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~ ,,;'. ..' t:.,", __ , ,~~/ . a __ .,.,-.. ~RCEMENT rBIBULLETIN OCTOBER 1984. VOLUME 53. NUMBER 10

Contents

Cooperation 1 : 0; ~f/ 9 The International Criminal Organization By Charles E. Co litre Arson 8 Arson: A Statistical Profile q 65' 7'1 By Dr. Yoshio Akiyama and Peter C. Pfeiffer 0 Crime statistics 15 Crime in the -1983 OJ?; -)? ~ \ CO~Enunications 19 Neighborhood Crime Watch-A Communication pr~blem By James H. Howell

~tration 23 Missing the Boat By Peter A. Stone

The Legal Digest 25 The Collective Knowle~ge Rule J G) _ By Jeffrey Higginbotham N C i~ v 32 Wanted By The FBI

ACQU1.9iTiONS

Federal Bureau of Investigation Published by the Office of Congressional United States Department of Justice and Public Affairs, William M. Baker, Assistant Director The Cover: Interpol Washington, D.C. 20535 employee searches Editor-Thomas J. Deakin counterfeit currency William H. Webster, Director Assistant Editor-Kathryn E. Sulewski file at Interpol's Art Director-Kevin J. Mulholland ileadquarters in SI. The Attorney General has determined that the Writer/Editor-Karen McCarron Cloud, . See . publication of this periodical is necessary In the Production Manager-Jeffrey L, Summers transaction of the public business required by Reprints-Marlethia S. Black artirie p. 1. of the Department of Justice. Use of funds for printing this periodical has been approved by the Director of the Office of Managemenf and Budget through June 6, 1988.

ISSN 0014-5688 USPS 383-310 INTERPOL

INTERPOL-To many, the name The International brings to mind the fictional image of an agent wearing a trenchcoat and Criminal wide-brimmed hat standing on a fog­ shrouded train platform awaiting the arrival of the famed Orient Express. In Police Organization reality, Interpol has no operatives of its own. Its fame and success are ". . . now as in 1914, international police based solely on the efforts of dedicat­ ed law enforcement officers in its 136 cooperation is the obvious solution to the member countries working within their problem of international crime." own borders and criminal justice sys­ tems, backed by an extensive tele­ By communications system and a spirit of international law enforcement CHARLES E. COLITRE cooperation. Special Agent The turn of the century in Europe Criminal Investigative Division witnessed an increasing rise in the Federal Bureau of Investigation crime rate and development of a rapid Washington, DC and widespread transportation system on the continent. These factors cre­ ated the ideal climate for the criminal who could commit a crime in Rome, board a train, and find himself many miles and several countries away within hours. Greater international police coop­ eration was the obvious solution, but it was not until 1914 that the first positive action was taken. In that year, at the invitation of Prince J\lbert I of , the First International Crimi­ nal Police Congress met in the Princi­ pality of Monaco. Presided over by the University of Paris law facility dean, the delegates from 14 countries discussed identification techniques, a central international records system, methods of speeding up and simplify­ ing arrests, and a unification of extra­ dition procedures. A second meeting, scheduled for 1916, was delayed by . It wasn't until 1923 when the Second Interpol's Founding Fathers International Criminal Police Congress met in , , at the invita­ tion of Dr. , Presi-

October 1984 I 1 dent of the Vienna Police. At ~his Interpol headqua'1ers, known as meeting, it was decided to create the the General Secretariat, is located in International Criminal Police Commis­ a modern structure built by Interpol in sion (ICPC), the forerunner of the St. Cloud (pronounced San Clue), a present-day International Criminal quiet suburb of Paris, France. The Police Organization (ICPO). building was first occupied in July By 1938, 34 countries had joined 1966, and houses the permanent ad­ the ICPC, though its activities were ministrativE~ and technical staff of the primarily centered in Europe. The organization. 1938 General Assembly Session held The General Secretariat is orga­ SpecmlAgentCOff~e in Bucharest, , marked the nized into four divisions: General Ad­ end of normal ICPC activities until ministration, Police Matters, Studies the end of World War II. and Research, and the International With the return of peace in Criminal Police Review. The General Europe came the need for the return Administration Division is further divid­ of international police cooperation. In ed into subdivisions handling person­ 1946, the ICPC was reborn at a con­ nel, budget, conferences, and the vital ference in , . This translation and telecommunications effort was sparked by Mr. Florent functions. The Police Division is com­ Lowage, a senior Belgian police offi­ posed of three subdivisions-general cial who was elected president. A new criminal, economic, and financial was adopted, and Paris crime and drugs. These subdivisions was selected as the site for the new are further divided into groups han­ ICPC headquarters. The 17 countries dling specialized crime, such as vio­ attending the conference elected Mr. lent gangs, counterfeiting, financial Louis Ducloux of France as assets, and check . The Studies General and that position has been and Research Division carries out re­ held by a Frenchman ever since. search in a wide range of problems At the ICPC 25th General Assem­ facing the world law enforcement bly in 1956 a new constitution was community. The fourth division, as its adopted. Article I of the new constitu­ name implies, publishes the Interna­ tion changed the organization's name tional Criminal Police Review, a peri­ to the International Criminal Police Or­ odical published in the four offici€'.: ganization-Interpol. The word "com­ working languages of the organiza­ mission" was dropped because many tion-French, English, Spanish, and members believed it was too indica­ . tive of a temporary group. The word "Interpol," in use since 1946 as part of the telegraphic address of the ICPC in each country, had become so well­ known throughout the world as a sub­ stitute for International Criminal Police Commission or ICPC that it was offi­ cially made part of the new name.

2 I FBI law Enforcement Bulletin ______Of great importance during the and in some cases, have targeted General Assembly sessions are the specific narcotics smuggling rings. face-to-face meetings between the Financial support for Interpol is delegates who represent a wide range transmitted to the General Secretariat of cultures, customs, and back­ by the member countries in the form grounds. Regardless of formal lan­ of annual dues. Each member pays guage barriers (the General Assembly an amount based on the population meetings are simultaneousl y translat­ and development of the country and ed into the four working languages), its use of Interpol facilities. The United the common language of law enforce­ States' annual dues account for ap­ ment provides a bond of cooperation proximately 5.2 percent of the overall that transcends national boundaries. Interpol budget and amounted to In addition to the General Assem­ $373,785 from appropriated Depart­ bly sessions, Interpol holds a number ment of Justice funds in fiscal year of regional conferences, seminars, 1983. The Interpol budget is constitut­ and symposiums each year to discuss ed in Swiss francs, chosen because topics of interest to various member of their traditional stability in the world money market. Interpol's General Secretariat, St. Cloud, France countries. Such conferences in the past have focused on telecommunica­ At the heart of the Interpol oper­ The General Secretariat is tions, drugs, counterfeiting, aircraft hi­ ation is the telecommunications headed by the Secretary General, a jacking, , financial system that provides the rapid ex­ career law enforcement officer elect­ crime, , and other matters of change of information between the ed by the General Assembly for a special concern. Several Interpol drug member countries and the General term of 5 years. The Secretary Gener­ conferences have been the genesis Secretariat. A modern, high-speed al is advised by the executive commit­ for regional drug interdiction plans, radio telecommunications network tee which, like the Secretary General, is elected by the General Assembly and serves as Interpol's board of di­ rectors. The president is elected for 4 years and the three vice presidents and delegates for 3-year terms. The president and vice presidents must each be from a different continent. Interpol's General Assembly meets annually to conduct the general business of the organization and to discuss topics of special interest. Each member country is invited to send a delegation to the General As­ sembly which meets in a member country that volunteers to host the session. Regardless of delegation size, each member country has only one vote as the assembly voices its decisions on a serles of resolutions and election of officers.

______October 1984 13 Telecommunications Center, St. Cloud. France links 67 member countries with the General Secretariat either directly or through regional switching centers. As equipment and funds /:.Jecome avail­ able, additional membqs, now com­ municating via international telex or cable, are expected to join the radio network system. To provide an Interpol point of ~ contact in each country, the Interpol :" .:-:...... ~ . :;i ~ ~'j> constitution requires member coun­ tries to establish a National Central Bureau (NCB). In most countries, the NCB is established as a component With the disassociation of the By the mid-1970's, a movement of the national police service and is FBI, the U.S. Treasury Department, became active within the Justice De­ frequently headed by the police offi­ anxious to maintain international con­ partment to return the Interpol func­ cial with the responsibility for all for­ tacts to help with its enforcement re­ tion to the Attorney General. Though eign police liaison matters. Though sponsibilities in narcotics, currency, this move was opposed by the Treas­ the size and internal organization of and customs violations, continued an ury Department, which by then was in the NCB's vary from country to coun­ informal liaison with Interpol through full control of the USNCB, an agree­ try, each operates within the con­ 1957. In 1958, legislation was passed ment between the departments was straints of its own national and allowing the Attorney General to dele­ reached in 1977. The compromise re­ policies, as well as within the frame­ gate the responsibility for Interpol op­ turned control of Interpol in the United work of the Interpol constitution. Each erations in the United States to any States to the Justice Department but NCB is responsible for liaison with department or agency.2 The Treasury permitted representation and oper­ other agencies in the country, with Department, already deeply involved ation of the Interpol function to be other NCB's, and with the General in Interpol activities, officially assumed shared by officials of both depart­ Secretariat. this responsibility, and in the fall of ments. Since the United States has no 1960, hosted the 29th Interpol Gener­ Today, the USNCB is located in national police service, the authority al Assembly in Washington, DC. In the Justice Department and is staffed, for the operation of Interpol was 1962, the U.S. National Central in addition to a permanent Justice De­ vested by law in the Attorney General Bureau (USNCB) was established in partment cadre, by investigative per­ 1 in 1938. He initially designated the the Treasury Department to act as the sonnel detailed from Secret Service, FBI to handle Interpol matters, a role central point of contact for Interpol Drug Enforcement Administration, which continued in 1947 when the activities in the United States. In Jan­ Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Fire­ United States resumed participation uary 1972, the USNCB joined the In­ arms, the Customs Service, Immigra­ after the post-World War II reorganiza­ terpol radio network, thus permitting tion and Naturalization Service, U.S. tion. Even before the United States direct communications with the 29 Marshals Service, Postal Inspection formally resumed participation in Inter­ other member countries then a part of Service, Internal Revenue Service, pol in January 1947, FBI Director J. the system. U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Edgar Hoover had accepted a unani­ the Federal Bureau of Investigation. mous nomination by the General As­ The Comptroller of the Currency and sembly ir. .June 1946, as senior vice the Federal Law Enforcement Training president ofthe organization, a post held until December 1950, when the FBI dis­ continued its association with Interpol.

4 I FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin ______U.S. National Central Bureau. Washington. DC Left: Photofacsimile Unit Below: Communications Center

Center are also participating agencies, each having detailed administrative personnel to the USNCB. During 1983, the USNCB investi­ gative caseload totaled 24,706, an in­ crease of 17.3 percent over 1982. In addition to the investigative caseload, the USNCB handled 648 other inquir­ ies concerning Freedom of Informa­ tion and Privacy Acts, media and public relations, and a broad spectrum of law enforcement topics from the use of bulletproof vests to computer­ ized fingerprint comparison. To handle these inquiries on an international level, the USNCB makes use of the Interpol radio telecommuni­ cations network and a telex and cable facility to communicate with NCB's not yet on the radio network. An ad­ vanced technology photofacsimile unit was installed in 1983, giving the USNCB high resolution transmission capabilities for fingerprints and photo­ graphs. For domestic communication, the USNCB has terminals for the Na­ tional Law Enforcement Telecommuni­ cations System (NLETS) and both the Justice (JUST) and Treasury Enforce­ ment (TECS) Communication System. Access terminals permit queries of the FBI's National Crime Information Center (NCIC) and the Narcotics and Dangerous Drug Information System (NADDIS) operated by the Drug En-

October 1984 I 5

,':.'------6 / FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin ______"Recognized internationally for its unique high degree of cooperation among members, Interpol continues to grow and adapt to' the constantly changing methods of the modern international criminal. . . ." forcement Administration. Information Each case handled by the stantly changing methods of the regarding fugitives and wanted per­ USNCB is carefully monitored to modern international criminal in such sons is exchanged with the Depart­ insure compliance with Federal stat­ diverse areas as terrorism, drug traf­ ment of State Advanced Visa Lookout utes and regulations, Department of ficking, and computer crime. System (AVLOS) and the Immigration Justice policy, and directives and Investigative personnel of the and Naturalization Service Master international standards for investiga­ participating agencies in the USNCB Index File (MIRAC). The USNCB also tions and exchange of information. should consult their headquarters rep­ makes use of an internal computer The questioning process between resentative at the USNCB or current system for case indexing and tracking member countries is encouraged to directives for format and method of and to provide statistical data for insure that investigative requests do communicating investigative requests management purposes. not violate tile Interpel constitutional to Interpol. State, local, and nonparti­ The broad range of offenses and prohibition against involvement in po­ cipating Federal agencies may submit requests for investigations received by litical, religious, racial, or military mat­ requests by mail on agency letterhead the USNCB extend from murder, rob­ ters. Requests from domestic law en­ to Interpol-U.S. National Central Bu­ bery, narcotics violations, large-scale forcement agencies must be in writ­ reau, Department of Justice, Washing­ fraud, and counterfeiting to locating ing, either by mail or a telecommuni­ ton, D.C., 20530 or via the National Law and apprehending international fugi­ cations system, and must specify the Enforcement Telecommunications tives which involves arrests and extra­ criminal activity under investigation System (NLETS) to (DCINTER(0). ditions to the countries where the and the relationship of subjects to the To insure compliance with U.S. law crimes were committed. The requests investigation before the USNCB can and the Interpol constitution, Interpol also include criminal history informa­ proceed with international inquiries. guidelines require all requests for tion, license checks, and humanitarian For U.S. law enforcement agen­ international investigation to be re­ matters. Through Interpol, weapons cies, Interpol provides tile vehicle for ceived in "hard copy" before action can be traced, witnesses can be lo­ worldwide extension of "the long arm can be taken. FBI cated and even interviewed abroad, of the law." Through the use of Inter­ Footnotes and criminal record checks can be pol, even the smallest and most , 22 USC 263 (a). conducted since there is no interna­ remote police department has avail­ 2 P. L. 65-766. tional equivalent of NCIC. Unless an able to it, free of charge, the full re­ individual has previously come to the sources of the law enforcement serv­ attention of the General Secretariat ices of 135 nations. through an Interpol-l1andled investiga­ Today, as at the turn of the cen­ tion or tile issuance of an Interpol tury, rising crime rates and vast and international wanted notice, each rapid transportation systems, as well member country believed to have a as modern communications networks, criminal record or arrest warrant for continue to provide the ideal setting the subject must be queried individual­ for the international criminal. So too, ly. The worldwide Interpol communica­ now as in 1914, international police tions system makes such a task the cooperation is the obvious solution to simple matter of transmitting a single the problem of international crime. In message for relay to the appropriate the 70 years since Prince Albert I set member NCB's. in motion the wheels of multinational law enforcement cooperation, Interpol has grown to a membership of 136 countries. Recognized internationally for its unique high degree of coopera­ tion among members, Interpol contin­ Terminat operator transmits information via ues to grow and adapt to the con- USNCB telecommllnlcations network, Washing/on, D.C.

______October 1984 17