth: “Afghanistan”) for 2009.” — Afghan additional information. President Hamid Karzai, (Toronto Debate Statements Star, September 19, 1. If Canadian troops are willing to continue the mission in Afghanistan, 2007) then the people of Canada should stand behind them, even if it means extending the mission beyond February 2009. 2. The war in Afghanistan is too costly, and Canada should withdraw its troops immediately. 3. Canada needs to participate in the war in Afghanistan if the Afghan people hope to achieve true independence. 4. If Canada leaves Afghanistan too soon, the Taliban will take over again and the Afghan people will return to oppression. 5. Canadian troops are making real progress both militarily and in terms of reconstruction. The troops should stay, even if it means extending the mission to beyond February 2009. 6. Afghanistan will never embrace democracy, and Canadians are kidding themselves if they think they can persuade the Afghan people to accept democratic governance. You and your team will either be for the statement (the pro side) or against the statement (the con side) in this debate. Prepare your debate based on the structure listed below. Make sure everyone in your group gets a chance to speak. Suggested Debate Format Activity Time Opening statement – Pro 1 minute Opening statement – Con 1 minute Point #1- Pro 2 minutes Rebuttal – Con 1 minute Point #2 – Pro 2 minutes Rebuttal – Con 1 minute Point #3 – Pro 2 minutes Rebuttal – Con 1 minute Point #1- Con 2 minutes Rebuttal – Pro 1 minute Point #2 – Con 2 minutes Rebuttal – Pro 1 minute Point #3 – Con 2 minutes Rebuttal – Pro 1 minute Closing statement – Con 2 minutes Closing statements – Pro 2 minutes Total 24 minutes
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 18 THE TRIALS OF STEVEN TRUSCOTT Introduction
The acquittal of Steven Truscott, With public sympathy more and more Focus On August more than 48 years after his trial and on his side, Steven Truscott himself 28, 2007, the conviction for murder, resolved one stepped back into the limelight. With Ontario Court of of Canada’s lengthiest miscarriages the aid of lawyer James Lockyer and Appeal (www. of justice. In 1959, at the age of 14, other members of the Association in ontariocourts. Truscott was convicted of the rape and Defence of the Wrongly Convicted, on.ca/appeal.htm) murder of a 12-year-old girl. Following Truscott filed an official request with the overturned the a brief trial, he was sentenced to be Justice Minister for a review of his case. 1959 conviction of Steven Truscott hanged—a sentence that made him the Following an official inquiry, the Justice for the murder of youngest person ever to be sentenced for Minister referred the case to the Ontario 12-year-old Lynn execution by a Canadian court. Court of Appeal. It took nearly six years Harper. News in Truscott’s sentence was commuted from the filing of his request, but Steven Review looks back to life imprisonment, and he served 10 Truscott finally won his day in court. at the original years before being paroled. Following The appeal resulted in Truscott’s trial and Truscott’s lengthy battle to his release, he assumed a new name acquittal and a vindication for all those clear his name, and lived, worked, and raised a family who had supported him over the years. and at some of the in Guelph, Ontario. But Truscott never The only sour note was the court’s people who helped stopped protesting his innocence in inability to declare him “factually him in that battle. the murder of Lynne Harper. While innocent.” In other words, while the We also look at maintaining his anonymity, he continued court found that the evidence available the implications of to work to clear his name. was certainly insufficient to convict him, the court’s decision in recognizing Truscott had several defenders, and it did not prove that he did not, after all, Truscott’s wrongful they ensured that the Truscott story commit the crime. conviction. remained in the public eye over the The Ontario government was quick years. The first book in his defence, to issue an apology. Attorney General Isabel LeBourdais’ The Trial of Stephen Michael Bryant announced: “For that Further Research Truscott, appeared in 1966. It was miscarriage of justice, on behalf of the To learn more instrumental in pushing the federal government, I am truly sorry. It is a about other cases government to ask the Supreme Court decision that will not be appealed by being pursued by to review the Truscott trial. The most the Crown—it is over” (Toronto Star, the Association recent book, Julian Sher’s Until You August 29, 2007). He also announced in Defence of the Wrongly Convicted Are Dead (2001), followed after a CBC that the government would be looking the go to its documentary that criticized the conduct into providing Truscott with financial official Web site at of officials at the time of the trial in 1959. compensation. www.aidwyc.org. That documentary led to a huge A Toronto Star editorial (August outpouring of support for Truscott and 29, 2007) summed up the meaning to a pledge by Justice Minister Ann of the Truscott case for Canadians. MacLennan to review any allegations “The judgment . . . brings to a close a of wrongful conviction that Truscott’s disturbing chapter in Canada’s history lawyers brought to the government. By that shows once again how fallible our this time, several prominent cases of justice system can be. Truscott now wrongful conviction had already been in joins David Milgaard, Donald Marshall, the headlines, and it seemed increasingly Guy Paul Morin, James Driskell, likely that Truscott’s case was another Thomas Sophonow, and others whose example. convictions have been overturned,
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 19 sometimes years after the fact, as lessons miscarriages of justice. The Truscott to police, lawyers, and judges that they case is the best answer to those who still must always remain vigilant against advocate the death penalty.” To Consider 1. Of what crime was Steven Trustcott accused when he was 14 years old?
2. Who was instrumental in helping Trustcott clear his name?
3. What was the final decision of the Ontario Court of Appeal?
4. What actions did the Attorney General of Ontario take?
5. On August 28, 2007, Tim Shufelt wrote in The Globe and Mail: “There is no official avenue in the Canadian legal system to declare Mr. Truscott, or anyone else before the courts, innocent. The closest verdict is an acquittal, meaning guilt could not be proven beyond a reasonable doubt, but not necessarily that innocence was proven.” The decision of the Ontario Court of Appeal reflects this fact. Do you believe this will result in any lingering doubts as to the innocence of Steven Truscott?
6. How much confidence do you have in the Canadian legal system? Explain.
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 20 THE TRIALS OF STEVEN TRUSCOTT Video Review
Answer the questions in the spaces provided. Quote “They finally got it 1. How many years did it take to clear Steven Truscott? ______right after all these years. I’m so used 2. How old was Truscott when he was convicted in 1959? ______to fighting. Now we don’t have to 3. How old was Lynne Harper, the murder victim? ______fight anymore.” — Steven Truscott in 4. What sentence did Truscott first receive? the Toronto Star, August 29, 2007
5. When was he released from prison? ______
6. In what year did the federal justice minister order a court review of Truscott’s case? ______
7. When was Truscott finally cleared by the Ontario Court of Appeal? ______
8. Who is James Lockyer?
9. How long did it take Isabel LeBourdais to get her book into print? ______
10. Where was her book first published? ______
11. What did the book call for the government to do to address the injustice to Truscott?
12. How did the Supreme Court of Canada rule in its review of the Truscott case?
13. Did Isabel LeBourdais get to celebrate Truscott’s victory with him?
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 21 THE TRIALS OF STEVEN TRUSCOTT The Crime
The crime of which Steven Truscott sticker on it. That, he said, was the last Further Research was accused shocked the small town of he saw of her that evening. Read more about the Steven Truscott Clinton, Ontario, and his trial attracted trial at www. attention across Canada. The Evidence cbc.ca/news/ The evidence on which Truscott was background/ The Murder convicted was almost all circumstantial, truscott/index. The victim, 12-year-old Lynne Harper, and the bulk of it has been discredited html. lived on a nearby base where her father in the years since the trial. The most was in military service. She was last seen damning evidence was medical, provided Did you know . . . alive on the evening of June 9, 1959. by John Penistan, the doctor who According to At that time she was seen riding on the examined Lynne Harper’s body and Julian Sher, author crossbars of a classmate’s bicycle. That performed her autopsy. of Until You Are classmate was Steven Truscott, a 14- Penistan, analyzing the contents of Dead, police have year-old who was in the same combined her stomach, claimed to be able to place subsequently grade 7-8 class on the base. Her father the time of death between 7:00 and 7:45 looked into 10 to 15 “persons reported her missing late that same night. p.m.—precisely the time when she was of interest” since Her partially nude body was found with Steven Truscott. Pathologists now doubts were raised by searchers two days later in a local are in agreement that stomach contents about Truscott’s woodlot called Lawson’s Bush. She had cannot be used to pinpoint time of death guilt (The Globe been raped and strangled with the blouse with that amount of accuracy. and Mail, August she had been wearing. A second doctor, David Brooks, 29, 2007). examined Truscott and testified that he The Accused found lesions on his genitals that were From the beginning of their likely caused by raping Lynne Harper— Did you know . . . Penistan himself investigation, the police focused on “. . . a very inexpert attempt at later wrote a paper Steven Truscott as the chief suspect. He penetration” (The Globe and Mail, that he called was interrogated several times, once February 7, 2007). It is now clear, an “agonizing without either of his parents present. however, that the lesions were instead reappraisal” of his He was never warned that anything he caused by a skin condition. In 2002, Brooks evidence at the said might be used as evidence against himself told investigators reviewing the trial, questioning him. No one suggested that his family case that some parts of his testimony were its accuracy. This was forwarded might wish to hire a lawyer. On July 11 “absolute garbage.” (Ibid.) to the lead police he was taken into custody for further Witness testimony from two children inspector. The questioning. At 2:30 a.m. on the 12th who have subsequently been branded as document was he was charged with murder. No other liars was also important in convicting not given to suspect was ever seriously investigated Steven Truscott. Years later one of them the defence; as by police before his arrest. confessed to friends that she had lied a result it was in court; the second changed his story unavailable for Truscott freely admitted having given the 1966 review of Lynne Harper the bicycle ride. He several times over subsequent years. the Truscott case said that he had dropped her off at the Evidence and eyewitness testimony by the Supreme highway so that she could hitchhike. that Truscott was telling the truth was Court. After he left her, he turned back to see discounted by investigators, and some her getting into a car with either a bright key evidence was withheld from his license plate or a plate with a bright defence team and from the jury.
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 22 The Verdict and Sentence The federal government led by Prime Did you know . . . Minister John Diefenbaker refused to The Truscott Authorities decided that the nature of the sentence was crime warranted trying Steven Truscott countenance the hanging of a 14-year- one of the critical as an adult. The murder trial lasted less old boy. When Truscott lost his appeal in milestones in than two weeks. It took the all-male the Ontario Court of Appeal, the federal Canada’s decision jury only six hours to arrive at a verdict: cabinet immediately commuted his to eliminate the guilty, with a request for mercy. sentence to life imprisonment. He served death penalty as The presiding judge, Ronald Ferguson, 10 years, first in a training school and a punishment for crime. Truscott refused the request. He sentenced then in a penitentiary, before his parole was only a few Truscott to be hanged before the end of in 1969. weeks away from the year. execution when his sentence was For Discussion commuted. Some of the notoriety of the Truscott affair was the result of a 14-year-old being tried and convicted in an adult court, and then sentenced to hang. Do you think Truscott’s wrongful conviction would have generated as much public interest had he been sentenced as a juvenile or received an initial sentence of life in prison? Explain your ideas in a well-written paragraph.
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 23 THE TRIALS OF STEVEN TRUSCOTT Truscott Timeline
Here is a timeline of major events in February 1960 Further Research Truscott is transferred Another timeline Steven Truscott’s struggle for justice. to the Ontario Training School in can be found on Guelph. He will remain there to serve the CBC Web site 1959-1963 his sentence until he turns 18. At that at www.cbc.ca/ June 9, 1959 In Clinton, Ontario, the time he will be transferred to an adult news/background/ parents of 12-year-old Lynne Harper correctional facility. truscott/timeline. report her missing to police. She was html. February 26, 1960 last seen riding with 14-year-old Steven The Supreme Court Truscott on the crossbars of his bicycle. of Canada denies leave for Truscott’s lawyers to appeal his case to them June 11, 1959 Lynne Harper’s body January 18, 1963 is found in a shallow grave in a local Truscott turns 18 and woodlot. She has been raped and is transferred to Collins Bay Penitentiary. strangled; her blouse is tied around her neck. 1966-1967 January 1966 The Trial of Steven June 12-13, 1959 The police arrest Truscott by Isabel LeBourdais is published Truscott and charge him with murder. in England because she was unable to find a Canadian publisher willing to June 29, 1959 A magistrate rules that risk handling it. The author’s position Truscott is to be tried as an adult. As is that Truscott’s trial was a travesty of a result, he now faces a possible death justice. The publication causes a storm sentence. of controversy, and several federal September 16-30, 1959 Truscott’s politicians take an interest in the case. trial takes place in Goderich, Ontario. March 23, 1966 The federal After six hours of deliberation, the government refuses to allow members jury finds him guilty, but with a plea of Parliament—including NDP leader for mercy. The presiding judge, Justice Stanley Knowles—to visit Truscott in Ronald Ferguson, sentences Truscott to prison. hang. His execution is set for December 8, 1959. Truscott is the youngest person April 26, 1966 Under pressure, the to be sentenced to death in Canadian federal government refers the Truscott history. case to the Supreme Court of Canada (www.scc-csc.gc.ca) for a rehearing. November 20, 1959 Truscott’s execution is postponed to February 16, October 1966 A two-week hearing is 1960. This is done to provide time for his held in the Supreme Court. This is the lawyers to appeal his conviction. first case in which the Supreme Court hears live testimony by witnesses. January 20, 1960 A panel of five judges on the Ontario Court of Appeal May 4, 1967 By a vote of 8-1, the dismisses Truscott’s appeal. Court upholds the conviction of Steven Truscott. In a lengthy dissent, the lone January 21, 1960 Prime Minister John justice to vote against the conviction, Diefenbaker’s federal cabinet commutes Emmett Hall, eloquently argues that Truscott’s sentence to life imprisonment. Truscott failed to receive a fair trial.
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 24 1969-present November 29, 2001 James Lockyer October 21, 1969 Truscott is paroled. and his co-counsel begin the process The National Parole Board (www.npb- that will ultimately result in Truscott’s cnlc.gc.ca) orders that he live under an acquittal. They request that the federal assumed name. For three decades he justice minister overturn the original lives in Guelph, working as a millwright. conviction and order a new trial. He marries, and he and his wife Marlene January 25, 2002 raise three children. The federal government appoints Fred Kaufman, a October 1971 Bill Trent publishes retired Quebec Court of Appeal judge, The Steven Truscott Story, questioning to review the Truscott case. Kaufman the conduct of Truscott’s trial and his had previously presided over a judicial conviction. inquiry into the wrongful conviction of Guy Paul Morin. 1979 Trent publishes a second book, Who Killed Lynne Harper? He further October 28, 2004 After receiving questions the conduct of the police Justice Kaufman’s report, Canadian investigation of the murder and suggests Justice Minister Irwin Cotler asks the several possible suspects who did not Ontario Court of Appeal to review the receive proper attention. original Truscott conviction. 1997 Truscott asks for the assistance of January 31 - February 14, 2007 A lawyer James Lockyer of the Association five-judge panel of the Ontario Court of in the Defence of the Wrongly Convicted Appeal hears arguments from Truscott’s to help him clear his name. Lockyer had lawyers that demand his conviction be already helped David Milgaard and Guy overturned. The Crown argues that the Paul Morin in their successful fights to original conviction should stand. overturn their wrongful convictions. August 28, 2007 The Ontario Court March 2000 CBC’s the fifth estate of Appeal announces its verdict. The broadcasts a documentary about the conviction is quashed and Truscott is trial of Steven Truscott showing that acquitted of the murder of Lynne Harper. the original police investigation was No new trial will be held. Michael incomplete and that some evidence Bryant, the Ontario Attorney General, indicating Truscott’s innocence was apologizes to Truscott and announces withheld from the defence. that he has asked Sydney Robins, a former Court of Appeal judge, to advise October 2001 Julian Sher, an him on compensation investigative producer with the fifth estate, publishes a new book on the Truscott case titled Until You Are Dead. Activity Review the timeline carefully and select what you believe are the three most significant events in the long journey of Steven Truscott. Explain your choices carefully.
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 25 THE TRIALS OF STEVEN TRUSCOTT The Champions
From the very beginning of his ordeal, created a furor in Canada and ultimately Further Research A 1966 interview Steven Truscott had his defenders. His caused the federal government to ask the with Mrs. Truscott, lawyers worked tirelessly to free him, Supreme Court to review the original on This Hour taking his case to the Ontario Court trial. By a vote of 8-1, the Court affirmed Has Seven Days, of Appeal and attempting to get the the original verdict. is available in Supreme Court of Canada to review But LeBourdais had aroused public the CBC archives the case. Unfortunately, they lost in the interest in Truscott’s cause, and his at archives.cbc. former, and the latter refused to hear the innocence or guilt remained a popular ca/IDC-1-68-2177- 13225-11/arts_ case. topic of discussion. LeBourdais’ book entertainment/ His family supported him. His mother sold well in Canada and around the twt/. visited him monthly while he was in world. Other books—Bill Trent’s The prison and clearly believed his claim Steven Truscott Story and Who Killed of innocence. According to Julian Sher, Lynne Harper? both appeared in the Did you know. . . author of Until You Are Dead, even 1970s and kept Truscott’s case in the Justice Ronald Truscott’s fellow prisoners supported public eye. Ferguson, the him. He quotes Ted McGuin, who served judge who time with Truscott: “It’s like nobody Linden MacIntyre and the presided over the Truscott trial, touched him because . . . we all believed fifth estate was so angered in his innocence. He went to a tougher Truscott lived quietly in Guelph, Ontario, by LeBourdais’ court than any court in this country, and under an assumed name until March book that he he was found innocent in our court” 2000, when the CBC program the fifth asked the justice (www.lawyersweekly.ca/index.php?secti estate broadcast a documentary with minister (who, on=article&articleid=532&rssid=4). reporter Linden MacIntyre reviewing at that time, was Pierre Trudeau) to the evidence from the Truscott trial prosecute her. Isabel LeBourdais and criticizing inconsistencies in It was Isabel LeBourdais who first testimony and police methodology. The made the Truscott case truly notorious. documentary also pointed the finger Further Research LeBourdais, whose own son was only at a far more likely suspect as the real You can watch eight months older than Truscott, was perpetrator of the crime. the fifth estate appalled that a 14-year-old could be Public reaction to the documentary program on the sentenced to hang. Outraged, she began Internet at www. was overwhelmingly in support of cbc.ca/fifth/ to investigate the case out of curiosity. Truscott. On March 29, Progressive truscott/. She sought out and met with the lawyers Conservative justice critic Peter MacKay who had handled the case and with all 12 raised the matter in Parliament. At that of the jury members. time, Justice Minister Anne McClellan LeBourdais soon became convinced asserted that she would review any that Truscott had been wrongfully allegations of wrongful conviction convicted. She began writing what she submitted by Truscott or his lawyers. thought would be a magazine article. In October 2001, yet another book Eventually all of her arguments resulted arguing Truscott’s innocence was in a book, The Trial of Steven Truscott. published. Until You Are Dead, by Julian Unable to find a Canadian publisher, Sher, chronicled the 40-year struggle to LeBourdais gave the book to Victor clear Truscott’s name. Gollancz in England. Its publishing
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 26 James Lockyer and the January 2002, the Minister asked Fred Association in Defence of the Kaufman, formerly of the Quebec Court Wrongly Convicted of Appeals, to assess the case. Kaufman In 1997, Truscott had been impressed took 19 months to review the case, and with the work of the Association in presented Justice Minister Irwin Cotler Defence of the Wrongly Convicted that with a four-volume report in the spring had led to the freeing of David Milgaard of 2004. The following October the and Guy Paul Morin. Both men had been minister sent the case to the Ontario jailed for murders they did not commit, Court of Appeal for consideration. and both were freed when DNA evidence It would be January 2007 before the exonerated them. Ontario Court of Appeal began what Truscott approached lawyer James would be the last act in Truscott’s Lockyer, who had led the teams working wrongful conviction saga. It took on the Milgaard and Morin cases, and the near-heroic assistance of writers, asked for help in clearing his name. investigative reporters, and lawyers In November 2001, Truscott and to finally bring the case to its final Lockyer filed a 700-page official request conclusion. for a review with the Justice Minister. In
For Discussion In his report on the Truscott trial, Justice Kaufman stated that a miscarriage of justice had likely occurred. In turn, the federal Justice Minister stated that he had found “there was a miscarriage of justice in this case,” and ordered the Ontario Court of Appeal to review the case (The Globe and Mail, October 29, 2004). Given these statements by two well-informed authorities, why do you think the Ontario Ministry of Justice decided to fight Truscott’s appeal?
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 27 THE TRIALS OF STEVEN TRUSCOTT The Judgment
Steven Truscott’s appeal of his 1959 • Truscott had a skin condition that Further Research The full text of the conviction opened on January 31, 2007. caused the genital lesions that, at the Ontario Court of There were three possible outcomes to trial, were described as the result of “a Appeal decision in the appeal. very inexpert attempt at penetration” the Truscott case • The court could uphold the 1959 (The Globe and Mail, February 28, is available from conviction. 2007). the Association in Defence of the • The court could order a new trial. • The police failed to consider any Wrongly Convicted • The court could vote to acquit Truscott other suspects in the case, including at www.aidwyc. of the murder. individuals who had already been org/. accused of exhibitionism and child A panel of five judges, led by former molestation. The CBC televised Ontario chief justice Roy McMurtry, all of the 2007 heard arguments from lawyers The Crown argued throughout the trial Ontario Court representing both Truscott and the that none of the evidence brought by the of Appeal defence was really new. All of it, they proceedings Crown. Some of the justices expressed in the Steven concern over the difficulty of coming said, was either irrelevant or available to Truscott case. The to a final resolution after so many years earlier defence teams who decided not to proceedings are had passed. James Lockyer, leader of use it in the trial or in the Supreme Court currently available Truscott’s legal team, had an answer Appeal of 1966. on the Web at ready: “The court will have to be When the hearing closed on February www.cbc.ca/news/ 14, both sides agreed on one point: background/ inventive and creative in a case as old a retrial would be impossible. Too truscott/video. as this . . . to get to the truth of the case” html. (The Globe and Mail, February 1, 2007). much time had passed, and most of the Truscott’s lawyers made several key previous judges and lawyers were dead. arguments over the next few weeks: Quote Acquittal “The Truscott • Two of the eyewitnesses used to uphold case is a prime the case against Truscott turned out to On August 28, 2007, the Court of Appeal example of the be serial liars. issued a unanimous 300-page ruling. The need for a fair, • Evidence that Lynne Harper had fought main points included: accessible process with her parents and stormed out of the • Truscott’s 1959 conviction was a for reviewing house intent on hitchhiking to a friend’s miscarriage of justice that had to be convictions in overturned. circumstances was suppressed by the Crown. where the trial • The scientific evidence used to convict • The court could not declare, as the process was deeply Truscott—especially the pinpointing of defence hoped, that Truscott was flawed or where the time of death by examination of the “factually innocent.” “The court is new evidence not satisfied that the appellant has has become victim’s stomach contents—had been discredited by modern science. been able to demonstrate his factual available which innocence. . . . The court is not satisfied might exonerate a • One of the autopsy reports written by convicted person.” that an acquittal would be the only the examining physician indicated reasonable verdict of a new trial” (The — Rob Normey, a that the time of death was probably Constitutional Law Globe and Mail, August 29, 2007). specialist, LawNow, about 12 hours after Truscott was with Harper. • Given the length of time that had August-September passed since the murder, a new trial 2002 would be both unfair and practically impossible.
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 28 • Most of the evidence presented by the the evidence that the prosecution would Quote defence claiming unfair tactics by the bring in order to seek a conviction. “He’s got the highest rank of police and the prosecution was not The justices felt that, given the new acquittal, the provable. evidence—especially the pathology highest rank of In much of its ruling, the related to time of death—any jury would innocence you can court followed James Lockyer’s have reasonable doubt of guilt. get. One way of recommendation to be inventive and It took more than 48 years, but justice looking at it is that in the Truscott case was finally served. Steven Truscott creative. It imagined a hypothetical is as innocent of retrial and systematically demolished Lynne Harper’s murder as I am. There’s no DNA To Consider evidence to show 1. Briefly summarize the key elements in the 2007 Ontario Court of Appeal that I didn’t do it.” decision. — James Lockyer, Toronto Star, 2. Do you personally agree or disagree with this decision? Explain fully. August 29, 2007
Quote “I have more faith in the court system today than I did yesterday.” — Steven Truscott, The Globe and Mail, August 29, 2007
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 29 THE TRIALS OF STEVEN TRUSCOTT Determining Compensation
In cases of wrongful conviction, governments sometimes—but not always Quote willingly—negotiate cash settlements with the victims to provide some “My own view is compensation for the time they have lost out of their lives. Indeed, in Canada, that Steven should most victims of wrongful conviction have had to file civil lawsuits before their get every penny compensation packages were negotiated. Some recent Canadian cases include: he can out of the government after • David Milgaard, wrongly convicted of murder, served 23 years in prison before what he has been his release. He received a total of $10-million from the federal and provincial through. Think of governments. the damage done • Donald Marshall Jr., wrongly convicted of murder, served 11 years in prison. He to him: the loss of received $900 000. his childhood and • Guy Paul Morin, wrongly convicted of murder. Morin spent 1.5 years in prison living under this and received compensation of $1.25-million. awful shadow for so many years.” • Maher Arar, a Canadian citizen deported (on suspicion of terrorist links) by the — James Lockyer, U.S.—apparently with Canadian collusion—to Syria, where he was jailed and The Globe and Mail, tortured. He received $11.5-million in compensation. August 29, 2007 Ontario Attorney General Michael Bryant has appointed Sydney Robins, a former justice of the Ontario Court of Appeals, to advise him on the Further Research compensation he should offer Steven Truscott for his wrongful conviction in A good discussion 1959. Among other details, he will have to consider that: of wrongful • Truscott was only 14 when he was tried and convicted of murder and conviction and sentenced to be hanged. compensation in Canada is on the • He spent a total of 10 years in prison before his release on parole. CTV Web site at • The reversal of the verdict against him—his full acquittal—did not take place www.ctv.ca/servlet/ until 48 years after the crime. ArticleNews/ story/ CTVNews/ Other matters also complicate the award. It would be useful for you to read 20060203/ wfive_ the section titled “The Judgment” in this guide to help you understand the full VictimsofJustice_ implications of Truscott’s acquittal by the Ontario Court of Appeal. 060204/20060204? hub=Wfive. Your Task What compensation would you recommend Steven Truscott receive from the Quote Ontario government for his wrongful conviction in the murder of Lynne Harper? ”How can you Should the compensation come from only the provincial government, or does possibly put a figure the federal government share some responsibility for the long delay in bringing on what it must have him justice? been like for a boy to In small groups of no more than four students, discuss the Truscott case. Identify be told he was going the aspects of the case you feel especially entitle him to compensation. Finally to be executed for determine the amount of compensation you would offer Steven Truscott and his something he didn’t family. do, let alone the time he spent in custody, Once you have completed your deliberations, appoint one student in the group let alone the time as your advocate. She or he will then present your compensation package to he had to spend in the full class. Once all the packages have been described and presented, try anonymity?” — Louis to agree on one final package that best represents the majority opinion. You Sokolov, lawyer, in may wish to pass along your finding to the Attorney General of Ontario (www. Toronto Star, August attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca). 29, 2007
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 30 THE ACT THAT MADE US CANADIAN Introduction
On July 1, 2007, Canada Day, Governor The move to establish Canadian Focus This CBC News General Michaëlle Jean presided over citizenship was inspired by this country’s in Review story an important ceremony at Rideau Hall, sacrifices in the two world wars of the focuses on the her official residence in Ottawa. Forty- 20th century, in which thousands of 60th anniversary nine people from various parts of the young Canadians had given their lives. of an important world were being officially sworn in Touring the military cemetery at Dieppe, milestone in as Canadian citizens. For Jean, herself France, shortly after the war, where Canada’s long road originally an immigrant from Haiti, hundreds of Canadian troops had been to independence from Britain, the the ceremony had great personal killed a few years before, Paul Martin act that introduced significance. But it also commemorated a Sr., a senior member of the federal the category major event in Canadian history that had cabinet noticed that the gravestones of Canadian occurred 60 years before. On January identified the dead as “British subjects.” citizenship, and 1, 1947, the Canadian Citizenship Act But to Martin, these brave young people how it has evolved came into effect, just months after it were actually Canadians, either by birth over the decades since it was first had been passed by Parliament. It meant or by immigration to this country, and established. that from that time forth, native-born he felt it was only fitting that they be Canadians and newcomers who met recognized as such. Upon returning to the requirements were to be recognized Canada, Martin sponsored a bill that Did you know . . . as citizens of Canada. Before this act, would establish Canadian citizenship as Paul Martin there was no such thing as a “Canadian a category separate from that of British Sr. made two citizen.” Instead, everyone either born subject and succeeded in having it passed unsuccessful bids in Canada or living here for a certain by Parliament on June 27, 1946. To for the Liberal leadership: in 1958 period of time was regarded as a “British Martin, it was a major step forward for (losing to Pearson) subject resident in Canada.” Canada. As he stated at the time, “for and in 1968 (losing Unlike the United States and other the national unity of Canada and for the to Trudeau). His countries that were once British colonies, future and greatness of this country, it is son was more Canada took a long time to sever all of of utmost importance that all of us, new successful and its ties with the mother country. Like Canadians or old, have a consciousness became both the adoption of the Canadian flag and of the common purpose and common Liberal leader and prime minister of national anthem and the patriation of interests as Canadians, and that all of us Canada. the Constitution in 1982, the Canadian are able to say with pride and meaning, Citizenship Act was a major step forward ‘I am a Canadian citizen.’” Decades in this country’s long road to full self- later, his son Paul Martin Jr., a former government. But to many Canadians Liberal prime minister, would recall that today it probably comes as a surprise the adoption of the Canadian Citizenship to learn that, within living memory, Act was one of his father’s proudest Canadian citizenship did not exist. In political achievements. taking this step in 1947, Canada became Two days after the Canadian only the second country in the British Citizenship Act came into effect, the Commonwealth, the association of first 26 people were presented with former British colonies, to create its own their citizenship papers at a ceremony independent citizenship category. The in Ottawa, presided over by then prime Irish Free State had done so a decade minister Mackenzie King. They came before. from many countries, including places
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 31 that had been devastated by the Second years later, in a similar ceremony, others World War, such as Poland, Russia, followed in their footsteps. Canadian Romania, Norway, and Yugoslavia. One citizenship is a concept that has evolved of them, a young photographer from and been broadened considerably since Armenia named Joseph Karsh, would it was first introduced in1947, but it later become famous for his portraits remains a prized possession for native- of major political figures. Another born and new Canadians alike. This is was Naif Azar, from Palestine, whose especially the case for those who have daughter, researcher Donna Caron, come to live in this country after leaving discovered her father’s presence years their homelands because of political, later in the official photo taken on that economic, or religious problems they had day, much to her surprise and pride. to face there. King himself received the citizenship Source of Paul Martin quote: “On certificate number 0001 in recognition this day: The first officially Canadian of his position as prime minister. Sixty citizens,” http://archives.cbc.ca To Consider 1. Why was the passing of the Canadian Citizenship Act in 1947 such a major milestone in Canada’s road to self-government from Britain?
2. What influence did Canada’s role in the two world wars play in the creation of the concept of Canadian citizen?
3. Why do you think that many new Canadian citizens seem to value their citizenship more than those who receive it automatically by being born in this country?
4. How important is your Canadian citizenship to you personally? Why? Explain fully.
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 32 THE ACT THAT MADE US CANADIAN Viewing Activity
Watch the video and answer the following questions. Further Research To read the 1. What two important anniversaries did Canada observe in 2007? full text of the Canadian Citizenship Act, go 2. What is the name of the Governor General of Canada? to the Web site of the Department of Justice at http:// 3. Who was the first official citizen of Canada in January 1947? Why did this laws.justice.gc.ca. person receive this distinction?
4. Before 1947, what was the legal term used to define Canadians?
5. Who was the political figure mainly responsible for introducing the legislation that would create the category of Canadian citizen? What was his reason for doing this?
6. Who was the Prime Minister of Canada at the time the Canadian Citizenship Act became law?
7. Why were Joseph Karsh and Naif Azar among the more memorable people who received their Canadian citizenship in January 1947?
8. How many people have been granted Canadian citizenship since 1947?
9. How much did Canada’s population grow from 2001 to 2006?
10. Of this figure, how much is accounted for by a) natural increase (people born in Canada) ______and b) immigration? ______
11. Describe your own feelings about being Canadian.
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 33 THE ACT THAT MADE US CANADIAN Timeline of Canadian Citizenship
Here is a timeline of the major events in the development of the concept of Canadian citizenship. Select those you think were most important and be prepared to explain your choices.
1867 The Dominion of Canada is Canadian serviceman fighting abroad in established on July 1 with the enactment the Second World War. This is important of the British North America Act. All for the “war brides” who come to Canada people born in Canada are still regarded with their husbands after 1945. The same as British subjects. right applies to any of their children and comes to be interpreted as meaning that 1910 The federal government passes the every foreign-born child of a Canadian Immigration Act to regulate the influx soldier automatically receives the same of new settlers arriving in Canada. It status as his father. It becomes an issue recognizes the status of British subjects in the 2006 case of Taylor v. Minister of living in Canada after five years of Citizenship and Immigration, in which a continuous residency in this country if they child born out of wedlock to a Canadian came from a country other than Britain or soldier in the Second World War seeks its colonies. For other British subjects, citizenship. no such requirement is necessary. 1945 Shortly after the end of the war, 1914 The Naturalization Act is passed, Paul Martin Sr., a senior member of setting out the requirements for new Prime Minister Mackenzie King’s Liberal Canadians of non-British origin to become government, tours the military cemetery British subjects resident in Canada. at Dieppe, France, and determines to 1921 The Canadian Nationals Act introduce a bill establishing Canadian creates the separate status of “Canadian citizenship as a separate category from nationals” for those already considered that of British subject. British subjects resident in Canada, and 1947 On January 1, the Canadian also their wives and any children who Citizenship Act comes into effect. Under have not yet landed in Canada. its terms, the concept of Canadian 1931 The Statute of Westminster citizen is established, and citizenship is recognizes Canada as a fully self- conferred upon the following groups of governing member of the British people living in Canada: British subjects Commonwealth and no longer a colony. born or naturalized in Canada, British The role of the monarchy in Canada’s subjects who have lived in Canada for government system is reduced, but the five years prior to that date, British category of “British subject” remains subjects whose father meets one of the unchanged. At this time, Canadians previous requirements, women who are receive two types of passports, a blue British subjects married to Canadian one for Canadian nationals and a men, and all Aboriginal people living in burgundy one for other British subjects. Canada. 1944 Under the terms of PC 7318, a 1949 On April 1, Newfoundland ruling of the Privy Council of Canada, joins Confederation as Canada’s a woman who is not a British subject 10th province. The Citizenship Act is obtains that status by marrying a amended to confer Canadian citizenship
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 34 on that province’s residents, who had of Hungarian Jews during the Nazi previously been British subjects. Holocaust. Since then, two other living individuals, former South African 1977 The Citizenship Act is amended President Nelson Mandela and the to broaden the concept of Canadian Tibetan Buddhist leader the Dalai Lama, citizen by reducing the number of have also received this honour. years immigrants are required to reside in Canada before they can apply 1992-2006 Rulings in a number of for citizenship from five to three. federal-court cases extend the right of Preferential treatment for non-Canadian Canadian citizenship to children born to British subjects from the United or adopted by Canadian citizens. Kingdom and other Commonwealth 2002 The federal government tables a countries is abolished. Discrimination new citizenship act that would modernize on the basis of nationality and gender is citizenship rules and processes, address removed, enabling prospective applicants gaps and inconsistencies in the current for citizenship from any country to apply. legislation, and establish clear, fair, and Instead, education and professional skills, objective criteria for receiving Canadian rather than country of origin, become the citizenship. One of its more controversial key criteria for prospective citizens. Dual proposals is a revised citizenship oath, citizenship is also permitted, enabling requiring new citizens to swear loyalty to Canadian citizens to remain citizens of Canada’s democratic values. one or more other countries. Source: History of Canadian nationality 1985 Parliament confers honorary law, http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Canadian citizenship posthumously on History_of_Canadian_nationality_law, and Raoul Wallenburg, a Swedish diplomat Canada and the World Backgrounder on who risked his life to save thousands Citizenship, December 2006
Inquiry 1. Why were Canadians of British and non-British origins treated so differently with regard to their status as citizens prior to 1947?
2. What important changes in the concept of citizenship resulted from the amended Citizenship Act of 1977?
3. Why do you think Raoul Wallenburg, Nelson Mandela, and the Dalai Lama have been awarded honorary Canadian citizenship?
4. Identify any other international figures, living or dead, you feel could also be considered for this honour. Explain your choice.
THE ACT THAT MADE US CANADIAN
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 35 THE ACT THAT MADE US CANADIAN Citizenship Profiles
Here are some profiles of new Canadians their professions. Nafasi worked as a from among the approximately cashier in a store in order to pay for the six million people from different medical qualifying examination she countries of origin who have been needed to pass before being permitted granted citizenship since 1947. All of to practice medicine. They now live them participated in the special 60th in the small community of Carbonear, anniversary citizenship swearing-in Newfoundland, where Nafasi is a family ceremony held in Ottawa in February doctor and Rousta is completing a PhD. 2007. They come from various parts of Hilary, who changed her name from the world and left their homelands for a Sahar in honour of teen pop star Hilary number of reasons. But they all agree on Duff, is delighted to enjoy life as a one thing: Canada is where they want to typical Canadian teenager. According live and raise their families. to her mother, it was probably for her sake that they made the difficult decision Ali Modir Rousta and to leave Iran for Canada. As she states, Sepideh Nafasi “we decided to come here because of Ali Modir Rousta, a chemist, his wife our child. We had everything, but we Sepideh Nafasi, a medical doctor, weren’t able, with the money, to provide and their daughter Hilary lived a very whatever we wished for her. Money privileged life in Teheran, the capital city wasn’t enough. You want freedom. of Iran, their homeland. They enjoyed You want to have options. You want a high income and status, a big house, to have opportunity. And you want to and the company of friends and close say your opinion.” And as her husband family members. But they were living comments, “I don’t care about what I in a constant state of fear under the lost, you know. I just care about what harsh rule of the Islamic fundamentalist I gained. At this point . . . I’d say it’s regime in power in that country. Nafasi’s worth it, you know, moving to this father had served as an army colonel country and being a citizen of Canada. during the time of the Shah, who had . . . I don’t feel that I’m a Canadian, but been overthrown in 1979. After that, a citizen of the world, because Canada he was jailed and was lucky to have makes me feel like that.” survived. While in Iran, the family lived Quotations from CBC documentary, a double life, following Western customs Citizen Iran in their home while adhering to the strict religiously based code of conduct Victor Munoz the regime imposes on all Iranians in Victor Munoz and his two children— public. For example, Nafasi and Hilary Natalie, aged eleven, and seven-year-old were both required to wear the hijab Victor Jr.—came to Prince Edward Island when they went outside, and listening to from the war-ravaged South American Western music was discouraged. nation of Colombia four years ago. For In 2002, the family left for Canada Munoz, the difficult decision to emigrate and originally settled in Toronto. It was to Canada was made even more painful difficult for them at first, since neither by the fact that in doing so he was Rousta nor Nafasi could speak English, leaving his wife behind. Years before, making it impossible for them to practice she had left the family to help the FARC,
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 36 one of the main left-wing guerrilla past life in their war-torn homeland forces battling Colombia’s government but are still aware of the fact that they and allied far-right paramilitary groups. are different from their Canadian-born Because of his wife’s choice, Munoz and friends. Despite all the hardships Victor his children found themselves in extreme Munoz has faced in adjusting to life in danger and were forced to pay bribes to his adopted country, he has no doubt that both left- and right-wing organizations in his decision to immigrate to Canada was order to save their lives. Finally, Munoz for the best, especially for his children’s could take no more and decided to stop future. paying this form of extortion to protect himself and his children from harm. Vincent Dobson He spent six months in a safe house in It is a very long way from the Caribbean Bogotá, the Colombian capital, before nation of Trinidad and Tobago to Iqaluit, the International Red Cross helped the capital of Nunavut. But for Vincent him to contact the Canadian Embassy Dobson, who left his tropical homeland and arrange for him and his family to 35 years ago, life in the Canadian immigrate. Arctic is a daily adventure. Dobson, a Prince Edward Island represented mechanic, was given the opportunity a very new way of life for the Munoz to emigrate to Canada after fixing family. As a single parent with limited the ambassador’s car one day in Port English skills, Munoz faced many of Spain, Trinidad’s capital city. The challenges in earning a living, despite ambassador was so impressed with his his background as a successful and work that he encouraged Dobson to settle prosperous businessman and restaurant in Montreal, where he lived for almost owner in his home country. Eventually 20 years. He then decided to relocate to he found work sorting potatoes at one the Far North, where he met his wife, of the many farms that dot the island. Mylia. Eight years ago they had a baby Taking advantage of his background as daughter, Sasha. Dobson worked for an entrepreneur, Munoz began to help many years as a mechanic but switched local farmers market their products to jobs and now works with the local Latin America, a region he knew well. branch of the Salvation Army. However, Munoz is anxious to acquire Dobson is very proud of his a Canadian passport, which he feels Trinidadian heritage and grew up with will open more doors for him in that the sound of steel drums being played in continent than his previous Colombian his back yard. He continues to play the nationality will. island’s famous calypso music to this Prince Edward Island, Canada’s day, performing every year at Caribana smallest province, has not traditionally festivals in Montreal, Toronto, and been known for attracting large numbers Ottawa. But he delayed applying for of immigrants. In 2003, only 153 new his Canadian citizenship until after the Canadians settled there, but by 2006 that terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, number had risen to 565. Most move when obtaining a visa to enter the United to Charlottetown, the island’s capital States with his Trinidadian passport and largest city. However, Munoz chose became too difficult. Now he is able to instead to settle in the small community travel to Boston to participate in musical of Slemon Park, where he and his events there. family are among a very small number Dobson is delighted to have made of Spanish-speaking people. Already his belated decision to obtain Canadian his children are starting to forget their citizenship after living for more than
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 37 three decades in this country. He says After fleeing her homeland, Kumara that the main reason for his choice was and her children spent two years his family. “I have kids in Montreal, in a United Nations refugee camp grandchildren in Montreal. Now, my in neighbouring Ghana, where she wife and kid are here. So, you know, earned a living by creating beautifully I need to be around for them, and decorated traditional Sierra Leonean being around as a Canadian we can all fabrics. Officials at the camp assigned celebrate.” her to immigrate to Canada, and she Quotations from CBC documentary, checked the map many times to find out Citizen Trinidad where her new home was located. Upon arriving in Edmonton, Kumara faced Matilda Kumara many challenges, the main one being a Matilda Kumara is a single mother severe form of culture shock. She was raising her two children, 12-year-old baffled by Canadian food, and it took Cheryl and 15-year-old Alfred, in her some time to adjust to a new diet and Edmonton, Alberta. The country she way of life. She now works as a cleaner left, Sierra Leone, has been recently and is studying full-time, with the goal classified by the United Nations Human of obtaining a degree in social work. Development Index as the worst place With that and her first-hand experience, to live on the planet. By contrast, she hopes to find work counselling new Canada regularly tops the list as the immigrants and assisting them in their most desirable nation. Kumara attributes new lives. her ability to cope with the chaos and Kumara was very concerned about heartache she left behind in Freetown, what to wear to the ceremony where she the capital of that troubled country, to her received her Canadian citizenship. She deep religious faith. Seven years ago, she wanted to wear a traditional Sierra Leone and her children fled the violent civil war dress that her mother made for her. But that was then raging in the country. Her even more important, she was excited husband, James, was abducted by rebel that she was to receive a Canadian forces in 1999 and Matilda has had no passport. “It’s so big, it’s so huge, you word of his whereabouts ever since. She are so happy,” she said. “Everything does not even know if he is still alive, about it, you just can’t find a word but fears the worst. Forcible abduction of that exactly will suit because with the adults and even children was a common Canadian passport . . . I live in a better practice in Sierra Leone’s civil war, world now. I am very, very grateful.” which only ended a few years ago. Quotations from CBC documentary, Citizen Sierra Leone
Activities 1. Read the profiles of the new Canadians above, and for each of them indicate: a) country of origin, b) new home in Canada, c) how long they have lived in this country, d) reasons for immigrating to Canada, and e) challenges and difficulties they have faced since arriving in Canada.
2. What similarities and differences do you notice in the background and experience of the four immigrant families described above? Which do you think are the most significant of these? Why?
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 38 THE ACT THAT MADE US CANADIAN Could You Pass the Citizenship Test?
One of the requirements for obtaining region where the new citizen will be living. Canadian citizenship is the passing of For native-born Canadians, no such a test on basic information about this test is required, and frequently those who country. The questions on the test are must pass it express doubt that many of taken from a booklet called “A Look their fellow citizens who were born in at Canada,” published by the Ministry this country would be able to pass it. For of Citizenship and Immigration and your information, here is a selection of distributed to applicants for citizenship. questions from the different parts of the The test includes questions dealing with test. See how well you would do on it Canadian politics, government, economy, and how much you know about Canada! geography, and history. In addition to these (Note: the questions selected are not general questions, there is also a section among the most difficult ones appearing with more specific questions relating to the on the test).
1. What are the three main groups of Aboriginal peoples in Canada? 2. Where did the first European settlers in Canada come from? 3. Who were the United Empire Loyalists? 4. What does the term Confederation mean? 5. Who was the first prime minister of Canada? 6. What part of the Canadian Constitution legally protects the basic rights and freedoms of all Canadians? 7. What does “equality under the law” mean? 8. What are the two official languages of Canada? 9. Which province is the only officially bilingual province? 10. Which animal is the official symbol of Canada? 11. What is the tower in the centre of the Parliament Buildings in Ottawa called? 12. What three oceans border Canada? 13. Which mountain range is on the border between Alberta and British Columbia? 14. What country is Canada’s largest trading partner? 15. Which region is known as the industrial and manufacturing heartland of Canada? 16. Who is Canada’s official Head of State? 17. What are the three levels of government in Canada? 18. How many electoral districts are there in Canada? 19. Name the prime minister of Canada and the party he leads. 20. Name the premier of your province and the party he/she leads.
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 39 Answers 1. Inuit, First Nations (Indians), Métis 2. France 3. British settlers who arrived in Canada following the American Revolution 4. The union of the former British colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia to form the Dominion of Canada in 1867 5. John A. Macdonald 6. Charter of Rights and Freedoms 7. Everyone is entitled to a fair trial, irrespective of race, gender, national origin, or sexual orientation 8. English and French 9. New Brunswick 10. Beaver 11. Peace Tower 12. Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic 13. Rockies 14. United States 15. Central Canada (Quebec and Ontario) 16. Queen Elizabeth II 17. Federal, provincial, municipal 18. 308 19. Stephen Harper (Conservative) 20. Depends on which is your home province Source: Ministry of Citizenship and Immigration Web site, www.cic.gc.ca/english/ resources/publications/look/look-22.asp
Discussion 1. Do you think new Canadians applying for citizenship should be required to study for and pass a test on their knowledge of this country’s economy, society, history, and political system? Why or why not?
2. Do you think it is fair that native-born Canadians are not required to pass a similar test on their knowledge of this country? Why or why not?
3. What other questions do you think might be helpful for a citizenship test? Explain your suggestions.
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 40 THE ACT THAT MADE US CANADIAN Citizenship: Background and Current Issues
The concept of citizenship has a long regime” in Europe—absolute monarchy, history from ancient times to the present an established church, and hereditary day. Although most people living today nobility. In addition it created the are citizens of one of the planet’s almost concept of “citizen” to define all those 200 nation states, their citizenship rights living in France and entitled to certain and responsibilities differ markedly. In rights. These rights, such as freedom democratic countries like Canada, the of speech and religion, had long been rights of citizens are clearly stated in championed by radical political thinkers documents such as the Charter of Rights during the Age of Enlightenment, and Freedoms. In addition to their rights, which provided the inspiration for the such as freedom of speech, the right revolution. The leaders of the French to vote, have a fair trial, and practice Revolution even included the king one’s religion, citizens also are expected himself, Louis XVI. As a citizen he was to fulfill a number of responsibilities. indicted for treason as “Citizen Louis These include obeying the law and Capet” and executed under the blade of paying one’s taxes. Citizenship is a the guillotine in 1793. Henceforth, all notion that actually means something French people proudly took on the same in democracies, but in dictatorships designation. The term citizen entered the or totalitarian states, most of the revolutionary vocabulary as the highest rights Canadians take for granted are possible honour the new government practically non-existent. For instance, in could bestow on its people. a country like North Korea it would be During the course of the 19th century, impossible for a citizen to criticize the many countries saw the birth of modern government or its leader, and doing so democratic citizenship rights as people could likely result in harsh punishment were inspired by the ideals of “liberty, or even death. Unlike democracies, equality, and fraternity” first proclaimed where citizenship entails a mixture of in France. Movements to extend the rights and responsibilities, dictatorships right to vote to workers and women, demand total loyalty to the leader or and demands for greater political and regime and offer very little in the way of social equality, grew in intensity as the rights to the people they rule. century progressed. By the early 20th Although the concept of citizenship century, most countries in Western first emerged in ancient societies like Europe and North America had extended Greece and Rome, it reached its fullest citizenship rights to previously excluded modern form during the era of the French or marginalized groups such as workers Revolution, from 1789 to 1799. Prior to and women, who saw their economic, that world-shaking event, people living social, and political position in society under the rule of absolute monarchies markedly improve. According to the that prevailed in France and other sociologist Thomas Marshall, whose European countries were not citizens of groundbreaking book Citizenship and a nation state, but subjects who owed Social Class was published in 1950, the their loyalty and obedience to the king. period from the 18th to the 20th centuries The French Revolution swept away could be viewed as progressing through the pillars of what was called the “old three distinct phases of citizenship. Each
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 41 of them broadened and deepened the from arbitrary arrest or mistreatment Further Research category. During the 18th century, the while abroad. Canadian citizens carry To learn more about the case concept of civil citizenship—meaning their passports with them while travelling of Omar Khadr, equality before the law, personal liberty, and may contact the embassy in the consult the freedom of speech and religion, and country they are visiting should they find September 2007 the rights to own property and sign themselves in any difficulty. However, issue of News in contracts—became recognized. In the this right does not absolve them of the Review. 19th century, this process was extended duty of obeying the laws that apply in to include political citizenship. More that country. For instance, the harsh laws people gained the right to vote and run against soft drug possession in a country for political office. By the 20th century, such as Singapore, which could include citizenship was broadened even further the death penalty, cannot be appealed to encompass social citizenship, which by the local embassy should a Canadian refers to the right to enjoy a certain travelling there fall victim to them. standard of living and social welfare. The The case of Omar Khadr, the young modern welfare state, which was born in Canadian of Pakistani origin who is the Canada and other Western democracies only Canadian citizen currently being after the Second World War, is a good held in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, raises example of this. this issue very dramatically. Khadr was All of these phases of citizenship, and only 15 years old when he was charged the extensions of rights they brought with involvement in terrorist activities with them, took place within the confines in Afghanistan. Legal experts in Canada of the nation state, the dominant form of and elsewhere have strongly questioned political organization in the world from the validity of his confinement in the time of the French Revolution up to Guantanamo under international law. today. But as the 21st century begins, This is partly because of his age, and also many people believe that the concept because the category of “unlawful enemy of citizenship is extending beyond the combatant,” which the U.S. authorities boundaries of individual nations and are using to define those being held in that a new idea of “global” citizenship their custody, has no legal authority. is beginning to emerge. One example of Khadr is not someone for whom most this is the fact that more and more people Canadians would feel much sympathy. in Canada and other countries where it is He and his family strongly support the permitted are opting for dual citizenship objectives and deeds of the Al Qaeda in order to have the right to vote in more militants who drove airplanes into the than one country. This can sometimes World Trade Center on September 11, have significant consequences. For 2001. But the concept of citizenship is example, in the Italian election of April intended to apply to everyone and not 2006 the narrow result was decided only to those who adhere to the values by the votes of Italian citizens living of the mainstream culture in Canada. For in other countries, including Canada, this reason, the Canadian government’s who had the right to elect their own reluctance to take up the cause of Omar representatives to that country’s Khadr has been sharply criticized. parliament. As author Erna Paris comments, “by In today’s world, where more and refusing that Omar Khadr be returned more people are travelling to other to Canada and tried here, the Harper countries, an important aspect of government makes Canadians complicit citizenship is the right to be protected with the Bush administration’s contempt
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 42 for established law. The Kahdr case Source: Canada and the World is being noticed. Our international Backgrounder on Citizenship, and “Why reputation as a law-abiding nation that the Khadr case is an affront to the rule of law,” The Globe and Mail, September protects its citizens is at risk.” 25, 2007
Activities 1. What do you think were the main reasons why the concept of citizenship has been broadened and deepened to include a greater range of rights from the time of the French Revolution up to today?
2. Do you think that people holding dual citizenship should be permitted to vote in national elections of the country in which they are not living? Why or why not?
3. Do you agree with Erna Paris that the Canadian government should be doing more for Omar Khadr, even though he holds views that most people in this country would find totally unacceptable? Why or why not?
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 43 THE ACT THAT MADE US CANADIAN Designing and Staging a Citizenship Ceremony
As a class, design and stage your own unique version of a citizenship ceremony, where new Canadians can be awarded citizenship, and/or where native- born Canadians can reaffirm their loyalty to this country, its governmental institutions, and values.
The ceremony could include the following: • remarks by a citizenship judge • a revised citizenship oath • a multicultural presentation drawing on the backgrounds of the new Canadian citizens • a reflection by native-born Canadians on what citizenship means to them • relevant music, art, poetry
Information on the citizenship ceremony can be obtained at the official Web site for the Ministry of Citizenship and Immigration: www.cic.gc.ca.
Notes:
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 44 GOING GREEN TO FIGHT GLOBAL WARMING Introduction
How much do you know about global Other people believe that the Focus As politicians warming? Stories about climate solution to global warming lies with continue to argue change and global warming seem to governments. These people believe that over the best way be everywhere. And this is alarming businesses and citizens will not change to fight the threat for many of us. But in some ways, the their practices until they are forced to by of global warming, frequency of these stories is a good government legislation. In other words, a lot of Canadians thing. It demonstrates that awareness of until governments threaten businesses aren’t waiting the problem is growing, and that more with large financial penalties, most to do something about the and more people want to do something companies will continue to conduct their problem. They’re about it. business as usual. It is true that in the trying to cut down This brings us to the next question: 1970s provincial legislation forced Inco on greenhouse What can we do about it? We probably to change its ways. Furthermore, it is gases by going all recycle, and try to turn off our lights governments that are in the best position green. and computers when we leave a room, to pass stricter laws to reduce greenhouse but is that enough? Is that all we can gas emissions—like lowering the speed do? Some people feel that the solution limit on highways—and then enforcing Further Research lies with big business. After all, it is those laws. The CBC has a Going Green Web big business that spews out tonnes of But more and more Canadians are tired site with lots of airborne pollutants and consumes huge of waiting for businesses or governments good information. amounts of energy. It also produces large to take action. They have decided to Check it out at amounts of garbage. Some businesses take action themselves. In this News in www.cbc.ca/news/ have made a great effort to be good Review story you will learn about some goinggreen/. corporate citizens and have significantly of these initiatives and their impacts: a changed their manufacturing processes school with a sod roof, a city that turned to reduce pollution. Inco, a mining a barren area into a forest, and a city company in Sudbury, is a good example that has made it easier to travel by bike of this. Over the years, emissions from than by car. You will also learn about the smelter stacks have been reduced a number of green initiatives that have by over 90 per cent. Today, dangerous been created and run by children and emissions from the smelters are captured, young adults. Hopefully you’ll take away cleaned, and turned into sulphuric acid, at least one green idea that you’ll try to which the company sells. implement. For Discussion 1. In small groups, talk about what you and your classmates know about global warming. You might want to consider the following questions: What is it? Why is it of concern? How fast is the change occurring?
2. Talk about how you feel about global warming. Is it something you worry about or not?
3. Discuss what you believe is being done to reduce global warming.
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 45 GOING GREEN TO FIGHT GLOBAL WARMING Video Review
Watch the video and answer the questions in the spaces provided. Did you know . . . CBC’s Going Green 1. Arctic sea ice has shrunk to the lowest level ever recorded. Web site lists energy-saving a) How much has it shrunk? ______ideas like watering the lawn with b) Why has it shrunk? ______used bath water. 2. Record the major “green” features of Citadel High School in Halifax. Visit the site at www.cbc.ca/news/ goinggreen/ for more ideas.
3. Why has the land around Sudbury been described as a “moonscape”?
4. Trees are being planted to reclaim the land. Where are those trees being grown?
5. What are two environmental benefits of planting masses of trees?
6. How has Inco changed the way it does business?
7. How long will it take the barren landscape around Sudbury to be completely restored?
8. Of what other green initiatives is Sudbury proud?
9. How many cyclists commute to downtown Vancouver every day? ______10. How did the city of Vancouver make cycling an attractive alternative to commuting by car?
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 46 11. What area of alternative transportation needs further development in Vancouver? Why?
12. In what major “green” programs do you or your family presently participate?
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 47 GOING GREEN TO FIGHT GLOBAL WARMING Greening Transportation
Quote Activity: Transportation Survey “The modern The following questions will determine how the members of your class use car is part of transportation. For each question, circle your response. the Canadian 1. How do you usually get to 3. How often did you take public way of life, school? transit in the past year? with Canadians a) Walk a) Every week convinced that b) Take the bus b) A few times a month owning a basic c) Drive a car, or are dropped off c) A few times a year motor vehicle is a by car d) Not at all right.” — Canadian d) Ride a bike Automobile 4. Do you plan on buying your own Association, 1954 2. How many cars does your family car within the next five years? own/lease? Why? a) None b) One c) Two d) More than two
Canada’s “Car Culture” Some parents buy their son or daughter From the answers to the above questions, a car so that the parent does not have to you probably have a pretty good idea drive them around to work, sports, or of how important cars are to your clubs. classmates and their families. It certainly is true that many of us have become Greening Transportation: The used to the convenience of having a car. Vancouver Example We often jump in the car to go and pick Some people argue that Canadians will something up at the store, or to visit a never change their ways and give up friend, when we really could walk or their dependence on cars. Certainly bike instead. car manufacturers and advertisers It is also true that many people are want us to think it is impossible. But, dependent on their cars. They may work if driving a car becomes inconvenient in a different city from where they live. (and expensive) we may well find that They may feel they have to commute to Canadians are willing and able to make work in their car because the town or city the change. they live in does not have train links to The city of Vancouver is an excellent their place of employment. Most towns example of how we can “green” and cities do have public bus routes that transportation. As the city began to boom would get these people to their jobs out in the 1960s, transportation specialists of town, but many people feel the bus said that existing roads in the downtown schedules are not convenient, or they do core would have to be expanded to allow not like riding on the bus. for a freeway through the city. In fact, For many teenagers from middle- consultants said that if a new freeway class families, buying a car has become was not built by the 1980s the city would a rite of passage into adulthood. Some fail to be economically viable. teenagers actually save their own money The city council of the time rejected from part-time jobs to buy an old beater. the recommendations and decided
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 48 not to increase the car capacity of its • Since the 1990s, 140 kilometres of bike Did you know . . . roads. Instead, the city officially made routes have been created, one parallel The transportation sector is the single alternative transportation its top goal. to every major car route. largest source The city made walking its number-one • 50 000 cyclists commute into of greenhouse priority. The needs of cyclists came downtown Vancouver every day. gas emissions in second, followed by public transport, • It takes about the same amount of time Canada. For every good transportation, high-occupancy to drive a car into town as it does to litre of gasoline vehicles, and lastly, single-occupancy used, the average bike. car produces about vehicles. So what happened? • Transit use is up 20 per cent, but the 2.4 kilograms of bus system still does not provide the carbon dioxide • The number of people walking to peak capacity required at rush hour. (CO2), the principal work has increased because residential greenhouse gas. development became a priority • Commuting time for car drivers has “Stop Idling” downtown. increased. campaigns have sprung up across Analysis Canada. If every 1. How would you rate Vancouver’s attempt to green transportation? Has it driver avoided been a big success? A modest success? Or less than a success? Explain your idling for just five answer. minutes a day, we would prevent 2. What steps could be taken by your local community to decrease car use more than one and increase reliance on alternative transportation? million tonnes of CO from entering 2 3. What would be the benefits of this shift ? the atmosphere each year. Source: Natural Resources Canada Web site at www. oee.nrcan.gc.ca/ transportation/ idling/issues/why- idling-problem. cfm?attr=8
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 49 GOING GREEN TO FIGHT GLOBAL WARMING Students Go Green
Did you know . . . Instructions On the last Friday Before you read the material below, create an organizer in your notebook with of November, the headings “Green Student Initiatives” and “Results.” Record information in thousands of this organizer as you read. people around the world celebrate A great deal of social change occurs and teenagers are no exception. In fact, International Buy because of the initiative and drive of teenagers now possess a significant Nothing Day as a children and young adults. Young people chunk of disposable income and are a reminder that most tend to be very idealistic and believe retail force to be reckoned with. Green of us can do with that if a problem exists, it should be Web sites contain many articles written far fewer ‘things.” fixed. Not surprisingly, many young by teenagers that stress the message “If people are active in the green movement. you must shop, shop smart.” The “shop The green initiatives described below smart” campaign reminds teens that were the result of young people coming every time they purchase something, a together and saying, “How can we make new product is made to replace it. The a difference?” manufacturing process itself creates pollution, the transportation of goods The Second Cup creates pollution, and the display of Students who frequented a Second Cup goods in air-conditioned, lighted stores shop in downtown Ottawa noticed that creates pollution. So whenever possible, the shop did not have bins for clients green teens try to do the following: to dispose of recyclable waste. The • look for clothes made with sustainable students, from Hopewell Avenue Public materials and production methods School, wrote a letter to the owner of • buy used or “vintage” clothing the store asking why. They found out • buy an ecobrand that uses organic that the store used to recycle its cups, cotton, organic soy, and bamboo newspapers, and cardboard boxes. But • buy recycled materials, including three years ago the city cut roadside footwear made from recycled tires and recycling from businesses to save costs. biodegradable microfibres Business owners then had to find and pay a private contractor to provide • demand green products – companies the same service. Unfortunately, the respond to demands from consumers private contractors were not willing to recycle as many materials as the city Students Force Government had previously. But because the students to Change City Policy from Hopewell raised their concerns, In the spring of 2007, members of the the owner of the store realized she had Environmental Club at Bliss Carman to do better and is now negotiating new Senior Public School in Toronto decided recycling deals with private companies. to begin a battery-collecting campaign. In their club they had learned that Shop Smart when batteries ended up in the landfill, It has been said that if you really care they leached dangerous toxins into the about the environment then you won’t soil and groundwater. Members of the shop much, especially for non-essential Environmental Club presented their idea goods. But most people like to shop, to the school, and all 17 classes decided
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 50 to participate. In a matter of three weeks, Cleaning up Communities Further Research the school had collected over 12 000 Environment Students across Canada are involved Canada’s Web batteries. in initiatives to help clean up local area for youth The campaign generated a great deal communities. Some of these projects lists programs and of media coverage, including a front- involve planting trees in barren activities you may page story in the Toronto Star, after it landscapes, cleaning local rivers and want to consider. It became known that the company known creeks, or picking up garbage. Students also allows you to as Toxic Taxi refused to collect the at John Chisholm School in Moose connect with other Canadian youth batteries because they were coming from Jaw, Saskatchewan, are involved in an across the country. a school rather than a residence. The annual spring clean-up program. The www.ec.gc.ca/ media coverage resulted in the battery students go out every two weeks to pick Youth/index_e.cfm disposal problem being discussed by City up garbage in their local community. Hall. One school’s Environmental Club They do this even when it is raining and was actually able to impact government cold. The students have noticed that policy. once the spring clean-up begins, fewer people are willing to litter, indicating that Energy Reduction Challenge their activity seems to have a significant Students in Patrick Ross’s grade 5-6 impact on the community. class at St. Theresa School in Prince Edward Island were successful in Selling Energy-Efficient significantly reducing the energy used at Devices to Raise Money the school. Former environment minister Many children sell chocolate bars when Jamie Ballem challenged students to it is time to raise funds for their school. reduce their energy use, but even he Not only is this unhealthy, it certainly was shocked at the results. The students does not do anything to improve the divided themselves into Team Heat, environment. In the province of Nova Team Electricity, Team Water, and Team Scotia, fundraising is done a little Paper. Although the results of the oil differently. The Nova Scotia government and electrical savings were still being has made energy-efficient light bulbs tabulated at the time of writing, the and low-flow shower heads available to project saved 15 kilograms of paper and schoolchildren across the province for 43 000 litres of water. fundraising drives. Local environment Energy reduction measures included groups are pleased with the initiative installing toilet dams, turning off lights, because they believe the use of the new turning down the heat and wearing bulbs results in fewer emissions from sweaters, and using both sides of the fossil-fuelled generators. paper when doing homework and tests. The heat was only turned on in rooms Outdoor Classrooms that were being used. As well, students When it was time to upgrade the playing made signs reminding people to “turn field at Cape Smokey Elementary School off the lights.” The project was such in Nova Scotia, students and parents a success that the grade 5-6 class was decided to do something a little different awarded a 2007 Prince Edward Island from just purchasing new playground Environmental Award. Students are equipment. They found out that a new now focused on implementing the same playground climbing structure would measures in their homes. cost the school $30 000, but that they
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 51 could create an outdoor classroom for shelter, two walking bridges, and outdoor about $10 000. Students were eager for murals were also added. Teachers the school to develop an outdoor area are excited because they now have where they could eat and study. The first an outdoor area where they can teach part of the project was implemented in students about nature. Students are excited June 2007. Sixteen trees were planted, because they will have a beautiful, along with other landscaping. A picnic shaded area for eating and studying. Analysis 1. Review the information in your organizer. How successful were these student initiatives at bringing about change?
2. Do you think people listen more closely to young people who demand change, or do they listen more closely to adults? Explain.
3. Have you been involved in any green initiatives? Share your stories with your classmates.
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 52 GOING GREEN TO FIGHT GLOBAL WARMING Greening Our Cities
Canadians across the country are a housing development that runs on Further Research To learn more taking large steps to “go green.” Two solar power. Before you read about each about Citadel High of these initiatives include building an initiative, answer the Stop and Think School visit the energy-saving high school and creating questions in your notebook. official Web site at http://newschools. Stop and Think: How green is your school? hrsb.ns.ca/citadel/ Do you have recycling boxes in each of the classrooms and the cafeteria? Does index.asp). To your school kitchen compost food scraps and coffee grounds? Are you reminded explore in greater to turn off lights and computers before you leave a room? Have your teachers detail the projects cut back on the amount of photocopying they do? at Drake Landing Solar Community, What other green initiatives are in place at your school? visit http://www. dlsc.ca/. Citadel High School, Halifax • Part of the building will be covered Citadel opened in 2007 and was built with sod, a natural insulator. It is as a green school. To be a green school, estimated the sod roof will reduce air you need more than energy-efficient conditioning costs by fifty per cent in windows; you need a completely new the cafeteria area. design. And the school certainly includes • There are floor-to-ceiling windows in a number of unique features. many classrooms and the cafeteria. • There is no student parking lot. This is intended to increase the use of Planners wanted to preserve green daylight. space but also wanted students to stop • Many building materials were recycled driving to school. from other facilities. This includes the • There is no smokestack. That is because bleachers in the gymnasiums and some the school does not have a furnace but of the windows. instead will buy some of its heat from a • Rainwater will be collected and used to nearby hospital that has excess heating flush the toilets. capacity. But the school won’t need to rely on fossil fuels as much as other buildings because the colour of the roof reflects heat and keeps the school cooler. Reflection 1. How do you think students would respond if the student parking lot at your school was dug up for a new green space or a sports field?
2. How would you rate your school on a “green” scale from 1 to 10 (with 1 being the most green)?
3. What rating would you give Citadel?
4. Which of the Citadel initiatives might you be able to implement at your school? Explain.
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 53 Stop and Think: How green is your home? Does your family recycle and compost? Have you taken steps to reduce water use—like installing low-flow toilets and shower heads? Do you have sufficient insulation in the attic? Are all of your windows and electric sockets caulked to prevent air leaks? Do you adjust your thermostat at night? Do you drink tap water instead of bottled water? Are your clothes washed in cold water? Do you hang your clothes to dry?
What other steps has your family taken to save energy in your home?
Drake Landing Solar All of the homes have solar panels lining Community the garage roofs. That energy is collected The housing community of Drake and heats water. The hot water is stored Landing is located in Okotoks, Alberta. in two huge tanks in a separate building. It may well be the greenest housing The energy created by the hot water community in North America. All of the is then redistributed to the homes as homes are rated as R-2000, which is the needed. most energy-efficient rating a home can Sound crazy? Maybe a little, but it receive. This means the homes are highly works. The Drake Landing project uses insulated and have low-flow toilets and 800 solar collectors, which may well showers. They also have energy-efficient be the largest collection of solar panels lighting and appliances. in North America. The developer of But what makes the homes at Drake Drake Landing estimates that each home Landing so energy efficient is that they produces about 1.5 tonnes of greenhouse do not have furnaces. Instead, all 58 gases per year. That is about 5.5 tonnes homes in the community are heated less than the average Canadian home. through a central solar heating system.
Reflection What do these two examples indicate about our potential to cut energy use and reduce greenhouse gas emissions?
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 54 GOING GREEN TO FIGHT GLOBAL WARMING Activity: How Green Are You?
In this News in Review story you have learned that climate change is a problem. But you’ve also learned that reducing the amount of energy we use, and the amount of greenhouse gases we produce, is possible. Now it is time for you to get involved.
Instructions Step 1: The table below asks you to rate the energy saving initiatives currently used by you and your family. Complete the table as honestly as possible.
Step 2: Create a “green plan” for you and your family. In other words, what changes might you be able to make to become more “green.” Discuss the plan with your family.
Step 3: Revisit the chart two or three months from now. Write a summary report on the changes you’ve been able to achieve.
Category Current use Two months later Difference achieved
Transportation patterns - frequency of biking and walking - use of car for convenience
Water - lawn watering - length of showers - amount of water used in bathtub - number of low-flow toilets and shower heads
Recycling and reuse of materials - what materials do you currently recycle/reuse?
Number of bags of garbage placed out for pick-up
Heating/Cooling/Electricity - daytime temperature - night-time temperature - use of fans rather than A/C - number of energy-saving light bulbs installed
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 55 News in Review Index A list of the stories covered last season and to date in the current season is provided below.
The complete chronological index for all 17 seasons of News in Review, and a subject-oriented index listing News in Review stories appropriate for various subject areas can be accessed through our Web site at www.cbc.ca/newsinreview. Hard copies of these indexes can also be obtained by contacting CBC Learning. SEPTEMBER 2006 SEPTEMBER 2007 Lebanon War: Israel Battles Hezbollah The Trial of Conrad Black Toronto Arrests: 18 Face Terror Charges The Seven Wonders of Canada London Bombers: Alienation and Terror Tony Blair’s Ten Years in Power The Big Melt: Canada’s Changing Arctic Omar Khadr: Canadian in Guantanamo OCTOBER 2006 A Gunman Attacks Students in Montreal A Canadian Rides the Shuttle into Space Canada Hosts World AIDS Conference 9/11: The Day that Changed the World NOVEMBER 2006 Canada’s Bloody War in Afghanistan Trying to Stop the Killing in Darfur Michaëlle Jean: Our Governor General Canada’s Famous Dinosaur Hunter DECEMBER 2006 The Liberals Choose a New Leader The North Korean Nuclear Crisis Teaching Children How to Care Restoring the Parliamentary Library FEBRUARY 2007 The U.S. Sends More Troops to Iraq Afghanistan: The Dead and the Wounded Taking The Right To Play to Ethiopia Visiting Second Life’s Virtual World MARCH 2007 A Call for Action on Climate Change The Trial of Robert Pickton The Forgotten War in Burma Repression and Fear in Russia APRIL 2007 The Budget: Countdown to an Election? Quebecers Vote in a Provincial Election Arrest in a 1964 Mississippi Cold Case Fashion and the Dangerously Thin May 2007 CBC Learning Remembering Vimy Ridge P.O. Box 500, Station A Iran Seizes British Sailors Toronto, Ontario, Canada The Dangers of Global Warming M5W 1E6 Living as a Homeless Person Tel: (416) 205-6384 Fax: (416) 205-2376 Internet: [email protected]
CBC News in Review • October 2007 • Page 56 CBC Learning Toll free: 1-866-999-3072 Box 500 Station A Phone: (416) 205-6384 Toronto, ON Fax: (416) 205-2376 M5W 1E6 [email protected] H www.cbclearning.ca www.cbc.ca/newsinreview
Image credit: NASA