The Ethnopharmacology of Madeira and Porto Santo Islands, a Review

, ~ Journal of ETHNO , PHAaq M4(]()I ~OG~t' E l. S E V 1 E R Journal of Ethnopharmacology 46 (1995) 73-93

The ethnopharmacology of Madeira and Porto Santo Islands, a review

D. Rivera*, C. Ob6n Laboratorio de Etnobotdnica, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal. Facultad de Biologia, Universidadde Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain

Received 6 January 1994; revision received 31 January 1995: accepted 2 February 1995

Abstract

The ethnopharmacology of Madeira and Porto Santo Islands is extremely interesting because of the cultural and biogeographic features of this region, which make it a centre of medicinal plant diversity (richness of endemic flora, geographical isolation in the Atlantic sea, crosscultural influences, and past abundance of local healers). The medicinal flora of Madeira is composed of 259 species. Some noteworthy medicinal taxa, endemic or locally relevant, are: A can- thus mollis, Aeonium glandulosum, Aeonium glutinosum, Bidens pilosa, Borago officinalis, Chamaemelum nobile var. discoideum, Culcita macrocarpa, Echium nervosum, Euphorbia platiphylla, Helichrysum melaleucum, Helichrysum obconicum, Hyperieum glandulosum, Hypericum humifussum. Kleinia repens, Laurus azorica, Monizia edulis, Ocotea foetens, Psoralea bituminosa, Rubus bollei, Rumex maderensis, Sambucus lanceolata, Scilla maderensis, Sedum brissemoretii, Sedum farinosum, Sedum nudum, Sibthorpia peregrina, Teucrium betonicum, Thymus caespititius, Trifoli- um squamosum and Vaccinium padifolium. Among the medicinal cryptogams, one can underline the parasitic fungus Laurobasidium lauri, which grows on the stems of Laurus azorica and is used as an antirheumatic, haemostatic, em- menagogue, insecticide and analeptic.

Keywords: Herbal medicine; Dysentery; Antitumor; Dermatologic; Diuretic; Coryza; Bronchitis; Liver diseases; Macaronesia

1. Introduction N, 16 ° 16' W, in the Atlantic Ocean, being included within the Macaronesian Region. The archipelago of Madeira comprises the The Portuguese colonised Madeira from the islands of Madeira, Porto Santo and a group of beginning of the 15th century. The colonisers were three other islands, named Desertas. Madeira is peasants and craftsmen from the Algarve region, situated between 33 ° 7' N, 17 ° 16' W and 32 ° 22' S. Portugal and Minho (Silva and Menezes, 1984b). Another element introduced among the rural population at an early stage were slaves, * Corresponding author. Moorish and Guinea Negroes, employed in the

0378-8741/95/$09.50 © 1995 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved SSDI 0378-8741(95)01239-A 74 D. Rivera, C. Obon / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 46 f 1995) 73- 93 sugar cane plantations. Before this date, Madeira naturalist Jos6 de Viera y Clavijo (1731-1813) was a virgin island; there were no natives who reported on the uses of several Madeiran medici- could explain how to use the local flora. This is a nal plants in his Natural History Dictionary marked difference between Madeira and the (Viera, 1982). Leonard Plukenet described in the Canary Islands, formerly inhabited by the 'Guan- 17th century several Madeiran medicinal plants ches' and other tribes, who were well acquainted (Francisco et al., 1994). Richard Thomas Lowe with the medicinal properties of the local flora (1857-68, 1867, 1872) recorded a few traditional (Darias et al., 1986). By the late 19th and early uses of Madeiran plants. Carlos Azevedo de 20th centuries, local medicine was customarily Menezes produced an authoritative Flora of based on herbal remedies (Branco, 1935a, 1950). Madeira (Menezes, 1914) which included a list of The peasants of Madeira (the 'viloes') had a basic Portuguese names and several references to the knowledge on their medicinal plants which, in fact, uses of plants, but the most interesting data were used frequently. These self-healing practices recorded by Menezes concerning medicinal plants evolved because of the almost absolute lack of can be found in the local encyclopedia of Menezes medical practitioners in the archipelago (Branco, and Silva, which has been repeatedly published 1935a). This near-absence of physicians was also a since 1921 (Silva and Menezes, 1984a,b,c). K/im- characteristic of the Canary Islands (Darias et al., mer and Maul (1982) have provided an index for 1986). The practice of herbal medicine was an the scientific names of the animals and plants extremely adaptive system for the use of natural covered by this encyclopedia. The late Visconde resources, and was sexually oriented in the sense of do Porto da Cruz, Alfredo de Freitas Branco, was being nearly exclusively in the hands of old a well known local publicist in Madeira, who also women. These highly specialised women, known dealt with anthropology and local folklore. His as 'curandeiras', were the rural substitute for the most interesting contribution to ethnophar- academic physician (Branco, 1935a). As far as we macology started with a review of local herbal have been able to determine, this wealth of knowl- remedies, including Portuguese names for diseases edge is actually in serious danger of extinction, arranged in alphabetical order (Branco, 1935a,b,c). being transformed into a sort of commercial urban This work, while remaining nearly unchanged, was herbalism. published also in the local Revista Portuguesa While the southern Macaronesian ethnophar- (Branco, 1941a,b,c,d,e,f and 1942a,b,c,d). Branco macology (the Canary Islands) has been recently (1950) compiled his previous works in the form of studied (Ja~n, 1984; Darias et al., 1986,1989; P~rez a list of medicinal plants arranged in alphabetical and Medina, 1988), for the Northern Macaronesia order by their Portuguese names. The last publica- this information is extremely scattered and dif- tion by this author which we have traced deals ficult to access. The present work was undertaken with local folklore (Branco, 1954) and gives some as part of an on-going project involving the preli- further information about plants in local medicine. minary review of the traditional uses of plants in A few references to medicinal plants can be found the Iberian Peninsula and neighbouring territories, in the miscellaneous work of Pereira (1967a,b). with the scope of publishing a monograph. Oliveira (1960, 1961, 1963) included some uses for the Madeiran plants. Rui Vieira (1992) furnished 2. Review of the literature some new data concerning ethnopharmacology of endemic species. Rivera and Ob6n (1995, in press) The present review is based on an exhaustive re- recorded some medicinal plants from the Funchal's search of local newspapers, encyclopedias and city market. Rivera et al. (1994a) reported some floras, and scientific publications abroad. The first recent medicinal uses of Salvia fruticosa. European visitors who described the region The botanical synonymy has been arranged ac- reported the peculiarities of its medicinal flora; the cording to Lowe (1857-68, 1867, 1872), Menezes most comprehensive account was given by G. (1914) and Franquinho and Costa (1989). We also Frutuoso in 1590 (Frutuoso, 1952). The Spanish consulted the lists of Hansen (1969a, 1970a) and D. Rivera, C. Ob6n/Journal of Ethnopharmacology 46 (1995) 73-93 75

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Table 2 Geographic groups in the whole of the vascular flora of Madeira compared with the groups in the medicinal flora a

Geographic groups Total Percentage Medicine Percentage Percentage (GO (Gf/Tf) (Gm) (Gm/Tm) (Gm/Gf)

Macaronesian endemics 203 16.79 39 15.05 19.21 Mediterranean and Mid-European 676 55.91 151 58.30 22.33 Exotic 330 29.29 69 26.66 20.90

Total Tfb Tm b Percentage Trn/Tf

Flora of Madeira 1209 259 21.42 adata from Menezes, 1914; Hansen, 1969 and Hansen and Sunding, 1985; bTf, total species in the flora; Tm, total used medicinally.

several contributions by Hansen (1968, 1969b, Canary Islands and Madeira. This is the resin 1970b). Hansen and Sunding (1985) have been which exudes from incisions made in the stem of followed, as far as this was possible, in the nomen- the dragon tree (Dracaena draco); it was one of the clature of vascular plants. The name of valued products collected by the voyagers in Laurobasidium was confirmed according to Per- Madeira and Porto Santo in the 15th century. reau (1988). Clusius (1576), gave a detailed description and a figure of this plant, based on a Madeiran tree 3. Medicinal uses grown in Lisbon. Vandelli (1768) and Viera (1982), reported the haemostatic and vulnerary properties The list of plants with their medicinal uses is of this resin, which was also used for the cure of presented in Table 1. For reasons of space the dysentery, gonorrhoea and toothache. common species are not covered in detail and a list Other Macaronesian endemic growing plants in of these is given in the footnote at the end. Some Madeira have been included in medicinal plant en- of the recipes recorded from the literature review- cyclopedias. For instance Dragendorf (1898) cited ed imply complex mixtures of several plants, and Aeonium glutinosum (source of glue), Euphorbia sometimes animals (Rivera and Ob6n, 1995, in piscatoria (purgative), Laurus azorica (for the oil press). of its fruits), Ocotea foetens (the red sap has an unbearable odour), Vaccinium padifolium (edible 4. Discussion and conclusions fruits). Among the 1209 species of the Flora of Madeira The Madeira ethnopharmacology is based on and Porto Santo, 259 (21.42%) have been used for three geographical groups of plants (Table 2): (a) medicine (Table 2). This level of medicinal use is 39 species endemic to Macaronesia, some of which extremely high when compared with data from the are endangered or may have become extinct in the Iberian Peninsula in which only about 10% of its wild, such as Monizia edulis Lowe (Vieira, 1992); flora are used for medicinal purposes (Font Quer, (b) 151 Mid-European and Mediterranean species, 1981; Gonz~ilez Tejero, 1989; Mulet, 1991; Rivera with uses similar to those which were common in et al., 1994b). It is noteworthy that, although the Portugal; (c) 69 exotic species, mainly from differences between geographical groups is slight, African Portuguese Colonies, Brazil and the West the more familiar groups for the Portuguese were Ifidies. also the more frequently used for medicine in The only medicinal product obtained from a Madeira, namely, the Mid-European and Mediter- local Madeiran plant which reached some world- ranean plants. The high level of endemism within wide attention was the 'Dragon's Blood' of the the medicinal flora (15.05%) is only slightly lower D. Rivera, C Ob6n/Journal of Ethnopharmacology 46 (1995) 73-93 91 than the 16.79% corresponding to the whole of the in the light of the activity of the linalool, a major flora, thus suggesting the ability of the local popu- component of their essential oils, which was lation to exploit its medicinal resources. About recently investigated by Buchbauer et al., (1991) 40% of the medicinal species used by the Madeira while the parasympatholytic activity of Lavandula peasants in the 20th century were absolutely un- dentata extract has been investigated by G~imez et known to their ancestors in the 16th century. al., (1990). The essential oil of Sideritis candicans Recently, a project was undertaken for the Ait. (Labiatae) has been investigated, and from chemical study of Madeiras endemic flora, with this oil were isolated diterpenes, such as the can- participation of the Lisbon University and the dol, candidiol, candicandiol, 7-epicandicandiol, Funchal Botanic Garden. A first step in this pro- 7-acetylepicandicandiol, 7-acetyltrachynodiol; tri- ject was the study of the essential oil composition terpenes such as squalene, ursolic acid, oleanic of Tolpis macrorhiza (Lowe) Lowe (Compositae) acid; and sterols, such as the campesterol, by Figueiredo et al. (1994). The flavonic com- sitosterol or stigrnasterol (Bret6n et al., 1969; pounds of a Davallia species have been shown to Rodriguez et al., 1970; Gonzfilez et al., 1973, be active antineoplastic agents (Cui et al., 1990, 1979). Gonz~ilez et al. (1978) reported the absence Cui et al., 1992) and similar research with Davallia of flavonoids in Sideritis candicans, but Gil (1993), canariensis would be worthwhile. The presence of working with specimens collected in the Arieiro antimutagens in Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl (Acan- mountain (Madeira), described the presence of thaceae) has been shown by Rojanapo et al. (1990) luteolin-glycoside, apigenin-glycoside, and acylated and these or similar substances could explain some flavonoids. The spasmolytic and antidiarrheal of the uses reported for Acanthus mollis L.. A properties of guajava leaf extracts have been honeysuckle (Lonicera sp., Caprifoliaceae) pro- demonstrated by Lutterodt (1992), Lozoya et al. ducing a contact dermatitis has been recently (1994) and Morales et al. (1994). These results reported (Webster, 1993) and presumably this ac- could explain the wide use made in Madeira of tivity is connected with the use made of this plant several Psidium species as a remedy for dysentery in Madeira. Xiao et al. (1990) have demonstrated or as an astringent. Zgorniak et al. (1991) have the immunopotentiator activity of some Cuscuta shown the antiviral activity, in in vitro studies, species in mammals; this same activity should be against several influenza strains, of infusions made investigated in the case of the Madeira plant. Anti- using Verbascum thapsiforme (Scrophulariaceae) infective agents of the polyphenol group have been flowers. This antiviral activity should justify fur- detected in several Geranium species (Geraniaceae) ther investigation of Verbascum pulverulentum and (Ivancheva et al., 1992) and presumably are re- Verbascum sinuatum, considering the traditional sponsible for the vulnerary properties of Geranium use made of these species in Madeira. robertianum. The endemic species Bystropogon madeirense Acknowledgements (Labiatae) has been investigated for its essential oil and antimicrobial activity. Its essential oil The authors wish to thank Dr. G.E. Maul of the monoterpene ketones were characterised as the Museu Municipal de Funchal for his help with the main constituent, and pulegone was found to be bibliographical research, and to the staff of the the most active compound of the monoterpene ke- Municipal Library of Funchal and the Instituto tones in antimicrobial tests using several species of Botanico of Coimbra for their kind help. bacteria and fungi (Economou and Nahrstedt, 1991). A noteworthy inhibition of some Gram pos- References itive bacteria has also been shown by extracts of Cedronella canariensis (L.) Webb et Berth. Branco, A.F. (1935a) A flora madeirensena medicina popular. (Labiatae) (L6pez et al., 1992). The local sedative Broteria 4/1, 35-46. uses of several Lavandula species, in order to Branco, A.F. (1935b) A flora madeirensena medicina popular. minimise stressful situations, could be interpreted Broteria 4/2, 71-78. 92 D. Rivera, C. Ob6n/Journal of Ethnopharmacology 46 (1995) 73-93

Branco, A.F. (1935c) A flora madeirense na medicina popular. Dony, J.G., Jury, S.L. and Perring, F. (1986) English Names of Broteria 4/3, 140-154. Wild Flowers. The Botanical Society of the British Isles, Branco, A.F. (1941a) A flora madeirense na medicina popular, Reading, 117 pp. remedios caseiros. Revista Portuguesa January-February, p. Dragendorf, G. (1898) Die Heilpflanzen. Der Verschiedenen 1. V61ker und Zeiten. F. Enke, Stuttgart, 884 pp. Branco, A.F. (1941b) A flora madeirense na medicina popular, Economou, D. and Nahrstedt, A. (1991) Chemical, remedios caseiros. Revista Portuguesa April, p. 1. physiological and toxicological aspects of the essential oil of Branco, A.F. (1941c) A flora madeirense na medicina popular, some species of the genus Bystropogon. Planta Medica 57, remedios caseiros. Revista Portuguesa August, pp. 21-23. 347-351. Branco, A.F. (1941d) A flora madeirense na medicina popular, Figueiredo, C., Barroso, J., Pedro, L., and Fontinha, S. (1994) remedios caseiros. Revista Portuguesa September, pp. Composition of the essential oil of Tolpis macrorhiza 21-22. (Lowe) Lowe from Madeira, London, 1 p. (xerocopied Branco, A.F. ( 1941e) A flora madeirense na medicina popular, sheet distributed at the Compositae Conference, Royal remedios caseiros. Revista Portuguesa October, pp. 18-19. Botanic Gardens Kew, August, 1994). Branco, A.F. (1941f) A flora madeirense na medicina popular, Font Quer, P. (1981) Plantas Medicinales, el Diosc6rides remedios caseiros. Revista Portuguesa December, p. 41. renovado. Labor, Barcelona, 1034 pp. Branco, A.F. (1942a) A flora madeirense na medicina popular, Francisco, J., Santos, A. and Jarvis, C. (1994) Pre-Linnaean remedios caseiros. Revista Portuguesa January, pp. 15-16. references for the Macaronesian flora found in Leonard Branco, A.F. (1942b) A flora madeirense na medicina popular, Plukenet's works and collections. Bulletin of the Natural remedios caseiros. Revista Portuguesa February, p. 25. History Museum London (Botany) 24, 1-34. Branco, A.F. (1942c) A flora madeirense na medicina popular, Franquinho, L.O. and Costa, A. da (1989) Madeira Kasvitja remedios caseiros. Revista Portuguesa May, 2 unnumbered Kukat, Viixter och Blommor, Plantas y Flores. Julkaisija PP. Editor, Funchal, 240 pp. Branco, A.F. (1942d) A flora madeirense na medicina popular, Frutuoso, G. (1952) Livro 2 °das Saudades da Terra. D. Peres, remedios caseiros. Revista Portuguesa June, 2 unnumbered Porto, 322 pp. PP. G~imez, M., Jim6nez, J., Navarro, C. and Zarzuelo, A. (1990) Branco, A.F. (1950) A flora madeirense na medicina popular e Study of the essential oil of Lavandula dentata L. Pharmazie na industria, Publica~6es da Liga para a Protec~,~o da 45, 69-70. Natureza 4/1, 23-39. Gil, I. (1993) Contribuci6n al estudio fitoquimico y Branco, A.F. (1954) Crendices e Supersti~6es do Arquip~lago da quimiosistem,~tico de flavonoides en la familia Labiatae. Madeira. 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