Pope Paul VA

S-0882-0005-06-00001

Expanded Number S-0882-0005-06-00001

Title Items-in-Vatican - Pope Paul VA

Date Created 2110611963

Record Type Archival Item Container S-0882-0005: Correspondence Files of the Secretary-General: U Thant: with Heads of State, Governments, Permanent Representatives and Observers to the United Nations

Print Name of Person Submit Image SgaueoSignatureof PersonesnSbi Submit EUGENE CARDINAL

No. 5 754L EUGENE CARDINAL TISSERANT THE MEN WHO MAKE THE COUNCIL

Series Editor MICHAEL NOVAK I

EUGENE CARDINAL TIS SERANT

by PAUL LESOURD and JEAN-MARIE RAM41Z

UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAMIE PRESS

§; 7 7'""J7- ý1'11M L-- rl'- Ago"

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 64-7964

Manufactured in the United States by North State Press, Inc., Hammond, Indiana EDITOR'S NOTE

In the middle of the twentieth century, in the wake of the vast bloodshed that has characterized three generations, the Church has begun to prepare itself for a new age of human history. The world of the Middle Ages has come to a close. Technical advances, political transfor- mations, moral confusions and reinvestigations herald the dissolution of much that was old, and the stirrings of a new spring. What will be the character of the Church's participation in this new age? To help answer that question from the perspective of Christian belief, the University of Notre Dame Press has commissioned a series of biographies of the men who are making contemporary Church history, particularly at the Second Vatican Council. No special schism or doctrinal crisis brought about the Second Vatican Council. Rather, as if by an inspiration which then seemed to all the world just and obvious, Pope John XXIII called for a Council "to bring the Church up to today"ý-to enable her to take stock of herself, on the threshold of a new time. "This is the Council of the twenty-first century," one of the Council Fathers reminded his fellows at a crucial point in the debates of 1963. Who are these men who begin to prepare the Church for the twenty-first century? What forces have shaped their past? What are their reflections on the past and their thoughts for the future? What special conviction has each of them to bring to the collective wisdom of the Church?

5 The story of the group of men-a nation or a Church or a Council-can best be told through the story of the individual persons who make it up. True, the action of a corporate body is not merely the sum of the actions of individuals; something new and sui generis is added. But corporate action cannot be understood or interpreted except as somehow a product of the actions of certain individuals, at certain times and under certain pressures, and with certain specific ends in view. A full understanding of the Council must begin with an understanding of the men who make it, their hopes, their motivations, their convictions, and their fears. Our series begins with biographies of some of the most prominent Council Fathers. These are the men whose character and whose decisions day by day lead the Coun- cil to define itself in this direction, rather than in that, in this tone of voice, rather than in that. Out of all the possibilities open to the future, these Council Fathers move the. Church in a certain direction. Their responsibility is great. Men of all faiths and men of no faith will want to understand these men well. For the Church of East and West, the Church of the twentieth century and of the twenty-first, is a powerful force in human history. And the course that Church is taking lies partly in their hands.

6 We do not ordinarily attach much importance to the minor sicknesses or accidents which befall children. Yet these maladies sometimes have quite unexpected con- sequences and determine the course of an entire life. The fact that a wet nurse accidentally dropped the infant Talleyrand indirectly led him to embark upon a career in the Church, where his astonishing destiny eventually took shape; in effect, the accident closed to him other choices he might have made,

1. The Oak of Lorraine

It is to the whooping cough that Cardinal Tisserant attributes, if not his taking holy orders, at least indirectly his scientific vocation. "The whooping cough," he has commented, "which I caught when I was only five years old, was decisive for my future. I was quarantined at home, and my father, who did not want anybody to lose time, got it into his head to teach me to read by the syl- lable method. The system wasn't bad at all; when I returned to school I was one year ahead of everybody else." To be a year ahead in studies may not seem like much, but in the psychology of a child, it takes on considerable importance. Just as a child, accustomed to being last in his class, is tempted to do nothing to improve despite his father's warnings, so a child who~is ahead of his group, and very proud of being exposed to those older than he, takes special pains to maintain himself at the head of his class. Eugene Tisserant-well-built, full of good will and

7 good health-would continue his methodical direct ap- proach throughout his life. He kept himself aloof from the usual politicking of 1 ecclesiastical circles; he was more apt to be a victim of it. Some people find his frankness and directness quite exasperating, hut Tisserant is all of a piece. He never dis- guises his thoughts, and he is unable to simulate sentiments or opinions which he doesn't feel. A head like Michelangelo's Moses on a figure which makes one think of the oaks of Lorraine, very erect and always hurrying in accordance with his desire not to lose. time-such is the physique of Cardinal Tisserant, who at the age of eighty has retained his vivacious spirit, a truly astonishing capacity for work, and an incredible dyna- mism. He climbs into a jet and flies thousands of miles as easily as others cross the city of Rome. Age seems to have no influence over him. Extremely punctual and accustomed to the discipline and rigors of scientific field trips, Tisserant demands as much from others as from himself in all his work, * whether concerning documents, history or simple facts. He speaks with complete frankness, and nothing re- strains nor tones down what he has to say. In appearance * he is serious, somewhat cold and forbidding and rather lacking in spontaneity. But under the oak's bark-so to * speak-there is a heart which feels every pain, every distress. Living for generations in the same province nourishes / deep roots, and the character traits common to one's compatriots affect one's own character. Cardinal Tisser- ant is a son of Alsace-Lorraine on both his mother's and N father's side. The province of Lorraine has many beautiful forests, and in their solid appearance and solid

V morals, the inhabitants of the province resemble these forests. With its rough climate, Lorraine was for a long

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time a border country, open to invasion and to fears of occupation and ruin. Is it at all astonishing, then that the inhabitants of this province should be persons of close concentration, worrisome, and somewhat close-mouthed? The "devil-may-care" attitude, the lightness, the superfici- ality of those who live alongside rivers in the placid and sunny valleys of the Loire are not for the people of Lorraine. For generations, the Tisserants were millers, an occupation handed down from father to son. Both the grand- father and the father of the future Cardinal, however, had climbed the social ladder by taking advanced studies and becoming veterinarians. They cared for the animals of the farm and did not abandon the rural interests of their ancestors. They became important because they were the ones to whom people turned when they needed advice; they were the healers. And as they came in touch with higher studies, their own intellectual level and that of their families was raised; and they discovered an in- clination toward the sciences, a preference for intellectual pursuits in general, and a curiosity that transcended the limits of their profession. The Cardinal's uncle and godfather, Eugene Tisserant, was for forty years a professor at the Veterinary School of Lyons and a member of that city's Academy of Arts and Letters. His large library testifies to an excellent taste in books; it exerted profound influence on the young Eugene, whose father was rather stingy when it came to buying books. When a great love for books exists in a family, an atmosphere is created which attaches itself to the members, and which always comes to the fore in later life. Growing up in such an atmosphere, Cardinal Tisserant was unconsciously guided to reach the summit in this respect too. He was destined to become the head of the

9 4i richest and most beautiful library in the world, the Vati- can Library. This was the constellation of traditions under which Cardinal Tisserant was born at Nancy on March 24, 1884, in a house which his maternal grandparents had purchased twenty years earlier. The house had been built in the eighteenth century by a Jewish banker, who had placed on the pillars over the entrance a mezuzah, that small tin tube by which pious Jews remind themselves to think of God whenever they cross the threshold. The Tisserant family lived in the spirit of such a re- minder. Piety and fervor are common in Lorraine. in every generation of Tisserants one can find priests and religious. It is not at all remarkable, therefore, that a I great uncle, seeing the infant Eugene for the first time, should have remarked, "This one will be a bishop." We might even wonder whether Madame Tisserant, childless for the first fifteen years of marriage, had not inwardly vowed that her first-born son should be a priest. Eugene was the first son, but apparently his mother II played no part in his decision to become a priest. The Cardinal assures us that his vocation came solely from his own heart. "My uncle who was a priest, my aunts who were nuns, the whole family atmosphere, had nothing to do with it," he has written. Of the six children that Mine. Tisserant bore between 1880 and 1889 Eugene was the fourth, the eldest of the three boys. One of his sisters, a nun of the Christian Doc- trine, died as Superior of the House of Charmes sur Moselle. A brother entered the order of the Fathers of the Holy Spirit and spent forty years of his life as a mis- sionary in l'Oubangui-Chari. One of Lorraine's special characteristics is a certain patriotic, even nationalistic, fervor. To be a citizen of Lorraine is to be a patriot, a Catholic, and a Republican.

4,4 ati- 41 The Prussian War of 1870 had tremendous influence on Lorraine, and by 1890 ideas of revenge and of recon- ich quering regions annexed by Prussia aroused a wave of 24, patriotic excitement. The poet Paul D~roul~de captured tad this spirit in his verses and transformed it into nationalist ulilt propaganda. Such sentiments found enthusiastic accept- .ad ance in all Catholic milieux but especially in Lorraine. lat As a pupil of the Sisters of Sacred Doctrine, the seven- to year-old Eugene knew the poetry of D36roul~de by heart -in Latin and German as well as in French. "We wanted ."e- above all," he wrote much later, "for France to take her In place in the world again." In keeping with the general air id of patriotism he wanted to become an officer. The Army a was the object of his dreams, particularly the infantry. e, Later it was the Navy which attracted him, so seriously Te that he asked his father to send him to Jersey where he qs might prepare himself for entrance examinations to the y Naval Academy. However, his destiny was determined from the time he T was eleven and a half years old. On December 7, 1895, e on the eve of the Feast of the Immaculate Conception, he 11 went to confession. Praying before the statue of the Vir- ) gin, he suddenly heard the appeal of God; he was certain, ) from then on, that he would become a priest. When he arrived home, he announced the great news to his father. With no objection-since in this family a religious vocation was nothing extraordinary-M. Tisserant merely said, "We shall discuss it again when you have finished high school." And for five years no more questions were raised. In the meantime, Eugene became a brilliant student in the religious colleges of Nancy, St. Leopold and St. Sigisbert, where he displayed a remarkable affinity for physics and chemistry, garnering prizes in these fields on several occasions. Abb6 Auguste Bouchon, Professor of Chemistry, Physics and Natural Sciences, first awakened in him a taste for chemistry and then promptly initiated him into the sciences. Abb6 Bouchon encouraged young Tisserant to explore elementary mathematics and insisted that he should pursue the courses in natural sciences given at the University of Nancy. Passionately interested in scientific studies-so much so that he read manuals of differential and integral calcu- lus for personal pleasure-Eugene Tisserant could antici- pate a career as professor of science in a college run by religious until his priestly vocation would assert itself. He could never have foreseen, however, that he would have the honor of eulogizing the great physicist, Maurice de Broglie, before the French Academy, nor that the accident of academic succession would permit him to assume that same scientist's chair in the Academy. On that day in 1900 when Eugene Tisserant passed his last oral examinations in literature and mathematics, he was congratulated at the family table on his success. At the end of the meal, he turned to his father and said, "I haven't changed my mind, I want to become a priest." "Well, then, take your hat," M. Tisserant replied. "We'll go to the seminary." And without further ado, they proceeded to the seminary. This was to be the first step on a ladder leading young Tisserant to the highest ranks of the clergy.

2. From Nancy to Jerusalem

The major seminary of Nancy was one of the best in France, with excellent professors and a rich library of some 40,000 volumes. We should never discount the importance of browsing in a library. More than one life is changed as a consequence of reading which was not intended, of a book taken up by chance from the stacks of

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ened a library. A spark ignites in this or that cell of the brain, .ated lightning strikes, and suddenly, the mind is enflamed. rnng Thus, browsing one day in the library of his professor in sted apologetics, Abb Vital Oblet, Tisserant discovered a aices Syriac and Arab grammar. His curiosity grew as he began to imagine the importance of Syriac and Arab ýuch literature for the study of Christian thought in antiquity lcu- and the Middle Ages. tici- Learning that there were few specialists in Oriental by languages, Tisserant decided to make these his specialty. elf. So much pleasure accrued to these studies that a doubt uld about his future began to bother him; should he sacrifice ist, the exact sciences-until now his preference-to linguis- ior tic ones, especially to the Oriental languages, to which he nit felt himself so attracted? 23'. It was his spiritual director, Monsignor Ruch, Profes- his sor of Theology and later Bishop of Strasbourg, who de- he cided the matter for him. When he observed the facility Nt with which young Tisserant learned Oriental languages, "I ~Monsignor Ruch developed a study plan which in four years was to bring Tisserant the assignment to teach Old d. Testament studies in a French Catholic University. The 0, young seminarian concentrated on the study of Hebrew, st Syriac and Assyrian languages while continuing his thea- st logical courses. Tisserant was fortunate in having by his side a discern- ing spirit who did not rest at opening the door to his destiny, but who also carefully guided all his faculties to full development. Monsignor Ruch had at first intuitively a I sensed-but later openly predicted-the exceptional f career which the young Orientalist would carve for himself. As a result he had Tisserant sent to the Scole 3 Biblique in Jerusalem for advanced study. Tisserant was then, in 1904, twenty years of age. In Jerusalem his superior was the eminent Dominican schol-

13 ar, R. P. Lagrange, the great inspirer of modern Catholic biblical studies. Lagrange suggested Tisserant's name to Pope Pius X, when the Pontifical Commission on Biblical Studies was looking for a professor of Syriac languages. Meanwhile, numerous trips throughout the Holy Land enabled Tisserant to perfect his knowledge of Oriental languages, especially Assyrian. He began to- acquire his now distinctive beard. He also improved his horseman- ship since on archeological and geographical field trips across Palestine he had no other way to travel. Indeed, he became so proficient that in November 1904 he wrote one of his seminary friends that "I have become such a good rider that I have fallen off only once, and that only during a gallop when the saddle was inadequately se- cured." In a more serious vein, he also wrote: "I am be- i ginnning to understand that archeology is not a useless In by-product of history, and that all the fragments, shards and artifacts which are collected over a long period of time are anything but superfluous."' Throughout all his letters runs the urgent note, not to lose any time. This is the leit-motif, a sort of "order of the day," to which he has remained constantly faithful. Tisserant returned to France in October 1905 to complete his military service at Toul. He then continued his Oriental studies in Paris, first at the School of Oriental Languages of the Institut Catholique, then at the School of Higher Studies at the Sorbonne, the School of the Louvre, and others. After two years he received his diploma in Hebrew, Syriac, Arabic, Ethiopian, Assyrian, and soon after began to publish scientific studies. In 1907

-~ he was ordained to the priesthood at Nancy. The hour in which his life was going to take a decisive turn had arrived.

14 3. The Summons to Rome; the Croix de Guerre

Following Father Lagrange's advice, the Pontifical Corn- mission on Biblical Studies offered young Father Tisser- ant the chair for Assyrian language at the Ecclesiastical University of Apollinaris, so called because of its prox- imity to the church dedicated to Ravenna's bishop, St. Apollinaris. Simultaneously with this appointment, the Vatican Library placed Tisserant in charge of cataloguing and conserving Oriental manuscripts. The Cardinal supervisor of the library was at this time Cardinal Ram- polla, a strong personality who played an important role in the Vatican of his time. From the very beginning Tis- serant felt the impact of Rampolla's personality. The salary of three thousand lire for Tisserant's double position as professor and librarian was paid out of the private treasury of Pius X, since no provision had been made in the budget of the Apollinaris. The modest salary enabled Tisserant to use 500 lire each year to buy books and another 500 lire to finance his study-trips. Thus is was that Father Tisserant came to be installed in the city of Rome, a city that was to fill his imagination, to which he was to give himself wholeheartedly, and in which he was destined to become for a time the most important person after the pope himself, On December 1, 1908, Tisserant lectured for the first time at the university. He had prepared his course in both Latin and French, leaving the choice of language to his students. The students chose French. The future cardinal, who in the course of his life was to become the collaborator and counsellor of five popes, * was first received in papal audience on December 23, * 1908, by His Holiness Pope Pius X. This is how he

15 described the audience to his parents: "I was led into the great hail in which the Holy Father holds his audi- ences. He was seated at his table, his white cassockcae lessly buttoned and, after Italian fashion, without sash, on his head the purple calotte, which, to my mind, suits Pius X particularly well. With this calotte, which comes down over his ears, and the snuff-taker's handkerchief in front of him, he had such a truly paternal air about him as to make one tremble. I knelt down to kiss his ring while he addressed me in the meantime in Latin, welcoming me in the kindest and most gentle way. After he had laid his hand on my head, I arose and asked him in my halting Italian if he would inscribe my breviary for me and auto- graph the small photos which I gave him for my father and mother. I knew the pontiff would not refuse me. He immediately wrote in my breviary: 'May God fill you with all his blessings and hear your prayer.' On one photo he wrote: 'Deus adimpleat, that God may make his blessing complete,' and on the other: 'May God be benign and clement to you.' At the end of the audience His Holiness blessed us, together with all those we had in mind, our families, and all those I loved... Haunted as he was by the fear of wasting tifhe, Tisser- ant used all his vacations for scientific travels. These "vacations" proved most fruitful not only for the Vatican Library but also for him personally. He visited, for example, all the countries of Europe. In 1909, on returning from an Austrian trip, he stopped at the Ambrosiana in Milan and chatted with its head and chief curator, Monsignor Achille Ratti, the future Pius XI. This first meeting marked the beginning of a close friendship which ended only with the death of the Pope. Tisserant made rich discoveries in the manuscript cab- inets of the various libraries he visited, bringing to light from their dusty drawers a great amount of unpublished

16 and valuable material. Some he copied and deciphered; others he collated and clarified. For three-hundred days during 1911-1912 he con- ducted a scientific expedition to the Near East, examin- ing a great many monuments of Assyrian and Chaldaic civilization with a view to their historical, archeological and ethnographic value. Epidemics of cholera in the region hampered the expedition's efforts, but over-all the results were satisfying. Before returning, Tisserant visited Transjordan and many ancient Arab buildings. The trip netted a rich harvest of documents which he was subse- quently able to use in his own books, articles and notes. Then the First World War erupted. For Tisserant, there was no question of trying to avoid military service; by August 1914 he had been mobilized and assigned to the infantry. He came back to France at Troyes. Since there was a strict order of precedence regarding assignment to the actual battlefront, Tisserant, now past thirty years of age, might have delayed the inevitable two or three months. Instead he volunteered, was promoted to corporal on September 2, and two days later was wounded in action. Upon leaving the hospital, he was appointed to the African section of the Army General Staff. Despite age-old sardonic comments, an army sometimes does make use of man's skill. In 1917, Corporal Tisserant's unit was sent to Palestine as a part of a joint French-British expeditionary corps. Many years later, when Cardinal Tisserant presented the Queen of England to the other cardinals in Rome, he could say to her quite truthfully: "Madame, I have served in the British Army!" Promoted to lieutenant in 1918 and named to head the General Staff office of the French detachment in Palestine and Syria, Tisserant also served as protector of Catholic interests in the Holy Land. When, during Holy

17 Week of 1918, he received the French High Commission- er for the area, he was able to render him all the tradi- tional liturgical honors. As he related to his parents: "This was truly the France of the Crusades which reap- peared. Unfortunately, we were all much preoccupied with the violent battles then taking place on the front in France. Some twenty of us officers surrounded the High Com missioner in the processions and at the various cere- mones. The sight impressed the people of Jerusalem, wohad not seen anything like it for the past three years.-" Before coming to Palestine, Tisserant had already been marked by Providence, or, as so me would say, by chance. It was April 1917. The troops of the General Staff embarked at Marseilles. The train taking Tisserant to the port was delayed for four hours, and when he finally reached the port, the troop ship had departed. News * later came that the ship he should have been on was tor- * pedoed in the Bay of B6ne near Algeria. 3 Lieutenant Tisserant could niot be content with bureau- cratic staff duties only. In September 1918 he participated in the assault on the Palestinian city of Gaza as a platoon leader against the Turks, and won for himself the coveted Croix de Guerre. The citation reads: "He expended himself with great devotion in the organization of logistical services for the detachment chosen to take part in the attack of September 19, 1918, and in the course of the victorious advance of September 19 and 20, 1918, organized an efficient supply and evacuation system,"

4. After the War

After the war, a normal way of life returned. Father Tis- serant exchanged his uniform for his cassock, renewed

18 his Vatican Library duties and moved gradually up the ladder of preferment. In December 1919, he was named assistant to the prefect, or chief curator. Pius X had placed Monsignor Ratti in charge of the Library, a move which later further cemented the Ratti-Tisserant friendship. (In 1918, however, Benedict XV had sent Msgr. Ratti to Poland as a visitor and had appointed Monsignor Mercati to fill the Library position.) As an associate in the administration of the Vaticanli Library, Father Tisserant was instrumental in modeling it along the lines of*the great American libraries. Until that time the Library's appointments had been somewhat old-fashioned: the reading room, for example, was much too small. Thanks to Tisserant, thousands of volumes were arranged on six floors and serviced by an elevator. Not counting two additional rooms containing maps, atlases and prints, the Library now had a capacity of j 800,000 volumes. Manuscript service was likewise improved-by the installation of an elevator and a special room designed solely for cataloguing printed material. On December 22, 1931, a disaster occurred when a fourth of the volumes stacked in the Consultation Cham- ber collapsed. But improvements already in progress were not delayed. From October 1, 1933, onward, the books in that area were once again made available for4 readers, and in a much easier arrangement. At the same time the mezzanine that had been constructed above the hail provided rooms for services that had become indis- pensable.61 Meanwhile, the radical reorganization of the Vatican p

Library and its enrichment by manuscripts had led Father Tisserant on many more missions and travels. In 1923 he had visited the Balkans and the Near East. This trip was instigated by Pope Pius XI, who suspected that refugees from Russia and Anatolia might have brought

--t- t. 2 - rare books or manuscripts with them on their flight to safety. Before making plans for the journey, the Pope had contacted representatives of the Holy See in the Balkan countries to which the refugees had fled. While the replies were not encouraging, the Pope felt that these representatives were perhaps not well enough acquainted with the library's needs regarding the Orient and the Eastern Church and decided to send two specialists to conduct on-the-spot investigations. The specialists were Monsignor Tisserant and a colleague, Father Cyril Koro- levsky. Monsignor Tisserant had suffered a broken wrist January 23, 1923, while helping move books in the Vati- can Library and the trip had to be delayed until the fracture had healed. But on March 15 he submitted his itinerary to the Holy Father: Trieste, Belgrade, Sofia, Constantinople, Athens, Syria, Rhodes, Corfu and Brin- disi. The trip's aim was threefold: to buy manuscripts and books for the Vatican Library; to do likewise for the Oriental Institute, in which the Pope wanted to organize a library; and finally, to purchase as many modern liturgical books as possible for the congregations of the East- ern Churches, and to distribute these books in centers where an apostolate of the Russian Church in Diaspora might be established. The two travelers left Rome on April 12 with a letter of credit and 600,000 lire. They returned July 26 with trunks containing hundreds of pounds of manuscripts and documents. The journey had had its share of surprises. Father Cyril had been forced to abandon his trip to Syria, where he perhaps would have found something worthwhile in the Latin Catholic colony, but means of transportation in the Greek islands were few and far between. Moreover, the pair learned that the refugees had carried away with them precious cloths and carpets but not books. Nonetheless, Tisserant had fulfilled his mission well:

20 "In the important villages," he writes, "as well as in Athens and Constantinople, we visited a great many shops and examined many volumes and pamphlets, perching on step-ladders day in and day out in spite of heat and dust. We also approached individuals about their intention of selling. These conferences were diffi- cult since everyone put a higher price on their precious objects than was warranted, and often we were forced to abandon negotiations because of the inflated prices. Our trading with Stavavrakis Aristarchi went well and was finally brought to a satisfactory conclusion since in this case we were dealing with someone who knew the value of what he had to sell. We left behind us a great many documents which were of no interest to the Holy See. Our most beautiful acquisition was, without doubt, the collection of copies of inaccessible documents lost during the Balkan wars or the campaign in Anatolia, plus some original documents. The number of such rebound volumes 'now reposing in the Vatican Library has now reached a hundred. We also purchased a great deal of printed matter, some volumes of which turned out to be Migne Patrology in the first edition." Monsignor Tisserant was not satisfied with simply bringing back books and manuscripts. He also reported to the Holy Father many observations and other information from his contact with the clergy on his trips. It is said that in consequence of his information an Apostolic Delegate to Sofia was nominated who, unlike the Apos- tolic Vicar, was not a Latin. He informed Pius XI of many things in the various countries which the official pontifical representatives were only partly aware of. In addition, he brought home with him a wealth of information which was to prove extremely useful to him when he later became head of the Congregation of the Ori- ental Church.

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5. Visits to the United States

In 1927 Monsignor Tisserant made his first visit to the United States and Canada, places to which he would return many times in later years. The trip had as its purpose the examination of the organization and wealth of documents of American libraries. Moreover, Tisserant wanted to forge closer ties with important American universities and to introduce into the Vatican Library pro- cedures which would facilitate the research of scientists and scholars who planned to visit the Eternal City. The Carnegie Foundation for International Peace made this twenty-four-day journey possible. The Founda- tion's motive was simple: to help the Vatican Library in its efforts to make its valuable collections more accessible to scientists, Monsignor Tisserant readily admits that when he embarked on the Mauretania on April 25, 1927, his knowledge of Affierican libraries would have fitted into a handkerchief. He had never intended to go overseas. Aboard ship he read some of the proceedings of the American Library Association that had been composed by Euro- pean librarians taking part in the anniversary conference of the organization. On the very day of his arrival, he visited three outstanding New York libraries: the New York Public, the J. P. Morgan, and the Columbia Uni- versity. His notes after the visits reflect his admiration for their organization. What impressed him most in the New York Public Library were its proportions, its organization and machinery, and its reading rooms, always corn- fortable and sometimes even luxurious, arranged according to the various categories of readers. At Columbia, he found officials in the throes of a problem which often divides librarians and professors: a central library or a divisional library. Should one build a library by central-

22 or

izing around a common nucleus, or should one move in the direction of decentralization? Something completely new to him was the School of Library Science, a uniquely American institution to which the United States owes a dedicated corps of well-prepared librarians, excellently trained in their duties. In the Morgan Library, Tisserant, to his great pleasure, found Coptic manuscripts which had been restored under his very eyes in the Vatican workshops. This library, he writes, might be considered the model for all library- sanctuaries where one shelters treasures. But what made the greatest impression on him was the generosity which permitted access to its facilities and its treasures to anybody who wanted to do useful work. At the Princeton University Library he particularly admired the documentary files of the School of Fine Arts and Archeology where under various categories and rub- rics, the artistic movements of Christian antiquity are catalogued. In Philadelphia he visited the University Library and the library of Drexel College, a library which took part in the deposit of the museum archives. At the New Free Library he observed the triumph of metal: even the seats were of metal, steel for adults and a lighter alloy for children! The latest in mechanical achievement included desks with glass covers for the study of prints, a tele- type to transmit the requests of clients to the stacks, and inclined chutes to return books to their proper floors. Finally, there was a clever conveyor belt to bring books to the reading rooms-a combination of a horizontal carrier with an automatic relay which starts as soon as the carrier receives a full load. In Baltimore Tisserant made a pilgrimage to Johns Hopkins University and its remarkably designed library to see the Oriental manuscripts of Robert Garrett. When

23 he saw Garrett handling a Greek volume which he had himself once extracted from merchants in Athens, he was amused to note the difference between the miserable corner where he had found the book and the solid steel safe where it was now deposited by the friendly Maece- nas who presided over the collection. In Washington, the Library of Congress, which he studied very carefully in all its services, made a great im- PV pression on him. He learned how necessary it was to see at first hand the functioning and catalogues of such a library in order to understand certain problems, for questions are often of a different nature when numbers mount past a specific point. He also visited many other libraries without being able to study them intensively. He made a visit to the Uni- versity of Notre Dame Library in Indiana to see the famous Dante collection which Father John Zahm, C.S.C., whom he admired greatly, had assembled. And he also went to see the Library of the University of Illi-

On his return to Rome, Monsignor Tisserant con- cluded his report as follows: "As different as the Ameri- can libraries are from one another-the Library of Con- gress which was created for the needs of the members of the legislature and has become the central library of the nation; the municipal libraries, which seek to spread instruction among the people, to raise the general moral and intellectual level; the university libraries, whose personnel go out of their way to prepare for both professors and students the tools of research and instruction; the collectors' libraries, founded by enlightened amateurs and always to be preferred to the other kinds because, thanks to generous foundation grants, they are at the disposal of specialists-they all seemed to me to be dominated by that principle of usefulness which characterizes all Amn-

24 erican organizations. If in Europe there are so many 'dead' libraries, which collectors and city institutions hold in such high esteem, it is because on this continent it is the book which holds the first place in consideration. In America, the reader is more important to the librarian than the book. Hence, the system of lending from library to home, which surprises us; likewise, the policy of the open shelf, stacks accessible to an enormous number of readers if not to all, where even children begin their ap- prenticeship; hence also the dictionary catalogue, which not only helps one find a book one knows but also sug- gests related titles; and finally, the preoccupation with the improvement of services, on the grounds that the capital invested in a library should bear fruit in noble and widespread instruction." Tisserant's second scientific mission to the United States took place from October 7 to November 16, 1933. The occasion was the convention of the American Li- brary -Congress in Chicago and a reunion of the Inter- national Library Committee. At this time his most important visits were those to Yale University and the museum where some of the paintings found at Doura, on the banks of the Euphrates, are exhibited; and to Welles- ley College. In Boston another library contained several manuscripts which had come from the archives of the Medici and Barberini families. In Pennsylvania, he visited a club of bibliophiles; ahd once again, he visited the Morgan Library, Columbia University, the Rockefeller Foundation and other places in New York City. His third visit, from April to June 1947, came at a lime when Tisserant had been a cardinal for eleven years. The purpose was to accept an honorary doctor of laws 1 degree from Princeton University in company with Gen- [a eral Dwight D. Eisenhower. In a private letter dated ii June 18, 1947, Tisserant describes the ceremony:

25 "I took my cassock with the red ferraiole and biretta, since all the university dignitaries wore their robes. Here we were at Madison Hall waiting for the start of the procession: I chatted with some of the illustrious persons present, Admiral Nimitz and Albert Einstein, to name only the two most prominent. Then the procession began; I was one of the two at the head of the group because the plan to award me a doctor of letters degree had been changed, and I was to receive a doctor of laws degree instead. In America the law faculty is the most hon- ored. My escort, Doctor Friend, had discovered that if I were to receive a law degree rather than one in literature, I could walk first in the procession, the order of precedence to start from the end of the alphabet rather than from the beginning. And thus the procession of future honorary doctors was led by the couple Tisserant and Sproul, he being the president of the University of Cali- fornia. The diploma itself was given to me at the very end of the ceremony, following the four personalities for whom, because of their positions and titles, no citation was necessary: the Chief Justice of the United States, the Governor of the State of New Jersey, who has precedence over even the University Council and the University 4 President; the Governor-General of Canada, Field Mar- Ii shal Alexander, and President Truman. It was impossi- ble to show me more respect than this! "The ceremony was splendid, held under a brilliant sun, which was surprising in itself because on that very day it had rained until 3 o'clock in the afternoon. More V than 400 delegates of institutions of higher learning, all in academic garb, beginning with the representative of the University of Salamanca (for the order of foundation determines the order of precedence and France's own Sorbonne is number two) formed a magnificent gallery. Behind them were more than 5,000 spectators, some

26 [q ,±&.. .t

standing on the steps, displaying the gay colors of women's summer clothes. Each of the twenty-nine doctors advanced to receive his hood, the president of the university presiding since the President of the United States was himself among the candidates. A handshake with the president, a salute for President Truman, and I returned to my place. A prayer offered by the University chaplain at the beginning and end of the ceremonies; an excellent address by the Princeton president on the ad- vantages of private universities, and one by President Truman on the United States' need for well-instructed military men. Among the new doctors were three military men: Eisenhower, Nimitz and Alexander. . .. The Cardinal took advantage of the trip to make a lec- ture tour around the United States. The tour netted him $40,000 dollars toward completing the construction of a cathedral in his Roman diocese. Cardinal Tisserant undertook a fourth voyage in September and October of 1950. This time his visit began in Canada where he visited a great number of schools and the villages of the Iroquois Indians, who had become Catholics in the seventeenth century. At the time of their conversion, the Iroquois had been granted the privilege of chanting in Iroquois rather than Latin at their high masses. Translations had been prepared for them which corresponded with the Latin words in plain chant. In the United States he saw the wonders of the Grand Canyon and marveled at the animals in the national parks. Above all, he was taken by the magnificently colored layers of stone visible in the Grand Canyon area, and he enjoyed a trip to the geological museum as well.

6. Publications

Before continuing with the story of the life and career of

27 Cardinal Tisserant, which is so full, it will be helpful to examine the works in the Vatican Library and the missions abroad which he compiled over the years as one of the foremost Orientalists of his time. The first articles which he published are concerned with the discoveries of pre-Israelite antiquity in Palestine (1907) and the Aramaic papyrus of the Jewish colony on the island of Elephantine below the first cataract of the Nile (1908), both of which are most valuable for biblical studies. At the same time he enriched Arabic manuscript research with a study on an Arabic translation of a lost Coptic text-a sermnon by Schenoudi, the most outstanding and original writer in Coptic. In this period he also * edited his work on the Ethiopian translation of The Ascension of Isaiah, an interesting Jewish apocrypha that had been reworked and enlarged according to Chris- * tian interpretation. This latter work testifies to Tisser- ant's exceptional maturity for a man of twenty-four. From the very moment of his arrival in Rome he began to publish a series of book review-essays in the Ri- vista Degli Studi Orientali, whose editor-in-chief, Ignazio Guidi, as the master of Italian Orientalists, thus called attention to the ability of Father Tisserant. In the course of his frequent contact with Oriental manuscripts, both in the Vatican Library and the papal archives, Tisserant developed a genuine flair for pale- * ography that enabled him to discover quite readily local and chronological characteristics of the scriptures. Simul- taneously, he perfected his knowledge of Semitic lan-

-~ guages, especially Armenian and Coptic. At the Vatican Library he edited the catalog of Arabic manuscripts be- * longing to the Borgia Estate-nearly 300 manuscripts, in which Moslem works outnumber Christian. In 1910 he compared a modern manuscript in the Arab tradition, which dealt with the apocryphal chapter 4 28

<§> 0L.' ' &WARRINEEMM

of St. Paul to the Laodiceans, with another well-known manuscript, and corrected the conclusions of the first editor by establishing the true character of this valuable literary contribution by Arabized Spanish Christians. In 1910 new fragments from the pen of the Coptic writer, Schenoudi, were found in another manuscript of the Borgia estate. But the outstanding work of young Tisser- ant during his early years at the Vatican was his tran- scription and editing of a Greek palimpsest covered by a Syriac text, which included several long fragments of the version of the Septuagint. He also published various studies on the manuscript fragments of the versions of the Bible and the apocrypha. He edited the Arabic text-adding a translation and commentary-of the twenty-first chapter of the ecclesiastical encyclopedia of Abu '1-Barakat Ibn Kabar, a fourteenth-century writer. This work was completed in 1909 and published in 1913. The following year he produced the Specimina codicum orientalium, considered a genuine masterpiece: twenty-four reproductions of examples of the scriptures in Hebrew, Syriac, Syro-Palestinian, Persian, Arabic, Ethiopian and Coptic, arranged according to their place of origin and chronological development. In order to publish this work, Tisserant had to examine three thousand manuscripts in the Vatican Library alone, as well as several hundred other manuscripts in places like Paris, London and Milan. Shortly after the First World War, he discovered the existence of a hitherto unknown Syriac version of one of the Old Testament apocrypha, the Book of Jubiles. He pointed out the importance of this version for the re- construction of the original text, and for the history of the diffusion of the apocrypha in Syriac literature. In 1924 he published a book on the significance of the mis-

29 sion of the Franciscan Dominique of Aragon to Armenia (1245-1247), which had as its consequence the adher- ence of the Armenian catholicos to the Latin rite. Be- sides immense erudition, this book displayed a sense of hi story that enabled him to untangle with perfect clarity the chaotic conditions in the Byzantine world and the Near East at a time when the crisis of the Latin Empire A of Byzantium and the dismemberment of the Mongol States were disturbing the balance of power. At the International Orientalist Congress in 1935 in Rome, Monsignor Tisserant read a paper on the Oriental manuscript catalogs at the Vatican Library. During the late 1920's and early 1930's he contributed numerous articles for the Dictionnaire de th,6ologie catholique, in- cluding one on the Nestorian church (1931) that ran to 143 columns of very small type. Not the least significant aspect of his scientific activity has been the constant aid he has extended to many other researchers, either orally or in writing. In a survey on this aspect of Tisserant's career, Pro- fessor Levi della Vida says: "The speeches, the pastoral letters, the works explaining Latin Catholicism outnumber the Oriental studies. But they are no less helpful in filling out the image of this man of encyclopedic culture and multiple interests, a man who has read everything, retained everything, understood everything, and whose word is accepted with respectful approval in Roman 4 congregations as well as in the institut de France and in all scientific or religious congresses."

7. The Cardinal

Pope Pius XI had followed his friend Monsignor Tisser- ant's efforts on behalf of the Vatican Library with great love and attention. At heart a librarian himself, Pius had

V Or- 7 ý!""

contributed to the growing fame of his collaborator and he capped this fame by bestowing on Tisserant the cardinal's purple on June 16, 1936. The distinction was not merely a reward; it was done also in order that Tisserant might be entrusted with an office for which he was emi- nently qualified: the direction of the Sacred Congrega- tion for the Oriental Church. Thus he was to be for twenty-three years the Minister of the papacy for Orient- al Affairs. Never since its founding had the Congrega- tion had such a distinguished Orientalist at its head. Tisserant's duties included the administration of the Catholic communities of the Eastern Rite, those in the Near East as well as a few centers in America and Aus- tralia. Tisserant himself has said that this phase of his life represented a new epoch in globe-trotting. He had to visit dioceses and patriarchates from Bulgaria to Afghani- stan, to make known the laws of the old Eastern Churches, to provide them with liturgical books even while forestalling any break with their traditions, and to do battle against conservatism and insufficient formation of the clergy. These activities had constant relevance to the overriding problem of Church unity. In September 1937 he had occasion to travel to Romania, where he was received by King Carol 11 at the great royal estate at Sinaia. On his return he said: "There is progress in that country and I believe that the Romanian Catholic Church has also made progress. I must help her, and with the help of God it will prosper." At the invitation of the Egyptian government, Tisser- ant spent December 26, 1950-January 12, 1951, in that country, taking part in the solemn celebration of the twenty-fifth aniversary of the Fouad I University in Cairo. He took the opportunity to visit many religious and cultural institutions. On December 31 he went to the University of d'al-Azhar where he talked with stu-

if! LW;7 77J dents, many of them colored, from all over the Moslem world. He also saw the mosque containing 300 columns, S whose two tiers with their capitals and bases come from ancient Greco-Roman columns. During the twenty-three years that he headed the S Congregation, Cardinal T1isserant founded new vicari- Yates in the Near East and built many seminaries in Egypt, II Lebanon and the Indian province of Kerala. Then, as persecution began, Ukranian and Ruthenian bishops dis- appeared one by one, and the Iron Curtain in central Europe effectively sealed off the Church of Silence. With heaviness of heart, Cardinal Tisserant gave up the work of the Congregation at the beginning of Pope John XXIII's pontificate. Pope John reorganized some I of the Roman congregations in order to divide the enormous~ work of the Curia-heretofore concentrated in a few hands-among several cardinals. But the name of Cardinal Tisserant will always be associated with this Congregation which, through his efforts, had become one of the most important offices of the Holy See. The Holy Father left Tisserant a symbolic link with the Near East, however, appointing him Grand Master of the I Order of the Holy Sepulchre. Though he had to leave the Congregation of the Ori- ental Churches, Cardinal Tisserant remained prefect of I the Congregation of Ceremonies, which since the six- teenth century has had the task of regulating both the liturgical and non-liturgical ceremonies of the Roman Curia. By tradition, the Dean of the Sacred College of S Cardinals heads this Congregation, and thus, Cardinal l~Tisserant, himself so simple in his daily life, is charged with exercising scrupulous care over protocol and cere- S monial.

32 8. The Bishop

Since 1946 the Cardinal has been bishop of the suburban dioceses of Porto and Santa Rufina, and since 1951, of Ostia as well. He gives himself heart and soul to the administration of these three dioceses. Though the diocese of Ostia is very small, the other two are vast. Ostia counts 3,400 faithful, concentrated in a single parish, while Porto, lying between the lower course of the Tiber and the Tyrrhenian Sea, measures some 2,500 square kilo- meters. Even in the days of the Roman Empire Porto was a flourishing diocese and in 1138 it was joined to Santa Rufina. The Cardinal began to build and organize, for his diocese which in 1915 had only 15,000 inhabitants now counts more than 60,000. The diocese is poor: 40 per cent of its residents are small landowners, 45 per cent those who work the land by day, and only 15 per cent enjoy the fixed ~salaries of white collar workers. When the diocese came under Cardinal Tisserant's jurisdiction, it had been ravaged by war and had not had even a titular bishop since 1942. With zeal, he attacked his pastoral duties: he established twenty-two new parishes, built eight churches and ten mission chapels; he opened houses for workers and constructed dispensaries. He supervised the building of a cathedral, a seminary and a college. Every week he makes his diocesan round, especially concerned with improving pastoral life, strengthening Catholic Action, and aiding in catechetical instruction. He personally checks the religion classes in the schools, organizes vacation colonies, and has been instrumental in establishing recreational facilities and sports fields. The spiritual life of his clergy is his special concern.

'33

4, Y - . - I

Since the duties of the ministry seldom permit a pasto V to leave his work to pursue university studies, Cardinal Tisserant holds conferences and gives periodic lectures to his clergy. He wants pastors to assemble once each month, in each of the six vicariates into which the dio- t cese has been divided, for a day of study and prayer. These meetings resemble great conferences and the proceedings are submitted to the Cardinal. The ideal which the Cardinal outlines for his clergy can be summed up in a word: "Order-inside and outside--order. Priests should not only have their own souls in order, through the practice of virtue, they must not only order their consciences through meditation and reading holy books, but they are also bound to introduce order into their actions so that others may benefit from them." The Cardinal admonishes his priests to adapt the ministry to modern times: "Since mass movements- not only in politics but also in the religious life--each day assume greater importance, the priest is encouraged to work for the spiritual formation of the Catholic collective, though he must never lose sight of the spiritual formation of the individual. Seen through the eyes of faith, the collectivity constitutes the mystical body of Christ. Enemies of the faith are already skillfully employing the masses in their maneuvering. The Christian people react but feebly to such actions since, to paraphrase Pius XII, they still live in lethargy of spirit, anemia of the will, and coldness of heart." In the pastoral letters of the Cardinal one can follow his efforts to form within his diocese a Catholic "mass" that is aware of its duties and the dangers to which it is exposed. In them, the Cardinal appears as a model conservative bishop. .Above all, for example, the Cardinal desires that Sun- day shall once again become the day of the Lord. Every-

I J

where he sees enemies of the faith striving to obliterate the influence of the Church which has destined that day to be one of prayer and rest. Literature, public addresses, and human instincts have been employed as lures to per- suade the masses to give themselves up to enjoyment only; thus, he believes, arises the danger of moral corrup- tion. To combat this form of laicism, the Cardinal has tried to reform the Sunday ceremonies so that they may be brought into harmony with the modern liturgical movement. To make the manner of prayer conform to modern man's needs, the Cardinal has urged that divine worship be marked by clarity, by respectful attention to the actions of the priest who celebrates the Mass, and by the participation of all in the liturgical service. Having observed that the manner of preaching no longer satisfied the faithful (who, harrassed by modern doubts, were more demanding than formerly), the Card- inal instructed his clergy to return to an earlier method, and strive to illuminate, move, convince and convert. Where formerly the emphasis had been mostly on emo- tional appeal, now the accent should be on the reason and understanding. In contrast to those who believe that exu- berance and long-windedness give proof of knowledge, he points out that the true mark of science is simplicity. The clergy must meet contemporary society with charity and understanding. "Whereas politicians sometimes try to manipulate by appealing to the passions, even the lowest ones, the Church must never do the same: the Cath- olic community must be led by reason enlightened by charity. The preacher must be inwardly solidly armed so that he may conform to God's designs; he must be a soul who speaks to other souls in the greatest simplicity." In view of the upheaval caused by the war, the Card- inal desired to warn his flock of the dangers surrounding them. The press and public morality have been objects

35 of his especial concern: if the press is evil, it infects the hearts and souls of those already inclined to error, di- recting them to further disorder; if it is good, it is a powerful voice for truth, an irresistible force for good, adthe Caordia' tachidfngsaimsatithe.rsoaio ft e adThe swordia'whichidefends jutiche.rsoaino h familial virtues. He writes: "I would like to call your attention to the connection between relaxation of moral standards and diminishing respect for political and social authority and order. The family is the basic cell of civil soit.The constitution of this society loses its solidity when the position of the family is less assured, that is, when it is threatened with destruction by divorce-or by adultery, in which most divorces originate. The revolt of the masses against the existing political and social order-a favorite theme of the Marxists-is frequentlyy linked with a rebellion against the moral rules prescribed by custom, by civil law, or by religion." The fight against blasphemy also ranks among his special concerns. He says: "Unfortunately, we can hear even in our traditionally Christian environment the name ofGod used without respect, especially when one is in- Rk censed or seized by strong emotion, sometimes even out of a bizarre sense of humor. Blasphemy is something which leaves the blasphemer open to disdain; it is such an amongious tenduees atoblashemy, thateson srhould. re-an impig ousaenduees at, witshouhtreason orhonor. rfean solve during Lent to be more careful and to avoid swear- ing at a time the Church especially dedicates to thinking about one's soul." In view of the Italian political situation, one of Card- I inal Tisserant's gravest concerns is halting the inroads of communism among his people. One of his pastoral letters on the subject, delivered in March 1948, had great repercussions, "I think that in the whole history of Christianity

36 there has never been so great a menace as the one now raised by atheistic communism. Let us consider the powerful means employed without scruple by communists, and let us think also of the spiritual condition of our people, insufficiently instructed in Christian doctrine, and in these dreary postwar days, eager to obtain some material comforts. Actually, the people aspire to a new order which will pay more heed to the principles of social justice and will effect a level between those who have and those who have not." The Cardinal asserts that Socialistic Communism which is founded on Marxist materialism comprises a broad array of errors and dangers for the individual, for the family, for society, and, above all, for religion; he considers it a form of barbar- ism. The Cardinal often has returned to this subject and has frequently gone out of his way to focus attention on religious persecutions behind the Iron Curtain. At the time Tisserant became bishop of Porto and Santa Rufina, the communists controlled 80 per cent of the vote; in 1948, the percentage had dwindled to between 50 and 60 per cent; and by 1953, it was down to about 40 per cent. The Cardinal insists that young people be raised in an atmosphere of healthy spirituality, sound doctrine, and good manners. He has founded educational institutes and facilities designed to raise standards of health. "The attitude of parents toward children must avoid rigidity, especially when it comes to the choice of a career. They must not impose their authority, but must rather weigh possibilities, listen to reason, and seek counsel from qualified persons. When their children have achieved a certain social standing of their own, parents must continue to aid them materially and morally and offer them judicious guidance." Convinced of the importance of religious studies, the Cardinal personally organized diocesan catechetical con- tests; he formed parish schools to teach catechism and has been solicitous about the formation of 6lites. "Even ademocratic equality is not a product of our times, asdhe is aristocracy the product of a vanished time. The two have always coexisted, in that divine coexistence of the Church which must not be confounded with either the egalitarianism or the aristocracy of olden days. In the Church, the sublime gesture consists in providing the people with a bridge by which class distinctions may be passed over; and equality consists in the privilege of ad- mission to divine sonship. The atmosphere of this life can also become one of celestial fraternity. Every person has a noble soul, created by God; all are called to the same spiritual life, to the same faith. Without distinction either socially or racially, all are brothers at the com- munion table. And yet there are differences between Christians, because, while they all have the same vocation, not all attain the same spiritual heights. The true sign of nobility of spirit is that sanctity which gives hope of celestial democracy.'' Under his guidance Catholic Action has developed remarkably and now lists more than sixty-six associa- tions with over three thousand members. "In the initiatives, in the immediate aims proposed, in the will to translate his plans into reality,- and finally in all he has created and which he is about to bring to frui- tion, one can discern the depth of a spirit dedicated to science but fortified by the high qualities of a man of action who transmits his spiritual goods to a whole generation and to posterity," Monsignor Barlea has written of Tisserant.

38 71

9. Elector of Three Popes

When Monsignor Tisserant became a Cardinal in 1936, he was merely a protonotary apostolic, the highest rank of monsignor. Since he was not a bishop, he was listed as a cardinal-deacon, the lowest rung in the ladder of the Sacred College of Cardinals. However, he did not remain long in this position, being consecrated a bishop the very next year and thus moving up to the rank of cardinal-priests. Some ten years later, in 1946, he was given the suburban bishopric of Porto and Santa Rufina and so took his place among only six cardinal-bishops. Finally, in 1951 he became the dean of the Sacred Col- lege. For twenty-eight years, on numerous occasions, Cardinal Tisserant has served as the Pope's legate. He has taken part in the conclaves which elected Popes Pius XII, John XXIII, and Paul VI. At the time of Pius XII's election in 1939, there is reason to believe that Tisserant preferred Cardinal Magli- one to the eventual choice, Pacelli. In the early years of Pius XII's nineteen-year pontificate, relations between the Pope and Tisserant, while correct, were never warm. Later, the two men gradually came to know one another better, their mutual respect grew, and finally in the last years a real affection developed between them. Where Pius XI, himself an expert in the field, had held the scientific and bibliographic contributions of Cardinal Tisserant in the highest esteem,. Pius XII showed little appreciation for them. But on the other hand, the later Pius was very much aware of the Cardinal's pastoral achievements in his suburban dioceses. This was un- doubtedly one of the reasons which helped to dissipate

- 5r 4, • -sAt t any prejudice Pius may have felt against the Cardinal at the beginning. On July 19, 1957, on the occasion of the Golden Jubilee of Cardinal Tisserant's ordination, Pius XII wrote in a personal letter: "We do not want to let the occasion pass without testifying anew and publicly to our esteem, founded on well-deserved appreciation of your person and your work, and to address to you our fatherly wishes of happiness and continual progress. That which one seldom finds in illustrious personages, and which is your particular claim to glory, is the fact that you have given yourself so wholeheartedly to the study of the sciences. . . . In the ecclesiastical sciences and among those that border on the ecclesiastical, your lively intelligence moves freely, delves deeply, and develops clearly the truth which it discovers.. As dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Tisserant fell heir to a role of great importance, at the death of Pius XII. Like Pius XI, Pius XII had passed through various stages of sickness prior to his death. In October 1958 the sickness grew more grave and certainty of a fatal outcome became clear. Cardinal Tisserant returned at once from Nancy in France. The Pope had suffered a fainting spell the very morning of Tisserant's return. Even as the Cardinal entered the papal chambers, Pius XII was tormented by nausea. Tisserant crossed from one door to the other. A religious and a doctor, on either side of the bed, each held a pan and the Cardinal thought the Pope had not seen him in the room. But Pius had. A "Mother," the Pope later said to Mother Pasqualina, "I have seen the dean of the Sacred College; that means things are very bad with me. . ." As a consequence, he demanded the Viaticum the next morning. On the following day, Wednesday, the Pope suffered another heart attack as he tried to arise from bed. The Cardinal rushed

40 to his side, but the Holy Father no longer recognized him. To determine if he could still hear, Tisserant began a prayer at the top of his voice in which the doctors, the Sisters and the Pope's nephew Carlo joined-but the Pope gave no sign of understanding or even hearing. At 3 a.m., October 9, the telephone rang in Cardinal Tisserant's apartment. The end was near. His chauffeur drove him from Rome to Castle Gandolfo, and at four o'clock Tisserant entered the chambers of the Pope to find that the latter had expired only five minutes before. The Pontiff's hand was still burning hot, the result of the fever that had eventually stilled his heart. Mother Pasqualina gave the Cardinal the rosary which the Pope had been holding in his hands that very night as he fell asleep reciting it. As dean of the Sacred College, Tisserant stripped the papal ring from the pontiff's finger that it might never be used again. Because of his illness, Pius had left many important pstosin the Roman Curia vacant, and had not nomn- mnated a camerlengo. Thus it was Cardinal Tisserant who took command the moment the Pope was dead, and, as administrator of the Church sede vacante, directed the first preparations for the coming conclave. He proposed to his colleagues the nomination of the venerable Cardinal Masella as camerlengo. The manner in which Tisserant regulated all these details, ensured the proper r execution of the necessary protocol, and guided the ad- m inistration of current affairs, won for him the unani- mous admiration of the other cardinals and the personnel of the Curia. Rumors were then afloat in the Eternal City-spoken by some of the cardinals themselves-that the chances for Cardinal Tisserant's election to the papal throne were ,considerable. The speculation was that since Monsignor

41 IIMontini--even then the prime prospect-had not received the cardinal's hat, the Sacred College might unite on the choice of a non-Italian. Why not Tisserant, who q had lived in Rome for more than half a century, who for the past ten years had been a bishop in suburban Rome, wwho spoke beautiful Italian and in some ways was even considered a Roman? Might not such a move bring about the long-dreamed-of solution to the transition from an Italian to a non-Italian pope. We have reason to believe that Tisserant never seriously thought he could secure enough votes for election; we also know for certain that he absolutely did not want the Chair of Peter. Whatever the actual events, it is believed that Tisser- ant was one of the first cardinals to advance the name of Cardinal Roncalli as the one most worthy of the papacy. He had known Roncalli for many years through the latter's work as Apostolic Delegate in the Near East.

10. The Council Presidency

Although Pope John asked Cardinal Tisserant to give up his work with the Congregation for the Oriental Church, he also directed that the Cardinal associate himself closely with the preparations for the Second Vatican Council. At the very beginning John nominated Tisser- ant to the Council of Presidency, where his influence was strongly felt-perhaps more on the conservative side

Just as Pius XII had participated in the priestly jubilee of Cardinal Tisserant, so John XXIII, on June 15, 1961, helped the Cardinal celebrate the twenty-fifth anniversary of his appointment to the cardinalate. John appreciated the intelligence, judgment, and experience of the dean of the Sacred College. He saw Tisserant often and loved to consult him.

42 At Pope John's death, Cardinal Tisserant did not have to repeat the role he had played at the time of Pius XII's passing, since Cardinal Marella had taken over the functions of camerlengo. But Tisserant received the condolences addressed to the Sacred College, and in all ceremonies he fulfilled the functions that devolve upon the dean of cardinals. Cardinal Tisserant knew Cardinal Montini from the days the latter had served in the secretariat of State; fifteen years before, he had been in the Vatican when the young Montini had entered upon his diplomatic duties. Not only had Tisserant observed him personally, but he had also known Pius XlI's confidential evaluation of his young collaborator. It seems reasonable to think that Cardinal Tisserant may have been one of those to cast their first ballot for the future Paul VI and to urge hesi- tant colleagues to join in this choice. Pope Paul VI certainly has great respect and admiration for the Cardinal, whose scientific knowledge, culture, and experience he esteems highly. But there is a whole generation between the two men, and Paul is prob- ably less inclined to consult Tisserant than was John XXTIII Paul knows his role very well, having served so long as the right hand of Pius XII. He is familiar with the particular concerns of each country and employs his own working methods. The small "brain trust" with which he is in constant touch dispels much of the need for outside illumination. However, with respect to the Vatican Council, where Tisserant fulfills his role as first president of the Council Presidency, the Pope knows he can count on the Cardinal for sure and moderate judgment in the midst of the somewhat disordered efferves- cence to which the Council Fathers' enthusiasm sometimes leads. Because of his position as first of the Council Presidents, Cardinal Tisserant himself rarely speaks in

___IA' 5 S iJK rU7t i-k 4,•a SI - - the debates, but is quite influential behind the scenes on matters of procedure. When the Holy Father decided on the pilgrimage to the Holy Land in January 1964, he had, in Cardinal Tisserant, the best possible guide. Nobody knew Pales- tine as Tisserant did: its history and archeology were at his fingertips. And the Cardinal won countless Jewish hearts by pausing to pray in the memorial to the six- million Jews murdered by the Nazis.

11. The Man: The Academy

During the Second World War Cardinal Tisserant gave material aid to all members of the resistance, trapped or in exile. After the war he showed the same generous spirit, assisting all those who were being persecuted for having collaborated with Germany. He has often been victimized by petty or indelicate persons. But he is the type of man who would rather err than run the risk of overlooking anyone in misery and distress. Tisserant's prodigious activity brings him mountain- ous correspondence from all over the world. He replies punctiliously; each day after celebrating mass he dic- tates his letters. After a secretary has transcribed them, he looks them over once more before adding his signa- ture. Despite his many activities, Tisserant has always been concerned not to lose his touch with languages. Itis said that he recites his Rosary each day ina different tongue, beginning with French and on succeeding days employing Italian, English, German, Persian, Russian, Hebrew, Arabic, Syrian, Assyrian, and Ethiopian. Founded in the seventeenth century by a cardinal, the French Academy has always tried to keep a cardinal on its membership rolls. Because of this tradition, the

44 Academy has always looked more to the cardinalate dignity than to the works of the man chosen. But Cardinal Tisserant, who was elected in 1961, is completely at home amid this illustrious company. For the first time in its long history, the Academy's "cardinal" is not only the dean of the Sacred College, but he is also a scholar in both Oriental and historical studies. Very few memn- bers can boast of such varied skills. Professor Levi della Vida, head of the Oriental Insti- tute in Rome, who has for many years worked under the Cardinal's supervision, has written of Tisserant: "Through his books and articles, he has contributed sub- stantially to the knowledge of important and varied fields: the history of versions of the Bible; church history; the history of Syrian, Ethiopian, Arabic, and Armenian lit- eratures; and the history of Oriental studies. We need not even mention the impetus he has given-by his example and his work-to the organization and functioning of K the Vatican Library nor to the field of library science. If the extent and the precision of his knowledge excite our admiration, this admiration is in no way diminished when we examine his works-even those which treat very specialized subjects-and discover there that attention which he devotes to general problems, the novelty and the judiciousness of his view of the whole, and that very French clarity of style which marks all his studies." Cardinal Tisserant, we must conclude, is admirable as man, priest, and scholar.

45 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Works by Cardinal Tisserant Ascention d'Isaie; traduction de la version etl-iopienne .. Paris, Letouzey et An6, 1909, 252 p. Codex zuqninensis rescriptus V~teris Testainenti; Greek text of Syria Vatican manuscripts 162 and British Museum additional 14665, edited with an introduc- tion and notes. Rome, Tipografia Pologlotta Vaticana, 1911, LXXX5, 275 pp. six plates (Studies and texts, 23). Le calendrier d'A bi2 l-Barakdt; arabic text edited and translated. Firmin-Didot, 1913, pp. 247-286 (P0 X, 1915, fasc. 3). Specimina codicum orientalium. Romae, Pustet, 1914, jii XLVII p., 80 pl. hI Inventaire sommaire des manuscrits arabes du fonds Borgia d la biblioth~que vaticane. Roma, Tipografia: del Senato, 1924, 34 p. (Miscellanea Fr. Ehrle, t. V). Bybliothecae apostolicae vaticanae codices manu scripti recensiti codices armeni bybliothecae vaticanae borgiani vaticani barberiniani chisiani. Typis polyglottis Vaticanis, 1927, XVI, 395 p. Livre de la lampe de Ten~bres . . . by Abfi'l-BarakAt, known by the name of d'Ibn Kabar; arabic text edited and translated in collaboration with Louis Villecourt and Gaston Wiet. Paris, Firmin-Didot, 1928, 160 PP. (P0 XX, 1929, fasc. IV). *1Catalogo della Mostra di manoscritti e documenti, orientali tenuta dalla Biblioteca apostolica vaticana e dali'- Archivio segreto nell'occasione del XIX con gresso in-

46 ternazionale degli orientalisti. Roma 23-29 Settembre 1935. Citta del Vaticano, Tipografia poliglotta vaticana, 1935, 40 p. IpI. Bybliothecae apostolicae vaticanae codices manu scripti recensiti . . .Codices aethiopici vaticani et borgiani, barberinianusorientalis 2, 865 (in collaboration with Mgr. Sylvain Gr~baut). In JBybliotheca vaticana, pars prior. Enarratio codicum, 1935, V111, 863 p. - Pars posterior. Prolegomena, indices, tabulae, 1936, 131 p. XX pl. Studio sull' origine della Congregazione dei Fratelli di San Gabriele (Pro Manuscripto). Roma, Tipografia del Senato, 1942, 110 p. Luigi Maria Grignion de Montfoart, le Scuole di Caritd e le origini dei Fratelli di San Gabriele. Roma, Tipo- grafia del Senato, 1943, XXXIX - 506 p. Giovanni Enrico Newman ed ii suo ingresso nella S. Chiesa Romana. Roma, 1945, 16 p. L'Eglise militante; l'Eglise ii l'Est du rideau de fer. La paix chr~tienne. Religion et civilisation. La libert,6 ect .. Paris, Bloud et Gay 1950. Eastern christianity in India. A history of the Syro-Mal- abar Church from the Earliest time to the present day. Bombay, orient Longmans, 1957. (Traduction de: l'Eglise syro-malabare publi~e dans le dictionnaire de thgologie catholique, 1942). Louis-Marie Grignion de Montfort. Les &colesde charitg et les origines des Fr~res de Saint Gabriel. Lu(;on, im- primerie Pacteau, 1960.

47 PAUL LESOURD is a Professor of History at the Institut Cat ho- lique in Paris.

JEAN-MARIE RAMIZ is Director of the Centre de Documentation In- ternationale in Paris. Portraits of 'Vatican 11 Leaders Published or- to be published

11. Agostino Cardinal Sea 2.. Leon Josef Cardinal Suenens 3. Giacomo Cardinal Lercaro 4. Joseph (ardinal Ritter 5. Eugene Cardinal Tisserant 6. Patriarch Maximos IV Saygh 7. Joseph Cardinal Beran 8. Paul-Emile Cardinal Leger 9. Alfredo Cardinal Ottaviani 10. Julius Cardinal Doepfner 11. Albert Giregory Cardinal Meyer 12. Francis Cardinal Koenig

UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME PRESS n7"

, - '.~, I

SANCTISSIMI DOMINI NOSTRI PAULI

DIVINA PIIOVDENTIA PAPAE VI LITTERAE ENCYCLICAF

IAD EPISCOPOS

AD SACERDOTES, AD kELIGIOSOS AD CHRISTIFIDELES TOTIUS CATHOLICI ORBIS

ITEMQUE AD UNIVERSOS BONAE VOLUNTATIS HOMINES

DE POPULORIJM PROGRESSIONE PROMO VENDA

TYPIS POLYGLOTTIS VATICANIS A. MDCCCCLX VII

ii - - EPISCOPIS SACERDOTIBTJS, RELIGIOSIS CHRISTIFIDELIBUSQIJE TOTIUS CATHOLICI ORBIS ITEMQUE UNIVERSIS BONAE VOLUNTATIS HOMINIBUS

PAULUS PP. VI

VENERABJLES FRATIRES ET DILECTI FILII SALUTEM ET APOSTOLICAM BENEDICTIONEM

1. POPULORUM PROGRESSIO, qui maxime ab iniuria famis, egestatis, morborum domesticorum, ignorationis rerum abesse nituntur; qui largiorem bonorum societatem ab human itate vitae profectorum expetunt, atque humanas suas proprietates postulant in opere ipso pluris aestimari; qui denique ad maiora incrementa constanter monies intendunt: horum videlicet po- polorum pirogressio a catholica Ecciesia alacri et erecto animo spectatur. Cum enim, post Concilium Oecumenicum Vatica- num II conclusum, Ecciesia dlarius etiam altiusque iudica- visset et expendisset quid hac de re Christi Iesu Evangelium flagitaret, suum esse duxit hominibus magis etiam egregiam. navare operam, ut non modo gravissimae huius quaestionis ii momenta omnibus vestigiis indagarent, sod etiam sibi per- suaderent, hac summi discriminis hora, communi omnium actione vehementer opus esse. 2. Decessores Nostri Leo MTIT, scriptis Litteris Encyclicis Rerum Novarum,' Pius XI missis Encyclicis Quadraqesimo an~no,' atque - ut nuntios, praetereamus a Pio XII ad univer-

I Cf. Acta Leonis XIII, 1892, pp. 97-148. 2 Cf. A.A.S., XXIII. 1931, pp. 177-228. - 6- sas gentes radiophonice directos '- Joannes XXIII, datis En- cyclicis Mater et Magistra 4et Pacem in terris,'" pro sui muneris partibus, haud quaquam. interniiserunt, quin, tam praeclaris editis actis, Evangelii luce sociales huius temporis quaestiones illustrarent. 3. Thlud hodie maxime interest ornnes pro certo habere ac ye- luti sentire, socialem quaestionem nunc ad universam coniun- ctionem inter homines hominum magnopere pertinere. Quod Decessor Noster fel. rec. loannes XXIII positis ambagibus asseve- ravit,6 et Concilium Vaticanum II edita Constitutione pasto- rali de Ecciesia in mundo humus temporis comprobavit.' Qua- rum praeceptionum cum gravissimum sit pondus et momentum, uis propterea mature parere necesse prorsus est. Fame labo- rantes populi hodie divitiis praepollentes populos miserabili quadam voce compellant. Quapropter Ecciesia, anxiis huiusmodi clamoribus quodammodo cohorrescens, singulos omnes vocat, ut amore impulsi quasi fratribus opemn implorantibus tandem suasý dedant aures. 4. Antequam catholicae Ecclesiae gubernacula Nobis permit- terentur, susceptis itineribus sive in Americam australem anno MDCCCCLX, sive in Africam anio. MDCCCCLXII, odiosas difficultates ipsi animadvertimus, quibus continentes illae terrae, alioqui et corporis et animi viribus divites, implicarentur et veluti circumvallarentur. Postquam vero, ad Summum Pontifica- tum electi, omnium Patris locum adepti sum-us, cum in Pa- laestinam et in Indiam. Nos contulissemus, quasi oculis et ma- nibus experti sumus, quantum oneris et laboris illis populis antiquitus humanitate excultis esset sustinendumn, ut ad progressionem rerum suarum contenderent. Accedit etiam quod, fere, in Concilii Vatica-ni II exitu, rerum adiuncta dispo- nente ]Jeo, licuit Nobis sedem omnium Consociatarum Natio-

-3 Of. e. g. Nuntius radiophonicus, datus die 1 mensis Tunii anno 1941, cquinquagesimo exeunte anno a Litteris Eneyclicis Rerum Novarum a Leone XIII datis, A.A.S., XXXIII, 1941, pp. 195-205; Numntiu8 radiophonious, datus prid. Nativ. D.N.I.C. anno 1942, A.A.S., XXXV, 1943, pp. 9-24; Allocutio, catholicae Sodalitati Operariorum Italicorumn, ob corn- memorationern Litt. Encyci. Rerum Novarum congressae, habita die 14 mensis Mail anno 1958, A.A.S., XLV, 1958, pp. 402-408. 4~ Cf. A.A.S., LIII, 19(61, pp. 401-464. 5 Cf. A.A.S., LV, 1968, pp. 257-304. 6 Cf. Litt. Eneyei. Mater et Magistra, A.A.S., LIII, 1961, p. 440. 7 Cf. Const. past. de Ecciesia in inundo huius temporis. Gaurlium et spes, n. 68. A.A.S., LVIII, 1966, p. 1084. ¾ -.

-7 -

num petere, ibique, veluti in honestissimo Areopago, populorum pauperiorum causam publice suscipere. 5. Extremum, ut simul optata Concilii efficeremus, simul ostenderemus quantopere Apostolica Sedes iustae atque ma- gnae causae faveret populorum ad progressionem. nitentium, recens Nostrarum esse partium censuimus, ad cetera Roma- nae Curiae primaria officia Pontificiam Commissionem adi-. cere, quae sibi proponit populum Dei universum excitare ad plenam adipiscendam conscientiam muneris sibi hisce tern- poribus demandati; ita. quidem, ut hinc pauperiorum populorum progressus promoveatur, ac socialis iustitia inter nationes foveatur, illinc vero subsidia nationibus minus progressis praebeantur, quorum ope eaedem incrementis suis per se ipsae cansulere possint.' Quae Commissio a lustitia et Pace iam ap- pellationemn, iam agendarum rerum indicem. consecuta est. Ad huiusmodi autem cogitatas res efficiendas non dubitamus, quin cum filuis Nostris catholicis cumque fratribus christianis homines quiviscumque bonae voluntatis suos conatus, suos labores consociare velint. Quamobrem. graviter omnes unih- versos hodie hortamur, jUt, collatis conshifis, compositis openi bus, eo contendant, ut sive singulus quisque homo plene exco- latur, sive hominum coniunctio communiter progrediatur.

6. Nostnis hisce diebus dum homines id appetere videmus, ut exploratius inveniant quo alantur, quo aegroti curentur, quo firmiter occupati teneantur; ut ab omni vexatione tuti, ab omnique liberi deformitate, hominis diguitatem lab efactante, rnaiora in dies de se praestare possint; ut se doctrina magis expoliant: hoc est, ut magis operentur, discant, possideant, ut ideo pluns valeant; interea magnam eorum partem videmus in eiusmodi vitae condicionibus versari, quae iustas eorum ap- petitiones fnustrentur. Ceterum populi, qui recens suis legi- bus suisque iudiciis uti coeperunt, quasi necessitate cupiunt ad civilem. adeptam libertatem sociales et oeconomicos proces-

8 Litt. Apost. motu proprio dataie, Catholicam Christi BeoZesiarn, A.A.S., LIX, 1967, p. 27. - 8- sus addi, hornine dignos suisque viribus sibi partos, ut prirnur cives, iusta incrementa, uti homines, capiant, ut deinde ipsi in nationurn consortione debitum sibi locurn consequantur. 7. Licet ad arduum huiuscernodi gravissirnumque perficiendurn opus, quae a praeteritis temporibus quasi hereditate acceptae sunt opes, satis non sint, omnino tarnen deesse eae non sunt dicendae. Fatendum sane est, nationes, colonico more populos quosdarn regentes nihil nonnurnquarn nisi sua commoda, suum imperiurn, suarn gloriam quaesivisse, atque, dicione deposita, eas terras in dispari rerurn oeconornicarurn condicione reli- quisse, utpote quae, ut exemplurn supponarnus, in unius, cultu- rae genere consisteret, cuins fructuum pretia essent maximis et repentinis rnutationibus obnoxia. Sed quarnquarn suscipien- durn est, ex colonialismo, quem appellant, aliqua maleficia manavisse, undo alia postrnodo nocurnenta orta sunt, necesse tarnen est grato anirno colonorurn agnoscere laudes, quippe qui, doctorurn technicorurnque adhibitis artibus, in non paucas horridiores& terras vera contulerint benefacta, quorum adhuc utilitates constant. Quarnvis enirn machinales structurae, quas nationes eaedem reliquas ibi fecerunt, non sint expletae abso- lutaeque existimandae, per eas tamen fieri potuit, ut inscitia et morbi inde recederent, ut populis illis opportuni commeatus. paterent, ut vitae denique status procederet. 8. Porro tametsi ea quae modo exposuimus, concedenda plane sunt, perspicuurn tamen est, machinales eiusmodi structuras non idoneas prorsus esse ad gravem rerum oeconomicarum sta- turn nostris diebus subeundum. Nisi enim machinalis, quae hodie obtinet, civiliurn rerurn ratio consilio quodam tempere- tur, necessario sequitur, ut populorum inaequalitates, quod ad bonorum incrementa, nedum tollantur, potius ingravescant: atque idcirco ditiores nationes festinatos habeant processus, egentiores vero populi nonnisi lente proficiant. Quae civitaturn inaequalitates cotidie magis augentur, cum aliae esculentas merces copiosiores quam pro numero civium fundant, aliae vero, vel. is, indigne egeant, vel, quas ipsae paucas fuderint, in incerto habeant, an ad reliquas nationes exportare possint. 9. Eodem autem tempore de rebus socialibus contentiones per universum fere mundum serpserunt. Atque perturbationes, quae in regionibus ad artes operosas spectantibus pauperiores civium classes circumvaserunt, etiam in regiones mearunt, ý-: 17777 - 77 77 T------ýa-,

- 9-

quarum res oeconomicae in agrorum cultura fere unice positae sunt; ita ut ipsi ruricolae hodie miserae calamitosaeqite fortu-

nae 9suae conscii sint. Adde eodem et illud, quod indignae illae atque invidiosae inaequalitates, de quibus loquimur, non solum ad bonorumi pos-ýessionem, sed magis etiam ad imperii functionem attinent. Fit enim in quibusdam territoriis ut, dum pauci et optimates cultu mollissimo fruuntur, interea egentes ac dissipati per agros incolae, omni paene possibilitate careant propria initiativa ac responsabilitateagendi, saepe etiam in condicionibus vitae et laboris persona humana indignis versantes.'0 10. De reliquo quoniam traditus humanitatis cultus cum humano cultu pugnat novissime in artificia meritoria inducto, utique accidit, ut sociales structurae ab horum dierum necessitatibus discrepantes fere comminuantur. Quare dum adultae aetatis homines in illius humani cultus quasi provincia, saepe saepius augusta, sive singulorum sive familiarum vitam esse collocandam putant, ab eaque nune non esse discedendum opinantur, interim invenes se, ab eadem removent, quam uti vanum quendam obicem iudicant, ne stitienter ad novas vitae socialis rationes pxogrediantur. Ex qua quidem inter duas aetates conflictione tristis ea civibus fertur condicio, ut ant instituta et opiniones maiorum servent, et vitae socialis auctus missos faciant; ant technicorum artes excultioresque consuetu- dines peregre invectas amplexentur, et maiorum instituta re- linquant, humanitate uberrima. Re autem vera saepenumero viclemas morales, spirituales, religiosas quorundam provectio- ris aetatis hominum vires difficultatibus inflecti, neque eos illud consequi, ut in novum huiusmodi mundum se insinuent. 11. In re tam trepida, quidam magnificis sed dolosis eorum pollicitationibus vehementer inescantur, qui se veluti alteros Messias iactaut. Ex quo quis non videat, quot pericula efferan- tur, ne multitudinis conversiones erumpant, ne turbae seditio- sae concitentur, ne consilia gliscant ad unius dominatum per- tinentia? En igitur quaestionis, de qua agimus, variae partes, quarum pondus ac momentum neminem profecto fugere cen- semus.

9Cf. LEONIS XIII, Litt. Encyci. Berum Novarum, Acta Leonis XIII, XI, 1892, P. 98. 10 CONC. VAT. HI, Const. past. de Ecelesia in mundo humus temporis, Gaudium et spes. n. 63, A.A.S., LVIII, 1966, p. 1(85. - 10 - 12. Praeceptorum et exemplorum Conditoris sui Christi ser- vantissima, qui mandatum sibi divinitus delatum eo argumento probabat quad pctuperes evangelizarentur,'1 catholica Eccie- sia numquam populorum, in quibus christianam fidem sevis- set, humanos etiam profectus promovere omisit. Catholici enim Missionales una cum sacris aedibus, domos hospitales, valetudinaria, scholas, studiorumque universitates eo locorum ex- struenda curaverunt. Cumque iidem autochthones docerent quibus modis inaximas utilitates e suae terrae opibus caperent, eos propterea ab alienigenarum cupiditate saepe tutos fecerunt. Non infitiamur quidem eorum opera, uti hominum, manca aliquando videri potuisse, eor-umque aliquos et vivendi et cogitandi rationes, suae patriae proprias, cum vera Christi nuntio commiscere nonnumquam jpotuisse. Attamen simul populorum illoruni instituta non modo coluerunt, sed etiam altius provexerunt; ita scilicet ut de ipsis non pauci in primorum virorum numero habendi slut, qui plurimum ad incrementa sive bonorum sive doctrinarum contulerint. Quad ut pro certo habeatur, exemplum supponere satis sit Religiasi yiri Caroli de Foucauld, qui ob suam caritatem dignus est existimatus, quem omnium Frat'rem appellarent, quique aureum linguae Tuaregiae lexicon scripsit. Hisce de causis Nostrarum esse partium ducimus, debito honore augere sive eos viros qui, divini Redemptoris amore impulsi, veluti eius praenuntii sunt putan- di, aequo saepius ignorati, sive eos qui, illorum exempla aemu- lati, vestigia persecuti, nostro etiam tempore se uis quodarn- modo in magnanimarn gratuitamque servitutem. dicant, quibus Christi Evangelium. nuntiant. 13. Sed quae hodie in illis terris cum a singulis turn a plurimis suscipiuntur incepta, jam satis ad rem non sunt, cum prae- sens mundi status communem omnium operam postulet, quibus universae rerum aeconomicarum, socialium, spiritualium atque doctninaruým facies sint dilucide perspectae. Quapropter Christi Ecclesia, lam rerum humanarum peritissima, iam ab omni civitatum administrandarum parte longissime aliena, unum tctntum intendit: nem~pe, Spiritus Paracliti ductu, opus ipsius continuare Christi, qui in mnndum venit, ut testimo- nium perhiberet v'eritati (cf. Io. 18, 37), ut salvaret, non ut

11 Cf. La. 7, 22. - 11 - judicaret, ut ministraret, flon Ut Sibi ministraretur (cf. To. 3, 17; MT. 20, 28; Mc. 10, 45).1 Cum enim Ecciesia eo consilio condita sit, ut jam nunc hisce in terris regnum caeloruin con- stituat, non autem ut potestatem terrestrem obtineat, aperte asseverat, duas potestates esse alteram Ab altera distinctas, atque utramque aucto-ritatern, ecciesiasticam dicimus et civileni, esse in genere sno supremam." Verumtamen, quoniam Ecciesia inter homines reapse versatur, ei idcirco officium. incumbit si- g-na temporum perscrutandi et sub Evanqeiji luce interpre- tandi 14 Hine, siquidem Ecclesiae cum hominibus meliores ap- petitiones sunt coniunctae, eidemque magnus dolor inuritur, quod eorum spes saepe ad irritum cadunt, has ob causas iis adesse excupit, ut maximis auctibus crescant, cuius rei gratia, id ipsis proponit, quod uni sibi est proprium, hoe est, univer- salem sive hominis sive rerum humanarum conspectum. 14. Progressio, de qua loquimur, non unice ad rei oeconomicae incrementum contendit. Nam, ut vera dici possit, eadem inte- gra sit oportet: scilicet cuiuslibet hominis ac totius hominis prof ectui consulere debet. Qua de re egregius vir quidam, in hac disciplina versatus',-iure merito haec prae se tulit: nobis id minus probatur, rationem oeconomicam a ratione humana disiungi, aut a civili cultu, ad quem pertinet, seorsim conside- rari. Nostra sententia, magni aestimandus est homo, quivis homo, quaevis hominum congreqatio, atque etiam universa hominum societas.'5 15. Ex divino consilio, quilibet homo ad sui ipsius profectum promovendum natus est, cum cuiusvis hominis vita ad munus aliquod a Deo destinetur. Thde enim a nativitate unicuique insita sunt facultatum virtutumque germina, quae excolenda sunt, ut fructus edere possint; plena autem eorum maturitas, quam homo adipiscitur sive educatione in suo ipsius sociali convictu sive sno proprio nisu, efficiet ut singuli ad finem. contendant sibi a Creatore praestitutum. Intellectu ac libertate praeditus, homo in se periculum cum sui ipsius profectus, turn suae

12 CONC. VAT. II, Const. past. de Ecciesla in mundo hulus temporis, Gaudium et sps a. 3, A.A.S., LVIII, 1966, p. 1(,26. 13 Cf. LEoNis XIII, Litt. Encyci. Immortale Dei, Acta Leonis XIII, V, 1885, p. 127. 14 CONO. VAT. II, Coast. past. de Ecciesia in muado hujus temporns, Gaudium et spes, n. 4, A.A.S., LVIII, 1066, p. 10271. 15 Cf. L. J. LEBRET, 0. P., Dyna~mique concr~te du dveloppemen~t, Paris, Economie et Humanisme, Les 6ditions ouvri-6res, 1961, p). 28. - 12 - salutis recipit. Adiutus et quandoque etiam impeditus ab iis qui eum institnunt ac circumstant, unusquisque, quantum- cumque apud eum valent externae sollicitationes, sortis suae prosperae vel infelicis praecipuus artifex exstat; ac solummodo ingenii voluntatisque vires intendens, quivis homo potest lin- manitate crescere, plus plusque valere, seipsum perficere. 16. Hiuusmodi autem personae humanae incrementum non in hominis arbitrio positum est. Quemadmodum res creatae universae ad Conditorem suum ordinantur, ita creatura ratione praedita officio tenetur vitam suam ad Ijeum, veritatem primam supremumque bonum, sua sponte dirigendi. Quare hic personae humanae profectus quasi officiorum nostrorum summa pu- tanda est. Hue accedit quod pulchra huiusmodi naturae humanae cohaerentia, quam singuli labore suo suique officii conscientia ducti magis magisque perficiunt, ad superioris dignitatis gradum destinatur. In Christum vivificantem insertus, hoino novum vitae augmentum accipit, et quendam humanismum, uti vocant, attingit, qui eius naturam transcendit, eique maximam. vitae plenituainem. confert; ad quam, veluti ad supremum suum finem, profectus hominis spectat. 17. Sed quilibet homo membrum societatis est, atque adeo ad universam hominum consortionem pertinet. Quapropter non hie vel ille dnmtaxat homo, sed omnes prorsus ad plenam totius humanae societatis progressionem promovendam vocantur. Omnes civilis cultus formae oriuntur, florent, atque occidunt. At quemadmodum maris fluctus, aestu erescente, alius alio ulterius litus invadunt, hand secus, in historiae cursu, humanum genus procedit. Nos, qui superioribus aetatibus quasi quidam heredes suceessimus, quique ex aequalium nostrorum labore fructus percepimus, universis prorsus hominibus obligati su- inns. Hane ob causam fas non est nobis omnem curam eornm dimittere, per quos, nobis vita funetis, in posterum humana familia amplifleabitur. Mutua universorum hominum necessitudo, quae res vera est, nobis non modo beneficia confert, sed etiam. gignit officia. 18. Quae singulorum hominum ac totius humani generis progressio in discrimen adduci possit, nisi rectus praestantiorum bonorum ordo pro suo momento aestimetur. Cum hominis studium necessania sibi bona parandi profecto sit legitimum, sequitur ut labor ipse, quo bona illa nobis proveniunt, se vertat ZZWOM

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in officium: Si quis non vult opera'ri, nec manducet. " Sed terre- strium bonorum adeptio homines perducere potest ad immo- deratam cupiditatem, ad copiosiores usque opes appetendas, ad voluntatem potentiae suae adaugendae. Singulorum hominum, familiarum, nationumque avaritia non minus tenuiores quam locupletiores aificere potest, et utrosque ad materiali- smum, quem dicunt, impellere, animos opprimentem. 19. Augescens in dies bonorum copia neque a populis neque a singulis hominibus ita existimanda est, ut pro supremo fine habeatur. Quaevis enim progressio ad utramque partem valet; hinc necessaria homini est, ut magis magisque humanitate crescat, illinc hominem ipsum quasi in vinculis detinet, si ut supremum bonum appetatur, ultra quod prospicere non liceat. Quod postremum si accidat, corda occallescunt, animi ad alios nullo modo patent, atque homines non iam se congregant amicitiae fovendae causa, sed utilitatis adipiscendae; propteir quam fidem facile inter se opponuntur atque disiunguntur. Quam ob rem sola oeconomicorum bonorum conquisitio non modo pro- hibet, quominus homo humanitate crescat, sed eius etiam ger- manae granditati adversatur. Cum enim nationes tum homines, qui avaritiae labe infici'antur, mores minus progressos quam manifestissime ostendunt. 20. Quodsi ad progressionem promovendam necessarii sunt technici yini in dies numero crebriores, multo magis requirun- tur yini sapientes, ad cogitandum acuti, qui ad novum humanismum investigandum se conferant, vi cuius nostrae aetatis homines, praesta-ntissima bona amoris, amicitiae, precationis et contemplationis in se recipientes,1 7 se ipsos quasi invenire possint. Quae si praestita erunt, plane atque integre perfici potenit yeni nominis progressio, quae scilicet in eo sita est, ut sive singuli sive universi homines a minus humanis vitae condicionibus in humaniores transeant. 21. In vitae vero condicione minus humana versari dicendi sunt: primum qui aut tali inopia rerum premuntur, ut vel mi- nimo subsidio careant" ad vitam necessario, aut morali egestate fere comminnuntur, quam ob nimium sul amorem, sibimetipsis

16 2 Thes., 3, 10. '7 Cf. e. g. J. MARITAIN, Les conditions spirituelles du progr~s et de la paix, in libro qul inscribitur Rencontre des cultures A l'UNESCO 8ous le signe du Concile 03cumnniQue Va- tican 11, Paris, Maine, 1966, p. 66. - 14 -

attulerint; qui deinde civitatis structuris vexantur, quas vel pra- vus proprietatis imperlive usus, vel quaestus ex operariorum labore dolose perceptus, vel iniustae negotiationes creaverint. Ex contrario adeptas humaniores vitae condiciones satis perspicue significant: primum ab egestate ad bonorum necessariorum possessionem processus, malorum socialium depulsio, latior rerum cognitio, ingenii cultnrae adeptio; deinde aucta alienae dignitatis aestimatlo, propensio ad paupertatis studium,'8 con- spiratio ad bonum commune, pacis voluntas; turn agnita ab homine suprenia bona, agnitusque ipse Dens, eornndem bono- runm auctor et finis; postremo ac praesertim. fides, Dei donum, a bonae voluntatis hominibus acceptum, animorumque coniunctio in caritate Christi, qui nos advocat, ut non secus atque fili vitam Dei viventis, omnium hominurnc Patris, participemus.

22. lam in prima Sacrarum Scripturarum pagina haec verba legimus: Replete terrain et subicite earn; ISquibus docemur, res mundi universas pro homine creatas esse, eique id muneris esse concreditum, ut ingenii sui viribus earum momentum pro- ferat, easdemque sno labore suaeque utilitatis causa absolvat atque perficiat. At si terra eo fine condita est, ut singulis hominibus sive necessaria ad victum sive progressionis instrumenta suppeditet, hinc sequitur, cuilibet homini ius esse, ut quae sibi necessaria sint, ex ea percipiat. Cuius rei memoriam Con- cilumi Gecumenicum Vaticanum II hac sententia redintegra- vit: Deus terrain cum omnibus quae in ea continentur in usum universorum, hominum et populorum destinavit, ita ut bona creata aequa ratione ad omnes affluere debeant, iustitia duce, caritate comite. 8 iluic normae cetera iura omnia, quae- cunique ea sunt, ne proprietatis quidem et liberi commercii luribus exceptis, sunt postponenda, quill immo tantum abest ut emus eff ectionem impedire debeant, ut earn potins expedire teneantur; ea autem inra revocare ad suum primigenium finem, grave atque urgens sociale officium censendum est. 23. Qui habuerit substantiam huius mundi et viderit fratrem suum necessitatem habere et clauserit viscera sua ab eo, quo-

modo caritas Dei manet in eo' 21 Inter omnes constat quamn fir-

18 Cf. MT., 5, 3. 19 Gen., 1. 28. 20 CoNc. VAT. II, Const. past. de Eceiesla in mundo humus temporis, Gaudium et spes, n. 69, A.A.S., LVIII, 1966, p. 1090). 21 1 IO., 3, 17. w

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miter Ecclesiae Patres officia descripserint hominum opibus affluentium erga eos qui in necessitate versantur: Non de tuo largirispauperi - ait S. Ambrosius - sed de suc reddis. Quod enirn commune est in omnium usum datum, tu solus usurpas. Omnium est terra, non divitum.2 2 Quae verba declarant, priva- tam bonorum proprietatem nemini ius tale concedere, quod supremumn sit nullique condicioni obnoxium. Nemini licet bona, quae sibi superent, unice ad privata commoda seponere, cum alii rebus careant vitae necessariis. Ne multa, secundum, tradi- tam doctrinam Ecclesiae Patrum praeclarorumque Theologo- rum, numquam proprietatis iure utendum est cum boni corn- munis detrimento. Quodsi forte inter se discrepent iura quaesita privatorum ac primae communitatis necessitates, ad publicas auctoritates pertinet operam dare his quaestionibus dissolven- dis, rem operose communicantibus civibus ac socialibus coe- tibus.2 ' 24. Bonum igitur commune quandoque deiectionem de fundi possessione postulat, si forte contingat, ut fundi quidam communem. impediant prosperitatem, quia vel nimis patent, vel parum aut nihil excoluutur, vel egestatem gignunt incolis, vel civitati gravia inferunt nocumenta. Concilium Vaticanum II dum id, missis ambagibus, declarat,2 4 non minus clare docet, tum fructus jude perceptos non esse libero hominum arbitrio relinquendos, turn nimii quaestus consilia, in suam dumtaxat utilitatem. capta, prohibenda esse. Quare nullo modo licet, dyves reditibus abundantes, sibi ex opibus et labore nationis suae provenientibus, magnam eorum partem apud exteras gentes collocare, ad privatas utilitates unice spectantes, nulla suae patriae ratione habita, in quam hoc agendi modo manife- stain contumeliam. iaciunt.25 25. Artium et artificiorum invectio, quae sive ad rei oeconomicae incrementum, sive ad humanum profectum necessaria est, progressionem et denionstrat et promovet. Etenim vim ingenii sui summumque laborem. impendens, homo occultas na-

22 Do iNabutho, c. 12, n. 53; PL. 14, 747. Cf. J. R. PALANQIYE, Saint Ambtwoise et 1'empire romain, Paris. de Tioeeard, 1933, pp. 336 et ss. 23 Cf. CARDINALIS A E'ugLicis ECLL~siAE NEGoTEs Epistula ad cathoicos viros socialis vitae studia in urbe vulgo Brest celebrantes, in libro qui inscribitur L'homme et la revolution urlaine, Lyon, Chronique Sociale, 1965, pp. 8-9. 24 CONO. VAT. II, Const. past. de Ecciesia in mundo hdiius temporis, qraudium et spes, n. 71, A.A.S., LVIII, 1966, p. 1098. 25 Cf. Ibid. n. 65, A.A.5.., LVIII, 1966, p. 1036. - 16. - turae leges paulatim detegit, eiusque opes in utiliorem usum convertit. Quapropter homo, dum suamn vivendi ration em mode- ratur, interea magls magisque accenditur ad nova investiganda atque invenienda, ad prudens agendarum rerum in se periculum recipiendum, ad opera audacter aggredienda, ad generosa incepta ineunda, ad conscientiamn officii exacuendam. 26. Sed ex novis hulusmodi condicionibus in hominum societa- tern, nescimus quo pacto, opiniones irrepserunt, iuxta quas emo- lumentum ducebatur pro praecipuo incitamento ad fovendam oeconomicam progressionemn, libera competitorum aemnulatio pro suprema rerum oeconomicarum normna, privata possessio instru- mentorum bonis gignendis pro iure absoluto, quod nec fines nec conexum sociale munus acciperet. Huiusmodi effreni liberalismi forma ad quoddam tyrannidis genus viam muniebat, a IDe- cessore Nostro Plo XI lure merito improbatum, utpote ex quo rei nummariae internationalismus seu imperialismus inter'na- tionalis "originem duceret. Pravi huiusmodi bonorum oecono- micorumn usus numquamn satis, ut oportet, respuentur, cum res oeconomicas, quod rursus graviter admonere iuvat, homini dumtaxat inservire oporteat.2 7 At si fatendum est, e quadam capitalismi, uti aiunt, forma ortum duxisse tot aerumn as, tot patratas iniquitates fraternasque dimicationes, quarum effectus etiam. nuno experimur, f also tamen quis tribuat artium et artificiorum incremento mala lilla, quae verius calamitosis de re oeconomnica opinionibus vitio vertenda sunt, quae cum eodem incremento coniungebantur. Immo vero institia postulat, ut suscipiamus, non modo laboris temperationem, sed etiam artium et artificiorum prof ectum ad progressionem provehendam necessarium adiumentum conferre. 27. Item, quamvis quandoque plus aequo extollatur mystica quaedamn de labore doctrina, tamen non minus constat ]Deum laborem. iussisse atque bene ei dixisse. Ad imaginemn Del condi- tus, homo oportet Creatori sociam navet operam ad creationis opus per/iciendum, idemque spiritualem imaginem in se im- 2 pressam vicissim in te'rram 'referat. " Deus, cum hominem in-

26~ Litt. Encyci. Quadrage~simo Anno, A.A.S., XXIII, 1931, p. 212. 27 Cf. e. g. CoLrN CLARK, The condittions of economie progress, III ed., London, Mac- millan & Co., New York, -St. Martin's Press. 196t0, pp. 3-6. 28 Cf. CARDINALIS A PUBLIOIS ECCLESLAE NEGoTiis Epistula ad catholicos viros socialis vitae studia Lngduni celebrantes, in Ubro qui inscribitur Le travail et le travailleurs dans la sooidtd contemporaine, Lyon, Chronique sociale, 1965, p. 6. - 17 -

tellectu, cogitatione atque sensibus ornavisset, instrumenta ei praebuit, quibus opus a se inchoatum veluti absolveret perfice- retque: nam quicumque labore se exercet, sive artifex, sive opi- fex, sive openis conductor, sive operarius, sive agricola, quodammodo creat. Pronus in materiam, quae suis nisibus obsistit, homo sui ipsius quasi vestigia quaedam in ea imprimit, pariter in se tenaciam, ingenium, vim cogitandi excolens. Quin etiain cum labor, quem homines coniunctim subeunt, spes, dolores, deside- ria, gaudia communia reddat, id propterea dat, ut voluntates iun- gat, animos propinquiores faciat, corda vinculis astringat. Ete- nim, cum laborem homines sustinent, inter se fratres agnoscunt.2 9 28. Profecto labor vim habet in utramque partem; nam eo quod pollicetur pecuniam, voluptates, potentiam, hos ad nimium sui ipsius amorem, ilios ad seditionem impellit; sed efficit etiam ut conscientia muneris, religio officii, caritas erga proximos excolantur. Quamvis hodie labor magis ad scientiarum normas sit redactus atque efficaciore ratione ordinatus, in discrimen tamen vocare potest ipsam hominis dignitatem, qui eius veluti servus fiat; nam tunc solum labor humanus dicendus est, si ab intellectu. et libertate hominis oriatur. Decessor Noster fel, rec. Ioannes XXIII graviter admonuit opus omnino, esse, operarios ad suam dignitatem restitui, eosque reapse effici communis openis panticipes: societates bonis gigjnendis perfec tam induant humanae consortionis speciem, cujus a/fflatu sin qulo- rum necessitudines, munerum officiorumque varietates penitus afficiantur.'0 Labor hominum denique notionem longe altiorem habet, si chnistiana luce illustratus considenetun, cum illuc etiam spectet, ut hisce in terris ad mundum condendum super- naturalem conducat,'1 qui sane perfectus absolutusque non erit, donec eo nos penveniamus, ut una omnes penfectum ilium Hominem effingamus, de quo S. Paulus meminit hisce venbis: in~mensuram aetatis-plenitudinisChristi.' 2 29. Oportet rem festinane, siquidem homines numero nimil do- lonibus sunt obnoxii, et quasi intervallum amplificatur quo progressio aliorum secernitur ab aliorum statu iacente, immo etiain

29Cf. e. g. M. D. C~uEu, 0. P., Pour une thdologie du travail, Paris, Editions du Seull, 1955. 30 Lltt. Encyci. Mater et Magistra, A.A.S., LIII, 1961, p. 423. 31 Cf. e. g. 0. voN NELL-BREUNING S. I., Wirtschaft und Geseilsekaft, vol. 1: Grand- fragen, Freiburg, Herder, 1956, pp. 183-184. 32 Epk., 4, 13. - is - in peins ru'ente. Oportet praeterea opus perficiendum. apte et convenienter procedat, ne temperamentum tam necessariurn amittatur. Subitaria e-nim. emendatio agriculturae fortasse id non assequetur ad quod tendit; nimis properatus artium et artiflejo- rum proventus potest adhuc necessaria instituta turbare et sociales miserias parare, atque adeo humanum cultum retroagere. 30. Sunt sine dubic rerum condiciones quae, utpote iniustae, Dei animadversionem acerrime petant. Cum enim populi toti, necessariis ad vivendum destituti, ita sint sub aliorum dicione, ut quodvis inceptum sua sponte mnire, muneira cum onere suscipere, ad altiores etiam humani cultus gradus ascendere, vitam socialem et publicam participare vetentur, facile homines solli- citantur, ut humanae dignitati iniuriam allatam vi repellant. 31. lEst quidem res pernota, seditiones et motus - nisi agatur de tyrannide aperta ac diuturna, qua primaria iura personae humanae laedantur et bono communi alicuins civitatis grave iniungatur detrimentum - novas pareore iniurias, novas ingerere inaequalitates, ad novas strages homines accendere. Malum autem, q~uod revera est, non ea licet condicione propulsari, ut maior inducatur calamitas. 32. Volumus ut sententia Nostra plane intellegatur: huic, qui nuno obtinet, rerum statni, animo forti occurri debet et, quas secum fert, iniuriae impugnari debent atque eviuci. Progressio inutationes postulat audacter aggrediendas, quibus rerum forma penitus renovetur. Sine ulla mora annitendum est, ut eaedem. res, quae tantopere urgent, in melius corrigantur. Unusquisque animo magno et alacri in eo habeat partem, ii praesertim qui pro ingenii cultu, munere, potestate plurimum possint. Exem- plum praebentes, de suis bonis aliquid in hoc impendant, quemadmodum nonnulli Fratres Nostri in Episcopatu fecerunt."' Ita hominum exspectationi respondebunt atque fideliter Spiritui Sa ncto obsequentur, quoniam Evangjelicum fermentum in corde hominis ir'retrertcbilemdignitatis ecxigentiam excitavit atque excitat.34 33. Incepta vero unius cuiusvis et aemulationis vices progressionem ad felicem exitum. non perducent. Non enim. eo licet pro-

"3 Of. e, g. EDMMANnS~LTS LARRiAIN ERnAzuRitz, Episcopi Talcensis in Ohilia, Praesidis Consilil compendiarils litteris CELAM appellati, Pastor~ales Litterae de oftili pro gresss& et de pace, Parisils, Pax Christ!, 1965. 34' Cf. Coac. VAT. 11, Const. past. de Eceiesla in mundo hulus temporis, Gaiudium et spe8, ua.26, A.A.S., LVIII, 19~66, p. 1046. - 19 - cedere, ut divitum opes et potentia etiam augeantur, miseriae vero egentium confirmentur et servitus aggravetur oppresso- rum. Itaque rerum agendarum. rationes sunt necessariae, quae foveant, excitent, ordinent, suppleant atque compleaut" actio- nem singulorum et institutorum se interponentium. Publica- rum vero potestatumn est statuere et iniungere fines expetendos, proposita assequenda, vias quibus eo perveniatur; earum scilicet est vires omnium stimulare, ad quos communis haec actio pertinet. Sed curent oportet, ut eiusmodi operi privatorum iungant incepta et instituta interposita. Sic enim absoluta rerum commnunio ac ternere praestituta rerum oeconomicarum dispen- satio devitantur, quae, cum libertati refragentur, usum. pni- mafriorum personae humanae iurium auferunt. 34. Omnis enim. ratio rerum agendarum, cui proventuum auctus sit propositus, non alio debet spectare quam ut personae humanae inserviat; scilicet eo pertinere, ut inaequalitates mi- nuantur, rentoveantur discrimina, a servitutis vinculis homines liberentur, atque adeo ipsi valeant, in rerum temporalium regio- ne, condicionem suam. mutare in melius, profectum moralem suum persequi, spinituales dotes explicare. Cum progressionem. dicimus, cura intendatfl' oportet et in profeotum. socialem et in provectumn rerum oeconomicarum. Non autem satis est commu- nes opes augere, ut cum aequitate distribuantur; non satis est technicis artibus incrementa aff erre, ut terra, quasi humanior eff ecta, aptior sit ad habitandum. Erratis eorum qui antecesse- runt, ii moneantur qui ad progressionem nituntur ut, ad haec quod attinet, declinent pericula. Technicoirum dominatus seu, uti appellant, technoc'ratia, si proxime futura aetate praepon- derabit, mala non minus miseranda potenit inferre quam ea, quae liberalismus, uti dicunt, prius invexit. Rerum enim oeconomicarum ratio et technicae artes omni notione carent, nisi ad bonum. hominis, cui inservire debent, convertantur. Hie vero eatenus tantum est homo, quatenus, actionibus suis impe- rans ac de earum iudicans momento, sui profectus ipse est artifex; quod quidem congruenter fiat oportet naturae, quam ei sum- mus dedit Auctor, et cuins vires et postulata libere ille assumit. 35. Affirmari etiam licet oeconomicarum rerurn incrementum sociali potissimum progressu contineri, ad quemn illud nititur,

'~IoANNmis XXIII Lit. Encyci. Hater et Magistra, A.A.S., LIII, 1961, p. 414. - 20 - et pirimam institutionem, qua litterarum tradantur initia, praecipue ab iis affectari, qui de progressione ineunt consilia. Illa enim veluti fames, qua eruditio esuritur, non minus acerba est quam. cibi desiderium: nesciens enim litteras est quasi spiritus mnedia laborans; sed cum quis legendi atque scribendi callet artem, ad opus faciendum munusve obeundum rite componitur, sibi iterum fidit seque una cum ceteris posse proficere percipit. Quemadmodum Nos ediximus, cum Teheiranianum Conventum sodaliurn Consilii, quod compeadiariis litteris UNESCO appel- latur, nuntio alloqueremur, disciplina elementorum. scribendi est pr-irariaac primigenia ratio, qua horno non solum societati inseritur, sed etiam,ipse ditatur, eaque praestantissimum sitbsi- dium est pro societate ad augendas res oeconomi cas et ad progressionem efficiendam." Gaudemus sane quod, ad hoc quod attinet, multa sunt patrata inceptu privatorum, a publicis pote- statibus, ab institutis gentium: hi profecto sunt praecipui ef- fectores progressionis, quoniam. homines idoneos reddunt ad earn suapte virtute persequendam. Z16. Verumtamen homo non est plane suns, nisi in societate, ad quam pertinet, et in qua momentum maximum et primigenium familia obtinet. Quod nimium fortasse fuit, s! tempora et loca in quibus viguit, respicimus, quatenus primaria libertatis iura humanae personae passa sunt detrimentum. Vetera autem societatis instituta, propria regionum ad progressionem nitentium, adhuc sunt in aliquod tempus necessaria, sed nimia eorum vis oportet gradatim. minuatur. Familia vero naturalis, monoga- miae indole insignis, stabilis, quemadrrodum a mente divina est formata'7 christianaque religione consecrata, in qua diver- sae generationes conveniunt, ac sese mutuo adiuvant ad plenio- rem sapientiam acquirendam atque iura personarum cum a~iis vitae socialis exigentiis cornponenda, fundamentum societatis constituit."

37. Non est diffitendum, maturata natorum incrementa nimis crebro difficultates addere ad progressionis rationes, quod multi-

'~Cf. Diarium. quod inscribitur L'Osservatore Romaino, die 11 mensis Septembris anno 1965, vel Commentarium La9 Documen~tati~on Cathlvoique, t. 622,Paris, 1965, pp. 1674-1675. "3 Cf. MT., 19, 6. 38 CONC. VAT., II, Const. past. de Beciesia In mundo bumus teinporis, Gaudium et spes, ni. 52, A.A.S., LVIII, 1966, p. 1073. -21- tudo celerius augetur quam opes, quae sunt in promptu, ita ut omnes viae interciudi videantur. Tune facile quis ad consi- lium descendit incrementum natorum minuendi, gravissimis adhibitis remedils. Non est dubium quill potestates publicae, quantum ad eas pertinet, in haec se queant interponere, cives hac de re docentes et accommodata rei consilia capientes, dummodo haec praescriptis legis moralis congruant, et insta coniugum libertas absolutissime servetur. Cum vero ius firmis- simum matrimonii et procreationis demitur, actum est de humana dignitate. Est denique parentum, re plane perspecta, de numero liherorum statuere; qiiod munus illi in se recipiunt coram Deo, coram. se ipsis, coram liberis iam genitis, coram communitate ad quam pertinent, praecepta secuti conscientiae suae, de lege divina, authentice interpretata, edoctae et fiducia Dei roboratae)39 38. In opere progressionis faciendae, homo, qui in familia con- stitutus vitae rationem praecipuam ac primigeniam suscepit, saepe adiuvatur institutis artes profitentium. Quodsi haec propterea condita sunt, ut sodahium commodo utilitatique servirent, magnum est eorum officium et onus, quoad munus educandi, quod exsequi possunt-nc debent. Eadem enim instituta, cum homines doceant atque excolant, multum valent ad eos imbuen- dos intellectu boni communis et obligationum, quibus idem bonum. omnes devincit. 39. Quaevis autem actio socialis aliqua doctrina obstringitur: christianus quidem earn respuit, quae in philosophia materia- lismi et atheismi innititur, quae videlicet neque mentis religio- sae dirigentis vitam ad finem aeternum supremumque, neque hibertatis, neque humanae dignitatis habet respectum. Sed, durn- modo eiusmodi res praestantissimae in tuto sint collocatae, multiplicitas sodalitatum artes profitentium et collegiorum opificum potest probari, et, quadam, ex parte utilis est, si libertatem tuetur et ad aemulationem impellit. Libentissime ergo uis omnibus adhibemus honorem, qui in uis societatibus, sui im- memores commodi, fratribus operose deserviunt. 40. Praeter hasce consociationes artes profitentium, etiam instituta humano cultui provehendo vigent industria, quorum munus non minus valet ad progressionem faciendam. Gravibus

39 Cf. Ibid., nn. 50-51 cum adnotatione n. 14; A.A.S., LVIII, 1966, pp. 1070-1073, Cf. etiam U. 87. P. M11. - 22 - his verbis usum, asseverat Concilium: Periclitcttur enim ýSors futu'ra mundi nisi sapientiores suscitentur homines; et haec .addit: Insuper notandum est plures nationes, bonis quidem oeconomicis pauperiores, sapientia vero ditiores, ceteris exi- mium emolumen turn praestare posse 4" Quaelibet civitas, sive dives est sive pauper, humanitatis cultum obtinet a maioribus traditum: scilicet instituta vitae terrenae necessaria et altiores ingenii significationes, utpote ad artes, doctrinas, religionem pertinentes. Quando in his humana yeni nominis bona insunt, vehementer aliquis erret, si haec propter illa dimittat; popu- lusque, qui hoc fieri patiatur, optimam sui ipsius partem proiciat, atque, ut vivat, vitae ipsius rationes neglegat. Horta- mentum Christi etiam ad popuios est referendum: Quid enim prodest hornini, si mundum universum lucre tur, anirnae vero suae detrimentum patiaturf?" 41. Gentes minus locupletes numquam satis ab illecebra cave- bunt, qua, populorum opibus fiorentium causa, irretiuntur. Hi enim, felices eventus ostendentes, quos in vita sna artibus technicis et hum~nitate exculta sunt adepti, specimina dant laboris et industriae, qua temporalem prosperitatem praecipue consequantur. Id non propterea dicitur, quod per se mentis agitatio- nem impediat; quin immo hac praeditus animus hominis, a rerum servitute magis solutus, expeditius ad ipsum Creatoris cul- turn et contemplationern evehi potest.4 2 Attamen ipsa civ ilizatio hodierna non ex se, sed utpote nimis rebus terrestribus intricata 4 accessum ad Deum saepe difficiliorem reddere potest. 1 Itaque ex rebus sibi propositis populi ad progressionem nitentes probe eligant: coarguant et abiciant falsa bona, quibus optima forma vitae humanae deminuitur, accipiant vero munera egr Ie- gia et utilia, quae una cum rebus praeclaris sibi propriis secundum indolem suam provehere studeant. 42. Haec est humanitatis ratio perfecta, quae promoveatur opor- let ;4 numiquid aliud est quam omnimodo profectui totius hominis et cunctorum hominum consulere? Humanitatis vero ratio ar- tioribus finibus circumscripta, a bonis animi atque a Deo aliena,

40 Cf. Ibid., n. 15, A.A.S., LVIII, 1966, p. 1036. 4' MT., 16, 26. 42 CONC. VAT. II, Const. past. de Ecciesia in munmdo hulus temporis, Gaudium et spes, n. 57, A.A.S., LVIII, 1966, p. 1078. 43 Ibid. n. 19, A.A.S., LVIII, 1966, p. 1039. 44 Cf. e. g. J. MArITrAni, L'human'isme int~gral, Paris, Aubier, 1936. - 23 - qui illorum est fons et origo, specie tantum pofior esse potest. Prof ecto homo res terrenas sine Deo ordinare potest, sed, remoto Deo, eas nonnisi contra hominem demum, dirigere potest. Qua- pro pter humanus cultus, a ceteris rebus omnibus secretus, lit certe inhumanus.4' Vera igitur humanitatis species non est nisi ea quae ad summum Deum intendit, dum munus agnoscitur ad quod sumus vocati et qno vera vitae humanae formna praebetur. Nequaquam igitur homo est sui ipsins ultima regula, ipse autem is tantum efficitur qui esse debet, si se ipsum supergreditur, secundum illam verissimam Blasii Pascal sententiam: mirum quantum homo horninem transcendit.4 '

43. Omnimoda singuli hominis progressio coniungi debet cum progressione generis humani, mutuo peragenda conatu. In urbe Bombaya haec sumus elocuti: Oportet homo homini occurrat, nationes inter se, ut fratres et sorores, ut fi~ii Dei, oceurrant. Hac mutua cumn benevolentia et amicitia, hac sacrat cum animorum concordia nos pariter ayg!Zdi debemus opus, communem pro- speritatemfuturam humani generis apparandi.4 ' Snasimus etiam ut subsidia certa et efficacia exquirerentur, quibus recte dispo- sita instituta conderentur et incepta sociarentur ad opes, quae praesto essent, cum aliis communicandas, atqne acleo vera inter nationes constabiliretur necessitudo. 44. Locupletiores primum hisce devinciuntur officiis, quorum partes fraternitate humana et supernaturali continentur, tri- plicein exhibente rationem: prins est officium mutuae necessitudinis, auxilium nempe a divitioribus nationibus afferendi iis, qnae ad progressionem acihuc nituntur; deinde occurrit officium iustitiae socialis, quae in eo est posita, ut rationes mer- catoriae, populis fortunatioribus cum infirniioribus interce- dentes, in melius restituantur; denique oflicium caritatis urn- versalis, qua pro omnibus consortlo humanior promovetur, in

"45Cf. H. Dfl LIJSAn, S. J., Le dra-me de 'h~umanisme atlude, III ed., Paris, Spes. 1945, p. 10. "4 Cf. Penses, ed. Bninschyleg, nt. 4S4; Cf. MAU-RICE Z rUNDE,L'homme passe I'homme. Le Caire, Editions du lien, 1944. 47 Cf. Allocutio ad viros e variis religiosis Communitatibus non-christianis, habita die,8 mensis Decenibris anno 1964, A.A.S., LVII, 1965, p. 182. J - 24 -

qua cuncti dare debeant et accipeire, neque aliorum processus progressionem praepediat aliorum. Gravis sane est liaec causa, cum ex ea cunctorum hominum cultus civilis, qui futuris erit temporibus, pendeat.

45. Si autem frater et soror - Lit ait S. lacobus - nudi sint et indigeant victu quotidiano, dicat autem aliquis ex vobis: Ite in pace, calefacimini et saturamini, non dederitis autem eis quae necessa'riasunt corpori, quid proderit' "ilisce temporibus nemo jam potest ignorare, in nonnullis continentibus terris innumerabiles viros et feminas fame vexari; innumerabiles pueros puellasque mnedia languere, ita ut non pauci eorum in ipso flore aetatis morte absumantur; apud multos alios corporis mecre- mentum et mentis prof ectum ea de causa impediri, ideoque tota- rum regionum incolas, in maerore iacentes, deficere animis. 46. Anxie edita voce jam sunt postulata auxilia. Rogatus Deces- sonis Nostri fel. rec. Toannis XXIII cum alacritat~e est auditus ;4 Nos ipsi eum iteravimus nuntio ob sollemnia Nativitatis Do- min anoMDCC CCLXIII prlao 5 'a dno armo MDCCCCLXVI Indiam iu~iaturi.5 ' Incepto omnium nationum Consilii victui et agriculturae accurandae, compendiariis litteris FAO appellati - ciii proposito Apostolica Sedes studiose favit -libera- liter est obsecundatum. Institutum Nostrum, ciii nomen Caritas internationalis, ubique terrarum suscipit labores, ac multi catholici, a Fratribus Nostris in Episcopatu adacti, nihil sibi par- centes conituntur, ut egentibus opitulentur, ac paulatim eorum amplificent numenum, quos ut proximos foveant. 47. Sed haec, perinde ac pecuniae privatim et publice collocatae, dona et creditae summae, non sufficiunt. Non enim solum de fame agitur depellenda ac de minuenda paupertate. Non satis est contra miseriam niti, licet res urgeat et necessaria sit; agitur de hominunn consortione stabilienda, in qua quivis, nullo discrimine stirpis, religionis, nationis, vitam vere humanam vivere possit, liberam a servitute, cuins auctores sunt homines et na- tuna non satis domita; de consortione dicmmus, in qua libertas

49~ Cf. Litt. Encyci. Mater et Magigtra, A.A.S., LIII, 1961, pp. 440 S~.S 50 Cf. Nuntims radiophonicus, datus prid Nativ. D.N.I.C. anno 1963. A.A.S., LVI, 1064, pp. 57-58. 51 Cf. Encicliche e Discorsi di Paolo VI, vol. IX, ed. Paoline, Roma, 1966, pp. 132-136. - 25 - non sit inane nomen, et Lazarus vir indigens ad eandem men- sam possit considere ac dives."2 Quod ab ipso divite non paulum magnanimitatis postulat, multa incommoda sponte to- leranda, assiduam contentionem. Unusquisque conscientiam suam percontetur, quae novo veluti vocis sono ad haec nostra tempora fertur. Estne unusquisque paratus sno impendio adin- vare opera et missiones disposite constituta ad relevandog egenos? plus tributorum solvere, ut publicae, potestates progressionem maiore nisu amplificent? res peregre invectas pin- ris emere, ut is qui eas effecerit aequiorem mercedem accipiat? ipse de patria migrare, si oporteat et florens sit aetas, ut opem ferat nationibus ad humanitatis emergentibus cultum? 48. Cum officium coniunctionis inter homines etiam inter populos obtineat, qentium-... progressarum off icium gravissimum est progredientes populos adiuvandi.5 " Hoe sane documentum Concilii ad eflectum est adducendum. Quodsi consentaneum est, ut gens aliqua ante ceteras donis frua~tur a providenti Deo sibi concessis quasi operae suae proventu, nullus tamen popu- bus audeat ad suum tantum usum divitias sibi seponere. Sin- gnul populi plura et meliora opera et. artificia edere debent, ut cunctorum civium vitdtbignitate vere humana sit praedita, et auxilia afferantur ad generis humani progressionem communiter assequendam. Cum in regionibus humanitatis cultu minus provectis egestas augeatur, consentaneum est, ut civitas aliqua opibus affluens partem bonorum, quae pepererit, cedat ad illarum. sublevandas necessitates; consentaneum quoque est, ut instruat educatores, machinarios, technicos, sapientes, qui scientia. et peritia sua iblis ministrent. 49. Hoc praeterea est iterandum: quae in regionibus divitioribus supersunt, ea indigentibus regionibus debent prodesse. Prae- coptum, iuxta quod ohim necessitudine coniunctiores erant in- -vandi, nunuc ad universitatem pertinet egentium, qui sunt per orbem terrarum; ex qua re locupletes primi afficientur beneficiis. Horum autem avaritia diutius producta divinam adducet animadversionem et pauperum eliciet iram, nec praevideri possunt eventus inde secuturi. Civiiates opibus nunc florentes, sed

5' CONIC. VAT. 11, CODAt. past. de Ecciesia in mundo huius temporis, Gaudium et 8pes, n. 86, A.A.S., LVIII, 1966, p. 1109. -26- suarum tantum utilitatum studiosae, summa, quae habent, honia laedunt, si voluntatem magis rectiusque excellendi post- ponunt voluntati plus possidendi. Parabola de homine divite, e culus agris messis tarn copiosa percipitur, ut nesciat ubi repo- nat, ad eos merito transfertur: Diceit autem illi Deus: Stulte, hac nocte animam tuam repetunt a te.. 50. Hi vero conatus, ut ad exiturn plane dedilcantur, nequeunt dissipari et ab aliis seiungi, nedum queant aiji aliis opponi propter quorundam dignitatis studiurn atque potentiarn; haec enirn tempora conspiratas rerurn agendarum -exigunt rationes, quae efficaciores sunt et meliores uis adiurnentis, quae, oblata occasione, cuiusque bonae voluntati permittuntur. Quernadmodum supra dixirnus, necesse est studia subtiliter exerceantur, deft- niantur proposita, subsidia et viae indicentur, labores a delectis horninibus sirnul suscipiantur, ut necessitatibus huius aetatis satisfiat et quae prospiciantur, requisita. perficiantur. Quin immo, eiusmodi rationes superant fines incrementi rerum oeconomicarurn et progressionis socialis, siquidern operi patrando vim ac rnorn'tum attribuunt, et, durn recto ordine hurnani- tatern componlunt, homini -ipsi, plus dignitatis ac roboris irn- pertiunt. 51. Sed ultra progrediendurn est. Cum Bornbayae essernus, Eu- charisticurn ex omnibus gentibus Conventurn celebrandi gratia, a suprernis civitaturn rectoribus petivimus, ut sumptuum par- tern, quos in militares apparatus impenderent, ad universale quoddam aerariurn constituendurn converterent, ut populis, opibus destitutis, auxiliurn praeberetur."5 Quod autem prirnum ad debellandam inopiam valet, id ad populorurn etiam progressionem. promovendam valet.. Narn concors quaedarn omniurn populorurn actio, cuius universale illud aerariurn et irnago esset et instrumenturn, id una elficeret, ut hinc mnanes dirirnerentur contentiones, hinc mutua colloquia, fructuosa sane atque pa- cata, inter ornnes populos initiurn tandem caperent. 52. Dubium profecto non est, quin stipulationes inter duas vel plures partes contractae servandae sint: hae enirn id praestan 't, ut illis infenioris condicionis rationibus atque sirnultatibus, quas colonicae dicionis aetas secum tulit, salutares arnicitiae

54 Le., 12, 20. 55 Cf. Nuntius ad homines universos datus astantibus diurnarlis Scriptoribus, die 4 mensis Decembris 1964, A.A.S., LVII, 1965, p. 185. - 27 - necessitudines, in iurium et rerum. politicarum aequalitate positae, feliciter succedant. Quae stipulationes, si cum generali coniungantur consilio mutuae adiutricis operae ab omnibus terrae populis navandae, nulli prorsus suspicioni locum dant. Ii enim, qui earum comamodis fruuntur, minus habent, cur dif- fidant, curque timeant, ne, specieý vel pecuniarii subsidli vel technicorum adiumenti ferendi, novum quoddam colonicae dicionis genus, ut dicitur, subeant, quo simul sibi libertas in re publica minuatur et gravia in re oeconomica pondera impo- nantur, simul paucorum dominatus ibidem vel firmetur. vel constituatur. 53. Quis autem non videat, ex jibl, quod memoravimus, univer- sali aerairio facultatem datum -.iri aliquid ex dispendiis dedu- cendi, quae sive timoir sive contumacia suaserit? Dum tot esu- Hiunt populi, dum tot familiae omnium rerum penuria laborant, dum tot homines inscientiae tenebris demersi -vitam degunt, dum tot desiderantur scholao, valetudinaria, domus, hoc nomine digna, interea quaevis vel publica vel privata dispendia, quivis sumptus aut nationis ant singulorum. hominum ostenta- tionis gratia facti, quaevis denique exinaniens ad congereuda arma certatio: haec omnia, dicimus, in famosum intoleranduim- que flagitium transeunt. Gravissimum Nobis iniunctum munus requirit, ut id aperte notemus. Utinam ii, quos penes summa est rerum, aures Nobis praebeant, antequam res ad extrema veniat. 54. Quam ob causam prorsus necesse est, ut omnes populi in ii- lud veniant colloquium, quod fiagrantibus expetivimus votis, cum primas Nostras Encyclicas Litteras, a verbis incipientes Ec- clesiam Suam," dedimus. Si huiusm.odi colloquium instituatur inter eos qui adiumenta comparant, et eos qui hisce auxiliis fruuntur, facile fiat, ut conferenda subsidia aequa lance expen- dantur, non modo pro illorum largitate et copia, sed etiam pro horum .et vera subsidiorum. necessitate et- subsidiorum adhiben- dorum facultate. Exinde iam non erit periculum, ne nationes, quae ad progressionem nituntur, aere demergantur alieno, ad quod solvendum suos praecipuos quaestus impendant. Utraque pars astipulari sane potenit de. usuris itemque de tempore, quo pecuniae mutno acceptae sint reddendae, uis tamen condiciorn- bus quae ab utraque parte ferantur, aequando scilicet gratuita

56 Cf. A.A.S., LVI, 1964, pp. 639 et ss. -M MM- - - ,-

- 28 - dona, pecunias sine ulib fenore vel parvis tantum usuris sum- ptas, atque annos, quibus credita gradatim solvantur. Iis procul dublo, qui subsidia conferunt, pro, creditae pecuniae usu satis- dandum erit, ut id secundum pactam rationem et aequis cum fructibus fiat: non enim cessatoribus neque parasitis favendum est. Ii autem, qui auxiliis utuntur, iure merito postulare poterunt, ne quis in suam rem publicam admini- strandam se interponat, neve snum socialem ordinem pertur- bet. Cum enim de civitatibus agatur, quae sui iuris sunt, ad ipsas tantummodo pertinet propria gerere negotia, rerum civi- lium rationem statuere, atque rei publicae eligere conformatio- nem, quam praeoptent. Hoc igitur necesse est, ut nationes adiutricem sibi operam mutuo neque coactae navent, eaedem- que, pani pollentes dignitate, feliciter simul allaborent ad civi- hem efficiendam consortionem, vere hominibus dignam.

55. Sed huiusmodi propositum in regionibus effici non posse vid~etur, ubi cotidiani victus una sollicitudine familiae disti- nentur, quae propterea animo complecti nesciunt, quomnodo opera suscipere possint, quibus reliquum vitae tempus minus aerumnosum sibi parent. Hi ergo yiri atqu~e mulieres omni ope adiuvanai sunt, iidemque hortandi, ut simul suae progressionis iter ipsi libentes ingrediantur, simul adiumenta ad profi- ciendum necessaria ipsi sibi quaerant. ilniusmodi communis opera procul dubio virium contentionem consociatam, con- stantem strenuamque poscit. Omnes tamen sibi persuasum habeant, ad id incunctanter aggrediendum esse: egentiorum enim populorum vita, et civium concordia in nationibus ad progressionem nitentibus, immao universi mundi pax agitur.

56. Omnes autem conatus, sane non mediocres, qui ad iuvan- das civitates gradatfm progredientes sive pecuniariis sive technicis auxiliis capiuntur, falhaces inanesque plane evadant, si ab his comparata remedia magna ex parte irnita fiant ob mutabiles negotiationum rationes, quae inter ditiores et tenuiores, populos intercedant. Etenim alteni omni exspectatione et fiducia destituantur, ubi metuant, ne alteri id ab ipsis repetant, quod iarn dederint. 57. Nam civitates, quae operosorum artificiorum numero et efficientia praestant, res potissimum exportant, in suis, territo- II-7,

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riis manu factas; nationes autem inferiores opibus nihil aliud ve- nale habent, nisi infectam rerum materiam. et ea, quae terra gignit. Ob technicas progredientes artes priorum operum pretium celeriter augetur, eademque percommode vene-unt. Illae autem res primigenae, quae a minus progressis civitatibus submini- strantur, maximis repentinisque pretii mutationibus 'obnoxiae sunt, ac propterea loge absunt ab lilla crescente operum aesti- matione. Exinde graves difficultates afferuntur nationibus, in operosis artificlis apparandis paulum progressis, cum ipsis spes in exportanclis rebus magna ex parte collocanda sit, ut publici aerarii administrationem et dispensationem compensent, atque oeconomicae progressionis consilia ad eff ectum deducant. Quam ob rem populi inopia conflictati maiore usque inopia confli- ctantur, ii autem, qui bonis omnibus praediti sunt, potioribus usque divitlis augentur. 58. Patet igitur, liberae negotiationis normam lam non suffice- re, si sola adhibeatur in pub licis regendis omnium populorum necessitudinibus. Ea ex contrario prodest, quotiescumique partes inter se opibus non nimium differunt; immo ad ultra progredien-. dum exstimulat, atque cqiatus meirito afficit praemio. ilane ob causam civitates, quae in operosis artificiis plurimum profecerunt, in hac liberae negotiationis norma quandam iustitiae legem inesse iudicant. Aliter tamen dicendum est, cum rerum condicion-es inter nationes nimis impares' fiunt: pretia enim, de quibus inter negotiatores libero Pacto convenit, exitus prorsus iniquos habere possunt. Fatendum quidem est, in hac rerum provincia praecipuum caput liberalismi, quem. appellant, uti negotiationum normam in dubium vocari. 59. Iamvero doctrina, quam Decessor Noster 1mm. mem. Leo XIII per Encyclicas Litteras tradidit, quibus initium Rerumn Nova'rum, hoc etiam tempore est in pretio, secundum quam par- tMum consensus, rerum condicionibus inter se nimis distantium, hand quaquam sufficit ad'tuendam pactionum aequitatem, ac liberae consensionis lex ad lus naturale dirigenda est."7 Quod vero de iusta sin~gulorum opificum mercede illic docetur, id ad pactiones quoque accommodari merito debet, quae inter orbis terrarum populos conflantur: nam negotlandarum rerum ratio et disciplina in sola lege liberae immoderataeque competitorum

57 Cf..Acta Leonis XIII, XI, 1892, p. 181. - so - aemulationis jam nequit consistere, quippe quae oeconomicum .imperium quam saepissime* etiam pariat. Quam ob rem liber mer-caturae usus tunc tantum aequus dicendus est, cum socialis iustitiae postulatis congruit. 60. Ceteroqui, ipsae quae in rebus oeconomicis profecerunt ci- ~vitates id jam intellexerunt, quandoquidem, accommodis captis consilils, in sua quaeque rerurn oeconomicarurn procuratione quandarn aequabilitatem instaurari annituntur, quam competitorurn aemulatio plerumque perturbat, cum ad suurn cuiusque arbitriurn grassetur. Fit propterea, ut hae nationes suae agricul- t~urae saepe consulant, onera transf erentes in cetera oeconolnica incepta, quae rnaiora incrementa susceperint. Fit pariter, ut eaedern, 4d mutua commercia fovend-a, praesertirn intra fines comm.unis c~uiusdam consociatique mercatus, disciplinarn sumptuum insumendorum, fisci administrandi et socialis vitae provehendae rationes eo dirigant, ut operosis artifiojis, quae imparibus opibus praedita inter se aemulentur, emendi venden- dique occasiones, suae condicioni convenientes, praebeantur. 61. Qua ine re aequis omnino mensuris opus est. Quae de admi- nistrandis bonis in-singulis nationibus servantur, quaeque civitatibus oeconornica progressione praestantibus conceduntur, eadem sane servari debent ad negotiationum rationes inter ditiores et egentiores populos quod attinet. Competitorurn aernulatio a mrneratura non est quidem pellenda, sed uis continenda modis, quibus reapse iusta et honesta, atque adeo homine digna efficiatur. In. negatiationibus autem exercendis inter oeconomicas procurationes ditiores et procurationes egentiores, rerum condiciones nirnis dissimiles, atque agendi facultates nimis dispa- res sunt. Iustitiae ratio, ut sit hornine digna et honesta, postulat, ut in commerciis, quae inter varias mundi nationes exercentur, competitoribus aliqua saltein ernendi ac venden- di aequa et par condicio tribuatur. Quae quidem par condicio, quamvis haud cito haberi possit, ad earn tamen maturan- darn iam, nune necesse est germanam exstare aequalitatem in deliberationibus atque in aestimandis pretiis. Qua in materia, etiam pacta inter nationes conventa valde prodesse possunt, quae satis amplum populorum numerurn comprehendant: hisce enim conventionibus generales normae, constitui possunt, eo spectantes, ult pretia contineantur, apparatus bonis gignendis foveantur, et quaedarn promoveantur nascentia operosa arti- I.

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ficia. Nemo autem non videt quam. efficax sit auxilium, quod concordi hac ad maiorem iustitiam contentione, in commerciorum rationibus inter popuios moderandis, civitatibus ad progressionem nitentibus praebeatur, quippe cuius effectus. non tanturn sint praesentes, sed diu, etiam valeant. 62. Sed, alia quoque obstant et impediunt, quominus humana societas,.quae nunc vivit, aequior efficiatur, eademque firmius pleniusque in mutua universorum hominum necessitudine consistat: obstant videlicet cum propriae civitatis gloiriatio turn suae cuiusque stirpis veluti cultus. Nain inter omnes constat, populos, qui recens tantum in re ,publica administranda sui innis facti sint, adeptae sed nondum confirmatae suae gentis unitatis retinentissimos esse, eamque omnibus viribus tueri; itemque nationes, vetusto civili cultu praestantes, de institutis a patribus veluti heireditate traditis gloriari. Attamen haec animi sensa, minime sane improbanda, ad quandam perfectionis summam evehantur oportet, per caritatem scilicet, universum hominum. genus complectens. Suae vero nationis gloriatio po- pubos inter se disiungit, eorumque germanis commodis obstat; at ibi im primis gravissima infert detrimenta, ubi ex contrario administrandorum bonornm penuria postulat in unum conferri sive virium contentiones, sive rerum notitias sive pecuniarum subsidia., ut consilia de oeconomicarum rerum- incremento ad effectum adducantur, et commerciorum civilisque cultus necessitudines increscant ac solidentur. 63. Nun~c studium suae cuiusque stirpis non est proprium earum nationum tantum, quae recens sui iuris factae sunt, ubi huiusmodi cultus post odia vel tribuum vel politicarum partium se abdit, non solum iustitiae maxime officiens, sed etiarn civium tranquillitatem salutemque periclitans. Quod studium, cum colonicae vigerent diciones, saepe discidia inter colonos et an- tochthones concitavit, pariter impediens ne- fidem ad mu-tuam fructuosamque animorum concordiam pervenirent, pariter animos ad acerbam invidiam ob, veras acceptas iniurias inflam- mans. Iofem plurimum obstat, quominus populi a fortunis ino- pes mutuam adiutricem operam sibi volentes navent, atque discidiorum et inimicitiarum semen in mediis civitatibus senit, quotiescumque, contemptis hominum iuribus, quae remitti nequeunt, sive singuli sive familiae,- stirpis vel colonis causa, a - 32 - praecipuis ceterorum civium iuribus iniuste sese exciusos ani- madvertunt. 64. .Haec rerum adiuncta, cum in posterum multa pericula por- tendant, animum Nostrum angore maestitiaque complent. Spem tamen alimus bonam, fore ut mutuae populorum suspiciones nimiaque sui ipsorum studia aliquando sive impensiore socia-' tae operae cupiditate, sive flagrantiore mutuae necessitudinis conscientia vincantur. Neque non speramus fore ut populi, in rebus oeconomicis paulum progressi, incitamentum et fructum ex eo capiant, quod ad alios eiusdem condicionis adiacent, qui- buscumnam'pla sua territoria in unum coniungant, ubi collatis studiis suae cuiusque regionis progressioni faveant. Confi- dimus etiam eosdern et commu-nia agendi consilia esse initu- ros, et pecunias in efficiendA opera apte et ordine esse colloca- turos, et procreanda bona pro rata parte unicuique constitutu- ros, et horum bonorum exercituros commercia. .Quin etiam ad spem erigimur fore ut consociationes, vel quasdam. veil omnes fere nationes inter se copulantes, rebus, uti necessarium est, compositis, iationes mneant ad populos nunc egentiores adiu- vandos, ut hi 6b omnibus repagulis se expediant, quibus adhuc detineri videntur,. et sive humanitatis cultus, sive socialis progressionis vias, suum quisque nativum ingenium fideliter ser- vans, ipsi inveniant. 65. Ad id'omnino contendendum est. Cum mutua volun'tatum coniunctio inter orbis terrarum populos in dies efficientior vi- deatur, ea omnibus populis permittat necesse est, ut suae cuins- que fortuniae auctores, ut ita dicamus, ipsi fiant. Mutuae -nationum rationes in vi iusto saepius adhuc constiterunt, idque praeteritoruim temporum, pro dolor, -veluti praecipua nota fuit. Utinam. serena adveniat aetas, qua necessitudines inter populos his tantum insignibus distinguantur, hoc est observantia, amicitia, in adiutrice opera praestanda mutuo obsequio, atque concordi actione in *eo posita, ut singuli populi, sua quisque onera et officia in se summa ducti conscientia recipientes, communia incrementa provehant. Populi nunc emergentes copiis- que inferiores id postulant, ut certas partes ad aptiorem. rerum humanarum compositionem sibi agere liceat, qua scilicet propria cuiusque inra atque munera sanctius defendantur. Quorum optatum cum plane iustum sit, idcirco ab omnibus est audien-. dum. et explendum. - 33i-

66. Hlumana societas gravi quodam morbo laborat, cuius causa potius quam in naturae opibus extenuatis vel a paucis avidis- sime co~mptis, verius in resolutis f raternae necessitudinis vinculis cum inter homines turn inter populos continetur. 67. Quare numquam non instabimus suadere, liberale hospi- tium - quod est humanae simul consensionis christianaeque caritatis officium - praeterquam in domesticos convictus, etiam in instituta disciplinis excolendis civitatum, tale munus prae- stantium, cadere. Oportet enim ad iuvenes potissimum exci- piendos familiae domusque hospitales multiplicentur. Quae ideo condenda sunt, primum ut luvenes a solitudine, despe- ratione et angore, ipsorum vines debilitantibus, prohibean- tur; deinde ut a corrupto vitae statu, in quo versentur, ar- ceantur, dum fatalis quaedam necessitas impellit ad extre- main suae patriae egestatem cum luxu sumptuque effusissimo, quo paene obvolvuntur, comparandam; item ut custodiantur a seditiosis opinionibus consiliisque pugnacibus, quae eorum subeant maentes, dum de misera calamitosaque fortuna sua reco- gitant; "8ut deniqtte uis fraterno, veluti amore receptis praebeantur integrae vitae exempla, quibus sive christiana caritas, ger- mana sane et efficax, sive -Mtmma animi bona debito in honore habeantur. 68. Hoc enim reputantibus Nobis est dolendum, quod plunimi iuvenes, qui civitates opulentiones petunt ad eas disciplinas, artium intellegentiam, optima studia assequenda, quibus or- nati possint aliquando, egregiam suae patriae openam. navane, si eximia ibidem institutione conformantur, desinunt tamen saepe saepius summa illa bona probare, quae in humano civi- lique cultu terrae, ubi adoleverunt, veluti magni pretii here- ditas, plerumque insunt. 69. Oportet etiam. benigno recipiantur hospitio operarii, domo emigrantes, qui saepenumero perferunt vivendi condiciones homine indignas, atque mercede sibi soluta parcissime uti co- guntur, ut f amiliam sustentent, quae adhuc in natali solo manet inopiaque premitun. 70. Nostra praeterea hortatione eos omnes appellamus, qui in civitates, recens artibus et artificiis instructas, negotiorum causa se conferunt: fabricatores dicimus mercatoresque atque

58 Of. M~oms XIII Litt. Encycl. Refurn Novarum, Acta Leonis -XIII, XI, 1892, p. 98. [ -34- maximarum huius generis societatum sive magistros sive pro- curatores. Fieri quidem potest, ut ii in patria sua socialium ra- tionum sensu praediti silt; cur igitur nunc ad atrociores descendant rationes suis tantum commodis serviendi, cum in nationes se conferunt minus progressas, artificils suis operaturi? Immo vero maior, qua fruuntur, fortuna uis quasi stimulos debet addere, ut, ubi quaestuosa gerant negotia, ibidem auctores evadant socialis progressionis humanique profectus. Quin etiam. ipsa, qua abundant, sagacitas in rebus ordinandis oppor- tunas iis vias debet ostendere, quibus autoclithonum opus utili- ter exerceant, operarios arte peritiaque p'raestantes instituant, machinales doctores ceterosque officinarum praepositos eru- diant, horum navitatem et incepta, foveant, hosque ad munera in dies graviora evocent; ita ut hand longo temporis spatio idoneos efficiant, qui secum onus regimenque rerum participent. Interea tamen institia semper mutuis praesit rationibus, quae dominis cum administris intercedunt. Atque pactiones legitime initae, omnibus descriptis officiis, easdem rationes moderentur. Ne quis denique, quicumque emus est locus, aliorum arbitrio iniuste subiciatur.IL 71. Ceterum est cur valde laetemur: nam crescit in dies eorum numerus, qui arte periti sive a consociationibus, vel genera- libus vel mutuis, sive a quibusdam. privatorum consiliis peregre mittuntur, ut terrarum illarum progressiones incitent. Qui profecto oportet non ut dominatores se gerant, sed ut adiutores et cooperatores.5 " Quaevis enim gens statim intellegit, utrum ii, qui ad afferendum sibi auxilium advenerint, benevolentiae studio ducantur necue, utrum velint novas tantum artiuin rationes inducere an veram etiam hominis dignitatem provehere. Neque est dubitandum quin gens illa eoruin nuntium sit reiectura, nisi fraterna inde spiret caritas. 72. Si ergo artium peritia est necessaria, vestigia etiam ac testi- monia germani amoris sunt cum illa coniungenda. Periti, quos diximus, yini, ab immoderato suae nationis studio alieni et a quavis specie iniqui inter gentes discriminis abliorreutes, cum omnibus quibusque hominibus suam operam et navitatem consociare assuescant, persuasum sibi probe habentes, ob scien-

SCONC. VAT. II, Const. past. de Ecciesia in inundo humus teniporis, Gaudium et spJes, n. 85, A.A.S., LVIII, 1966, p. 1108. - 35 - tiam et rerurn usum, quibus praestant, nullum prorsus princi- patum in omnibus vitae provincils sibi tribuendum esse. Quam- vis enirn civilis cultus, qui eorum mores conformavit, quan- damn quasi formarn hurnanitatis ubique obtinentis complecta- tur, neque unicus tamen est putandus neque aliorum cultuum fastidiosus esse debet, atque adeo, si in exteras regiones inve- hatur, ad earum naturam est plane accommodandus. Qui ergo huiusmodi munus suscipiunt, id curent, ut civitatis, in qua tamquam hospites versentur, antiquiorem memoriam et proprium ingenium et doctrinae copiam. stucliose perspiciant. Ex quo sequetur, ut alter hominum cultus cum altero cohaereat, uberesque inde fructus uterque percipiat. 73. Etenirn cum inter diversarurn gentium cultus, ut inter singulos hornines, sincerum seritur colloquium, fraterna tum facile animorum coniunctio exoritur. Turn inita dle humana progressione consilia ad opera communi labore efficienda populos inter se conectent, si omnes omuino cives, primores scilicet et magistratus et humillimus quisque artifex, fraterno accendan- tur amore flagranterque cupiant unum universumque in toto orbe terrarum MIttlum humanitatis constabiliri. Turn initium capiet colloquium in hornine, non autem in uis quae terra gignit vel praebet ars, positum. Quod plurimum sane utilitatis afferet, si colloquentibus populis viae ostendentur, quibus et oeconomicos progressus et maiorem suorum animorum cultum adipiscantur; si technici se pro educatoribus ac praecep to- ribus gerent; si disciplinae denique institutio excellentiorem quandam notam, praeferet, quae, curn animos moresque attin- gat, non solum oeconomicas, sed hurnanas etiarn res incrementis augeat. Turn colligata necessitudinis vincula in sna mane- bunt firmitate, auxilia etiarn subsidioque intermisso. Quisnam. non videat quantum artiores huiusmodi necessitudines ad pa- cern in terris servandarn conferant? 74. Novirnus sane plurimos iuvenes iarn libenter alacriterque invitationi iDecessoris Nostri fel. rec. PH XII respondisse, laicorum ordinern ad missionale opus adhortantis."0 Novirnus praeterea alios iuvenes nomen et operam sponte dedisse institutis, quae sive publice sive privatirn adiutricern navant operam. populis, ad profectum civilem contendentibus. Quapropter non

60Cf. Litt. Uineyel. FiIe'i Donum, A.A.S., XLIX, 1957, p. 246. f?

- 36 - mediocri laetitia comperimus in quibusdam nationibus munus militare cum ministeric sociali, vel brevissime cum ministerio aliqua saltem ex parte posse commutari. Quibus profecto in- ceptis atque hominibus bonae voluntatis, qui eadem perficiunt, bene ex animo precamur. Utinamque omnes, qui se Christi esse discipulos profitentur, ei roganti obsequantur: Esurivi enim, et dedistis mihi manducare; sitivi, et dedistis mihi bibere; hospes eram, et collegistis me; nudus, et cooperuistis me; infir- mus et visitastis me; in carcerem eram, et venistis ad me."' Si- quidem nemini licet neglegenter respicere fratrum suorum condicionem, qui tanta adhuc inopia sunt obruti reirumque impe- ritia laborant nullaque vitae securitate pereunt. His porro ae- rumnis moveatur animus cuinslibet christiani, ad similitudinem Christi dicentis: Misereor super turbam."2 75. Supplici ergo omnes deprecatione Deum Patrem omnipotentem exorent, ut genus humanum, tantorum haud ignarum malorum, et mente et animo ad ea delenda totum insistat. Sed cum ýomniumj studio precaudi constans cuiusque voluntas con- sentiat oportet, ut, quantum vires opesque sinant, contra per- V exiguam popularum progressionem repugnet. 0 utinam singuli homines et societatis ordines nationesque universae fraterna inter se consuetudine iungant dexteras, fortesque in progre- diendo opitulentur infirmis, omnem sapientiam et alacritatem et caritatem, sui commodi obliti, ad opus conferentes! Qui enim germano ducitur amore quam qui maxime intendit sui aciem ingenii ad miseriarum causas detegendas inveniendosque mo- dos, quibus eas oppugnet ac fortiter evincat. Cum auctor sit pacis, is suum perget iter, facem laetitiae praefe'rens lumen que ac (jratiam effundens in corda hominum. per totum, orbem terrarum, eos adiuvans ut, quoslibet transgressi fines, vultus Ira- 6 trum vultusque amicorum usquequaque agnoscant. 3

76. Quae nimiae inter populos sive rerum oeconomicarum ac socialium sive doctrinarum discrepantiae exstant, eae simul- tatem atque dissensionem concitant pacemque saepius in discrimen adducunt. Quapropter, ut ex iMo reversi itinere, quod

6 1 MT., 25, 85-36. 62 Mo., 8, 2. 63 Cf. loAqNas XXIII, Allooutio habita die 10 mensis Mail anno 1963, cum praenaio a Baizanlo nuncupato donaretur, A.A.S., LV, 1968, p. 455.

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ad Sociatarum Nationum sedem pacis causa habueramus, coram Gecumenici Concilii Patribus professi sumus, in condicionem joopulorum, qui ad profectum civilem adhuc nituntur, animos oportet intendamus; scilicet, quo apertius rem dicamus, caritas nostra ergja pauperes, qui sunt in mundo quorum que est innu- merabilis numeru,-, ýportet flat sollicitior, efficacior, genero- sior." Cum ergo miseriae obsistimus et contra iniquam rerum condicionem contendimus, non solum prosperae hominum for- tunae consulimus, sed earundem etiam animorum morumque pirogressioni atque adeo totius hurnani generis utilitati fave- mus. Siquidem pax non est prorsus ad belli omnis privationein dumtaxat revocanda, tamquam si in quadam virium aequilibri- tate et inconstantia consistat. Pax diem de die assiduo perficitur labore, modo is rerum spectetur ordo, qui a iDeo statutus per- fectiorem iustitiae formam inter homines flagitat .' 77. Quoniam enim. populi f abri sunt suae quisque progressionis, tantum in se onus munusque ipsi recipiunt, quod nullo tamen modo praestare poterunt, si alii ab aliis dissociati vivent. Pactio- nes ergo inter populos pauperiores eiusdem regionis factae de mutuo sibi auxillo, afierendo, et communia aniplioraque consilia ad eos adi~vandos, itemque maioris momenti foedera alia inter alios icta ad certas agendi rationes componendas: totidern hi sunt quasi paxilli huiusce viae, quae, dum civili favet profectui, ducit ad pacem. 78. Haec autem mutua inter nationes opera ad totum pertinens orbem. terrarum sane poscit Instituta, quae earn praeparent, di- sponant, regant, donec novus iurium ordo statuatur, quem. ratum ac firmum omnes ubique habeant. Equidem libentissime publicis suifragamur consiliis, quae iam dudum hanc operam ad civilern gentium progressionem assequendam curant, votis- que expetimus, ut eadem maiore usque auctoritate floreant. Qua de re cum Neo-Eboraci versantes ad Sociatarum Nationum Legatos sermonem haberemus, haec, inter alia, uis diximus: Vestrarum est profecto partium non unum vel alterum dumta- ceat populum fraternis vinculis coniungere, sed omnes ad unum ..Quis enim non videat omnino oportere eo sensim perveniatur, ut auctoritas quaedam ad mundum universum spectans

64 A.A.S., LVII, 1965, p. 896. 65 Cf. IoANNis XXIII Litt, Eneyci. Pacem in terris, A.A.S., LV, 1963, p. 801.

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oonstitucttur, quae sive in re iudiciali sive in re politica effica-

citer agere possitf 6 79. Nonnulli fortasse huiusmodi exspectationes quasi vana opi- nionum commenta censeant. Fieri enim potest, ut eorum con- suetudo res ipsas ut sunt spectandi aliquid vitii habeat, quod nondum animadverterint citatissimum humus aetatis cursum, in qua honiines artiore fratrum necessitudine vivere cupiunt atque, licet ignorantiis, erroribus noxisque detineantur ac saepe in efferatos recidant mores vel bloge a salutis via aberrent, lente tamen ac vel etiam sine sensu ad suum accedunt Creatorem. Atqui huiusmodi contentio ad humaniorem vitae rationem labores quidem postulat, incommoda iniungit; sed ipsae res adversae, amoris erga fratres eorumque utilitatis causa susceptae, quam maxime ad humani generis progressionem conducere possunt. Nam christifideles compertum perspectum- que habent se, pro eo quod cum piaculari divini Servatoris imamolatione coniungantur, plurimum conferre in aedificatio- nem Corporis C'risti,67 ut suam nempe plenitudinem accipiat, in populi Dei congregatione. [ 80. Cum, wro hoc iter mutua omnium animi voluntatisque consensione pergendum sit, Nostrum idcirco esse existimamus onmes monere de gravissima amplissimaque hac causa deque summa efficiendi operis necessitate. Iam tempus advenit agendi, quandoquidem in discrimine est, num. tot infantes culpae expertes vita superent, num tam multae familiae inopia afflictae ad vivendi condicionem accedere possint cum hornine consen- taneam, num denique in orbe terrarum pax atque ipse civilis cultus sarta tecta servari queant. Ad universos igitur homines populosque pertinet, ut causam tanti momenti in se recipiant.

81. Quam ob rem haec hortatio ad filios Nostros imprimis spectat. Nam etiam in nationibus, quae ad progressionem nituntur, perinde ut in ceteris, oportet laici suas esse partes sentiant temporalium rerum ordinem in melius convertere. Etenim, si sacrae Hierarchiae est leges praeceptaque moraliaj docere atque cum auctoritate explanare, quibus hac in re ob- temperandum est, laicorum officium est suis liberis consiliis

U 66 A.A.S., LVII, 1965, p. 880. 67 Ph., 4, 12. Cf. CoNc. VAT. II, Const. dogm. de Ecciesia Lumen gentium, n. 1s, A.A.9., LVII, 1965, p. 17.

T- - 39 -

inceptisque id efficere - baud quaquam aliunde normis aut praescriptis desidiose exspectatis - ut -non tantum hominum mores mentisque habitus, sed etiam civilis communitatis leges et structuras christiano vitae sensu imbuant." Necesse profecto est, res quasdam mutari ac praesentis vitae condiciones penitus emendari. Quod qui facient, fidem summopere enitantur oportet mutationes easdem spiritil Evangelif perfun- dere. Catholicos praesertim viros e florentioribus nationibus flagitamnus, ut suam rerum peritiam atque adiutricem, sedulam- que operam publicis vel privatis praestent Institutis, sive civi- libus sive religiosis, quae in civitatum ad progressionem nitentium angustias vincendas incumbant. Pro certo quidem habe- mus iis cordi fore se primum tenere locurn in eorum agmine, qui nulli parcunt labori, ut reapse apud populos universos ex morum praescriptis leges iustae et aequae condantur. 82. Minime delude dubitamus, quill omnes, qui christiano cen- sentur nornine ac propterea fratres Nostri sunt, socia compo- sitaque opera id magis magisque moliri velint, ut homines im- modicum sui amorem animique arrogantiam coerceant, contentiones simultatesque deponant, ambitiones et iniquitates cohi- beant, adeo utomnibus vlae patefiant humanioris vitae, in qua unusquisque sicut frater a fratribus diligatur atque adiuvetur. Praeterea suavi adhuc affecti recordatione illius colloquii, quod cum viris e varils religiosis communitatibus non christianis * Bombayae habuimus, iterum illos fratres Nostros hortamur, ut totis animi ingeniique viribus contendant ad vivendi condiclo- * ~nes omnibus hominibus parandas, filiis Del dignas. 83. Animum denique convertimus Nostrum ad universos bonae voluntatis viros, qui conscji slut, ad pacem nisi per civilis cultus progressionem. opumque incrementum non posse perveniri. Velimus igitur animum vos inducatis, sive Legati apud Con- silia inter nationes obtinentia, sive rebus publicis admini- strandis periti, sive diurnarii scriptionumque editores, sive demum educatores praeceptoresque, ut omnes, pro vestro cuins- que munere, operam. detis novo rerum ordini componendo. Quod ad Nos, Omnipotentem Deum pro vobis suppliciter precamur, ut vos ibluminet vosque roboret, ut omnium animos ad

68 f. CONO~.VAT. II, Deer. de apostolatu laicorum, Apostolicam actuositatem, n. 7, 13 et 24; A.A.S LVIII, 1966, pp. 843, 849 et 85. - 40 -

graves has quaestiones considerandas excitetis, populosque ad eas solvendas impellatis. Vobis, praeceptores, sit certum atque statutum iuventuti amorem inicere populorum inopia oppres- sorum. In hoc vos, diurnarii, elaborate, ut nobis ante oculos proponatis cum incepta, quibus nituntur mutua populorum auxilia, turn lamentabile tot miseriarum spectaculum, quod homines facile aversantur, ne animi tranquillitate careant. Nam id saltem opus est divites cognoscant, pauperes ad suas veluti ianuas stare atque epularum coniissationumque reli- qulas aucupari. 84. Vestrum est, rerum publicarum rectores, communitates trahere vestras ad artiorem cum omnibus hominibus necessitu- dinem, lisque hoe persuadere, ut nonnihil de suis effusis sum- ptibus necessario deduci patiantur ad populorum progressionem provehendam pacemque tuendam. In vobis denique magnam partem positum est, Viri legatorum munere fungentes apud multarum. nationum Consilia, illud consequi, ut infestos inanesque virium armorumque concursus excipiat socia omnium gentium opera, amica, pacis studiosa suarumque utilitatum incuriosa; quae nimirum spectet ad conspirantem humani generis progressionem incitandam, qua universi homines se magis magisque excolere queant. 85. Quoniam. vero - hoc f atendum est - saepe saepius homines male se habent, quod satis de his rebus non cogitant neque meditantur, idcirco consideratos sapientesque viros, catholicos, christianos, IDei cultores, supremae veritatis et iustitiae cupidos, hoc est omnes bona voluntate praeditos, appellamus, eosque, Iesu Christi verba usurpantes, vehementer rogamus: qute rite et invenietis; 6 vias patefacite, per quas homines, invicem datis acceptisque auxiliis, rebus altius usque exploratis atque caritatis sensibus latius latiusque manantibus, magis fraternam vitae rationem instituant, ita ut humana societas reapse in omnium consensione innitatur. 86. Vos denique omnes, qni, egenorum populorum ploratibus auditis, eorum necessitatibus subvenire conamini, vos, in- quimus, fautores et quasi apostolos existimamus salutaris yeni- R4 que nominis progressioiis, quae quidem tantum abest, ut in divitiis contineatur, ad singulorumn commodum pertinentibus

69 n'fl 9. - 41 -

vel per se expetitis, ut potius ponenda sit in rerum oeconomicarum ratione ad humanae personae bonum composita, in victuque cotidiano cunctis parato, unde fraterna caritas quasi efflorescat providentisque Dei auxilium perspicue significetur. 87. Extremum, durn toto pectore bene vobis precamur, cunctos bonae voluntatis homines vocamus, ut suas cum vestris viribus fratrum more coniungant. Nam si hodie nemo dubitat progressionem idem valere ac pacem, quis nolit, quaesumus, in earn progressionem sua studia suosque labores impendere? Nemo scilicet. Omnes ergo vos hortamur, ut Nostrae anxiae implora- tioni egregia animi alacritate, in nomine Domini, respondeatis.

Datum IRomae, apud S. Petrurn, die xxvi mensis Martii, in festo Resurrectionis D. N. 1. C., anno MDCCCCLXVII, Pontificatus Nostri quarto.

4ý U NI TE D N A TIONKS Press Servýices Office of Public Information United Nations,.N.Y.

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Press Ralease SG/SM/1 7 January 196k

COWIJNICATIONS BETWEEN SECRETARY-GENERAL A17D POPE P;AI2L VI

Fcllowing are the texts of messages exchanged betwveen Pope Paul VI and the Secretary-Geaeral, U Thant:

Cable dated 6 January f rom Pope Paul in Jerusalem:

"From this Holy City of Jerusal em, we invite all men of goodwill to open wide their hearts to the messageý of justice and charity which Jesus Christ, the Prince of Peace., brought to the world in these very places. "To all the authorities who have the responsibility of the world's peoples, we renew the pressing appeal to do everything -Lossilble to obtain peace for men -- peace in truth, in justice, in freed-ui and in brotherly love. "IWe cordially bless such efforts, and during our touching visit to the Blessed Land of Palestine, our fervent prayer rises towards the Almighty in order that a great light may illumine men's spirits, and new generosity fill their hearts as they share in-' lhe quaest for world peace."?

Cable dated 7'January from the Secretary-General to His Emuinence Amleto Giovanni Cardinal Cicognani, Secretary of State of the Holy. 5cc, Vatican City:

"I should be grateful if Your Eminence would kindly convey the following message to His Holiness Pope Paul VI:

"'I warmly welcome the new pressing appeal for peace you have addressed from Jerusalem. As the maintenance of peace is the foremost objective of the 'United Nations, I wish to assure you that we share in the call of Your Holiness and express the fervent hope that all men join their endeavours to eliminate all possible misunderstandings in a ceaseless q~uest. for world peace.'" UNITED IIATIONS Press Services Office of Pubilic Information United Nations,,N.Y.

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Press Release SG/SM11 7 Jranuary 19,64

CODSINICATIONS BET.WEEN SECRETARY-OENER-AI AND POPE P.ALT~VTI

Following are the texts of messages exchanged between Pope Paul VI and the Secretary-Geaeral., U Thant:

Cable dated 6 January from Pope Paul in Jerusalem:

"From this Holy City of Jerusalem, we invite all. men of goodw%42.l to open wide their hearts to the message of justice and charity which Jesus Christ, the Prince of Peace., brought to the 'world in thlese very places. "To all the authorities who have the responsibility of the world's peoples, we renew the pressing appeal to do everything- possible to obtain peace for men -- peace in truth, in justice, in freedoia and in brotherly love. "We cordially bless such efforts, and during our touching visit to the lesedandof aletin, our fervent prayer rises towards the AlMigt

in order that a great light may illruiine inents spirits,, and new generosity fill their hearts as they share in-.the qjuest for world peace'."

Cable Otda 7 Jauary from the Secretary-General to His Eminence Amleto Giovanni Cardinal Cicognani, Secretary of State of the Holy See, Veatican City:

"I should be grateful if Your Eminence would kindly convey the following message to His Holiness Pope Paul VI;

"'I warmly welcome the new pressing appeal for peace you have addressed from Jerusalem. As the maintenance of peace is the foremost objective of the United Nations, I -wish to assure yyou that we share in the call of Your Holiness and express the fervent hope that all men join their endeavours to eliminate all possible misunderstandings in a ceaseless qjuest for world peace."' 0) iU 4$ Al I 4 4* 4 0

0 op 10 73 4 * 0 j Al P 0 0 tN I

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A t

Ia July 1.963

Your Holiness.,

Upon -V return to the U'nited INations Headquarters, I wiab to convey to Your Holiness my most grateful appreciation- ifor the very kind and touching reception which Your Holiness was good enouggh to grant w4 during my visit to the Holy Se.The gracious statement that Your Holiness nade to me on that occasion will be a continuing, source of inspiration,, not only to me, but to all people of good vill who strive to help the United Nations fulfill Its manifold functions under the Charter for the good of the world, I was also deeply moved by the personal Interest shownv by Your Holiness in the maintenance of peace In the world and by your support for the-work of the United I'ations in this regard. The vast spiritual influence of the Roman Catholic Church and of Your Holiness personally will no doubt play an important role in t~he, task of furthering good will and understanding among- peoples and nations. This task has acquired a new urgency in view of the grave dangers facing Hiumanty as a whole,, which can only be mat by & determined and all-embracing affort from all the spi ritual and political leaders of the world as well as from individuals and groups - without distinction of nationality, colour or creed. Your ezinent, Predecessor, Pope John MX 11., a.nd Yfour Holiness havfe placed- eontidenet- In the United Nations and have given us words of visdom and encouragement. We attach great significance to this noble attitude uhich should contribute so moth to the attainument of the goals inscribed in the Charter of the United liations.

Pray accept., Your Holiness, the assurances of my deepest and most profound respect.

U Thant

cc: 11r. C.V. Naresimban Mr. J. Holz-Bennett Mr. de lieulemeester 7 Mhr. .L.Lemieux UNITED NATIONS Press Services Office of Public Information United Nations., N.Y.

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Press Release sG/l52l1 21 June 1963

TEXT OF CABLE FROM SECRETARY-GENERAL U THANT TO HIS HOLINESS POPE PAUL VI

The following is the text of a cable sent by Secretary-General U Thant to His Holiness Pope Paul VI at the Vatican:

On the occasion of your elevation to the highest position of the Roman Catholic Church, I wish to convey to Your Holiness, in the first place, my respectful and most sincere congratulations. May I also add my fervent hopes that during the term of Your Holiness, the noble ideals of human dignity, of' peace and international understanding., so eloquently stated by your eminent predecessor in his historical encyclical, Pacem in Terris should find fulfilment.

***** ------F------

174ACR G17.$33

UNATION 420544

Acr?5/L0434 CITTA DEL VATICANO 55 23 1600

ETAT HIS EXCELLENCY U TH-ANT SECRETARY G.-ENERAL UNITED NATIONS NEWYORK

HAVING RECEIVED WITH PARTICULAR PLEASURE YOUR EXCEL-. LENCYS KIND EXPRESSIONS OF FELICITATIONS AND GOOD WISHES WE SEND YOU OUR HEARTFELT AHXXX THANKS AND ASSURE YOU OF OUR APPRECIATION FOR YOUR HOPES3 FOR FULFILMENT OF OUR ILLUSTRIOUS, PREDECESSORS TEACHINGS1 IN HIS ENCYCLICAL PACEN IN IX!KX TERRIS PAULUS PP VI ý

AVG UNAT ION 420544 UNNIITE D NA TIO N S * Press Services Office of Public Information United Nations N~Y..

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CAUTPION: ADVANCE RELEASE 'Press Release SG/SM/517 Not for use.,before 2300 EDT DEV '/46ý M~ond~ay,,6 June 6.June-1966

MAESSAGE TO SECRETARY-GENERAL.F-ROM POPE, PAUL VIT ,ON OCCASION OF SECOND SESSION OF GOVERNING. COUJNCIL LF UNITED NA.TIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRA1'fl1E

Following is a translat~ion from ~t1e jYrench -of a message, dated. 26 May,, received by the Secretary-Gena-ral, U Thant, from His Holiness Pope Paul VI., on the occasion of the second session of' the Governing Council of the'United'. Nations Development Programme: "We have learnt that the Governing Council of~the United-Nations Development Programme is to meet in the near future at Milan for its second session. On this occasion We are pleased to send it a message of respectful sympathy and, encouragement. "The United Nations Development Programme., carrying on the work formerly financed and administered by the Expanded Programme of' Technical Assistance and the United Nations'Special Fund, is bending its efforts to expedite the economic and social development of backward countries. How can We not but rejoice to see competent and responsible men joining together to pool the resources given to them by the international community of nations for the purpose of promoting the physical., intellectual and spiritual progress of the less favoured. of its membersT "It is., in fact,, man as one complete entity whom development seeks to improve harmoniously., and there is therefore a threefold hunger to be satisfied, at a time when needs and anxieties are daily becoming more urgent. The United Nations Development Programme has an increasingly clearer grasp of its physical, intellectual and spiritual poverty, and the will to remedy it. If this is to be done., however., the whole world must become aware that poverty is not only an intolerable evil for its victim, but must also be so considered by every man worthy of the name. Plan must indeed be enabled to survive, but he must also be given the means of living fully., as a person capable of founding a family and giving his children a satisfactory upbringing; these are the tasks that call for the disinterested help of all men of goodwill, surpassing all differences of nation, race, culture and religion. Moreover, the man of today oughit to become

(more) *2, Press Releasl SG/SH/5jj 6 June 1966 more convinced of this as each~ day passes; ILt Is his own existence that Isa stake, and not optional assistance and emergency aid. All human resources muset be mobilized, and it is not enough to give of one's possessions; one must give the best of oneself. The peace to which the world aspir~es will be buiilt only at this price because, as has rightly been sald,td~evelopment is the new name for peace'. "These1 are the thoughts with which the forthcoming meeting at Milan inspires Us and which We thought it helpful to commuticaie, to you, in Our desire to spare no effort to achieve, with the fruitful co-operation of all men of goodwill, peace in truth, justice, charity and freedom. "It is in this spirit that We pray with all Our heart that an abundance of divine blessiLngs may be bestowed upon you, upon Mr. Paul G. Roffman., Administrator of the United Nations Development Programe., and upon all those participating in this session."

* *** ox od_ýx OU3F 43

DRAFT

7 June 1966

Your Holiness, I am most grateful to Your Holiness for the gracious message addressed. through me on 26 May 1966 to the Governing Council of the United Nations Development Programme, on the eve of its meeting at

Milan.

I have had the greatest pleasure in conveying Your Holiness'

inspiring words to Mr. Paul Hoffman, Administrator of the Programme,

and through him to the Governing Council. In doing so I have not failed to note again the clarity of vision and the humanity of feeling with which

Your Holiness recognizes and understands the problems of poverty and

under-development that beset the world and transcend all its political.,

racial and religious differences. I share Your Holiness' view that, to be fully effective, the work of

the United Nations in helping to resolve these problems must be carried

out in the context of a universal awareness of the dangers which these

problems hold for all mankind. MmxMoreover, I remain profoundly

conscious of the stimulus which Your Holiness has given and continues to

give to the growth of that awareness.

I take the liberty of expressing to Your Holiness my warmest personal

regardS. Yours sincerely,

U Thant

His Holiness Pope Paul W~

Al P','* RTM/inw

CC: Mr. Hof than Mr. Narasimhan Mr. Owen Mr. Rol z-Benxýett Mr. Miller Mr. Powell /'MLr, Lemijeux to 7 Juin 1966 Registry

SAS Saint ?-4re., je sutls porofond~mant reoonnaissant Vbtre Sainted4 de lainmabLe message qu'IlUe a bian voulu adrass-er par mon interin~diaire, le 26 mat1 196-6, an Gonseil d'administration du Progv7arzme des Nations 'Unies ponW le d4velhppeient, an moment 4i"s'ouvrait sa se'sston de Ml~an. JMai en 'Le tr&- grand plaisir de transmettrs las &novmaantes paroles d~e Vot-re SaintetS a*x. Paul Nor:fthan,, direeteur di Programenr, et ,palut, au Ounaeil d'administration. Je n'ai pu, ce £Sitsant, mineinpecher de- noter tine fois de plus avec cjyefle netted, de ruie at ar-ne quals sentiments d'bmmanit4- Votra Sainted6 reconnait et comprend les probl~mes, do la r~isZ~re at dui sous-d-6veloppemant qut affl-Ilgent Is monde, p)ar defl toutes les divergences politbiques, raciales et retiglianses. Comma Votro Saintet4., je pense q30, pour atre pleinemient off icace, 1' oanvra qua 1' Ckganisation des Nations Unies accom.plit en rue -3P1ider r~soudre csprobflmez suppose ndcaesaireinent unei perception, nniverselle des danMgrs dont ce probrtews sont empreints pour Vlbnnani~t4 tourt entflre. Je demeure anasi profond~mant frapp4 de 1' impuision quie Votre Saintet4 a donnle at continue do donner & c~tta prise de consotance towujours pluts notta. En.aseurant Votra Saiwtetd do touta ma ebaleureusee ciarence, Je Le prie d'agr~er Las as-surances de a tnsib Mte, cozteidd-ration.

U? TDhnt

SatFaý, tet$ Laap PntVi U N IT ED N ATIO N S Press Services Office of Public Information United Nations, N.Y. (FOR USE OF IN~FOR~MATION iV-01A N-&CIT2Ai 71,-ICIAL Rhi2C-4.-)

Press Release SG/SM/518 DEV/48 8 June 1966

TEXT OF REPLY BY SECRETARY-GENERAL TO POPE PAUL4 ON UND? SESSION

The following is a translation from the French of the reply by the Secretary-General, U3 Thant, to the message from Pope Paul VI* on the occasion of' the second session of the Governing Council of the United Nations Development Programme which opens in Milan on 10 June:

"I am most grateful to Your Holiness for the gracious message addressed through me on 26 May 1966 to the Governing Council of the United Nations Development Programme, on the eve of' its meeting at Milan. "~I have had the greatest pleasure in conveying your Holiness' inspiring words to Mr. Paul Hoffman, Administrator of the Programme, and through him to the Governing Council. In doing so I have not f'ailed to note again the clarity of' vision and the humanity of' feeling with which Your Holiness recognizes and understands the problems of' poverty and under-development that beset the world and. transcend all its political, racial and religious differences. "1 share Your Holiness' view that, to be fully effective, the work of the United Nations in helping to resolve these problems must be carried out in the context of' a universal awareness of' the dangers which these problems hold for all mankind, Moreover, I remain profoundly conscious of' the stimulus which Your Holiness has given and continues to give to the growth of' that awareness. "I take the liberty of' expressing to Your Holiness my warmest personal regards."

*For text of' message, see press release SG/SM/517 ENGLISH TEXT OF POPE PAUL VI'S APPEAL IN THE INTERESTS OF PEACE IN VIETNAMAT THE GENERAL AUDIENCECASTELGAN- DOIJFOJTLY 20,1966.

"And now permit Us to open Our heart so that you too may share with Us the profound anxiety of Our spirit before the new and-more serious threats to the peace of the human family. We'are very much concerned about the events of these days, known certainly to all of you, which have had great repercussions in all of the nations of the world, Reo'ently We have received from one party to the hos- tilities in Vietnam assurances of good will and a sin - cere pledge to put an end to the ruin that has befallen a people already so tried by continuos and harsh suffe- rings. Wiie would wish -ýhat an eqlual pledge of good will would be shown by all. ,One special fact'that seems to merit,on Our part also,special interest,because-of the very grave consequen- ces that can derive froft it,is that of the American pri- soners in North Vietnam., Only because of an impartial love for peace and because of a desire to save humanity from even more serious calamities,Vle feel obliged to address to the rulers of that Nation a heartfelt and respectful prayer so that they would extend to those priso- ners the safety and the treatment provided for by international norms,giving in every case the more favorable interpretation and application which the sentiment of a generous and merciful humanity can suggest.

And to all those responsible We renew Our sorrowful appeal for peace and concord~and We ask that every means be taken,every road followed,so. that at long last that just and honorable solution can be achieved which is so ardently desired by all humanity. May the Prince of Peaoe,to Whom Wie raise an incessant su~pplication,prevent that Our voice be muted by the din of arms ,but rather may.He cause that it find an echo in the hearts of all men". -. . C t>%-.

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ralti' Ztsageot an mseltuion tcotsflcn outhatnbo the * usuvh ~ youversalinlenono ao tesCathloli fourchd is rayutoit Iv al vitwaldleadiny tho role nesof Aurldhod 4eduaton an

I eaandr ntereatv, beUeo ht outythe of U itdNAtions but alsov iwnoftrng =at importht dOato etbishflnorv hs gAeat purpoee.

I beg %=u Holiness to aeccep-t the reawod nswovesion * of ~XWifOwzd4 gratitudt an how-Sao

Mr. Lemeu II - - - C- - a ------. - - - - ------.- ,------T ITT 43

UNATION 42054411+ ITTNY P05 59

UNATION k203440+015 S NEWYORK 87/85 2 1645EST UNGOVY (PUNCTNS CTD) ETATPRIQRITE

HIS HOLINESS POPE PAUL VI VATICAN CITY ROME (ITALY) WITH SADNESS AND DEEP REGRET I HAVE LEARNED OF THE PASSING AWAY TODAY OF HIS EMINENCE FRANCIS CARDINAL SPELLMANS AS ARCHBISHOP OF NEW YORK HE MAINTAINED A CLOSE INTEREST IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS AND ON MANY P2/37/3,5 OCCASIONS WE HAD THE PLEASURE OF HAVING HIM AT OUR HEADQUARTERS, I WISH ON THIS SAD OCCASION TO EXTEND TO YOUR HOLINESS MY HEARTFELT CONDOLENCES, WITH PROFOUND RESPECT U TH{ANT SECRETARY-GENERAL UNITED NATIONS COL NIL +

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ITTNY P05 59 :22

UNATION 420544 9Dec..1967 Y.Roljz-Bennett 361OUSAPA )43.73

1.POWR PAUL VI VATIQIAN CITY' RtOME (ITALY)

WITH SADNSS AND MEP REGRET I HAVE IZARND 0OF THE PASSING AWAY TODAY OP HIS EMINENCE FRANCIS CAUTDIA SPLMAMN. AS AROUBISROP OF NEW YOPK

HE MAINTAINED A CLOSE INTMRST IN MHE ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS

AND'ON MAM OCCASIONS WE HAD THE PLEASURE OF HAVING DIM AT OUR HEADQUARTERS. I WISH ON THIS SAD OCCASION TO EXTENT) TO YOUR HOLINSS

MY IERMTFRI 1W CONDOLENCES. WITH ?ROFOOND RESPET

U TEPNT UNITED NATIONS

,J.. folt -Dennett I - - - -. - -. ------ T

S017flSS NF9YORI( C0t/0 2 175055T LJCOVT PCTN CTO

vsATPRiORIT

F5P0 PAUL VI VATICAN CITY ROME (ITALY) D-EELY CONCERNED TOHEATO RECURRENCE or Y00T ILL-NESS A1P P075V!LZ FEED FOR SURER DURINvNEXT FEcv DxAYS, I orrrr YOUi MY PEZTOPAL COOP WISHES FOf YOUR SPEEDY RECOVERY AND COMPLETE RESTORATION TO NORM4AL HEALTH. WI1TH ASSURANCES OF MY PROFOUWD "RESPECT U THAW? SECRETAR1Y CEME1AL UNI,1TED NATIONS

C01. NIL '

u NvSN NYh

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SVN6 585 NEWYORK 64/64P 26 IIQOEDS? UNGOVT POWN CTD VIAWiU ETATPR.IORITE PC HIS HOLINESS POPE PAUL VI :3 VAT ICANO ITY

ROMIE (,ITALY) t4) C ON THlE HAPPY OCCASION OF YOUR SEVENTIETH BIRTHDAY I OFFER YOUR HOLINESS9 MY 14ARMEST PERSONAL GOOD WISHES FOR YOUR LONGý LIFE AND GOOD HEALTH* I ALSO WISH YOUR H4OLINESS MANY YEARS CE DEVOTED SERVICE TO THE. CAUSE OF PEACE AND PROGRESS OF HUMANITY* WITH PRO FOUND RESPECT U TCHANT SECRETARY-GENERAL UNITED NATIONS COL NIL 2 S

38oas 26 SeAt. 67 C.V. Naraefhan 1010301 C0411/0c 512 X

HIS HOLIESS APOP PAUL VI VATICAN CITY MOST IMMEDIATE (I~TAL)

ON THE HAM'P OCCASION OF YOUXR SEVENTIETH EITHTUAY I ON=~ YOUR HOLINESS MY

WARMEST PERSONAL GOOD WISHES PVR YOMR LONG LIFE AND) GOOD HEALTH.. I ALSO WISH YO%MNY YMRS OF DEVOTED SERVICE TO THE CAUSE OF PEACE AND PROGRESS OF HUMANITY. WITH PROFOUND) RESPECT.

SBECRFVARY-G=ENE0RAAL UNITED AIN

cc:*- Mr., Lemieux The Rt. Reverend"Monsignor Giovannetti

C4 v. fransiomhan Chat de Cabinet - .c. .** - - 1 -r - * - I / v 27SITT G12,wQo 1<~N Gi

UNAT ION 4205-44 ...... ITT lo/UDOOQA LOS3A&0, URNY EQ IUJVS 042 ,NTIAL'u VATICAN 42 30 O0O0 M45

ST AT .1 THE HONOURABLE U THTAN? SECRETARY GENERAL UNITED NATIONS NEWYORK SINCERELY GRlATEFUL FOR YOUR THOUGHTFUL BIRTHDAY GREETINGS AND MESSAGE OF GOOD WISHES WE EXPRESS OUR APPRECIATION TO YOU WHILE INVOKING UPON YOUR NOBLE ENDEAVOURS FOR PEACE ADUNDANTE 4 HEAVENLY DBLESS INGS '1 3 PAULUS PP V1. 4 C

-4 44 C') UNATION /i20344 /

BOSG 10101-301 CVH/ce 122

ins E0Ltommo lops =4U- yt VATICOAN CITY

YOUR EEI4ESS I WAS VEXY ?4CH COABE TO MWA OF' YOUR flOW ILUflS. I HAVE no DOUJT THA.T YOMR GMAT CONUERN FP.R PEACEl AND FOR THE SOUTION OF BROBI&E WHICH TIWE&E INTERATIGML PACE AMM SECUREY MAS BEEN EESPONSBh FOR BRIGING ABOuT *T~Ls ILnuSS - il X YOUR IILnImE w=~ TAE GOOD r&T AnD I PRAY F'OR YOUR $PflQD RUWVSR! WITH PR&L'OUTIg RFWflT.

MUM NAMS

cc Mr Lemieux

(t.V. ranaimhen, Chef de Cabinet U NSVN NYK

-u w1 $/ni NYh

W4 0DC034 10)COVT PD) INTL CD VATlc-ANo V/IA PCA 5 1515 MOST VLl NEDXATE PRIORITY THE URtE1THANT UNITED NATI'X S NYNK kfAPE' DEEPLY ý,*ADDE. ED AtND CONMNrED .-Y ITHE.DELOPMNThT IN THYE

IVPNTS IN THlE vIDDLF EAST AND VIEPtRAY THAT THF DIN'It >tRCY MA? P~.*'~y THAT AEFA AMD THE WORLD rF,'O c~JVEJ?CTf AND ,lESZPU!TlCTON WE ASK YOU TO MAKE EVERY EFFORT THAT THE UNITED NATlIONS ORCIAJZATEO MAY SUCCE'r-t1 IN HALTING THE C1ONr"LICiS-M sri' xPRS IN THE N~AM£F CHRcISTrIANITY 14,4F ErV -,to PE THAT IN THY UNFORTUINATE EVENTUAL ITY W UH YE

FtRNi.Y -ThWJT WILL NrVER OCCUR THAT TAHE SITUATIO

svNO3YOK SV E "& ~35EDT UNOVTPUNPhS UPD VIA N LETATPRF CI tIE

HIS HLIN1ESS751 POPE, 'PAUL VI VATICAN, CITY

YOUR HOLINESS, I HTAS VERY MUCH CONCERNED TO PEAR OF YOUR RECENT ILLNESS* I HAVE NO DOUL3T THAT YOUR GREAT CONCERNV FOR ITACE AND FOR THE SOLUTO? OF PROcLlSMSq n idfCif THREATEN INEE'RMATIONIAL PEACEi AND SIECURZITY HAS BEEN RES7)PONSI2BLE

FOR541N0NGABOUT 7TH1S ILIAWSS, I HOPELl YOUR HOLINMESS HILL TA~t GOO0D REST AND I PRAY FOR YOUR SPEEDY RECOVER\ WJITH PROFOUND

U THANT SECRETARY GENERAL UNITED NATIONS COL N'IL 7'ý7 1~ ~ ~U tO$CA plOSM 55 t.t )<9J

UNAT ION 222422 GS 27 104OS 2242/07SSS tEWYORjk (EOSG) 81 FT ATPR 1011ITE HIS HOLINESS POPE PAUL VI

IN CARE OF HIS EXCELLENCY MR. FERDINAND E# MARCOS PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINWES

M4ANILA (REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES): I WAS SHOCKED AND DISTRESSED TO HEAR ABOUT THlE ATTEMPTED ATTACK ON YOUR HOLINESS BUT GREATLY RELIEVED TO KNOW THAT THE DASTARDLY ATTEMPT WAS FOILED. I TENDER MY BEST WISHES AND FERVENT PRAYERS FOR THE SUCCESSFUL CONCLUSION

OF YOUR NOBLE MISSION OF PEACE IN0 THE FAR EAST. + RESPECITFULLY,9,+

U THANT SECRETARY-GENERAL UNITED NATIONS + - - COLL POPE PAUL VI + a4( c; 0) C'RCA POSN .38 0 a 0) UNATION 222492. SG/em

2T7 Nov. 19T0 See .Oeneral 3800 5012

MG.O

NIB HOLINESS POPE PAUL VI ,IN CARE OF niExcsiwia MR. FERDNAND E. MANCOS PRESIDENT OF THE REULCOF WHE PRILPflNS Wmfld (REPUBLIC OF MMs PHInarnNSI)

I WAS BROOKED AND DISTRESSED TO HEAM ABOUT THE ATmP2SED ATTACK ON YOUR HOLINESS

BUT GREATLY RELIEVD TO) KNOW TWA THE DASTARDLY ATTEMP WAS FOILED9 I TENER MY MEST WISHES AND FERVENT PRAYERS FOR THE SUCCESSFUJL CONCWUSION OF YOUR

NOIBLE MISSION OF PLAUS IN THE FAR EAST.

RESPEOTFULI,

VUTWAT SfECTARY-GENEMtA UNIUMD NATIONS

cc7: Monsignor Giovannetti Mr. Narasinihan Mr. Muller U T-hant,, Secretary-General Mr. Powell M.Lemleux U NI T ED N A TION S Press Services Office of Public InIfor--:ation United Nations, N.Y.

(FOR USE OF INFORILATION MIEDIA -- NOT AN OFFICIAL RECORD)

Press Release SG`s14/1388 27 November 1970

MESSAGE FROM SECRETARY-GENERAL TO POPE PAUL VI

Following is the text of a cable sent today by the Secretary-General, U Thant to His Holiness Pope Paul VI in care of the President of the Philippines, Ferdinand E. Marcos, Manila:

I was shocked and distressed to hear about the attempted attack on Your Holiness but greatly relieved to know that the dastardly attempt was foiled. I tender my best wishes and fervent prayers for the successful conclusion of your noble mission of peace in the Far East.

* *** * TM 11/aS5/70 1432 GMT

UNATION 4205A4 ZOZO TLB913 MAA39II

U1INY CO PM4MA 052 MANI1LA 52 2S 2145

U THANT SECRETARY GENERAL UNITED NATIONS NEWNYORK

DEEPLY GRATEFUL FOR YOUR G1RACIOUS SENTIMENTS WE HASTEN TO THANK YOUR EXCELLENCY MOST CORDIALLY STOP WITH PROFOUND JOY FOR THE WELCOM3E RECEIVED FROM THE NOBLE ASIATIC PEOPLE OF

THIS LAND WE PURISUE OUR JOURNEY AND PEACEFUL MISSION IN THE EAST AND OCEANIA PAULUS PP VI

COL U PP VI cc. Dr. Punche M~r. Narastimhan ?fr. 11M. Mr. Muller Mr~s. Mira Regist ry

4 October 1970

for the tSAdaih Ua kr04Addrnsed to me on the anf4- of tha 25th veimrnx of the UWWt Niations. This rtassege joins theea ~ 4c Thu ~tv ~ 4 WOctoer 1.965 toth of tha n4 Uwi, grivi ng vaicet to hu up to the Zihtotd atosbth age

thiselv 4LhlYe.a fnmen31 to 4 ft4bo, of th, =onral Aussd wil take lazeo with the partloipation of a large r of H OW '~ and goes Commen. A eapoet thi4a 4xl be -thelaes stn of the 1 er of nationr4i14 the history, of tboeý ivo~ri a.don ,14 ottero a tAmiUpe p for osaof views at the hlighes leve. Si als* be an oaacon for the Stabbtens to M.their supporti of the ora -. I-nt hi ýý,deomdict to the p urpon tih h lmte iatln Is based.

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Wnterst ot YSur koltns: to he ra.V OTlemthe1t re4d your a"Pocstan at eadnes to Sye SIX tON amtwon-supprtend te-L, t h Yaloy vee to attests tarý AVTrni vor m inM14l at ocjn e~ri tyanonth Neictn vilaIh ?the MW SM' IN1nap 0M btheWl tWkst Wi11wlt nd to a seriou n W5000live 0 q0lo. I fLSO hupe Pthatny settlmet tInat S nf Orin~ will pay ueWC0 to theevimtte

African 9tain Su twin is an10= 0ar Sit 1n en raln otr sUtnt Own;toww Teel thatM IPolitical Is. at the Probict should be Wtith ly t= COMtOt at tiný O'4. ) to I actý-eesn tar tin ijueteszt vOetfn OV tiAl ywa mmd$ have rytlflT ei nor.-ersnttruh to kmt6 ni4. athrlizmd crpasntaionn like ~~ra, sognal~ aoshehln the - itaultam r!din

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Trttitiuezw,ran Tie"vtTe eljot 7Aitx rweto,ýthe bnaataeas CC. Mrs. Mira/ OUSOSPA Mr. P.M. Henry Registry file 5 October 1971.

Your -Holiness , The Peanwonet Observer of the Holy See to the United Mations has informed me that Your Moliness has appealed to the people of the world to dedicate Simday 10 October 1971 as a day of prrwrer, fasting and fund-raising to focus attention on the pl >hf the people of FASt -Pakistan. He has also Indicated tVat Your Holiness wishes to have ty endorsement and moral support of this initiative. As Your Holiness no doubt knows, the plight of the people of East ftkistan has also'been a matter. of great concern to me. Shortly after the outbreak of civil disturbances In LRast Pakistan, I launched tien appeals- for humanitarian assistance and established two relief, progrv=s, one for the East Pakistan displaced persons In India and the other for the distressed population in East Pakistan. Thlese operat ions have alleviated to a considerable extent the situation of the people of Past Pakistan 'but the mo,-ney and supplies made available still fal grievously short of the m-inirw mrquieremets. I heefrefully endorse and su?.pport Y our Holiness' appeal. This initiative wilt, I hope, give renewed Impetus to the internatitonal humanitarian effort. In order that Your Holiness maybe ft4Jy informed of the extent and nature of the Uniited Nations effort Beast Pakiztan9 I have asked the Assistant Secretary-General In chart.e of this effort., r.Paul4¶arc Henry, to mak,,e hisseif ,Available to any official you my wish to designate when he is In Rome ont Tuesday 12 Octollber. I avail myself of this opportunity to renew to Your Holiness the assurances of ny most respectful consideration,

U Thant-

Holy See Yratics'n city cc. Mrs. Mira Mr. Paul-Mare Henry OUSGSPA Registry

The'Secretary-General of the United Nations presents his compliments to the Permanent. Obsertver of the Holy- See to the United Nations and has the honour to acknowledge receipyt of his note N.193/71 of- Otober0. 1911 concerning'an appeal made by His Holiness Pope 'Paul VI to the people of the world to dedicate SundayW 10 October 1971 as a day of prayer,, faost ing and fund raising to focus attention on the plight of the people of 3FAst Pakistan. The Secretary-General would be grateful If the Permanent Observer would transmit to His Holiness the attached message. The Secretary-G'eneral avails himself of this opportunity to renew to the Permanent Observer the assurances of his highest

5 October 19T1