Revolución Industrial Y Revuelta Agraria. El Capitán Swing

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Revolución Industrial Y Revuelta Agraria. El Capitán Swing ' .. .J. obs wm e r udé . Revolución ind strial y revuelta agraria El capitán Swmg . HISTORIA DE LOS MOVIMIENTOS SOCIALES · Los trabajos reunidos en la colección HISTORIA DE LOS I\lOVI· MIENTOS SOCIALES tienen un protagonista: las masas. El análisis de los movimientos 'sociales ha impulsado el desarrollo de una dlscí• plina -la historia social- ritualmente invocada, a partir de 1930, como parte de la «historia económica y social». Esta rama hlstéríca se ha convertido en campo privilegiado de convergencia de la an tr o­ pología, la sociología 'y la historia. Su metodología ofrece la variedad y ' amplitud propias {le-una·disciplina en rápida gestación, nutrida por polémicas fructíferas. En 1830,. los condados 'del sury el este de Inglaterra se vieron agita­ dos por una sucesión de revu sltas campesinas: los trabajadores mar­ e aban de un pueblo a otro en petición de mayores salarios, destro­ zando las máquinas trilladoras y quemando graneros y almiares. «Capitán Swing» era la firma que había figurado al pie de las cartas amenazadoras que, en los días anteriores a las revueltas, habían recibido los terratenientes, clérigos y granjeros acomodados, presen­ tanda las peticiones de los trabajadores. El motivo de este estudio es analizar en. profundidad los cambios económicos y sociales .que se habían operado en el campo inglés bajo el impacto de la revoluci ón industrial, mostrar la auténtica situación de desamparo en que se hallaban los trabajadores agrícolas, investigar las razones de sus reivindicaciones. Los .sucesos de 1830 no son sólo un ejemplo de movimiento campesino: también consti­ tuyen el único caso de un movimiento ludista que consiguió triunfar. Pues, para bien o para mal, la maquinaria no volvió a ser introdu­ cida en la agricultura inglesa en la misma ·escala en. que lo había sido antes de 1830. «El verdadero nombre del Rey Ludd fue Capitán Swing.. )X() siglo veintiuno · ·HISTORIA DE editores LOS MOVIMIENTOS mexi co españa argentma SOCIALE L-. .........~~~..__ LOS AUTORES Eric J. Hobsbawm nació en Alejandría en 1917, y se educó en Viena, Berlín, Londres y Cambridge, donde fue fellow del King's College entre 1949 y 1955. Desde 1959 es profesor del Birkbeck College, en la Universidad de Londres. Sus principales obras incluyen Rebeldes primitivos (1959), Las revoluciones burguesas (1962), Labouring men (1964), Industry and Empire (1968) Ban­ didos (1969) y The age of capital, 1848-1875 (1975). Su larga en­ trevista con el dirigente comunista italiano Giorgio Napolitano (La alternativa eurocomunista) se tradujo al castellano en 1977. Siglo XXI reunió en 1971, bajo el título En torno a los orígenes de la revolución industrial, tres de sus principales artículos so­ bre esta cuestión. George Rudé ha sido director del departamento de historia . de la Flinders University, en Autralia, pasando a continuación a la Sir George Williams University de Montreal. Entre sus obras figuran The crowd in the French revolution, Wilkes and liberty y Paris and London in the Eighteenth Century: studies in popular protesto Siglo XXI ha publicado con anterioridad sus obras La multitud en la historia y La Europa revoluciona­ ria, 1783-1815. TRADUCCION Ofelia Castillo fi¡IIi¡li~~Ellfiril 7900588133 v~ ~.'~ · Historia de los Movimientos Sociales REVOLUCION INDUSTRIAL Y REVUELTA AGRARIA. 'EL CAPITAN SWING. por E. J. HOBSBAWM y G.RUD~ )X() siglo veintiuno editores mexico españa argentina ~~~, ~~~'~S~3Ade .apaña editores, sa sigloveintiuno argentina editores, 58 Primera edición en castellano, febrero de 1978 © SIGLO XXI DE ESPAÑA EDITORES, S. A. Calle Plaza, 5. Madrid-33 Primera edición en inglés, Lawrence and Wíshart, Londres, 1969 © E. J. HOBSBAWM y GEORGE RUDE, 1969 © Lawrence and Wishart Título original: Captain Swing DERECHOS RESERVADOS CONFORME A LA LEY Impreso y hecho en España Printed and made in Spain ISBN: 84-323-0294-5 Depósito legal: M. 1.325~1978 Impreso en Closas-Orcoyen, S. L. Martínez Paje, 5. Madrid-29 INDICE Página Prefacio 9 Introducción 11 PRIMERA PARTE ANTES DE SWING l. La Inglaterra agrícola 23 2. El pobre rural 41 3. El mundo aldeano 61 4. De Waterloo a la revolución 79 SEGUNDA PARTE EL LEVANTAMIENTO 5. Las revueltas en el sudeste 105 6. En Hampshire y el oeste 125 7. En-los Home Counties y en las Midlands 145 8. En East Anglia y en el norte 165 9. La distribución de las revueltas 189 TE~CERA PARTE LA ANATOMÍA DE SWING 211 10. La pauta de las revueltas 213 11. Las víctimas y los aliados 243 12. Quién era "Swing"? 261 CUARTA PARTE REPRESiÓN Y EPíLOGO 13. Represión 277 14. Australia. 291 15. Epílogo 309 Apéndice l.' Distribución de los disturbios por condados 335 JI. Resumen de la represión, condados, cortes y sentencias 339 Página 111. Tabla de incidentes 343 IV. El problema de la máquina trilladora 387 Bibliografía selecta 395 Indice de temas 401 Indice de lugares 405 Indice de nombres 415 TIII~ llOME OF TllE RICK.BUIlNElt El hogar del incendiario de almiares. PREFACIO La redacción de este libro se dividió de la siguiente manera: Eric J. Hobsbawm es responsable de la Introducción, los capítulos 1~4, 9, 15 Y el Apéndice IV; y George Rudé de los capítulos 5-8, 10-14 Y los Apéndices 1-111. Pero ambos colaboramos estrechamente tanto en el plan como en la redacción de la obra. Se trata estrictamente de una empresa conjunta y no meramente de la yuxtaposición de dos series de capítulos escritos por dos autores que trabajaron indepen­ dientemente. Queremos expresar nuestro agradecimiento a los secretarios y directores de las compañías de seguros London Assurance y Norwich Union Fire lnsurance Society y a los bibliotecarios y archivistas de Londres, Aylesbury, Bedford, Cambridge, Carlisle, Chelmsford, Dorchester, Gloucester, Hereford, Hobart, Huntingdon, Ipswich, Leícester, Northampton, Norwich, Oxford, Reading, Sydney, Taun­ ton, Trowbridge y Worcester, que tan generosamente pusieron sus archivos a nuestra disposición. También estamos especialmente reconocidos al extinto Peter Eldershaw, archivista. de Hobart, Tasmania, que nos brindó sin retaceos sus conocimientos y su esfuerzo, y cuya trágica y repentina muerte acaecida el año pasado, privó a Australia de uno de sus más dotados y devotos servidores públicos. Estamos también en deuda con Carol Coombe y Ruth Meyero­ witz quienes, como asistentes de investigación, ayudaron en la prepa­ ración de este libro; y con el profesor Norman Gash, la señorita A. M. Colson y el doctor Monju Dutt, que nos permitieron trabajar sobre sus tesis inéditas, referentes al movimiento obrero en Berk­ shire, Hampshire y. los condados del Sudeste, respectivamente; el alcance de esta deuda se verá claramente en los capítulos 5, 6, 7 y 10. Rex Russell nos facilitó toda su vasta información sobre los obreros agrícolas de Lincolnshire, como así también sus notas sobre la prensa y las fuentes locales. No es posible medir el beneficio que obtuvimos de las discusiones suscitadas por la presentación de algu­ nos trabajos, que hicimos ante diversos grupos de colegas y de estudiantes durante el tiempo que estuvimos trabajando sobre el tema, pero sin duda fue considerable. La mayor parte del manuscrito 10 PREFACIO fue dactilografiado por Diana Wood en Londres y Eileen Pennycote en Adelaida. El índice fue confeccionado por Betty Lloyd. Final­ mente, expresamos nuestra gratitud a la Imprenta de la Universidad de Cambridge por su autorización para reproducir el mapa de Inglaterra en 1850, de Caird, tomado de: Clapham, Economic History o/ Modern Britain, vol 1. Hemos limitado nuestra bibliografía a una lista de fuentes con­ temporáneas, tanto inéditas como publicadas, y a una serie de obras que se ocupan específicamente de la agitación de los obreros agrícolas en el período que nos concierne. Los otros textos que hemos utilizado están enumerados en las notas. Febrero de 1968 E. J. H. G. R. INTRODUCCIóN "Rústico", "la gente secreta", "hermano del buey". Su propia torpeza y nuestra propia ignorancia están simbolizadas en los títulos mismos de los .pocos libros que han intentado recrear el mundo de los trabajadores agrícolas ingleses del siglo XIX. ¿Quiénes eran? Nadie, excepto ellos mismos y los gobernantes de sus aldeas, 10 sabía, o se preocupaba. por saberlo; nadie excepto el clérigo o -10 que era mucho más raro-- el pastor disidente, anotaba los pocos hechos básicos de sus oscuras vidas en el registro de la parroquia: naci­ miento, matrimonio y muerte. Las guías de su condado que regis­ traban los detalles de sus parroquias, sus terratenientes, sus posa­ deros, sus artesanos de aldea, sus tenderos y carreteros, con profu­ sión de detalles, nada decían acerca de ellos. Si es que sabían escribir -yen 1830 la mayoría no sabía- tenían pocas ocasiones de hacerlo, a no ser, quizás, trabajosamente, a alguna hija o hermana que se encontraba "en servicio" en un pueblo demasiado remoto para ser visitado, o a algún hermano o hijo en el ejército. Excepto por las lápidas de sus tumbas y por sus hijos, nada dejaron detrás de sí que fuese identificable, porque la maravillosa superficie del paisaje inglés, el trabajo de sus arados, picos y palas, y las bestias que cuidaban no llevan firma o marca alguna, como la que los albañiles dejaban en las catedrales. Sabemos poco acerca de ellos, porque están' muy alejados de nosotros en el tiempo.. Sus contemporáneos más ilustrados sabían poco más; en parte porque, como hombres de las ciudades, igno­ raban lo que sucedía en el campo o no se preocupaban por saberlo; en parte porque, como gobernantes, no se les permitía entrar en el mundo independiente de las clases' subalternas o porque, como clase media rural, las despreciaban. Es un ejercicio saludable para el historiador moderno revisar -en la mayoría de los casos vana­ mente- .10s opulentos escritos de aquel monumento al punto de vista del caballeró acerca de la campiña, que son los más antiguos volúmenes de la Victoria County History, en busca de alguna infor­ mación acerca del levantamiento de 1830, 'un movimiento que, después de todo, afectó a más de veinte condados.
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