Egypt. J. Comp. Path. & Clinic. Path. Vol. 23 No. 3 (July) 2009; 37 - 61 CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE IMPACT OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTION ON CATFISH IN RIVER NILE IN DAMIETTA AND DAKAHLIA GOVERNORATES By Dawoud, A. S.* ; Salem, A. H.** and Samah A. Shehata* Animal Health Research Institute, Food Inspection Damietta Sea Port Laboratory; Faculty of Science, Damietta, Mansoura University, Egypt
SUMMARY The present study was carried out to evaluate the pollution and its effect on the quality of catfish. Four sites were chosen for the research, Ras El Bar (site 1) this location was chosen as control, as it lies far from sources of pollution, Shatta (site 2), water source is the Manzala lake, Kafr El Bateekh (site 3) it lies in Damietta Governorate and receives the discharge of Electric Power station, and 4 Talkha (site 4) it lies directly close to Talkha fertilizer factory. To avoid seasonal variation fish were collected through out one sea son from (January to march). The research was carried out on water, sedi ments and catfish (serum and muscle). The results recorded that there are an extremely significant increased in Pb (9 times more than control, Fe, Zn (nearly 5 times more than control), and Cu (4 times more than control) concentrations in muscle of catfish of site 3 and 4 when compared with that of control (site 1). However, site 3 reveals an extremely significant increased in Cd (nearly 3 times more than control) when compared with that of control while as, no significant difference between sites 1, 2 and 4. Five heavy metals ( Pb, Fe , Cd, Zn and Cu ) were determined in all investigated water samples the result showed that site 3 contained the highest level of lead , cadmium zinc and copper ( 0.223, 0.0071 , 0.026 , 0.018 and 0.115 ppm) , respectively . while , sites 2.4 had the highest level of iron ( 0.25 and 0.26 ppm ), respectively. The obtained results for lead concentration in sites 3, 4 were above the permissible limit also , cadmium concentration in site 3 were above the permissible limit, generally the obtained results indicated that water samples collected from sites 1 and 2 are characterized with suitable con ditions for aquatic organisms while the properties of water collected from sites 3 and 4 are not suitable for aquatic organisms . Sites 3, 4 had the highest levels of heavy metals than the other sites, the heavy metal concentrations were (31.05,26.46; 5.43,0.75; 645.9, 696.7 ; 18.06 , 34.49 and 74.29 , 5132 ) ppm for ( Pb , Cd , Fe , Zn and Cu ) in sites 3,4 respectively .
37 Egypt. J. Comp. Path. & Clinic. Path. Vol. 23 No. 3 (July) 2009; 37 - 61
Generally, heavy metals found in sediment are relative to their levels in water samples Total protein of cat fish from site 1 showed the highest level ( 76.6 %) . On the other hand , protein of catfish from site 3 showed the lowest level ( 68.75 % ). An extremely significant increased in RBC'S in catfish of site 4 when compared with control and no significant differences are present between the other three sites. The RBCs increased by increasing the heavy metal concentration and due to decreasing oxygen level in water of site 4. The present study showed a significant increase in hemoglobin of catfish of site 4 comparing with that of control, while, there are no signifi cant difference in hemoglobin of catfish of sites 1, 2 and 3. WBCs in site 4 reveals an extremely significant decreased in WBC' s compared to site 1 while sites 1,2 and 3 have no significant difference.
Referred by Prof. Dr. Mohamed O. El-Shazly Professor of Pathology, Fac. Vet. Med., Cairo University Prof. Dr. Nahla El-Khateeb Professor of Fish Diseases, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki INTRODUCTION heavy metals and salt (Schipper et al ., 2007). atural water acquires its N chemical composition from a Manzala Lake received dis Variety of sources. Dissolved ions posal of industrial chemicals from affect the physical properties and many drains (such as Bahr El structure of water, which was af Bakar) and agricultural pollutions fected also by locations (Salbu (from Bahr Hadose).In addition, it and Steinnes, 1995). Heavy metal was contaminated by Cairo and pollution of soil and water is often Delta sewage drainage system (El associated with industry, but water Atabany, 1995). erosion on agricultural soil which has received only agrochemicals Blood serves as the most con has enriched sediment metal con venient indicator for the general centrations (Quinton and Catt, condition of animal body, subse 2007). Soil and surface water quently hematological studies are along roads are exposed to pollu promising tools for investigating tion from motorways. The main physical changes caused by envi pollutants are polycyclic aromatic ronmental pollutants. Hematologi hydrocarbons (PAH), mineral oil, 38 Egypt. J. Comp. Path. & Clinic. Path. Vol. 23 No. 3 (July) 2009; 37 - 61 cal investigation was been used in The collected water samples were diagnosis of fish disease . Blood filtered through Whatman No.42 to parameters of fish collected from get rid of suspended materials. sites that contain iron and steel C Sediment samples: Sediment factories discharges showed sig samples were collected in clean nificant increase in RBCs., hemo polyethylene bags from different globin and hemocrit values studied locations and during the (Zaghloul, 1997). Differential leu same time of water sampling. cocytic count showed an increase APHA, (1985 ). The sediment sam in the number of lymphocytes in ples were dried first at room tem exposed fish. perature after that at 105 0C till
constant weight to obtain the dry MATERIAL AND METHODS matter and kept at room tempera 1 Sampling: ture for different analysis. Samples of catfish (Clarias lazera) were collected from differ 2 Procedures: ent localities in Damietta Gover Heavy metals, (Pb, Fe, Cd, norate(Ras el Bar, site1), (Shata, Cu and Zn), in water, sediment and site 2) and (Kafr el Bateekh, site 3) fish tssue were determined accord and Dakahlia Governorate, ing to APHA, (1985),using atomic (Talkha, site 4). absorption spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer Model, 2380 Ger A Fish samples: Collected fish many). samples with approximately the same weight from different studied Protein content : Homogenized locations were examined for analy samples protein estimation was sis. To avoid seasonal variation performed according to the method fish were collected through out one described by Weichselbum, season from (January to march), (1946), Henery, (1964) and Peters during the morning hours of day. (1968). The method is based on the Fish samples, after blood sam fact that polypeptide and protein pling, were transferred, in an ice bonds produce, when react with box, to the laboratory and kept fro Cu ++ in alkaline medium, a com zen till the analysis was conducted. plex compound of violet colour, whose colour intensity is propor B Water samples: Ten water tional to the protein concentration samples were collected from each in the medium. location using clean containers. All samples were taken at depth of Hematological Examination of about 30 cm from the water sur Fish: face to avoid floating materials. 1 Red and White blood cells
39 Egypt. J. Comp. Path. & Clinic. Path. Vol. 23 No. 3 (July) 2009; 37 - 61 count: RBCs and WBCs counts RESULTS were made by standard clinical he present study carried out to method (Natt and Herrick, 1952). T evaluate the pollution and its Calculation: Total count of RBCs effect on the quality of catfish. and WBCs were calculated accord Four sites were chosen for the re ing to the following equations: search, Ras El Bar (site 1) this lo WBCs = All central square × cation was chosen as control, as it 2000 WBCs/mm3 lies far from sources of pollution, RBCs = five small square (in large Shata (site 2) located in Port Said – central square) RBCs/mm3 Damietta road, water source is the Manzala lake Which receives a 2 Hemoglobin content (Hb mixture of three types of pollutants content) includes the sewage, agricultural Hb content in blood was esti and industrial effluents., Kafr El mated according to method of Bateekh (site 3) its lies in Damietta ICSH (1967); Van Kampen and Governorate and receives the dis Zijlstra (1961) and Wintrobe et al. charge of Electric Power station. (1956) using kits which are And Talkha (site 4), it lies directly commercially available as an assay closed to Talkha fertilizer factory kit (Egyptian Amer company for and receives the main outlets of laboratory services, Egypt). The Factory drainage. Talkha fertilizer absorbance of cyanmethemoglobin factory considered as an important is measured at 540 nm and is di source of air and water pollution. rectly proportional to the hemoglo The research carried out on water, bin concentration in the sample. sediments and catfish (serum and Calculation: The concentration of muscle) hemoglobin in blood can be calcu lated from the following formula: The concentrations of heavy Hb concentration (g/dl) = A sam metals (Pb, Cd, Fe, Zn and Cu) ple × 29.4 were estimated in muscle, sedi ment and water. Hb, WBCs, RBCs, Where, A sample was absorb and protein electrophoresis were ance of the sample and 29.4 was determined in the fish. The results the dilution factor. were illustrated in Tables (1, 2 and 3) and fig.(1, 2 and 3). 3 Statistical analysis: The Statis tical analysis, of the results, was Table 4 shows no detectable carried out using Instate software amount of lead found in water of computer program, VERSION sites 1 and 2. However, the mean 2.03 (Graph pad, USA) and levels of lead in water of site 3 and IBMPC compatible computer. site 4 are 0.223 ± 0.079 and 1.12 ±
40 Egypt. J. Comp. Path. & Clinic. Path. Vol. 23 No. 3 (July) 2009; 37 - 61
0.11 respectively. Moreover, the veals a highly significant increased concentration of cadmium in water in concentration of cadmium when of site 3 shows an extremely sig compared with that of control. Site nificant increased than that of site 3 and site 4 reveals an extremely 1, while as, no significant differ significant increased in concentra ence is found in concentration of tion of zinc and copper compared cadmium between sites 1, 2 and 4. to site 1. Also, sites 2, 3, 4 reveals Also, water of site 2and 4 reveal a an extremely significant increased significant increased in iron con in concentration of iron compared centration compared to control to site 1.While as, there is a sig (site 1). However, no significant nificant increased in concentration difference is found in iron concen of Cu in sediment of site 1 and site tration of site 1 and site 3. On the 2. The levels of heavy metals (Pb, other hand, there are an extremely Cd, Fe, Zn and Cu) in muscle of significant increase in zinc in wa catfish are represented in Table ter of sites 3 and 4 when compared (3). It is appear from the Table that with that of control. While as, no there are an extremely significant significant differences between site increased in Pb, Fe, Zn, and Cu 1 and site 2. In addition, Site 3 re concentrations in muscle of catfish veals highly significant increased of site 3 and 4 when compared in water copper concentration with that of control (site 1). While compared to site 1 while, no sig as, no significant difference is nificant difference is found be found between site 1 and site 2. tween sites 1, 2 and 4. However, site 3 reveals an ex tremely significant increased in Cd The levels of heavy metals, when compared with that of con (Pb, Cd, Fe, Zn and Cu) in sedi trol while as, no significant differ ment are shown in Table (2). As ence between sites 1,2 and 4. can be seen from the Table, there In the present study, a highly sig are extremely significant increased nificant decrease in protein con in concentration of lead in sites 3 centration in catfish of site 3 and and 4 when compared with that of significant decreased was found in control (site 1), while sediment of site 2 and site 4 compared to site 1 site 2 reveals a significant in (Table 4). The decreasing of pro creased in concentration of cad tein in site 3 may be due to in mium compared to control. On the creasing the heavy metals in this other hand sediment of site 3 re site. veals an extremely significant in creased in concentration of cad According to the results of mium compared to control, while, Table (5), site 4 reveals an ex sediment of site 2 and site 4 re tremely significant decrease in
41 Egypt. J. Comp. Path. & Clinic. Path. Vol. 23 No. 3 (July) 2009; 37 - 61
WBC's compared to site 1 while sites. In addition, there are a sig sites 1,2 and 3 have no significant nificant increased in hemoglobin difference. On the other hand, of catfish of site 4 comparing with there are an extremely significant that of control, While there are no increased in RBC'S in catfish of significant difference in hemoglo site 4 when compared with control bin of catfish of sites 1, 2 and 3. and no significant differences are Changes were described in Fig. (4) present between the other three
Table 1: Concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Fe, Zn and Cu ppm) in water from locations 1, 2, 3 and 4
Sites Parameters Pb Cd Fe Zn Cu 0 0.01 0.016 0.093 0.19 0.0026 0.0039 0.049 0.073 Range 0 0.012 ±0.001 0.13± 0.034 0.003± 0.0004 0.063±0.008 Mean ±S.D. 1 10 10 10 10 10 N
Range 0 0.009 0.025 0.16 0.23 0.3 0.064 0.053 0.106 2 Mean ±S.D. 0 0.012 ±0.004 0.257±.02 0.043 ±0.009 0.073±0.016 n 10 10 10 10 10 p 0.5 0.048* 0.079 0.139 0.15 0.4 0.054 0.09 0.135 0.26 0..04 0.1 006 0.2 Rage 3 0.223±0.079 0.071± 0.009 0.182± 0.037 0.086 ±0.018 0.115±0.040 Mean ±S.D. 10 10 10 10 10 n < 0.0001*** 0.157 < 0.0001*** 0.008** p
0.008 0.02 0.19 0.34 0.3 0.51 0.04 0.103 0.95 1.3 Range 0.013±0.004 0.269 ±0.055 0.436±0.070 0.062 ±0.018 Mean ±S.D. 1.12±0.11 10 10 10 10 n 10 4 0.5 0.021* < 0.0001*** 0.103 p
P= probability , n= number, (P≤0.05)* considered significant, (P≤0.001)*** considered extremely significant .
42 Egypt. J. Comp. Path. & Clinic. Path. Vol. 23 No. 3 (July) 2009; 37 - 61
Table 2: Concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Fe, Zn and Cu ppm ) in sediment from locations 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Parame Site Pb Cd Fe Zn Cu ters 410 583 Range 0.08 2.7 0.4 0.789 9 12.6 8.5 10.99 487.03±51.7 1 Mean±S.D. 1.779 ±0.76 0.540±0.14 9.93 ± 1.12 9.653 ±0.73 8 n n 10 10 10 10 10 9.3 15.79 Range 1.5 3.8 0.263 1.11 632 661 8.8 12.5 11.872±2.3 Mean±S.D. 2.859±0.67 0.863±0.27 651.7±11.89 10.16 ±1.20 2 7 n n 10 10 10 10 10 P 0.0081 ** 0.0029 ** < 0.0001 *** 0.33 0.012 * 22.22 41 3.7 6.9 15.2 22.3 60.5 8.3 Range 510.9 693 31.058±5.5 5.425±1.19 18.062±2.28 74.293±6.8 Mean±S.D. 645.9±55.04 3 2 10 10 2 n n 10 10 < 0.0001 *** < 0.0001 *** 10 p p 0.0003 *** < 0.0001 *** < 0.0001 *** 20.4 31.3 40.9 60.9 Range 0.58 0.87 648 731 28 47 26.466±4.3 51.323±6.1 Mean±S.D. 0.747± 0.10 696.7 ±25.37 34.49±5.94 4 9 6 n n 10 10 10 10 10 p p 0.0013 ** < 0.0001 *** < 0.0001 *** < 0.0001 *** < 0.0001 ***
P= probability , n= number, (P≤0.05)* significant. (P≤0.01)** highly significant, (P≤0.001) *** extremely significant. sites 1 Ras EL Bar , sites 2 Shatta , sites 3 Kafr EL Bateekh and sites 4 Talkha.
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Table 3: Heavy metals concentrations (Pb, Cd, Fe, Zn and Cu ppm ) in muscle of catfish from sites 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Site Parame Pb Cd Fe Zn Cu ters
Range 0.91 1.8 0.03 0.1 9.1 14.3 0.75 2.17 0.11 0.36 1 Mean±S.D. 1.223±0.331 0.066±0.024 11.573±1.894 1.328 ±0.431 0.23 ±0.079 n 10 10 10 10 10 Range 0.7 1.9 0.05 0.08 10 13.7 0.98 1.6 0.18 0.29 2 Mean±S.D. 1.187±0.360 0.07± 0.01 11.6±1.2 1.34±0.22 0.23± 0.03 n 10 10 10 10 10 P 1.0000 0.320 0.494 0.393 0.500 10 16.8 0.11 0.26 22 34 4.9 6.88 1.016 1.158 Range 3 11.9±1.920 0.174±0.047 27.8±4.5 5.784±0.688 1.054±0.042 Mean±S.D. 10 10 10 10 10 n < 0.0001*** < 0.0001*** < 0.0001*** < 0.0001*** < 0.0001*** p
Range 9.3 13 0.057 0.079 32 50 6.25 10.7 0.98 1.126 4 Mean±S.D. 11.24±1.367 0.07±0.008 42.7±5.9 8.092±1.477 1.043±0.048 n 10 10 10 10 10 p < 0.0001*** 0.320 < 0.0001*** < 0.0001*** < 0.0001***
P= probability , n= number, (P≤0.001) *** extremely significant .
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Table 4: Protein content (g /100 g dry weight) of muscle of catfish from sites 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Sites 1 2 3 4 Range 63.5 88.3 61.4 85.1 60.5 81.03 60.5 81.05 Mean±SD 76.605±7.564 70.864±7.036 68.748±6.03 70.416±6.404 N 10 10 10 10 P 0.049 * 0.0094** 0.0320*
P= probability, n= number of samples. (P≤0.05)* significant, (P≤0.01)** highly significant, (P≤0.001) *** extremely significant.
Table 5: HB (g/dl), WBCS ×10 3 (cell/ml) and RBCS ×10 6 (cell/ml )of blood of catfish from sites 1, 2, 3and 4.
3 6 Site Parameter HB % WBCS ×10 RBCS ×10 Range 9.42 14 18 24 1.5 2.73 1 Mean±S.D. 12.192± 1.745 21.06±2.008 2.119±0.320 N 10 10 10 Range 7.9 15.9 16 26 0. 73 2.96 Mean±S.D. 12.163± 2.542 21.9 ±3.273 2.076 ± 0.721 2 n 10 10 10 P 0.97 0.47 1 Range 9.32 14.7 20 26 1.05 3.6 Mean±S.D. 12.112 ± 1.325 22.85±2.571 2.032 ± 0.753 3 n 10 10 10 p 0.907 0.083 1 Range 10.1 20.2 12 19 2.39 3.43 Mean±S.D. 15.11±3.22 17.03±2.126 2.885±0.293 4 n 10 10 10 * *** *** p 0.02 0.0004 < 0.0001
P=probability , n= number, (P≤0.05) * significant. (P≤0.01) ** highly significant, (P≤0.001) *** extremely significant . site 1 Ras EL Bar , site 2 Shatta , site 3 Kafr EL Bateekh and site 4 45 Egypt. J. Comp. Path. & Clinic. Path. Vol. 23 No. 3 (July) 2009; 37 - 61
0.5
0.4
0.3 Site 1 Site 2 0.2 Site 3 Site 4 0.1 Concentration ppm
0 Pb ×10 Cd Fe Zn Cu
Figure 1: Diagrammatic representation for heavy metal levels (Pb, Cd, Fe, Zn and Cu ppm), in water from sites 1, 2, 3, and 4.
80 70 60 Site 1 50 Site 2 Site 3 40 Site 4 30 20 Concentration ppm 10 0 Pb Cd Fe ×10 Zn Cu
Figure 2: Diagrammatic representation for heavy metal levels (Pb, Cd, Fe, Zn, and Cu ppm), in sediment from sites 1, 2, 3, and 4
46 Egypt. J. Comp. Path. & Clinic. Path. Vol. 23 No. 3 (July) 2009; 37 - 61
12 10 Site 1 8 Site 2 6 Site 3 4 Site 4
Concentration ppm 2
0 Pb Cd Fe×10 Zn Cu
Figure 3: Diagrammatic representation for heavy metal levels (Pb, Cd, Fe, Zn, and Cu ppm), in muscle of catfish from sites 1, 2, 3, and 4
25
20
15 site 1 site 2 10 site 3 5 site 4
0 RBCs Hb WBCs
Figure 4: Diagrammatic representation for RBCs x10 6 , WBCs x10 3 and haemoglobin of catfish from sites 1, 2, 3, and 4. DISCUSSION ters ranged from 5 to 20 mg/L. he present study showed that, And according to Egyptian Law T no detectable amount of lead No. 48 (1982 ) for fresh water qual found in water of sites 1 and 2. ity criteria of River Nile and water However, the mean levels of lead canals, shows that the concentra in water of site 3 and site 4 are tion of lead in mg/L must not be 0.223 ± 0.079 and 1.12 ± 0.11 re more than 50 after drainage of liq spectively. The obtained results for uid industrial waste. These results lead concentration in sites 3 and 4 were agreed with that reported by are above the permissible limit ac Zaghloul, (1997) who reported av cording to WHO, (1984) who re erage values ranged between 0.02 ported that the critical concentra to 1.36 mg/l for lead in water col tions of lead in fresh and salt wa lected from different sites along
47 Egypt. J. Comp. Path. & Clinic. Path. Vol. 23 No. 3 (July) 2009; 37 - 61 the River Nile in Cairo, Egypt. ples collected during summer and And with Rizkalla and Abu winter, respectively from the in Donia, (1996) for water collected dustrial zones at Helwan city from different locations of Upper where Cement Factory and Elec Egypt along the River Nile gave tric Power Station get rid of their average values ranged between effluents in the River Nile. These (0.012 1.188 mg/L). Also, results were disagreed with that Zyadah, (1995) gave average lead reported by Mohammed, (1999) concentration ranged between who gave average values of Cd 0.343 to 1.185 mg/L in water col ranged between (0.001 – 0.033) lected from El Manzala lake's wa ppm in water collected from differ ter during (1993/1994). These re ent locations of Egypt. Addition sults were disagreed with that re ally, Zyadah, (1995) reported that ported by El Mezin, (1997). He the cadmium levels in El Manzala reported that the ranges of Pb lev lake's water ranged between 0.036 els were 166 1330 and 200 1330 and 0.15 mg/L. While El Safy and ppb in El Manzala lake's water Al Ghannam, (1996) found that during (1995/1996). However Mo the concentration of cadmium in hammed, (1999) gave average the same lake's water ranged be values of lead ranged between tween 0.009 0.013 ppm. More (0.011 – 0.413) ppm in water col over, El Mezein, (1997) found that lected from different locations of cadmium levels in El Manzala Egypt. lake's water took a range of 7.6 766 ppb and 10 132 ppb. On the In the present study, the con other hand, Salbu and Steinnes, centration of cadmium in water of (1995) mentioned that Scandina site 3 shows an extremely signifi vian Small Headwater lake's con cant increased than that of site 1, tained 0.004 0.54 ppb cadmium. while as, no significant difference While very low concentration were is found in concentration of cad recoded in Dart's lake's water ( In mium between sites 1, 2 and 4. New York), which contained 0.7 Cadmium concentrations in the ppb cadmium (Stripp, et al , 1990). present study in sites 1, 2, 3 and 4 are above the permissible limit The concentrations of Cad (0.002 ppm) as reported by WHO, mium in water collected from five (1998). The results of Cd in site 3 different locations (Abu Tig, As were agreed with that reported by siut, Manqabad, Bany Qurra and Zaghloul, (1997). He recorded Dairut were 0.106 0.830, 0.018 0.063 and 0.097 mg/L for cad 0.056, 0.017 0.026, 0.034 0.050 mium concentration in water sam and 0.014 0.031 ppm.
48 Egypt. J. Comp. Path. & Clinic. Path. Vol. 23 No. 3 (July) 2009; 37 - 61
The present study showed zinc in water of sites 3 and 4 when that, water of site 2 and 4 reveal a compared with that of control. significant increased in iron con While as, no significant differ centration compared to control ences between site 1 and site 2. (site 1). However, no significant The obtained data of sites 3 and 4 difference is found in iron concen are higher than the permissible tration of site 1 and site 3. The ob limit (0.02 – 0.5) as recorded by tained data are below the permissi WQC, (1972). These results dis ble limit as recorded by WQC, agreed with that reported by Mo (1972), since the minimal risk and hammed, (1999) who gave aver the hazardous concentration of wa age values for Zn ranged between ter iron are 0.05 and 0.300 ppm, (0.032 – 1.2) mg/l in water col respectively. These results were lected from different locations of agreed with that reported by Ab Egypt. The present data approxi delhamid and El Zareef, (1997) mately agreed with those reported they gave mean value ranged from by Zaghloul, (1997) who found (0.10 0.43) mg/L in El Manzala that zinc concentration ranged be lake's water. And disagreed with tween 0.043 1.0123 and 0.09 1.21 that reported by Mohammed, mg/L in water collected from dif (1999) who gave average values ferent sites along the River Nile in for Fe range (0.35 – 1.33) mg/l in Cairo, Egypt. However, Zyadah, water collected from different lo (1995) reported higher zinc con cations of Egypt. centrations in water samples ranged from ( 9.47 12.3 ppm) and Zaghloul, (1997) found ( 0.94 2.32 ppm) in El Manzala average values ranged from 0.069 lake's. While, Abdelhamid and to 8.36 and 0.136 to 12.69 ppm in El Zareef, (1997) recorded that water collected from different lo zinc concentrations ranged from cations along the River Nile in (0.01 – 0.09 mg/L) in El Manzala Cairo, Egypt y. On the other hand, lake's water. Mohammed et al ., While El Mezein, (1997) reported (2005) gave average values ranged that the ranges of iron values were from (0.096 0.12 mg/L) in Lake 180 4800 and 4800 and 150 760 Qarun. ppb in the same lake's water. In ad dition to Salbu and Steinnes, Site 3 reveals highly signifi (1995) gave mean value of iron in cant increased in water copper Scandinavian Head water lake as concentration compared to site 1 40 2600 ppb. while, no significant difference is found between sites 1, 2 and 4.this In the present study, there are results were lower than that re extremely significant increases in ported by Mohammed et al .,
49 Egypt. J. Comp. Path. & Clinic. Path. Vol. 23 No. 3 (July) 2009; 37 - 61
(2005). He reported that Cu con pared with that of control (site 1). centrations ranged from (1.25 – These results agreed with that re 2.59 ppm). The presence of trace ported by Zaghloul, (1997) who metals is mainly due to either agri reported average value ranged cultural influx, wastes of fish from 1.45 43 mg/kg wet weight farms or sewage via surrounding for lead in sediment samples col cultivated lands (Mohammed et lected from different sites along al ., 2005). The distribution pat the River Nile in Cairo, Egypt. terns of Cu and Zn in the Lake wa And disagreed with that reported ter increased in hot seasons (spring by Krumganiz et al ., (1984) they and summer) which may be attrib reported that Pb concentration in uted to the release of heavy metals Windermere lake sediment Eng from sediments to the overlying land was 500 ppm. In addition, the water under the effect of both high average concentration of lead was temperature and fermentation 14.39 g/mg dry weight sediment process resulted from decomposi collected from different locations tion of organic matter (Elewa et of River Nile in Upper Egypt as al ., 2001). In addition, the values reported by Rizkalla and Abu of Cu and Zn showed an obvious Donia, (1996). decrease in the water during cold Zyadah, (1995), El Safy period (winter and autumn) due to and Al Ghannam, (1996) and precipitation of heavy metals from Zaghloul, (1997). Also El water column to the sediments un Mezein, (1997) mentioned that der slightly high pH values and the sediment sample collection from adsorption of heavy metals onto El Mazola lake contained very organic matter and their settlement high levels of trace elements . downward (Goher, 2002). The values of Cu were lower than that The present study showed permitted by U.S. EPA, (1986), that, there is a significant in the Egyptian local laws (48, 60, 61 creased in concentration of cad & 62 and 4/1994) where the per mium in site 2 compared to con missible levels for water usage trol. On the other hand sediment were (1 mg/l) for Cu . Elghobashy of site 3 reveals an extremely et al ., (2001) reported that concen significant increased in concen tration of Cu were 0.26 ppm in dif tration of cadmium compared to ferent sites of River Nile. control. While, sediments of site The present study showed 2 and site 4 reveals a highly sig that, there are an extremely signifi nificant increased in concentra cant increased in concentration of tion of cadmium when com lead in sites 3 and 4 when com pared with that of control. This 50 Egypt. J. Comp. Path. & Clinic. Path. Vol. 23 No. 3 (July) 2009; 37 - 61 results were higher than the per that, there is an extremely sig missible limit as mentioned by nificant increased in concentra Berder, (1988) who reported tion of iron in sites 2, 3 and 4 that natural Cadmium concentra compared to site 1. The obtained tion in unpolluted fresh water results for Fe concentrations are sediment must not exceed 0.1 to higher than those mentioned by 0.3 mg/kg dry weight. El Mezein, (1997) who reported
These results were nearly average value ranged from agreed with that reported by Mo 243.5 83.5 ppm in sediment col hammed, (1999) who gave aver lected from El Manzala lake. On age values for Cd ranged between the other hand, Zaghloul, (0.05 – 6.14) mg/l in sediment (1997) found that the sediment samples collected from different collected from different studies locations of Egypt in winter. The along the River Nile in Cairo, obtained results for Cd concentra Egypt contained average values tions are higher than those men ranged from 164 to 4093 and tioned by Zaghloul, (1997) who 120.6 to 2851 ppm in sediment . gave average values of cadmium ranged between 0.02 1.84 ppm in Zyadah (1997) found high sediment samples collected from levels of Fe in the sediment and different sites along the River Nile fish, exceeded the allowable limit. in Cairo, Egypt. While Rizkalla and Abu Donia, (1996) gave Site 3 and site 4 reveals an mean value of 3.93 mg / kg dry extremely significant increased in weight in sediment collected from concentration of zinc compared to different locations of the River site 1. This results were nearly Nile in Upper Egypt. On the other agreed with that reported by Mo hand, El Safy and Al Ghannam, hammed, (1999) who gave aver (1996) gave average values of age values for Zn ranged between 1.425 and 1.695 mg/kg dry weight (17.7– 72.51) mg/l in sediment for Cd in El Manzala lake's sedi samples collected from different ments. While the range of Cd val locations of Egypt in winter. On ues was 0.5 – 1.5 and 0.2 – 1.2 the other hand, results disagreed mglkg dry weight in sediment of with those found by Zaghloul, the same lake (El Mezein, 1997). (1997) who reordered average val Moreover, Abdelmoneim, et al ., ues ranged from 42 to 141.0 and (1994) reported 3.06 – 5.31 ppm 20.1 to 108.3 ppm in the sediment for Cd in El Max sediment. collected from different studies along the River Nile in Cairo, The present study showed Egypt. While Rizkalla and Abu
51 Egypt. J. Comp. Path. & Clinic. Path. Vol. 23 No. 3 (July) 2009; 37 - 61
Donia, (1996) found that sediment (1999) who mentioned that aver collected from different locations age values for protein content of River Nile in Upper Egypt had ranged between (71.05 – 85.77 %) lower level of zinc (251.29 ppb). in fish samples collected from dif Zyadah, (1995) during winter, ferent locations of Egypt. The ob (53.0 107.5 ppm ), mentioned that tained results are lower than those sediment sample, collected from mentioned by Abdelhamid and Manzala lake, contained high lev El Ayouty, (1991) who stated that els of Zn. Site 3 and site 4 revealed the average values of protein con an extremely significant increased tent in catfish was 86 %. in concentration of zinc and copper compared to site 1. These results The present study showed agreed with that reported by Lin et that, there are an extremely signifi al . (2007) they found that the con cant increased in RBC'S in catfish centrations of Cu in the surface of site 4 when compared with con sediments of the Second Songhua trol and no significant differences River, China were 18.5 78.9 mg/ are present between the other three kg, this contamination of trace sites. The RBCs increased by in metals might pose a potential risk creasing the heavy metal concen to water column under disturbance tration and due to decreasing oxy gen level in water of site 4. of sediment. These results were agreed The obtained results for Cu with that reported by Essam et al ., concentrations are higher than (2002) they gave average values those mentioned by Norville, for RBCs count as 2.33±0.3×106 (2005), who gave average values cell/ml in blood of catfish samples. of Cu from 8.43 39.71ppm. Heavy On the other hand, this results metal pollution of soil and water is were disagreed with that reported often associated with industry ac by Mohammed, (1999) who gave tivity (Quinton and Catt, 2007). average values for RBCs count
In the present study, a highly ranged from (0.32×106 9.52×106 significant decrease in protein con cell/ml) in blood of Nile Tilapia centration in catfish of site 3 and collected from different locations of Egypt. significant decreased was found in site 2 and site 4 compared to site 1 The exposure of catfish to (Table 4). The decreasing of pro high concentrations of lead (3.38 ± tein in site 3 may be due to in 1.3 mg/L) increased the red blood creasing the heavy metals in this cell count and hemoglobin content site. These results are in agreement (Haggag et al ., 1993). with that reported by Mohammed, Johanasson Sjobeck and
52 Egypt. J. Comp. Path. & Clinic. Path. Vol. 23 No. 3 (July) 2009; 37 - 61
Larsson, (1979) reported that the agreed with that reported by Es decrease in the erythrocytes count sam et al ., (2002) they gave aver could be due to the destruction of age values for WBCs count as 22.8 the large number of erythrocytes, ± 0.9×103 cell/ml in blood of cat while leucocytes increase in num fish samples. On the other hand, ber. The increase in WBC of pol The obtained results for WBCs luted fish may be due to the alter count are higher than that reported nation in defense mechanism by Mohammed, (1999) who gave against the action of highly toxic average values for WBCs count heavy metals (Abbas, 1994). ranged from (3.9 × 10 3 8.7 × 10 3
The present study showed a cell/ml) in blood of fish samples significant increased in hemoglo collected from different locations of Egypt. bin of catfish of site 4 comparing with that of control, while, there Mance (1987) reported that are no significant difference in he heavy metal concentrations in the moglobin of catfish of sites 1, 2 water, sediment and fish were vari and 3. These results were agreed able from site to another. They with that reported by Essam et al ., found that Fe level in fish liver (2002) they gave average values was higher than Cd and Pb. Also, for hemoglobin as 14.7±1.2 gm/dl the metal content showed differ in blood of catfish samples. On the ences among fish species, e.g. eels other hand, this results were dis accumulated more metals in mus agreed with that reported by Mo cle and grey mullet in the liver. hammed, (1999) who gave aver Significant correlations were ob age values for hemoglobin concen tained for the levels of numerous trations ranged from (5.27 metals in water, sediment and fish.
9.7gm/100ml) in blood of fish An extremely significant samples collected from different increase in Pb, Fe, Zn, and Cu locations of Egypt. Blood parame ter of fish collected from sites con concentrations in muscle of cat taining iron and steel factory dis fish of site 3 and 4 when com charges showed a significant in pared with that of control (site crease in RBCs and hemoglobin 1). While as, no significant dif values (Zaghloul, 1997). ference is found in site2 when compared with that of control WBCs in site 4 reveals an extremely significant decreased in (site 1). This depends on water WBC' s compared to site 1 while and sediment content of these sites 1, 2 and 3 have no significant metals. The obtained results in difference. This results were dicated also that fish collected from locations 1 and 2 had low 53 Egypt. J. Comp. Path. & Clinic. Path. Vol. 23 No. 3 (July) 2009; 37 - 61 concentration of heavy metals dition, El Mezein, (1997) gave av compared with location 3 and 4. erage value ranged from 10.82 to This may be due to that, loca 19.48 and 16.2 to 18.33 mg/kg dry tions 1 and 2 lie far from sources weight for lead in fish muscles col of pollutants, while location 3 lected from El Manzalah lake. et al and 4 receive the agricultural While El Deek, ., (1994) re ported lead concentration in Mugil wastes and discharges of un sp. (from Damietta) and Saparus treated industrial (wastes of auratus (from Ismailia) as 3.62 and Electric Power Station in loca 3.08 mg/kg dry weight, respec tion 3 and T.F.F in location 4). tively.
Sorensen, (1991) reported Our results for iron concen that lead uptake by aquatic organ tration in fish muscle are nearly isms depend upon exposure time, agreed with Zaghloul (1997) who aqueous lead concentration, pH, reported that average level ranged temperature and diet. Moreover, between 10.7 30.6 and 8.6 21.3 he stated that fish held at 20 25°C mg/kg wet weight in muscle of for 24 days accumulate from two fish. On the other hand, results of to twenty more lead than fish held iron in fish muscle were disagreed at 10 C. Pb and Cd were found at with those found by Abdelhamid levels of 0 2.05 and 0 –0 .13 mg/ and El Zareef, (1996) they gave kg muscle, respectively from ten average percentage values ranged fish species. The maximum per from 116.00 to 235.00 and 158.00 missible limit for lead concentra to 270.00 mg/kg dry weight of fish tion in the fish is 0.5 2.0 ppm on muscles from El Manzalah lake. In fresh weight basis as reported by addition to El Deek, et al , (1994) Abdelhamid, (1996) and found that Mugil sp, and Sparus EGASQC (1991). auratas contained 31.48 and 15.45 ppm (fresh flesh) iron, respec The obtained results of lead tively. Moreover, imported fish concentration were higher than (Maekrel and Sardine) contained those obtaindd by Zaghloul (1997) very lower iron concentration who reported that average level (0.24 16.62 ppm) as reported by ranged between 0.18 0.88 and Abou Arab et al ., (1995). 0.28 1.42 mg/kg wet weight in muscle of fish. Also Rizkalla and The present study, showed Abu Donia, (1996) found that that Cd in site 3 reveals an ex muscle of collected fish from dif tremely significant increased in Cd ferent locations of River Nile in when compared with that of con Upper Egypt had lower level of trol while as, no significant differ lead (2.851ppb dry weight). In ad ence between sites 1, 2 and 4. Ac 54 Egypt. J. Comp. Path. & Clinic. Path. Vol. 23 No. 3 (July) 2009; 37 - 61 cording to many sources of the ported through blood to various base line levels of heavy metals in body tissues for either storage in aquatic organisms, ICES, (1974) liver, spleen, and gonads or ex reported that the cadmium in fish creted out by the kidney as ex organs must be less than 0.03 mg/ plained by Abdel Moneim et al . gm wet weight. Abdelhamid, (1994) and EI Deek et al . (1994). (1996) mentioned that cadmium Thus, the different organs take level in foods must not exceed their needs from zinc and the ex 0.135 ppm and in fish 0.05 ppm cessive tend to accumulate as stor (on wet weight). Generally, Cd tol age. erance limit in fish is 0.1 ppm Allowance zinc level (40 50 (EGASQC, 1991) and 0.5 ppm mg/kg) wet weight was report by according to FAO, (1983). WHO/FAO. Also , Zyadah, (1995) The present results of Cd gave (40.84 ppm) for fish collec were disagreed with that reported tion from El Manzala lake and by Mohammed (1999) who gave those mentioned by Zaghloul, average values ranged from (0.14 (1997) for Nile Tilapia muscles 0.96) in muscle of fish samples collected from different sites along collected from different locations the River Nile in Cairo. He gave of Egypt. Also, cadmium levels average values from 9.4 to 36.6 ranged between 0.095 and 2.313 and 7.9 28.5 mg/kg wet weight mg/kg dry weight in Tilapia mus during. Additionally, El Deek, et cles collected from the different al ., (1994) found variations in zinc River Nile in Upper Egypt (Rizk contents due to fish species and alla and Abou Dania, 1996). sampling locations. They reported While the Nile Tilapia collected zinc levels as 13.4 and 8.42 ppm from different sites along River (fresh weight) in Mugil sp. from Nile in Cairo, contained 0.07 1.85 Damietta and Sparus auratus from and 0.04 0.72 mg/kg wet weight of Ismailia, respectively. On the other cadmium (Zaghloul, 1997). hand, imported Sardine and Mack
Zinc is soluble in water and erel contained 0.002 3.868 ppm et al illness may be caused by drinking zinc (Abou Arab, .,1995). water containing zinc (Clarke et al he permissible level of copper ., 1981). Increased zinc concen T in fish tissues is 20 ppm ac trations in fish are dependent on cording to WHO (1984 ). The ac zinc levels of water, which reduce cumulation of chemical pollutants fish growth rate and destroy the (salts, heavy metals and other pol gills leading to hypoxemia and hy lutants) is expected to increase an poxia in tissues (Abdelhamid, nually in all its components (e.g. 1994). zinc is absorbed and trans 55 Egypt. J. Comp. Path. & Clinic. Path. Vol. 23 No. 3 (July) 2009; 37 - 61 water, sediment and fish) and to Dar AL Nashr for Egyptian change their quality and affect University, Cairo (I.S.B.N. their aquatic life. The results of Cu 977 5526 04 1) Deposit No. : in fish muscle, in the present study, 3667/ 1994. were lower than that reported by Abdellhamid, A. M. (1996 ): "Fie Mohammed et al ., (2005). He re ld and Laboratory Analysis ported that Cu concentrations Animal Production." An Ara ranged from 5.93 to 17.85 mg/kg bic Textbook, Dar AL Nashr in the fish muscle. He said that the for Egyptian University, Cairo presence of trace metals is mainly (I.S.B.N.977 5526 47 7) De due to different fish habitat and the posit No.: 11318/96. influence of the surrounding eco Abdellhamid, A. M. and EL Za system status, and may be attrib reef. A. A. M. (1996): "Furth uted to the increase of Zn concen er studies of the pollution trations in water. Liver accumu status on the southern region lated higher amounts of copper and of EL Manzalah Lake." Proc. this may be due to its ability to re Conf. Food Borne Contamina tain Cu. tion and Egyptian's Health Conference. Mansoura, Nov. REFERENCES 26 27. pp: 141 150. Abbas, H. H. (1994): "Effect of Abdelmoneim, A. M.; Khaled, A. lead on some physiological A. M. and Iskander, M. F. aspects of Nile Tilapia; Oreo- (1994): "A study on the levels chromis niloticus ." M Sc. of some heavy metals in EL Thesis, Faculty of Science, Mex, west Alexandria, Cairo University, Egypt. Egypt." Proc. 4th . Conf. Of Abdelhamid, A. M; El Ayouty, the Envir. Prot. Is A must, 10 S. A. (1991): "Effect on cat 12 May, 155 174. fish (Clarias lazera ) composi Abou Arab, A. A. K; Ayesh, M.; tion of ingestion rearing water Amra, H. A. and Naguib, K. contaminated with lead or alu (1995): "Some pesticides and minum compounds." Depart heavy metals contents of im ment of Animal and Poultry ported fish (sardine and Production, Faculty of Agri Mackerel) in Egyptian mar culture, Mansoura Univ., kets." J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Egypt. Oct; 41(7 8):757 63. Un., 20: 4743 4754. Abdellhamid, A. M. (1994): APHA, (American Public Health "Scientific fundamentals for Association),(1985): "Stan fish Production and manage dards for the Examination of ment." An Arabic textbook, Water and Wastewater.", 16 th
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edition. New York, American tar; Ali, M. H. H. and Go Public Health Association. har, M. E. (2001): "Effect of 1193. the drainage water on lake Berder, R. (1988): "Cadmium in Qarun ecosystem, Egypt." European inland waters." In: Presented in 9th international Cadmium, Environmental Conference on the Conserva Toxin. Stoppler M.; (eds) Se tion and Management of ries, vol. 2, Springer Verlag, Lakes 11 16 November, 2001. Berlin: 159. Shigha Prefectural Govern Clarke, M. L.; Harvey, D. G. ment Japan. and Humphreys, D. J. Elghobashy, H. A.; Zaghloul, K. (1981): "Veterinary Toxicol H. and Metwally, M. A. A. ogy." 2nd ed., ELBS and Bail (2001): "Effect of some water liére Tindall, London, pp. pollutants on the Nile tilapia, 112. Oreochromis niloticus col EGASQC, (1991): "Egyptian lected from the River Nile and General Authority of Stan some Egyptian lakes." Egyp dardization and Quality con tian Journal of Aquatic Biol trol." Cairo, Egypt. ogy and Fisheries, 5(4):251 El Atabany, A. I. (1995): "Ca 279. dmium and lead residues in El Safy, M. K. and AL some food animals and fish Ghannam, M. L. (1996): tissues at Manzala, Dakahlia." "Studies on some heavy metal Zagazig .Vet. J. 32: 90 96. pollutants in fish of Al El Mezein, A. M. (1997): "Fish Manzalah Laje." Proc. Conf. production and pollution." Food Borne Contamination M.Sc. Thesis, Fac. Agricul and Egyptian's health, Man ture, Mansoura Univ., Egypt. soura, Nov. 26 27, 151 179. EL Deek, M. S.; Abdel Moniem, Essam, S. A.; Abbas, A. Y. and A. A.; Beltagy, A. I.; Nagib, Mohammed, N. M. (2002): K.; and Nagib, M. M. "Effect of water temperature (1994): "Distribution of Cu, upon the response of cultured Cd, Fe, Pb & Zn in some fish Clarias Lazera to saprolegnia families from the Suez canal infection and the consequent and Mediterranean Sea haematological changes." (Egypt):" Proc. 4th Conf. of Egypt. J. Comp. and Clinic. the Envir. Prot. Is a must, Path. October; 15(2): 108 – 10,12 May, 195 203. 125. Elewa, A. A.; M. B. Shehata; Ab FAO, (food and Agriculture Or del Satar, A. M.; Abdel Sa ganization), (1983):
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"Compilation of legal limits Haifa, 5/84, 119. for hazardous substances in Lin, C.; He, M.; Zhou, Y.; Guo, fish and fishery products." W. and Yang, Z. (2007): FAO, Fishery Circular No. "Distribution and contamina 464, 5 100. tion assessment of heavy met Haggag, A. M.; Marie, M. A. S.; als in sediment of the Second Zaghloul, K. h. and Eissa, S. Songhua River, China." State M. (1993): "Treatments of Key Laboratory of Water En underground water for fish vironment Simulation School culture in Abbassa farm, of Environment, Beijing Nor Sharkia. III Biochemical and mal University. Environ Histological studies." Bull. Monit Assess. Feb;137 (1 3): Fac. SCI. Cairo Univ., 61: 43 329 342. 69. Mance, G. (1987): "Pollution ICES, (1974): "Report of working threat of heavy metals in group for the international Aquatic environments." Els study of the pollution of the vier Applied Science Publish North Sea its effect on living ers LTD, London and New sources and their exploita York, 372. tion." International Council Mohammad, M. N.; Authman, for the Sea cooperative Re H. H. and Hossam, H. H. search Report No. 39, Den (2005): " Accumulation and mark, 191. distribution of copper and Johansson Sjobeck, M. I. and zinc in both water and some Larson, A. (1979): "Effects vital tissues of two fish spe of inorganic lead on delta cies (Tilapia zillii and Mugil aminolevulinic acid dehy cephalus ) of Lake Qarun, drates activity and hemato Fayoum province." Hydro logical variables in the rain biology Department, Veteri bow trout; Salmo gairdenri." nary Researches Division, Na Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxi tional Research Center, col.; 8: 419 431. Egypt. Pp1 25. Krumagalz, Sahler, B. M.; Hor Mohammed, A. H. I. (1999): nung, H. and Fleisher, Z. "Biochemical studies on the (1984): "Study of heavy met Effect of Pollution on the Fish als pollution in sediments, Production in Dakhlia and benthic fauna and fishes by Damietta." Ma., Thesis, Fac., and in the Akko area Agric. Man., University, (1983/1984):" Ann. Rep. Is Egypt. rael Oceanogr. Limnol. Res. Natt, M.P. and Herrick, C.A.
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(1952): "A new blood diluents ter.", Air and Soil Pollution. for counting the red and white 51: 75 87. blood cells of chickens." U.S. Environmental Protection Poult. Sci., 13: 335. Agency, (1998): "The inci Norville, W. (2005): "Spatial dis dence and severity of sedi tribution of heavy metals in ment contamination in surface sediments from the Gulf of waters of the United States, Paria, Trinidad." Rev Biol volume 1 national sediment Trop. May; 53 Suppl 1: 33 40 survey:" U.S. Environmental Quinton, J. N. and Catt, J. A. Protection Agency Report (2007): "Enrichment of heavy 823 R 97 006, various pagi metals in sediment resulting nation. from soil erosion on agricul Weichselbum, T. E. (1946): "An tural fields." Department of accurate and rapid method for Environmental Science, Lan the determination of protein in caster University, Lancaster, small amount of blood serum LA1 4YQ, UK. Environ Sci and plasma." Am. J. Clin. Technol.; 41(10): 3495 4500. Path., 10:40. Rizkalla, E. and Abou Donia, WHO, (World Health organiza M. A., (1996): "Some indus tion), (1984): "Guide Lines trial heavy metal pollutants in for drinking water quality.", River Nile and their effect on 3rd ed. Geneva. biological inhabitants I. essen WQC, (1972): "A report of the tial heavy metal." Egypt, J. committee on water quality Agric. Res., 74 (1) 225 237. criteria." NAS. Washington D Salbu, B. and Steinnes, E. C. (1995): "Trace Elements in Zaghloul, K.H. (1997): "Studies Natural Waters." CRS Prese, on the effect of water pollu Boca Raton, Florida. 112 – tion along different sites of 119. the River Nile on the survival Sorensen, E.M.B. (1991): "Metal and production of some fresh poisoning in fish." Oxford and water fishes." M.Sc. Thesis, I.B.H Publishing Co. Bom Fac. Of Science, Cairo Univ., bay. P.257. Egypt. Stripp, R. A.; Heit, M.; Bogen, Zayadah, M.A.I. (1995): "Envi D. C.; Bidanset, J. and ronmental impact assessment Trombelta, L. (1990): of pollution in lake Manzalah, "Trace element accumulation and its effect on fish." Ph.D. in the tissue of fish from lakes Thesis, Fac. of Sci., Damietta, with different pH values wa Egypt.
59 Egypt. J. Comp. Path. & Clinic. Path. Vol. 23 No. 3 (July) 2009; 37 - 61 درا ت اآ ا ث دن ا ى ا ض ا و ا ا ا م ا داوود * ، د / ا دى ** ، ح ا د ا ** * * * ص ا ء د ط ا ى اول / اآ ** رس ا ء ا آ ا م ط ا رة *** آ ص ا ء د ط ا ى
ا ا ا ك أه در ا و ا ا . أ ي آ ة ا ض ا ا و ا ض ا ه ا إ ا ت ا ه ا ا و ا ر و ا د د ط أآ ا ث ا را و ا ف ا ا ي ا ى ا وا ث ا ا ا دة ا . . ه ا را ا ا ث و دة ا ك ا ا ت أر : : ١ رأس ا ( ا ا و ) ا ره آ در ا ث ٢ . ( ا ا ) د ط – ر و ث أ اع ا ث ف ، ث زرا و ث و ا ث ة ا ٣ – آ ا ( ا ا ) د ط و ا ث ا ا . . ٤ – ( ا ا ا ) وه ة أ م د و ت و ف ا ا . د أه ر ث ا اء و ا ء . . ا ف ا ا ت ل وا ( د ا ) وا أ ت ا ء وا وا ك ( ا م وا ت ) ) ا دن ا ( ر ص ، ، آ د م ، ز و س ) ت ا . أو ا أن ا ا ى أ د م ، و س ( ٠ ٠٧١ و ٠ ١٨ ) ( ء ن ) ا ا . ا ا ا ى أ ص ، ا وا ( ٠ ٢٦ ، ١ ١٢ و ٠ ٤٣٦ ) ا ا . أو ا أن آ ا ص ا ا وا ا أ ا ح وآ آ ا د م ت ا ا ا أ ا ا ح . وذ إ ا ث ا را و
60 Egypt. J. Comp. Path. & Clinic. Path. Vol. 23 No. 3 (July) 2009; 37 - 61
ا و ا ف ا ه ا . . ه ا أو أن ت ا ء ا ا ٢و١ وف ت ا . . ا را أو أن ا ا ا وا ي أ دن ا ا ا ي آ ات ا دن ا ( ٣١ ٠٥ ، ٢٦٠٤٦ ، ٦٤٥ ٩ ، ٩٦ ٧ ، ١٨ ٠٦ و ٣٤ ٤٩ و ٧٤ ٢٩ ، ٥١ ٣٢ ) ء ا ن ( ا ص ، ا د م ، ا ، ز و س ) ا ا ا وا ا ا و ي ا دن ا أ اه ا ء . . أ ا أن ا ى ا ت ا ك أ ا ا و ــــــــ ( ٨٠ ٦٣ %) وأ ا ا ا ( ٦٦ ٢٧ %). ا و ا ا ا ن . ا و ا ك ا ا و ي أ ـــــــ ( ٧٦ ٦ %) ا ذ ،ا و ا ك ا ا ى أ ا ( ٦٨ ٧٥ %). ا ا ا أ ل ه ا ( ٥ ٨ %) ا ا ( ٥ ٣ %) . أ آ ك ا ا و ـــ ( ٤ ٨ %).. آ ا دن ا ت ا ك آ ا ة . او ا ان آ ات ا دن ا ا ا و ا ا اذدادت ذ دة ه ر ا . .
ا ا ا ان ه ك ز د ى دن ا ا ا ، ا دى ا آ ا و ا ك . ا م ا ك ا ا ا د ق ه ة ا . . أ ا م ا ا ن ه ك ز دة آ ات ا م ا اء ا ا ا وه ا دة أى ى ا ا ى آ ات ا م ا اء د آ ا دن ا و ى ا آ ا ا ا . . و أو ا را ز د ه ا ا ا ا ا ر ا ، ه ك ا ف ى ه ا ا ١ ، ٢ و ٣ . و آ ات ا م ا ء ا ض ى ا ا ا ر ١ ا ٢ و ٣ أى ا ف ظ . .
ا ن:
د.أ . أ ا ذ أ ذ ا – آ ا ا ى – ا ه ة د.أ . ا أ ذ أ اض ا ك – ث ا ان ا 61