Statement of Significance

Bere Mill, ,,, RG28 7NH

April 2018

CONTENTS

1.0 Introduction 2.0 Background History 3.0 Brief Description & Analysis 4.0 Assessment of Significance 5.0 Bibliography and Sources Appendix : List description

AHP Bere Mill, Laverstoke, Statement of Significance 2018 2

1.0 Introduction & Acknowledgements This Heritage Statement for Bere Mill, Freefolk, Hampshire was commissioned in March 2018 by Malcolm Fryer Architects on behalf of the owners of the property, Mr & Mrs Rupert Nabarro. The report was prepared by Neil Burton BA FSA IHBC, a director of The Architectural History Practice Ltd. The assistance of Mr & Mrs Nabarro in providing both information and access to the site is gratefully acknowledged.

Bere Mill (Grid Reference SU 47830 48064) is a former water mill on the . The site is ancient but the mill and miller’s house were rebuilt in 1710 and other parts of the mill complex are probably of the same date or slightly later. The mill itself was partly reconstructed in about 1905. After two and a half centuries in the hands of the Portal family the mill buildings were sold to the present owners in 1993 and converted into a private residence. The mill house is of red brick and the other buildings are a mixture of brick, flint and timber framed construction. The mill complex was listed at Grade II in 1966 (see Appendix 1). Both the mill buildings and the surrounding meadows are within the Laverstoke and Freefolk Conservation Area, which was first designated in 1990. In February 2018 the mill, mill house and the western drying barn were badly damaged by fire.

2.0 Background History Ownership and Occupation Bere Mill stands in the small and ancient parish of Freefolk, now part of Whitchurch. At the time of the Domesday Survey completed in 1086 the parish had one mill, worth twenty shillings, which was very probably on the site of the present mill. There appears to be no other description of the mill before the late seventeenth century.

In 1682 the manor of Freefolk and several properties in the parish including the mill were acquired by a London merchant called Thomas Deane. He died in 1686 and his will contained generous bequests for his widow Anne Deane and his children, Sarah, Thomas, James, Rebecca and Samuel, of whom all except Sarah were then minors.1 His widow died in January 1706/7 and both she and her husband were commemorated by a handsome carved memorial in Freefolk parish church (fig.1)

The younger Thomas Deane inherited from his father “all my messuages lands and tenements in the county of Southampton” which included the manor of Freefolk. In 1699 he was party to a lease of Bere Mill which was described as ‘all those two water grist mills under one roof commonly called or known by the name of Beare Mill with the dwelling house thereunto adjoining, barns stable garden orchard outhouses and backside...containing 2 acres more or less’.2 The lessee was Robert Reynolds of Laverstoke, a yeoman who was, perhaps, the miller.

Thomas Deane the younger died in about 1709 leaving his wife Jane Deane to care for their only child, a young daughter also named Jane. It appears that at the time of his death most of the bequests left by his father Thomas Deane the elder to his other children, which had been charged on the Hampshire estates, remained unpaid and Jane Deane obtained an Act of Parliament in 1710 allowing her to raise a mortgage on the property to settle the debts. Jane Deane was clearly a careful administrator of the Hampshire estate and her detailed records of

1 National Archives, Prob 11/383/149 2 Hampshire Record Office RO 5M52/T26

AHP Bere Mill, Laverstoke, Statement of Significance 2018 3 income and expenditure between 1712 and about 1720 are preserved among the Portal papers in the Hampshire Record Office.3

Shortly after her husband died, Jane Deane rebuilt Bere Mill as appears by a plaque on the building inscribed. ‘This House and Mill built by Jane the widow of Thomas Deane Esq in ye year 1710’. The plaque is surmounted by what is presumably Jane Deane’s coat of arms in the lozenge shape appropriate to a woman (fig.2). There appear to be no records concerning the actual rebuilding work, but the first occupant of the new mill seems to have been Ralph Etwall who paid a rent of £40 a year.4

The younger Thomas Deane’s daughter Jane married John Cullum of Hardwick in Suffolk in 1729, who later became Sir John Cullum, 5th Baronet of Hastead in the same county. In normal circumstances this would have meant that all her property passed to her husband, but with her husband’s encouragement she made a will leaving much of her property to her widowed mother.5 Jane Cullum the younger died in 1729 leaving a muddled legal situation in which both her husband and her mother had some title to the Freefolk estate.

In 1712 Ralph Etwall was replaced as tenant of Bere Mill at Freefolk by Henri Portal, a French Hugenot émigré who had arrived in Southampton in about 1706 and was apprenticed to a paper-maker at South Stoneham.6 On completion of his apprenticeship in 1711 he became a naturalised British subject and in 1712 he took a lease of Bere Mill and set up a paper manufactory. The chalk stream of the River Test provided the pure water required for papermaking and one of the water wheels supplied the motive power for beating the rags to a pulp to form the basic material.

Portal’s business quickly prospered. In 1715 he married Dorothy Hasker of Northington Farm, Overton and in 1718 he bought the lease of Laverstoke Mill and rebuilt the mill the following year. In 1724, through the patronage of William Heathcote of Hursley, he was awarded the contract to make paper for the Bank of .

Henri Portal and his wife lived at Bere Mill with their eight children until the late 1740s. The mill is shown on survey map of Freefolk Manor made in 1728 (fig.3).7 The building is depicted as a substantial single block, five windows wide and two storeys high, but the same formula is used for several other buildings on the map and cannot be taken to show the actual appearance of the mill at this date. The mill building is annotated ‘portal paper mill’. Another document of the same date detailing the fields in the manor shows that the mill was associated with four plots of land totalling just over 15 acres called the Mill House and Waste; the Mill Gardens; the Upper Mill Ground and the Lower Mill Ground.8

A lease of Bere Mill from John Cullum to Henri Portal for a term of fourteen years made in 1741 describes the property as, ‘all that messuage or tenement with the paper mill and grist mill thereunto belonging called Bear Mills.’9 A grist mill is another name for a corn mill and the lease description suggests that perhaps Bere Mill had a dual function.

3 HRO 5M52/E7 4 HRO 5M52/E7 5 HRO5M52/T21 6 Sir Francis Portal, The Church, The State and The People Leading to 250 Years of Paper Making (1962) 7 HRO 132M98/N1/1 8 HRO 5M52/E8 9 HRO5M52/T26

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Henry Portal died in 1747 and was succeeded by his only son Joseph. The lease on Bere Mill was renewed in 1749 for a further term of 14 years. From the mid-18th century, Portal became increasingly wealthy and also increasingly influential in the county and beyond: he moved to Laverstoke House in the late 1740s, purchased the Laverstoke estate in 1759, and became the High Sheriff of the County in 1763.

In 1764 the lease of Bere Mill from Sir John Cullum to Joseph Portal was again renewed for a term of fourteen years. The lease describes the property as ‘all that messuage or tenement with the paper mill, formerly a corn and grist mill thereunto belonging called Bare Mill, and also all those two cottages and plotts of garden ground thereunto adjoining near Bear Mill…”.10 This may indicate that the mill had now been turned over wholly to paper-making.

Shortly after the granting of this lease Joseph Portal finally secured the freehold ownership of Bere Mill and other portions of Freefolk Manor. There was some vociferous opposition from surviving members of the Deane family who maintained that they still had an interest in the property (see fig.4) but the Freefolk estate passed into Portal ownership in 1769.11

By this date Bere Mill was clearly of secondary importance to the business. During Joseph’s life, paper for Bank of England notes was made at Laverstoke while Bere Mill was used to provide paper for provincial banks and stationers.

On Joseph Portal’s death in 1793 his landed estate passed to his eldest son Harry, who rebuilt Laverstoke House between 1796 and 1799, to the designs of Joseph Bonomi. The business passed to Joseph’s third son John Portal who took his cousin William Bridges into a partnership called Portal and Bridges until William’s death in 1819. In 1815 an agreement was made with the Bank of England to use the company’s mills solely for Bank of England notes and other security papers. As a result, paper production at Bere Mill ceased and it appears that the mill reverted to the grinding of corn. John Portal finally inherited the whole of Laverstoke estate in 1846 and on his death in 1848 the estate passed to his eldest son Melville and the business to his third son Wyndham.

The 1841 census shows Bere Mill occupied by John Bailey, a miller, his wife Anne, two children and eight servants. The Tithe Award made in 1846 confirms Bailey as the occupant and shows the owner as Melville Portal.12 The map attached to the award (fig. 5) shows the outline of the mill building which is broadly similar to the present mill complex though with a smaller west wing and an east wing of a more irregular shape than that shown on the Ordnance Survey maps of the 1870s and 1890s (figs.6 & 7).

The Baileys remained in occupation until the mid 1870s. John Bailey was succeeded by his son Edward Bailey, who is recorded in the 1871 census as a miller, maltster and farmer of 400 acres employing 10 men and four boys. The 1881 census shows the mill itself occupied by Charles Wiltshire the farm bailiff, with the miller Solomon Vickery occupying Bere Mill Cottage. This suggests a downturn in milling activity which may have been a consequence of the slump in English agriculture in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. In 1901 the mill building is shown as unoccupied.

10 HRO 5M52/T26 11 HRO 5M52/T18 12 HRO 21M65/F7/94/1 & 2

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Shortly after the beginning of the new century Bere Mill was adapted for a new purpose. In about 1905 the old mill wheels and machinery were removed and replaced by a turbine to supply electricity to the Portal’s factory at Laverstock by means of a cable laid along the riverbed. There was also a certain amount of reconstruction of the buildings, principally the mill itself but also the adjoining house.13 The recent fire has revealed a number of steel I-beams in the house and mill which probably date from this period and the day books of the Andover builders Beale & Co record some minor building work at Bere Mill in 1905 and 1906.14 These works were mainly internal. The general outline of the buildings changed little (see figs 8 & 9). Besides the works to the buildings, the banks of the river and the various watercourses were lined with high quality brickwork.

The mill was now only a minor part of the Portal business empire. This is reflected in a valuation of the machinery in the various Portal Hampshire mills which was made in 1929. Laverstoke Mill was valued at £87,140, Bramshott at £22,828, Overton at £2331 and Bere Mill at £869 of which £500 was the cable carrying electric current to Laverstoke.15

During much of the twentieth century the mill house was managed with the Portal’s Laverstoke estate and let to estate servants, business contractors or friends of the Portal family. Wyndham Portal had been made a Baronet in 1901 and his grandson of the same name who was created Viscount Portal in 1935 served as Minister of Works and Planning in Churchill’s wartime government. One of his colleagues was Brendan Bracken, Minister of Information, who used Bere Mill as a country retreat.16

Viscount Portal died in 1949. The barony lapsed and his estate was subject to heavy death duties which forced his executors to sell a major part of his shares in the company. Paper- making stopped at Laverstoke in 1963 and in 1995 the Portals Group plc was acquired by De La Rue.

After the war Bere Mill was occupied for a time by Sir Morton Smart, ‘manipulative surgeon’ to King George V, King Edward VIII and King George VI and subsequently by Viscount Monck. From the 1960s the barns were used as a trout hatchery to stock fish on that part of the upper Test where the Portal family held the fishing rights.

The property was sold to Mr and Mrs Rupert Nabarro in 1993 and some minor alterations were made to the building in 1995 to improve the accommodation. The architects for the work were Patek Taylor.

13 Ex.inf. Mr & Mrs Nabarro 14 HRO 53M74/B94 15 HRO 132M98/4/7 16 Ex inf Mr Nabarro

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Fig.1: The memorial to Thomas and Anne Deane in Freefolk parish church

Fig.2: Plaque on front of mill house

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Fig.3: A detail from a map of Freefolk Manor dated 1727, showing Bere Mill marked ‘Portal paper mill’ (Hampshire Record Office). North is to the top

Fig.4: A newspaper advertisement from the 1750s placed by Garrard Deane, one of the claimants to Thomas Deane’s estate (Hampshire record Office)

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Fig.5: A detail from the Tithe Award map made in 1846 (Hampshire Record Office). North is to the top.

Fig.6: A detail from the 1872 Ordnance Survey 25”:1 mile (Hampshire sheet17.13).

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Fig.7: A detail from the 1896 Ordnance Survey (Hampshire, sheet 17.13).

Fig.8: A detail from the 1910 Ordnance Survey (Hampshire, sheet 17.13).

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Fig.9 A detail from the 1940 Ordnance Survey (Hampshire, sheet 17.13).

Fig.10: Map of Bere Mill from the statutory list description

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3.0 Brief Description & Analysis

The following short account of the mill complex was prepared after the fire of February 2018, which destroyed most of the mill itself and the upper storey of the west range and also damaged parts of the mill house. Detailed inspection of the building was constrained in some area because of unstable or dangerous fabric.

The complex of structures which make up Bere Mill is broadly U-shaped, with the mill and mill house in the centre fronting northwards and long wings of differing character to the east and west.

The Mill Building

The mill appears to have been largely timber-framed but the surviving fabric includes both steel I-beams and what appear to be twentieth century red brick walls, which probably date from the conversion of the mill to power generation in c1905 and suggest that the building was substantially reconstructed at that time. Before the fire the north and south external walls of the mill were clad with pine weatherboarding.

Fig.11: The north front of the mill and mill house before the fire

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Fig.12: The east wall of the mill after the fire

Fig.13 The mill-race and turbine below the mill building, showing the steel beams and brick walls of c1905

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The Mill House

The mill house which immediately adjoins the mill to the east, is two storeys high and built of red brick laid in Flemish bond, now painted, with a raised platt-band between the storeys. The north front has a central door with a Victorian brick porch which was in existence by the 1870s, wide casement windows with oak frames and a tiled roof. The northern section of the house has two small rectangular rooms on the ground floor divided by a central passage which leads to a long rear south east wing containing a large room which was probably the kitchen. There are few original fittings and it is clear that the interior has been altered and refurbished several times. The ground floor north west room has a large hearth which looks like a twentieth century feature.

Behind the front rooms a stair ascends from the passage in a single flight rising from west to east. Both the timber stair itself and the metal balustrade at first floor level are modern, that is to say twentieth century, but there may always have been a stair in this position. It seems quite likely that the original house of 1710 was L-shaped.

Attached to the south end of south east house wing is a two-storey addition of painted brick with a pitched roof. The roof is formed with raking struts, which suggests a later eighteenth century date. Along the south end wall of this addition is a modern (1990s) single-storey flat- roofed extension.

Fig.14 The north front of the mill house before the fire, with the inscription dating the building to 1710

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Fig.15: the hearth in the north west room of the mill house

Fig.16: the first floor room in the south east wing, showing the modern stair balustrade

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The East Range

In the angle between the two ranges of the mill house is a composite structure made up of a two storey brick building adjoining the rear of the mill with a lower addition to the south which originally housed one of the mill-wheels (see figs. 16 & 17). Both these structures may be part of the original mill but have seen some rebuilding and the mill-race which turned the wheel has been filled-in. Presumably this was done as part of the 1905 alterations.

Between the mill-wheel housing and the south east wing of the house is the northern end of a long barn-like structure which extends a considerable distance to the south. The outer walls of this building are all of red and blue brick laid in Flemish bond. The southern two thirds of the building has a thatched roof and the timber roof structure of this part has tie-beams and queen posts supporting collars which clasp through-purlins(figs. 18 & 19). All this is consistent with an early eighteenth century date. The northern section of the range is much more modern and has king posts with raking struts and tiled roof coverings. It seems very probable that this part of the roof was renewed, perhaps c1905. This east range is now open to the roof but was originally two-storeyed, with a timber floor supported on timber cross-beams, some of which were extant in the 1990s.

Figs 16 & 17: The west side of the east wing before the fire, and an early sketch showing the position of one of the water wheels removed c1905

Figs 18 & 19: The exterior and interior of the east wing as at present

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The West Range

On the west side of the mill-race is another long range set at right-angles to the main mill building. The north gable wall is set slightly forward of the mill frontage and is faced with banded brick and flint. The lower parts of the side and south end walls are also of banded brick and flint but the upper storey was timber-framed and weatherboarded. This part of the building has been entirely lost in the fire but apparently the upper floor retained clear evidence of vertical slats on runners, a feature often associated with the drying process in paper mills.

The date of this range and its position in the building sequence is not clear. Brick and flint banding of this kind is perhaps more typical of the mid and later eighteenth century than the early eighteenth century and it is possible that the west range at Bere Mill was built once the the Portal family business had begun to prosper. Incorporated in the west wall is a brick inscribed CM 175-, which may indicate a building date in the 1750s. This west-facing wall also incorporates several window and door openings and shows clear signs of successive alterations or repairs.

Figs. 20 & 21: The north front of the mill with the gable end of the west wing and a brick on the west wall of the wing inscribed CM 175-.

Figs. 22 & 23: the west side of the west range before and after the fire

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Fixtures and Fittings

Before the 2018 fire, Bere Mill still preserved many of the fittings associated with its former functions. According to Mr Nabarro, the top floor of the mill building still had the corn bins, hoppers, leather funnels, hoists and pulleys which formed the system for delivering the corn to the mill wheels. As has already been mentioned, the west barn still preserved elements of the drying system which formed part of the paper-making process. Sadly, all these fittings and features have been lost.

4.0 Assessment of Significance

The assessment of the significance of historic buildings and their settings is not an exact science. The assessment of the significance of buildings is based on detailed knowledge of the building type, a comparison with what exists elsewhere, and the extent to which it may be distinctive or have special meaning for different groups of people.

Statutory designations provide some guide to the importance of historic buildings. Bere Mill is listed Grade II, which means it is a building of special interest; just over 90% of all listed buildings are in this class. The list description is included at Appendix 1. Both the mill complex and the surrounding meadows and fields are within the Laverstoke and Freefolk Conservation Area.

In 2008 English Heritage published Conservation Principles, which identified four principal heritage values which might be taken into account when assessing significance and which can be used to amplify the assessments in the statutory lists. These values are Evidential, deriving from the potential of a place to yield (mainly archaeological) evidence about past human activity; Historical, deriving from the ways in which past people, events and aspects of life can be connected through a place to the present; Aesthetic, deriving from the ways in which people draw sensory and intellectual stimulation from a place; Communal, deriving from the meaning of a place for the people who relate to it, or for whom it figures in their collective experience and memory.

In 2012 the Department of Communities and Local Government issued the National Policy Planning Framework which suggests that for planning purposes, the significance of historic buildings should be assessed under the headings of archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic (which are closely related to the English Heritage values) and points out that significance derives not only from a heritage asset’s physical presence but also from its setting.

Heritage Significance is essentially a hierarchical concept, using descending levels of value. These follow guidelines which have been adopted by the Heritage Lottery Fund, Historic England and others. The levels of significance are:

• Exceptional - important at national to international levels • Considerable - important at regional level or sometimes higher • Some - usually of local value only but possibly of regional significance for group or other value • Little - of limited heritage or other value • Neutral - features which neither enhance nor detract from the value of the site • Negative/intrusive - features which detract from the value of the site

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Evidential value

During its working life, Bere Mill was first a paper mill and later a corn mill, both powered by waterwheels. The wheels and associated machinery were removed in c1905 and replaced by an electric turbine and the watercourse under the mill was adapted to power the new machinery. Some features and fittings connected with both paper-making and corn-milling survived until recently, but were lost in the fire which also destroyed most of the structure of the mill building. The mill complex is still of Some Evidential Value, for its general layout, the surviving early structures and the watercourses but the value has been considerably reduced.

Historical value

There has probably been a watermill on the present site since the 11th century. The new mill built in 1710 was leased by Henri Portal in 1712 and was the foundation of his paper-making business, which became hugely successful because of his virtual monopoly on the making of paper for Bank of England notes. Portals were national leaders in this field until after the Second World War and the tradition is still carried on by the firm of De La Rue, which acquired Portals in 1995. Although Henri Portal and his family lived at Bere Mill until his death in 1747, the centre of the business soon moved to Laverstoke Mill, which Henri Portal bought in 1718 and rebuilt in 1719. After 1750 Laverstoke was also the principal family residence. Bere Mill is on interest because of its association with the Hampshire paper-making industry, and also with the Portal family and their friends like the Irish journalist Brendan Bracken who stayed at the Mill during the last war. For all these reasons, Bere Mill is of Considerable Historical Value.

Aesthetic value

In its present fire-damaged condition, Bere Mill is an unhappy sight. Photographs of the buildings before the fire show a picturesque group of brick and weatherboarded structures whose attractive appearance is enhanced by their riverside setting. The mill, house and barns were built as a functional structure and there was little attempt at architectural display but the group certainly has Some Aesthetic Value.

Communal value

In small rural communities, corn mills were important elements of the local economy. Bere Mill was the only corn mill in Freefolk parish from the early Middle Ages to the mid- eighteenth century and again from about 1815 until the end of the nineteenth century. After 1905 the mill served only to provide electricity for Laverstoke Mill and its communal importance diminished. Since the early 1990s the mill has been a private residence but the development of a local butchery business at the mill based on an associated farm has given Bere Mill a new communal purpose and it is of Some Communal Value.

Setting

The Laverstoke and Freefolk Conservation Area includes the open land around Bere Mill and this is wholly appropriate because these watermeadows are closely connected with the mill, not only through location and ownership but also because the use of the river water to flood the meadows in a controlled manner was an important part of local agricultural practice until the nineteenth century and the water rights usually belonged to the mill-owner.

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5.0 Sources Archive Sources The main archive source is the collection of Portal family records in the Hampshire Record Office (general class number 5M52). This collection also includes much material concerning the estate of Thomas Deane. Tithe award map & apportionment 1846 (Hampshire Record Office) Census returns 1841-1911 Ordnance survey maps 1872-1940 Mss. notes from Mr Nabarro

Published Sources Franklin, Geraint, Laverstoke Mill, Whitchurch Hampshire: Historic Buildings Report, English Heritage Research Department Report Series, (2010). Page, William, ed., A History of the County of Hampshire: Volume 4, (London, 1911), pp. 282-285. Portal, Sir Francis, The Church, The State and The People Leading to 250 Years of Paper Making (1962)

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APPENDIX : List Entry Summary

List Entry Summary

This building is listed under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 as amended for its special architectural or historic interest.

Name: BERE MILL

List entry Number: 1092689

Location

County: Hampshire

District: and Deane

Parish: Laverstoke

Grade: II

Date first listed: 16-May-1966

List entry Description

1. 5229 LAVERSTOKE

SU 44 NE 16.5.66 Bere Mill (formerly 3/3 listed as Bere Mill House) II

2. C18, early C19. House of 2 storeys and attic, attached to a water mill. Red tile roofing, with half-hips and gables, hipped dormers. The house walls are of painted brickwork Flemish bond, first floor band, cambered openings, and tarred plinth. The mill has boarded walling and also boarded walling above a ground-floor brick wall (somewhat altered) containing flint panels. Casements. Gabled porch with brick dentil treatment and a 4-centred arch, 6-panelled door in a solid frame; the wall above has a sculptured (Portal) crest. There is a side door, 6-panelled within a modern porch. A plaque has a diamond shield within an oval frame, above a panel inscribed 'this House and Mill Built by Jane the Widow of The Deane Esq in 1710'. This is the site where Henri Portal, a Huguenot refugee, first made water-marked paper in 1710.

Other Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England, Part 19 Hampshire,

National Grid Reference: SU 47830 48064

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