Nuclear and Missile Trade and Developments NUCLEAR- and MISSILE-RELATED TRADE and DEVELOPMENTS for SELECTED COUNTRIES, MARCH-JUNE 1997

Nuclear and Missile Trade and Developments NUCLEAR- AND MISSILE-RELATED TRADE AND DEVELOPMENTS FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES, MARCH-JUNE 1997

by Michael Barletta, Clay Bowen, Kimber Cramer, and R. Adam Moody

The material in this overview is drawn from selected abstracts that appear in the Center for Nonproliferation Studies’ nuclear and missile databases. Transactions of nuclear and missile technologies, parts, and materials are listed according to the recipient country. Other developments are listed according to the country where the event or development took place.

CHINA March 2003. During Phase 2, two more 1,000 MW reactors will be added. The total Nuclear ASIA cost of the project is estimated at approxi- The U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO) mately $4 billion. In terms of foreign invest- issued a report detailing the problems of ment, this is the largest project of China’s separate export controls for Hong Kong and Ninth Five Year Plan. Nuclear China once Hong Kong reverts to Chinese Xinhua (Beijing), 5/15/97; in FBIS-CHI-97-135, 5/ Among the topics discussed at the 30th An- rule. Currently, high-tech goods, which 15/97. nual Conference of the Japan Atomic Indus- China has sought for missile and nuclear trial Forum (JAIF) was the limitation of technology development, are routinely sold The Xinan Nuclear Industrial Institute of nuclear weapons proliferation in Asia. An to Hong Kong without restriction. The GAO Physics in Sichuan recently built a nuclear “Asiatom” organization similar to Euratom report found 72 categories of items con- fusion research reactor, called the China was proposed by Hiroshi Murata, vice-chair- trolled for export to China for national se- Nuclear Circulator Experimental Technique man of the JAIF. Murata said an Asiatom curity reasons, but not to Hong Kong. The Laboratory. The China National Nuclear could coordinate both a regional nuclear list includes lasers, optical sensors, and high- Corporation inspected the laboratory’s mag- safety organization and a more economical performance computers. netic fusion functions, including a micro- regional nuclear fuel cycle. He proposed that Hong Kong’s Reversion to China: Effective Moni- wave system and an ion cyclotron resonance toring Critical to Assess U.S. Nonproliferation heating system. The reactor works in con- uranium enrichment be done in Australia, fuel Risks, United States General Accounting Office, fabrication in South Korea and Indonesia, and [Online] http://www.gao.gov, Report to Congres- junction with the institute’s existing Fusion fuel reprocessing in Japan and China. Y.S.R sional Requesters, 5/97, GAO/NSIAD-97-149; Circulator No. 1. Prasad, chairman of the India Atomic Indus- Michael S. Lelyveld, Journal of Commerce, 6/10/ Xinhua (Beijing), 6/4/97; in FBIS-CHI-97-108, 6/ 97, p. 1. 4/97. trial Forum, supported the proposal, while the general manager of the Korea Electric Power Construction of China’s Lingao nuclear U.S. nuclear laboratories are expanding col- Corporation (KEPCO) was skeptical. power station, located 1.2 km from the Daya laboration with Chinese nuclear labs on Nucleonics Week, 4/17/97, p. 13. Bay power station, began officially on 5/15/ projects involving material protection, con- 97 in Shenzhen. Phase 1 of the construction trol, and accounting (MPC&A). The U.S. consists of two 1,000 MW reactors, sched- participants are Sandia and Los Alamos na- uled to begin operation in July 2002 and tional laboratories. The Chinese participants

136 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1997 Nuclear and Missile Trade and Developments are the Chinese Academy of Engineering fuel. The new technology could eliminate the the week of 2/10/97. [Sources conflict on the Physics and the China Institute of Atomic need to handle nuclear fuel in powder form, precise variant being considered, S-300V or Energy. U.S. laboratories have hosted col- making it easier and less hazardous to work S-300PMU.] A Rosvoorouzhenie spokes- laborative workshops on issues involving with. The Sol-gel process could also be used man would not give details on numbers of arms control, nonproliferation, and Com- to fabricate mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel and to systems or price, but sources in both coun- prehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) verifi- reprocess plutonium. tries say that Russia is planning to sell India cation. The United States plans to conduct Hindu, [Online] http://www.webpage.com/hindu/ six S-300s worth $1 billion. Russian Presi- seismic monitoring of mining explosions today/08/08030003.html, 3/3/97. dent Boris Yeltsin and Indian Prime Minis- demonstrations, and, in return, has been inter H.D. Deve Gowda subsequently agreed vited by China to participate in a seismic Russian President Boris Yeltsin “agreed in “in principle” to India’s acquisition of six experiment to obtain geological data. principle” to the sale of two VVER-1000 Russian S-300s. The missiles would be sold William B. Scott, Aviation Week & Space Technol- light water reactors to India. The reactors will to India by the year 2000 under an Indo-Rus- ogy, 6/23/97, p. 54. be constructed at Koodankulam. Yeltsin sian defense cooperation agreement. Nego- made the decision during one-on-one talks tiations on the sale have been under way for Missile with Indian Prime Minister H.D. Deve over two years. According to an Indian de- A classified report from the U.S. National Gowda in Moscow. According to Indian fense official, a formal agreement will be Air Intelligence Agency dated fall 1996 says External Affairs Minister I.K. Gujral, India signed soon. India is eager to obtain the mis- that China is expected to deploy the Dong does not have the technology necessary to siles to counterbalance 30 Chinese-made M- Feng-31 (DF-31) at “about the turn of the build 1,000 MW reactors on its own. Offi- 11 ballistic missiles deployed in Pakistan. century.” The DF-31, produced in Nanyuan cial sources in Moscow said that the deci- India plans to deploy the S-300s along with (near Beijing), was observed on a launch pad sion to go ahead with the sale showed that the Indian Rajendra phased-array radar and at the Wuzhai Missile and Space Test Cen- Moscow had “vehemently rejected” U.S. Akash long-range SAMs. ter in 10/96, and is expected to be flight- protests. Moscow maintains that the sale does Defense News, 2/24/97-3/2/97, p. 6; The Indian Ex- tested soon, based on the recent completion not violate the 1992 Nuclear Suppliers Group press, [Online] http://www/expressindia.com/ie/ of site construction at Wuzhai. The report (NSG) agreement, which limits nuclear ex- daily, 3/26/97. also noted that a Belarusian six-axle mobile ports to countries of proliferation concern. launcher (called a MAZ, after the Minsk Au- The Soviet Union and India signed the ini- According to the Indian Space Research tomobile Factory) was photographed at a tial contract to complete a nuclear power Organization (ISRO), Russia recently pro- production facility in Nanyuan. The MAZ is plant in Koodankulam in 1988. According vided India with state-of-the art equipment similar to mobile launchers used for the SS- to Russian Minister of Atomic Energy Viktor to test the cryogenic rocket engines now un- 20, which was eliminated under the Inter- Mikhailov, the NSG agreements signed in der development for its satellite launch ve- mediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty. 1992 cannot be made retroactive. Mikhailov hicles (SLVs). The report said that China will probably re- said the project will “materialize” by the end Pravda pyat, 3/6/97, p. 3; Krasnaya zvezda, 3/6/97, p. 3. verse-engineer the MAZ and incorporate of 1997. The Indian Express, [Online] http:// some of its technologies, such as the all- On 4/30/97, ISRO successfully ground tested wheel suspension, higher ground clearance, www.expressindia/com/ie/daily, 3/26/97; Nezavisimaya gazeta, [Online] http:// the improved first-stage booster of the Polar large tires, and driver-controlled central tire- home.eastview.com/news/ng, 3/21/97. Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV). The solid- inflation system. fuel motor produced a peak thrust of 415 Bill Gertz, Washington Times, [Online] http:// India’s two 220 MW reactors at the Kaiga www.washtimes.com, 5/23/97. metric tons and burned for 110 seconds. nuclear power plant are expected to be com- During its Ninth Plan period between 1997 missioned during 1998–99, the plant’s direc- China conducted its second successful sat- and 2002, ISRO intends to conduct up to 17 tor V.K. Sharma said. The two reactors were ellite launch of the month on 6/10/97, using missions. ISRO will use the PSLV to launch originally estimated to cost Rs7.74 billion; a Long March-3 rocket. The satellite’s satellites into polar or inclined orbit for Earth however, that figure is now expected to reach onboard guidance system will position it into observation and “space sciences.” In 4/97, Rs22.75 billion following the collapse of one geostationary orbit. ISRO launched its first Rohini RH-560 Mk2 Nando Times, [Online] http://www.nando.net/news- of the reactor’s containment domes in 1994. suborbital sounding rocket from Sriharikota. room, 6/11/97. Deccan Herald, [Online] http:// The rocket carried a 100 kg payload to an www.deccanherald.com, 3/23/97; in FBIS-NES-97- 113, 3/23/97. altitude of 450 km. INDIA Doorsdashan Television Network, 4/30/97; in FBIS- NES-97-121, 5/1/97; Indian Express, [Online] http:/ Nuclear Missile /www.expressindia.com/ie/daily; Hindu Interna- India’s Bhabha Atomic Research Centre According to Indian officials, a delegation tional Edition, 4/12/97, p. 16; Flight International, from Rosvoorouzhenie, Russia’s arms export 4/30/97-5-6/97, p. 24; All India Radio, 4/30/97; in (BARC) has developed the sol-gel process, FBIS-NES-97-120, 4/30/97. which uses a type of glass to fabricate nuclear agency, offered to sell India 150 km-range S-300 surface-to-air missile (SAM) systems

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1997 137 Nuclear and Missile Trade and Developments

INDONESIA KAZAKSTAN Wall Street Journal, [Online] http://www.wsj.com, Interactive Edition, 4/4/97. Nuclear Nuclear Indonesia’s parliament approved a new A wholly owned state enterprise, The U.S. General Accounting Office re- atomic energy law on 2/26/97. The law pro- Kazatomprom, was created to oversee the leased its second report on implementation vides the legal framework for establishing national interest “in all major uranium min- of the U.S.-North Korean Agreed Frame- and regulating a nuclear energy program, and ing and processing enterprises.” The new work on 6/2/97. The report addresses the updates existing regulations for the use of company inherits the capital of the Kazak U.S. costs of implementation of the frame- nuclear materials. State Atomic Power Engineering and Indus- work, the options for disposing of North Nuclear News, 4/97, p. 48. try Corporation (KATEP), as well as that of Korea’s existing spent fuel, contracts for the three mining administrations, and the 51 per- light water reactors and other goods and ser- Missile cent government share in the Ulba Metallur- vices, the status of actions to normalize eco- Indonesia said on 6/20/97 that it is consider- gical Plant (a producer of nuclear fuel nomic and political relations between the ing the purchase of Russian-made air-defense pellets). The new company will also over- United States and North Korea, and the sta- systems and fighter aircraft. see Kazakstan’s national interests in tus of actions to promote peace and security Washington Times, 6/21/97, p. A8. KATEP’s business ventures with the Cana- on the Korean peninsula. dian firm Cameco, the U.S. firm Uranerz, Nuclear Nonproliferation: Implementation of the JAPAN and the French firm Cogema. U.S./North Korean Agreed Framework on Nuclear Issues, United States General Accounting Office, Uranium Institute News Briefing, [Online] http:// Nuclear [Online] http://www.gao.gov, Report to the Chair- www.uilondon.org/nb, 3/5/97-3/11/97. Siemens Power Corporation announced an man, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, U.S. Senate, GAO/RCED/NSIAD-97-165, 6/97. agreement with Nuclear Fuel Industries of KOREAN PENINSULA ENERGY Japan for the long-term supply of uranium According to the Nuclear Assurances Cor- conversion services. Siemens will convert DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION poration, the U.S. contractor in charge of the enriched uranium hexafluoride to uranium (KEDO) canning, clean-up, and dismantlement oxide powder at its new dry-conversion fa- U.S. President Bill Clinton certified that the project at North Korea’s Yongbyon nuclear cility in Richland, Washington. United States is taking steps to assure that facility, 6,500 of 8,000 spent fuel rods have Willis Witter, NuclearFuel, 3/10/97, p. A16. progress is made on implementation of the been canned for long-term storage. More On 6/5/97, following suspension of opera- 1/1/92 Joint Declaration on the Denuclear- than 800 rods were “seriously neglected,” tions due to a 3/97 fire and explosion, the ization of the Korean Peninsula and the complicating the process. It is also estimated Japanese government decided to shut down implementation of the North-South dialogue, that construction of light water reactors in the Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel and that North Korea is complying with the Sinpo may cost up to $5 billion, and that the Development’s (Donen) spent fuel reprocess- other provisions of the Agreed Framework. expected completion date for both is 2003. Stewart Stogel, Washington Times, 6/4/97, p. A20. ing center at Tokai. Approximately 96 tons Clinton also certified that North Korea is of unreprocessed spent fuel remain in stor- cooperating fully in the canning and safe stor- At a meeting between South Korean Vice age. A research facility is currently under age of all spent fuel from its graphite-mod- Minister of Foreign Affairs Yi Ki Chu and construction at the Tokai Operations Center erated nuclear reactors. This work is his Norwegian counterpart, Siri Bjerke, Nor- and has been proposed as a temporary stor- scheduled to be completed by the end of Fis- way pledged to contribute $250,000 to age site for the spent nuclear fuel. cal Year 1997. He also certified that North KEDO by the end of 1997. Nihon Keizai Shimbum (Tokyo), 6/6/97, p. 1; in Korea has not significantly diverted assis- Yonhap (Seoul), 6/4/97; in FBIS-EAS-97-155, FBIS-EAS-157, 6/6/97. tance provided by the United States from the 6/4/97. purposes for which it was intended. Missile Presidential Determination No. 97-20, The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, 3/19/97. A 44-member KEDO delegation traveled to Japan’s National Space Development North Korea to negotiate construction pro- Agency (NASDA) announced a study to re- During the week of 4/7/97, 54 KEDO repre- tocols, including mail and telecommunica- place its one-ton-class satellite launcher, the sentatives will join a 29-member site-survey tions services, emergency medical J-1 rocket. The study places Lockheed team in Sinpo, North Korea. The 54-mem- procedures, and use of North Korean labor, Martin’s 34 m, two-stage oxygen-kerosene ber team will check matters related to on- materials, and transportation. Site-leveling booster in competition with Nissan’s 24 m, site communications, transportation, and is scheduled to begin when the negotiated solid-propellant booster. terms are signed in New York. KEDO will Paul Kallender, Space News, 6/2/97, p. 6. labor. The team will travel to North Korea by ship from an eastern port in South Korea. open its Sinpo office as early as 7/97. North This is the first team permitted to cross the Korean Ambassador-at-Large Ho Chong is border by ship. Other personnel have flown scheduled to visit New York in late 6/97 to to North Korea from Beijing. meet Stephen Bosworth, executive director

138 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1997 Nuclear and Missile Trade and Developments of KEDO, to sign the construction protocol But, he added that its F-16 aircraft could be TAIWAN for the light water reactors. used for such a task. Yonhap (Seoul), 6/6/97; in FBIS-EAS-97-157, 6/6/ Nucleonics Week, 3/20/97, p. 18. Missile 97; Yonhap, 6/13/97; in FBIS-EAS-97-164, 6/13/97. Taiwan has developed a surface-to-air mis- Missile sile based on its short-range, air-to-air Sky NORTH KOREA U.S. officials say that Pakistan is building a Sword (Tien Chien) missile. The new missile is scheduled to be tested during two-day Nuclear short-range ballistic missile factory near Rawalpindi using equipment and design in- Taiwanese military joint-forces exercises, IAEA Director General Hans Blix said on beginning on 6/23/97. 3/17/97 that talks with North Korea regard- formation from China. The facility, begun in 1995 and believed to be one or two years Inside China Today, [Online] http://www.nando.net/ ing past data from its nuclear reactors have newsroom, 6/11/97. stalled. No date was set for the next round of from completion, may be able to produce an entire M-11 missile or many M-11 compo- discussions. TURKEY Agence France Presse, 3/17/97; in FBIS-TAC-97- nents. Such a transfer would violate China’s 076, 3/17/97. MTCR obligations because the 280 km- Nuclear range M-11, which can carry an 800 kg pay- According to the Turkish Security Director- Missile load, can carry a nuclear warhead. U.S. ate, security agents in Bursa, Turkey, seized Based on U.S. intelligence observations of officials believe China and Pakistan signed 850 g of uranium dioxide (UO2) and arrested the Nodong-1 missile made in 3/97, officials a contract in the 1980s to build the factory four persons suspected of illegal possession declared the missile “a weapon of terror, and about 36 M-11 missiles. Previously of the material. The suspects had attempted rather than an effective strike system.” Three stored unassembled at Sargodha airfield, to sell the uranium to Turkish police dis- launchers were observed when deployed these missiles are now considered opera- guised as buyers. along North Korea’s coastline, and seven tional according to a 5/96 report by the in- TRT Television Network, 5/26/97; in FBIS-WEU- more at a site near Pyongyang. The officials teragency U.S. Weapons and Space Systems 97-146, 5/26/97. concluded that North Korea deployed the Intelligence Committee. Missile missile prematurely, and that it lacks a reli- Jane’s Intelligence Review, 3/97, pp. 131-133. able guidance system. The observations pro- Vadim Kuznetsov, Russia’s ambassador to vided more accurate specifications for the The Larkana-II will become Pakistan’s first Turkey, said on 2/25/97 that Moscow is pre- missile. It is 15.2m long, 1.2m in diameter, ship equipped with surface-to-surface mis- pared to sell a range of weaponry to Turkey. has a 770 kg warhead, and has a range of siles when it is commissioned by the end of Kuznetsov said Russia proposed selling a 1,300 km. But, the missile has a circular er- 1997. The ship’s engine was made in Ger- dozen weapon systems to Turkey, and has ror probable (CEP) of 3–4 km. The Nodong- many, and China is expected to supply the made offers for joint ventures and licensed 1 can be fitted with conventional or chemical weapon systems. co-production. According to Russian defense warheads. Its transporter-erector-launcher The Muslim, 4/22/97, p. 1. industry sources, Rosvoorouzhenie entered (TEL) vehicle is based on a modified Rus- negotiations with Turkey on joint production sian MAZ-543, lengthened with a fifth axle. SOUTH KOREA of S-300 air-defense missiles, Mi-28 and Ka- 52 assault helicopters, T-80 tanks, Mi-26 U.S. officials believe that the major differ- Nuclear ence between the Nodong-1 and -2 is the fuel heavy transport aircraft, and small arms. In response to U.S. pressure, South Korea Defense News, 3/3/97-3/9/97, pp. 3, 26. supply system. The Nodong-2 may have a decided not to allow the Korea Electric redesigned system to allow longer burning Power Company (KEPCO) to reprocess Israel and Turkey increased bilateral defense of stored fuel. spent nuclear fuel from abroad. and security cooperation through deals Paul Beaver, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 5/28/97, p. 4. Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 4/21/97, p. 12. clinched in high-profile reciprocal visits of senior defense officials. In addition to air- AKISTAN The South Korean government relieved P craft and missile accords, their collaboration Ambassador-at-Large for Nuclear Coopera- Nuclear includes technology transfer and technical tion Chong Kon Mo from his post for dis- In an interview conducted by an unnamed cooperation, joint naval maneuvers, use of rupting the election process for IAEA newspaper in Lahore, Pakistan, former Pa- both states’ airspace for air force training, secretary-general. Chong was a candidate for kistani Army chief General Mirza Aslam Beg and joint strategic assessment of the threats the position against the wishes of the South said that Islamabad has successfully tested posed by Iran, Iraq, and Syria. Turkish-Is- Korean government. Chong has also been its “atomic bomb capability.” He said raeli ties prompted sharp criticism from Arab minister of science and technology. Pakistan’s next task is to focus on delivery states. Bilateral defense industrial activities Korea Times (Seoul), 6/10/97, p. 1; in FBIS-TAC- systems for its “nuclear capability.” Beg said 160, 6/10/97. are wide-ranging. Turkey will buy at least he has no knowledge whether Pakistan has 10 unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) from missiles that could carry nuclear warheads. Israel for surveillance in southeastern Tur-

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1997 139 Nuclear and Missile Trade and Developments key. Turkish officials are also considering the Missile GEORGIA purchase of Israeli reconnaissance, attack, According to the Belapan news agency, the Nuclear and communications UAVs. Israel is mod- Belarusian lower house of parliament ap- Agents from the Georgian Ministry of Secu- ernizing 54 Turkish F-4 fighter aircraft in a proved the formation of a multinational con- rity arrested three Tbilisi residents six-year plan. Turkey is buying nearly 50 glomerate, named Granit, to improve the (Dzhumber Dzidziguri, David Otinashvili, Israeli Popeye-1 standoff missiles and will country’s air-defense network with the help and Kharatyan, chief specialist of the Tbilisi engage in co-development and co-produc- of 20 Commonwealth of Independent States Metrological Institute dosimetric laboratory) tion of hundreds of advanced Popeye-2 mis- defense firms, particularly those from Rus- who had attempted to sell about 20 g of ra- siles. Israel is also bidding on Turkish sia. Commander of Belarusian air-defense dioactive plutonium-alpha beryllium com- projects to spend $1 billion on four early forces Valeryy Kastenka, speaking to the pound in Turkey. An investigation revealed warning aircraft and to refit 48 F-5 fighter newspaper Vo Slavu Rodiny, said that Rus- that in 1996, Kharatyan stole the compound aircraft. sia agreed to assist Belarus in modernizing from the institute. He then sold it to Aviation Week & Space Technology, 6/23/97, p. 35. its air defenses. East Europe, 5/11/97-5/17/97, p. 21. Dzidziguri and Otinashvili, who made several unsuccessful trips to Turkey to sell the stolen material for $600,000. The suspects BULGARIA were arrested following their last trip. The EUROPE Missile suspects had stored the compound in make- In an interview, Ivan Kolev, former deputy shift containers in their apartments. chairman of Bulgaria’s interdepartmental Segodnya, [Online] http://www.eastview.com/ council on the defense industry, said that segodnia, 4/12/97. ALBANIA Bulgaria and Russia have “prepared a project jointly to manufacture the ‘Mango’ missile.” LITHUANIA Nuclear 24 Chasa, 3/8/97, p. 19; in FBIS-EEU-97-069, Nuclear Ten containers of “radioactive material” were 3/10/97. stolen from an arms factory in Fier, Albania, About 70 kg of a 100 kg cache of uranium from a nuclear fuel assembly stolen from the according to unnamed officials. Although the CZECH REPUBLIC material itself has not been identified, one Ignalina nuclear power plant in 1992 has Nuclear official said: “We are not talking about ra- been recovered, according to Lithuanian se- Officials at the Temelin nuclear power plant dioactive waste.” An Italian secret service curity officials. Twenty kg were seized near in the Czech Republic notified the U.S. firm spokesperson was quoted by the Gazetta del the plant on 6/10/97, and another 50 kg were Westinghouse Electric Corporation that two Sud in Calabria, Italy, saying that the mate- recovered near Vilnius on 6/11/97. Accord- nuclear fuel rods, which had been missing rial was smuggled from Albania aboard a ing to the senior investigator, Vytautas since 10/96 from Westinghouse’s Commer- commandeered naval vessel which landed in Pociunas, most of the uranium has been re- cial Nuclear Fuel Division plant near Colum- southern Italy. The Gazetta del Mezzogiorno covered. Officials believe the rest has been bia, South Carolina had been discovered at in Bari, Italy, said that material was smuggled sold. Pociunas said that three suspects— all the plant. Each rod contains about 57 g of by Albanian organized crime figures who former security guards at Ignalina—will be U-235. According to Westinghouse spokes- have collaborated with the Italian mafia in tried for the theft. woman Mimi Limbach, the fuel rods were Reuter, 6/12/97; RFE/RL Newsline, 6/13/97. the past. The Times (London), [Online] http://www.sunday- among about 300 lead-filled rods in a train- times.co.uk, 3/21/97. ing assembly Westinghouse shipped to the Missile Czech Republic in 10/96. The two fuel rods U.S. undercover agents posing as Columbian BELARUS were among lead-filled rods when they were drug dealers arrested two Lithuanian men for rejected during initial testing. A technician conspiring to sell missiles and nuclear weap- Nuclear mistakenly recorded that they had been sent ons. Alexander Progrebenski and Alexander A Belarusian and three “foreigners” were for repair, according to Limbach. The bar- Darichev were charged in Miami, Florida, arrested for attempting to smuggle 2 kg of code reading was either misused or ignored. with plotting to transport missiles and ex- uranium out of Belarus, according to a Westinghouse did not discover that the rods plosive materials without a license and to ship spokesperson for the State Security Commit- were missing until 3/20/97. Investigation nuclear weapons illegally. The suspects met tee. The suspects hoped to sell the uranium continues into how the fuel rods ended up in undercover agents several times in Miami for $100,000. The spokesperson said the a training assembly. and London, where they offered the agents a uranium was not weapons-grade. Washington Post, [Online] http:// “shopping list” of surface-to-air missiles RFE/RL Newsline, 6/29/97. www.washingtonpost.com, 4/19/97. (SAMs) and other shoulder-fired weapons. Among the weapons offered were SA-13 ‘Strela’ and SA-16 ‘Igla’ missiles. In one

140 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1997 Nuclear and Missile Trade and Developments meeting, the suspects offered 40 missiles for of other Russian ICBMs. Also in Dudnik’s $1 million as well as tactical nuclear weap- possession was information about the secu- Missile ons. According to the suspects, the weapons rity of nuclear warhead storage facilities. During a plenary session of the Duma, the were to be supplied through the Bulgarian Nezavisimaya gazeta, 3/27/97, p. 1; in Oborona i lower house of the Russian parliament, De- government-owned arms company bezopasnost, 3/31/97, p. 2; Yadernyy kontrol, 5/97, fense Committee Chairman Lev Rokhlin pre- pp. 7, 8; Komsomolskaya pravda, 7/15/97, p. 1. Armimex. The undercover agents spoke with sented a report on illegal Russian arms sales a man who claimed to be an Armimex repre- Russian officers from the Novosibirsk orga- to Armenia. According to the report, from sentative and Angelo Zeini, owner of the nized crime unit arrested seven suspects at- 1993 to 1996, approximately $1 billion in Equatorial Guinean cargo ship Al Fares. tempting to sell 5.2 kg of uranium from arms were shipped, including eight opera- Zeini offered to ship the weapons as “junk Kazakstan’s Ust-Kamenogorsk metallurgical tional tactical missile launchers with 32 R- material” from Bourgas, Bulgaria, to Puerto plant. The uranium, in the form of “radioac- 17 [NATO designation SS-1 ‘Scud B’] Rico for $330,000. tive pellets”, was stolen for possible sale to ballistic missiles, 27 3M8 Krug [NATO des- Reuter, 6/30/97. China or Pakistan, according to unidentified ignation SA-4 ‘Ganef’] surface-to-air mis- law enforcement agencies. Two mafia fig- sile (SAM) systems with 349 missiles, 40 MACEDONIA ures from the city of Rubtsovsk 9M33 Osa [NATO designation SA-8 and SA- Nuclear (Kemerovksaya Oblast), with the assistance N-4 ‘Geko’] SAMs, 18 Grad multiple rocket Police confiscated a lead capsule containing of a trolley bus factory locksmith, had trans- launchers, and 40 Igla portable SAM com- 250 g of uranium from an apartment in ported the uranium from Kazakstan in a plexes with 200 Igla SAMs. These were Skopje and arrested two Macedonians. Ac- Mercedes automobile. The buyer, a citizen transferred illegally because no interstate cording to the Skopje newspaper Dnevnik, of Novosibirsk, intended to pay $100,000 for treaty was ever signed to authorize weapons the suspects said they obtained the uranium the material. shipments. According to Rokhlin, these were “as compensation from the FRY [Federal Re- BBC Monitoring Summary of World Broadcasts, 5/ “enormous violations.” Sovetskaya rossiya, 4/3/97, p. 3; in FBIS-SOV-97- public of Yugoslavia]” and were prepared to 4/97; in ITAR-TASS, 4/3/97; Novaya sibir, 3/28/97, p.5; Izvestiya, 4/1/97, p. 6; in FBIS-SOV-97-094, 4/ 067, 4/3/97; Russia Today, [Online] http:// sell it to “two foreigners” for DM2 million. 4/97; ITAR-TASS, 4/3/97. www.russiatoday.com, 4/15/97. According to experts in Skopje, the seized container is one of four that surfaced in Bul- Two containers of Cesium-137 were found Commander-in-Chief of Russian Strategic garia in 1995 and had been intended for sale in a barn in Safonovo, Russia, by police from Rocket Forces (SRF) General Igor Sergeyev in the Middle East. The suspects said that the Smolensk anti-mafia unit. Another pub- said that by the end of 1997, flight tests of after the “action of the Bulgarian police in lication said that five “sources” of Cesium- the new Topol-M [NATO designation SS-X- 1995,” the four containers went in different 137 were found along with “radioactive 27] rocket will be complete. The Topol-M directions, “moving around the Balkans” for equipment.” The material was contained in will be deployed by at least one SRF regi- two years. lead capsules. The cesium was apparently ment. The Topol-M was developed and pro- BETA, 4/4/97; Standart News, 4/7/97, p. 14. stolen from a local factory, and was destined duced entirely in Russia. Previously, Russia for an unnamed European country. Eight was almost 90 percent dependent on Ukraine RUSSIA Safonovo residents in possession of firearms for the manufacture of its fire-control sys- Nuclear and plastic explosives were arrested in con- tems. Although the production of fire-con- The Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) nection with the case. Police also confiscated trol systems will now be carried out at Russia arrested V. Dudnik, a senior officer of the cesium capsules from the suspects. at firms in Voronezh and Izhevsk, Sergeyev Russian Strategic Rocket Forces (SRF) sta- ITAR-TASS, 4/25/97; Segodnya, [Online] http:// expects Ukrainian deliveries to last until at www.eastview.com/segodnia, 4/26/97. tioned with the Orenburg army group, charg- least the end of 1997. The SRF will continue ing him with espionage. According to FSB to cooperate with Ukraine’s Kharkov defense A 68 kg cylindrical packing container with plants, where fire-control systems are pro- sources, Dudnik intended to sell classified radioactive material was found in a sand pit information about the SRF to foreign intelli- duced. near the Russian health resort of Essentukov RIA Novosti, 4/24/97; in FBIS-UMA-97-114, gence agents operating undercover at the (Stavropol region) on 5/18/97. Officials from 4/24/97. U.S. Embassy in Moscow. Another source the Stavropol Directorate of Internal Affairs said that Dudnik had already attempted to and the local branch of the FSB are currently A French defense ministry report states that sell the information for $500,000. An inves- investigating all local enterprises to deter- Russia does not know the exact number of tigation revealed that Dudnik had gathered mine where the container originated and who nuclear weapons in its arsenal, is not disman- classified information about the Orenburg placed it in the sand pit. The Rostov-based tling the number of "warheads" [sic, origi- rocket army, including sensitive information firm Radon will test the material to deter- nal text should have said missiles or delivery about the deployment of Topol RS-12M mine its origin. systems] called for under international agree- [NATO designation SS-X-27] ICBMs and Segodnya, [Online] http://www.eastview.com/ ments, and does not know the total number major technical and qualitative parameters segodnia, 5/20/97.

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1997 141 Nuclear and Missile Trade and Developments of nuclear warheads returned to it from UKRAINE missiles with maximum ranges between 300 former Soviet republics. The report suggests km and 500 km. Ukraine’s security chief Nuclear that, because of financial shortfalls, Russia Vladimir Gorbulin said Ukraine had guar- has been making retired warheads “tempo- During a 4/15/97 meeting in Kiev, Ukrainian anteed it would not export such missile sys- rarily inoperative,” rather than completely President Leonid Kuchma assured Israeli tems or their related technologies. Ukraine dismantling them. Minister of Industry and Trade Natan pledged to abide by MTCR export guide- RFE/RL Newsline, 5/5/97. Scharansky that Ukraine would not supply lines even though it is not a member. turbines for a Russian-supplied reactor be- Interfax, 5/17/97; in FBIS-SOV-97-137, 5/17/97; ing built at Bushehr, Iran. According to one Jamestown Monitor, 5/12/97; Nezavisimaya gazeta, SLOVAKIA report, Scharansky said Ukraine agreed to [Online] http://www.eastview.com/news/ng, 5/27/97; Missile never supply Iran, Iraq, or Libya, with com- Interfax, 5/20/97; in FBIS-SOV-97-140, 5/20/97. The Slovakian army has decided to purchase ponents which may aid the development of S-300 [NATO designation SA-10 nuclear weapons. ‘Grumble’] surface-to-air missile (SAM) New York Times, 4/15/97, p. A6; RFE/RL Newsline, MIDDLE EAST AND systems from Russia for approximately $200 4/16/97. million. The deliveries will be in remunera- AFRICA tion for Russia’s debt to Slovakia. Under the Missile terms of existing contracts, Russia is to sup- Ukraine’s state-run export firm ply Slovakia with 24 S-300 SAMs, Strela Ukrspetseksport and Russia’s state-run ar- [NATO designation SA-13 ‘Gopher’] and mament firm Rosvoorouzhenie signed an ALGERIA Igla [NATO designation SA-16] SAMs, and agreement to coordinate efforts to export Nuclear other military equipment during 1997. missiles and other military equipment on the RIA Novosti, 3/26/97; Sme, 5/9/97, p. 15; in FBIS- world market. Meeting in Moscow, China agreed on 5/21/97 to provide Algeria EEU-97-131, 5/11/97; Kommersant-Daily, 4/29/97, Ukrspetseksport’s chief, Andriy Kukin, and with blueprints and design plans for the third pp. 20-22; in Oborona i bezopasnost, 5/5/97. Rosvoorouzhenie’s chief, Aleksandr stage of construction of the Algerian Center Kotelkin, agreed to consult each other on for Nuclear Energy Research, which will SWEDEN prices, payment conditions, and strategic focus on nuclear safety and waste treatment. Nuclear policies within the arms market. According The research reactor is under IAEA safeguards. According to a Swedish Security Police to a spokesperson for Rosvoorouzhenie, Russia and Ukraine will be “acting on the Xinhua (Beijing), 5/21/97; in FBIS-CHI-97-141, 5/ (SAPO) report, front companies used by 21/97. countries of proliferation concern (India, world arms market jointly and in a civilized Iraq, Israel, North Korea, and Pakistan) to manner.” CYPRUS acquire components for their nuclear weap- Unian, 3/7/97; in FBIS-SOV-97-066, 3/7/97; East- ern Economist, 3/31/97, p. 14. ons programs repeatedly contacted Swedish Missile companies during the past year. On several Turkish Prime Minister Necmettin Erbakan A Russian Space Agency source said that occasions, SAPO intervened to prevent tech- declared that Turkey will not allow Cyprus Russia and Ukraine will start an enterprise nology from being exported. In one case, to deploy Russian long-range S-300 [NATO to place commercial payloads into space us- Swedish firm Fixturlaser sent a “laser align- designation SA-10 ‘Grumble’] surface-to-air ing converted RS-20 [NATO designation SS- ment device...used to aim beams and cou- missiles (SAMs). 18 ‘Satan’] ballistic missiles. The “new” plings with a precision of 0.01mm” to a Segodnya, [Online] http://www.eastview.com/ delivery vehicle, named Dnieper, will have segodnia, 3/21/97. company SAPO and British security police an extra booster unit and could be ready for say Pakistan uses to acquire nuclear weapon its first launch by the end of 1998. U.S. firm Russia will supply Cyprus with S-300 SAMs, components. According to Fixturlaser Man- Microsoft has tentatively agreed to have 22 despite objections by the United States, aging Director Johan Halling: “Of course we of its Teledesic satellites deployed into low- United Kingdom, Turkey, and Turkish Cyp- had no idea they [laser alignment devices] Earth orbit aboard the converted missiles. riots. During a visit of the Cypriot foreign could be used for nuclear weapons.” British Microsoft is negotiating terms for another 80 minister to Moscow, Russian Foreign Min- customs officials at Heathrow airport stopped launches. ister Yevgeny Primakov declared that: “The the shipment. In most cases, the companies ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 3/13/97; in FBIS-SOV-97- contracts have been signed and the missiles were unaware that their products could be 072, 3/13/97. will be shipped. There will be no retreat.” In used in nuclear weapons, according to a Moscow news conference, Primakov said Christer Ljungqvist, department head of the At a meeting of the Ukrainian-U.S. economic the shipment would be halted only if the en- Inspection Service for Strategic Products. cooperation commission in Washington, DC, tire island were demilitarized. Svenska Dagbladet (Stockholm), 3/27/97 p. 9; in Ukrainian President Leonid Kuchma an- Jane’s Defence Weekly, 6/25/97, p. 5; Radio Mos- FBIS-TAC-97-087, 3/28/97. nounced that Ukraine would continue to de- cow – Voice of Russia World Service, 6/18/97; in velop and produce surface-to-surface FBIS-SOV-97-170, 6/19/97.

142 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1997 Nuclear and Missile Trade and Developments

EGYPT program. Iranian front companies have at- negotiated by Iranian intelligence agents and tempted to obtain nuclear-related technology Russian arms brokers in 2/97 and 3/97 in Nuclear from the West, but most of these attempts Moscow. It included a Russian offer to sell The Ministry of Electricity and Energy plans have failed due to tightened export controls. S-300 series surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) to build a nuclear power plant and may use Iran is now believed to be concentrating its at discount prices. Pentagon officials said the Type 600-A reactor being developed in “illicit procurement efforts” on Southeast that two systems, either SA-10s or the newer the United States, Canada, and Germany. El- Asia. SA-12, with 96 missiles produced in 1997 Dabaa, near Alexandria, has been chosen as Jane’s Sentinel Pointer, 4/97, p. 6. near Moscow have been offered to Iran for the site for the reactor. The Egyptian Nuclear $180 million. This price is $20 million be- Materials Authority launched an air survey Russian Foreign Minister Viktor Posuvalyuk low the amount Russia’s state arms exporter, for uranium to fuel projected research reac- and his Iranian counterpart, Mahmud Vaezi, Rosvoorouzhenie, would ask for the system. tors and power plants. signed a memorandum of understanding Washington Times, 4/16/97, pp. 1, 16. MENA (Cairo), 4/16/97; in FBIS-TAC-97-106, 4/ (MOU) on export controls. They emphasized 16/97. their countries' commitment to the nonpro- Israeli newspaper Ha’aretz reported that liferation of nuclear weapons and their means North Korea recently supplied Iran with com- Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority President of delivery. puter software used in the manufacture of Hisham Fuad announced that the new 22 Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran First Program surface-to-surface missiles. Iran is helping MW research reactor at Inshas, northeast of Network, 4/12/97; in FBIS-TAC-97-102, 4/12/97. North Korea finance improvements to the Cairo, will commence operation in 10/97. Nodong-1 missile in exchange for the devel- Egypt imported the $62 million reactor un- Germany’s federal attorney—in conjunction oped technology. Japanese and U.S. intelli- der a 1993 agreement with Argentina, and with the German customs authority, the fed- gence sources say that Iran will have the Egyptian nuclear technicians were trained eral bureau of investigation, the federal of- ability to manufacture the improved missile there to operate it. fice for the protection of the constitution, and within two years. Al-Ahram (Cairo), 5/17/97, p. 1; in FBIS-NES-97- the BND—compiled a classified list of ap- 140, 5/20/97; MENA (Cairo), 4/16/97; in FBIS- Ha’aretz, [Online] http://www.haaretz.com, in FBIS- TAC-97-106, 4/16/97; Agence France Presse (Paris), proximately 120 German companies supply- NES-97-080, 4/24/97. 4/6/97; in FBIS-NES-97-096, 4/6/97. ing Iran with dual-use technology. According to investigations, Iran knows how to procure In an unclassified 25-page set of responses IRAN dual-use technology “inconspicuously, but to questions, the U.S. Department of State efficiently.” Tehran prefers to use small, un- has officially informed Congress that the Nuclear known companies run by Iranians who have Chinese government has sold cruise missiles According to a senior official at the Russian lived in Germany for many years. to Iran. The report said that it is “a matter of Ministry of Atomic Energy (Minatom), a new Stern, 4/17/97, pp. 188-191. public record that China has transferred a stage of construction began at the Bushehr number of C-802 ship-based anti-ship cruise nuclear power plant after Iran made a $60 According to Germany’s Federal Intelligence missiles to Iran.” million advance payment to Russia. Minatom Service (BND), Iran has a nuclear weapons Washington Post, [Online], http:// Deputy Minister Yevgeniy Reshetnikov said development program. Tehran will not have www.washingtonpost.com, 5/31/97. on 3/21/97 that the reactor vessel has been the technical capability to produce nuclear manufactured and experts have begun build- weapons until at least 2002, although that As part of a joint program with China, Iran ing the plant’s steam generators and other schedule could be accelerated if Iran ac- is developing a 100 km-range, solid-fuel equipment. Assembly of the plant’s VVER- quired weapons-grade fissile material on the missile, the NP-110. The program involves 1000 light water reactor will begin in early black market. Iran’s use of Chinese x-ray equipment to 1998. The Bushehr-1 reactor is scheduled to Welt am Sonntag, 4/27/97, p. 4; in FBIS-TAC-97- examine missile casings and to check the be commissioned in 2001. 118, 4/28/97. state of the solid-fuel rocket motor. ITAR-TASS, 3/21/97; in FBIS-SOV-97-080, Washington Times, 6/17/97, p. A3. 3/21/97. Missile U.S. officials said Iran is completing two IRAQ Iran’s Atomic Energy Council (AEC), tunnels to house its Scud ballistic missiles. Missile chaired by President Ali Akbar Hashemi The site is located at Kuh-e-pardi on Iran’s On 3/8/97 and 3/9/97, parts from approxi- Rafsanjani, is again interested in acquiring Persian Gulf coast, half way between mately 130 destroyed Iraqi missiles were two 300 MW reactors from China. Talks Bushehr and Bandar Abbas. between the Atomic Energy Organization of Jane’s Defence Weekly, 4/9/97, p. 4. shipped from Iraq through Bahrain to the Iran (AEOI) and China about the project United States for analysis. The parts were were held in 1995, but “appeared to lapse” Russia is selling advanced air-defense sys- sent to a U.S. Department of Defense labo- under strong U.S. pressure. The United States tems to Iran according to Pentagon intelli- ratory in Huntsville, Alabama, to determine says that Iran has a secret nuclear weapons gence officials. The reported deal was if they came from Soviet-made Scuds and

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1997 143 Nuclear and Missile Trade and Developments whether critical components, which Iraq is to Palermo, may have been carrying uranium www.haaretz.co.il, 4/21/97; in FBIS-NES-97-082, unable to produce, were removed before the intended for eventual delivery by sea to 4/21/97. missiles were destroyed. According to the Libya. Italian authorities recently increased German newspaper Bild, 16 German com- efforts to solve the mystery of the crash, in Missile panies are currently under investigation on which 81 passengers died. Chemists and Armscor, the state-owned weapons export suspicion of supplying Iraq with Scud mis- nuclear scientists commissioned to examine firm, and Denel, its privatized manufactur- sile components and nuclear technology. the wreckage discovered trace elements of ing subsidiary, opened offices in Beijing, Arms Control Today, 3/97, p. 29. uranium in what had been the aircraft’s hold. Paris, Switzerland, Moscow, Tel Aviv, Kuala However, Rosario Priore, the magistrate in- Lumpur, and New York, to expand South ISRAEL vestigating the crash, cautioned that “[the African arms exports. The Black World Today, 3/8/97. Missile uranium traces] may be contamination” rather than evidence that the aircraft was U.S. Defense Secretary William Cohen and South Africa’s Denel Group and the French carrying uranium fuel. Israeli Defense Minister Yitzhak Mordechai firm Aerospatiale agreed in 3/97 to increase Reuter, 4/1/97; in NNN News, 4/1/97; Reuter, 4/2/ agreed in 4/97 to extend cooperation on the 97; in NNN News, 4/2/97. cooperation in several fields, including tac- Arrow anti-tactical ballistic missile (ATBM) tical missiles, helicopters, and military air- and on developing a tactical high-energy la- Missile craft. ser to counter Katyusha rockets. The U.S. Indian Intelligence Bureau officials detained ANC Daily News Briefing, [Online] gopher:// pledged a 25 percent increase in its annual gopher.anc.org.za:70/00/anc/newsbrief/1997, P. Srinivas Rao on 5/2/97 at the Hyderabad 3/19/97. $200 million contribution to the Arrow Airport on suspicion of attempting to deliver project. information on missile technology to Libya. SYRIA Jane’s Defence Weekly, 4/9/97, p. 4. According to police sources, Rao is a defense scientist in Hyderabad who was trav- Missile Nearly 400 rocket scientists participated in eling to Libya via Bombay. Previously, a Western intelligence sources and Israeli mili- a four-day closed meeting in Eilat, Israel, former scientist was detained for similar rea- tary officials reportedly believe that Syria is sponsored by the U.S. Ballistic Missile De- sons at the Bangalore airport. in the preliminary stages of arming surface- fense Organization (BMDO). Speakers at the Hindu, [Online] http://www.webpage.com/hindu/ to-surface missiles with VX nerve gas war- conference said that ballistic and cruise mis- today, 5/3/97, p. 11. heads. siles are becoming greater threats due to fall- Ha’aretz (Tel Aviv), [Online] http:// ing prices and increasing sophistication SAUDI ARABIA www.haaretz.co.il, 4/29/97; in FBIS-TAC-97-119, 4/ resulting from competition among the grow- 29/97; Ha’aretz (Tel Aviv), 5/11/97, p. B5; in FBIS- ing number of missile producers. They said Missile NES-97-092, 5/11/97. that despite intensified efforts, no concrete Saudi Arabia has approached China and A Russian military delegation visited Syria results have yet been achieved in develop- Russia regarding possible replacements for in 4/97 to discuss revival of bilateral mili- ing countermeasures and advanced missile- its aging fleet of 30–40 Chinese-made [3,000 tary cooperation and modernization of Syr- defense systems. km-range] CSS-2 [DF-3] surface-to-surface ian weapon systems. The delegation included Ha’aretz (Tel Aviv), 6/24/97; in FBIS-TAC-97-176, missiles. 6/25/97; Defense News, 7/14/97-7/20/97, pp. 1, 20. Flight International, 4/16/97, p. 6. the Russian army’s chief of staff, and representatives from Rosvoorouzhenie and the KUWAIT SOUTH AFRICA MAPO corporation (which manufactures MiG-29 and MiG-31 aircraft). Nuclear Missile Rosvoorouzhenie discussed selling S-300 On 2/14/97, the first of eight fast patrol craft South African Deputy Foreign Minister Aziz air-defense systems to Syria. built for Kuwait was launched at CMN’s Fahd was quoted by the Israeli newspaper Al-Dustur (Amman), 4/28/97, p. 16, in FBIS-NES- Cherbourg shipyard in France. According to Ha’aretz as saying that the flash recorded 97-121, 5/1/97. CMN, the boats will be fitted with British by a U.S. Vela satellite above the Indian Aerospace Sea Skua anti-ship missiles. Ocean in 9/79 “certainly was a nuclear test.” Jane’s Defence Weekly, 2/19/97, p. 14. South Africa’s previous government had stated that Pretoria never conducted a nuclear LIBYA test, nor was it involved in the nuclear tests of any other country. When asked whether Nuclear Israel was involved in the 1979 test, Fahd Italian news agencies reported that a DC-9 replied that there was “close cooperation” passenger jet, which crashed into the between South Africa and Israel in military Tyrrhenian Sea on 6/27/80 near the island of matters. Ustica, Italy, during a flight from Bologna Ha’aretz (Tel Aviv), [Online] http://

144 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1997 Nuclear and Missile Trade and Developments

Minister Gustavo Krause, the reactor will Germany. The informer said Torres planned have a maximum power of 0.5 MW, and will to sell 5,000 g of plutonium and 2,300 g of SOUTH AMERICA be built at a Brazilian university that has not uranium for $40 million to Cuba. He stated yet been selected. The SAE said the army that this material was stored north of Bogota, will direct the project because it has the most and that Torres had another 9,000 g of plu- experience in this area. The SAE approved tonium stored in Germany. A vial provided ARGENTINA the project on 8/6/96, but did not authorize by the informant and a second container Nuclear publication of the army’s written rationale. seized from representatives of the suppliers Three universities have reportedly expressed by Colombian police were found not to con- The Argentine Senate approved legislation interest in hosting the reactor. tain plutonium, but rather Strontium-90 and to allow privatization of the state-owned Jornal do Brazil (Rio de Janeiro), 6/5/97, p. 3; in U-235 at a purity of 0.7 percent. Kroemer Embalse and Atucha-1 and -2 nuclear power FBIS-LAT-97-156, 6/5/97; Folha de Sao Paulo, concluded that the claim regarding plutonium plants, which will be sold as a package. The [Online] http://www.uol.com.br/fsp/cotidian/ storage in Germany was “implausible,” but law guarantees nonproliferation and man- ff050650.htm, 6/5/97. expressed concern regarding involvement of dates that the state remain sole owner of fis- the Colombian National Liberation Army— sile material in irradiated fuel. President Fernando Henrique Cardoso re- Telam (Buenos Aires), 4/2/97; in FBIS-LAT-97-093, quested that Congress approve Brazil’s ac- recently involved in kidnappings of German 4/3/97; Nuclear Law Bulletin 59, 6/97, pp. 43-44. cession to the Treaty on the citizens—in nuclear smuggling. Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Munich Focus, 6/30/97, p. 42; in FBIS-WEU-97- 182, 7/1/97. Technical specialists from Sandia National (NPT), marking the end of nearly three de- Laboratory in the United States and the Ar- cades of Brazilian rejection of the treaty. gentine National Board of Nuclear Regula- Foreign Minister Luiz Felipe Lampreia noted CUBA tion (ENREN) evaluated operation of a that while Brazilian leaders still view the Nuclear remote-monitoring system at the Embalse NPT as discriminatory, they believe this step According to Nuclear Energy Minister nuclear power plant over a 16-month period. is necessary to improve Brazil’s international Yevgeniy Reshetnilov, Russia may resume They concluded that the system “demon- standing and boost its chance of winning a construction at the Juragua nuclear power strated its adequacy for safeguards pur- permanent seat on the UN Security Council. plant in Cuba in early 1998. Construction will poses,” and serves as “an attractive General Alberto Cardoso, chief military ad- be financed by an international consortium alternative to routine ‘in situ’ safeguards visor to the president, said the armed forces not yet formed, but Russia will retain own- inspections…in many high-security installa- no longer resisted the NPT and that there was ership. Firms from the United Kingdom, tions.” a favorable climate for approval in Congress. Germany, and Brazil have shown interest in Journal of Nuclear Materials Management, 6/97, The inter-ministerial policy paper justifying participating. According to the Russian pp. 81-84. the shift noted that as an NPT member, Bra- Nuclear Society, approximately $500 million zil will emphasize a “discourse of is needed to complete the first VVER-440 BRAZIL delegitimation of nuclear arms.” In this and light water reactor, and an additional $700 Nuclear other ways Brazil will promote the “complete million for the second. Germany sought to extradite from Brazil elimination” of nuclear weapons. ITAR-TASS (Moscow), 6/5/97; in FBIS-SOV-97- Karl-Heinz Schaab, a German uranium en- Folha de Sao Paulo, [Online] http:// 156, 6/5/97; NucNet News, 3/17/97, p. 25; Nezavisimaya gazeta (Moscow), 6/11/97, p. 4; in richment expert who aided Iraq’s secret www.uol.com.br/fsp/brasil/fc210614.htm, 6/21/97; Agencia Estado (Sao Paulo), 6/20/97; in FBIS-LAT- FBIS-SOV-97-162, 6/11/97. nuclear program. Schaab was arrested in Rio 97-121, 6/20/97; EM INTERMINISTERIAL #/MJ/ de Janeiro in late 1996, based on evidence MM/MEx/MRE/MAEr/EMFA/CC-PR/CM-PR/ that he sold Urenco design blueprints to Iraq. SAE-PR, 1997, Brasilia, [Online] http:// Germany charged Schaab with treason, www.mre.gov.br/sei/emtnp.htm; Press Note #232, Ministry of Foreign Relations, Brasilia, [Online] which Brazil considers a political crime. http://www.mre.gov.br/sei/impren.htm, 6/20/97. Under national law, Brazil is not obligated to extradite suspects charged with political COLOMBIA crimes. Nucleonics Week, 3/20/97, pp. 17-18. Nuclear An investigator from the German Federal Brazil’s plan to construct an experimental Office of Criminal Investigations, Peter gas-graphite nuclear reactor was confirmed Kroemer, interviewed an unnamed Colom- by the Strategic Affairs Secretariat (SAE) bian informant regarding a report that pluto- and the Army Ministry. According to Army nium smuggler Justiniano Torres offered to Minister Zenildo Lucena and Environment sell nuclear material stored in Bogota and in

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