11,47 ildliffe Habitats "Ism A %unn RIPMENCIN LIBRA" and Species Management
Relationships Program
Amphibians and
Reptiles
Siuslaw National Forest PacificNorthwestRegion ForestService USDA
4 J%IjT,Dj,jT@'F, ABITATS AND SP!-CIES MLANAGEMENT REILATIONSFIPS PROIRAM
Oregon Coast Range
Volume TI
Amphibians and Reptiles
Siuslaw National Forest Pacific Northwest Region January 1981
Cover - Western pond turtle Clemmys marmorata @nclosed are Volumes II-IV of the Siuslaw's Wildlife Habitats and Species Management Program. As part of the Forest planning process, species information was assembled to aid in habitat evaluations. As this is our first edition your comments would be appreciated. Volumes I and V that include the introduction to the program and the species/habitat matrix are still in preparation and will be sent to recipients of Volumes II IV. Please send any corrections and/or additions to the Forest Supervisor, Siuslaw, National Forest, P. 0. Box 1148, Corvallis, OR 97330. Acknowledgements
The Siuslaw National Forest biologists wish to thank Dr. J. W. Houck and Bruce Marcot of Six Rivers National Forest on whose work this book is based. The reptile and amphibian narratives compiled for the North Coast/Cascade Zone, aS part of the California Wildlife habitat Relation- ships Program were up-dated and adapted to Oregon Coast Range habitats. The following biologists and personnel from the Siuslaw contributed to this publication: organization and supervision: Charles Phillips Hank Chrostowski
Species summaries and distribution maps: Anita McMillan Mary Walter Ruth Wilson Merlin Eltzroth, Contract Biologists
Cover illustration: Tom Conway
Special thanks go to Dr. Robert Storm, herpetologist from Oregon State University who kindly reviewed the narratives and contributed his knowledge of local species distribution. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements Introduction iv Taxonomic Lists Amphibia V Reptilia Vi Species Narratives I (maps on opposite page) Northwestern salamander 3 Pacific giant salamander 5 Olympic salamander 7 Rough-skinned newt 9 Dunn's salamander 11 Western red-backed salamander 13 Oregon salamander 15 Clouded salamander 17 1-9 Tailed frog - Western toad 21 Pacific tree frog 23 Red-legged frog 25 Foothill yellow-legged frog 117 Bullfrog @,q Western pond turtle Western fence lizard 33 Western skink 315 Northern alligator lizard 37 Rubber boa 30 Ringneck snake Sharp-tailed snake Racer b@5 Gopher snake Common garter snake Northern garter snake Western rattlesnake References 55 Introduction
Volume II of the Wildlife Habitats and Species Management Relationships Program contains a compilation of reptiles arid amphibians which inhabit the Central Oregon Coast Range. For biologists, foresters and planners alike it became necessary to have a guide which includes the official status, life requirements, distribution and management needs of all species. Although much information is still unknown, it is a foundation on which to build.
iv TAXONOMIC LIST
AMPHIBIANS Class Amphibia Order Caudata - salamanders Family Ambystomatidae - Mole salamanders Northwestern salamander (Ambystoma gracile) Pacific giant salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus)
Olympic salamander (Rhyacotriton 2iYM1_Ct1S
Family Salamandridae - Newts Rough-skinned newt (Taricha granuloma)
Family Plethodontidae - Lungless salamander Dunn's salamander (Plethodon dunni)
Western red-backed salamander (Plethodon vehiculum) Ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzi) Clouded salamander (Aneides ferreus)
Order Anura - Frogs and Toads Family Ascaphidae - Tailed frogs Tailed frog (,@@hus jjruei)
Family Bufonidae - True toads Western toad (Bufo boreas.)
Family Hylidae - Tree frogs Pacific Tree frog Q!yla recjilla
Family Ranidae - True frogs Red-legged frog (Rana aurora) Foothill yellow-legged frog (RaM.@o@Iei) Bullfrog (Rana Satesbelana)
v Class Reptilia order Testudiriata Family Testudinidae - Water and box turtles western pond turtle (Clernmys marmorata)
order Squamata Family Iguanidae - Iguanids Western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidenitalis) Family scincidae
Western skink (Eumeces skiltonianus)
Family Anguidae
Northern alligator lizard (Gerrhonotus coeruleus)
Family Boidae
Rubber boa (Charina bottae)
Family Colubridae
Ringneck snake (Diadophis E@! @tatus) Sharp-tailed snake (Contia tenuis)
Racer (Coluber constrictor)
Gopher snake (Pituophis melanoleucus)
Common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) Northwestern garter snake (Thamnophis ordinoides)
Family Viperidae - Vipers Western rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis)
vi @'-PECIES NAftRATIVES
I Vicinity Map
Siuslaw National Forest
%@@@Ie.
Lincoln C,l Y m
Newport ny rv Id.
Waldport
C.Is Florenc pr
Reedsport
L-0@3 e-k CT(. NORTHWESTERN SALAMANDER (Ambyst=a gracile)
STATUS/DTSTRTRIJTION - Unprotected (ODFW). Uncommon permanent resident throughout Siuslaw National Forest. Occurs along entire Oregon Coast Range. Ranges throughout Pacific coastal region from northern British Columbia south into northern California.
KEY HABITAT - Meadows and all successional stages of forest, preferring brushy woodlands and older stages of forests.
REOUTREMENTS SPECIAL - Quiet water for breeding. Down logs along streamside.
REPRODUCTTON - Breeds from January to May, with peak in March. Eggs are laid from March through May. Spawns in ponds, lakes and streams. Clutch 80; size averages ranges 30-270. Larvae are found in quiet ponds and stream pools, often neotenic. Live as long as five years.
TERRITORY/HOME RANGE - Not territorial. Within a lake in British Columbia, Canada, the density averaged 175 per ha (70 per ac), with the concentrations reaching 1700 per ha (680 per ac) along the shoreline. No data on home range.
FQOD HARTTS - Searches for insects, earthworms, And mollusks, on surface of forest floor and under ground debris. Active at night. Mainly subterranean in burrows.
MANAGEMENT RECOMNDATIQNS - Sensitive to pesticides or herbicides that may enter breeding ponds.
REFERENCES - Stebbins (1951, 1954, 1966); Mills et al. (1978); Storm (pers. comm.). Department of Agriculture (1979a) provided base information.
3 Vicinity McIP
Siuslaw National Forest
bicamptodon
In
Lincoln city
Newpor a Ore.
Waldport
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Reedsport
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4 PACIFIC GIANT SALAMANDER (Dicamotodon ensatus)
STATUS/DISTRIBUTTON - Unprotected (ODFW). Common permanent resident throughout Siuslaw National Forest. Occurs along entire Oregon Coast Range. The only vocal salamander known. Ranges from southwestern British Columbia, Canada south into northern California, west of the crest of the Cascades, also located within Idaho.
KEY HABIJAT - Deciduous riparian and mature coast range forests for adults; streams, rivers and lakes for larvae.
SPECIAL REQUIREMENIS - Cold, permanent flowing streams or seeps for breeding and feeding. Larvae prefer larger streams. Down logs
REPRODUCTION - Breeding season probably in spring but generally unknown. Clutch size average 100; range 70-185. Deposits eggs on stream bottom and under rocks in stream and in underground springs. Females attend the eggs and males are found within one foot of clutch. Hatching occurs after an average of a 275 day period. Larvae are aquatic, occasionally neotenic.
RANGE TERRITORY/HOME - Probably not territorial. No data on home range. FOOD HABITS - Searches for insects, slugs, snails, and any other live food small enough to be swallowed, including shrews, mice, and other amphibians. Forages on forest floor and under ground debris.
MANAGEMENT RECOMENDATTONS - Sensitive to activities which affect stream flow or warm breeding waters. Because of its large size and ease of observation, would lend itself well to many biological and behavioral studies which are needed. Retain dead and defective trees.
REFERENCES - Stebbins (1954, 1972); Anderson (1969); Maser and Franklin (1974); Mills et al. (1978); Storm (pers. comm.). Department of Agriculture (1979a) provided base information. Vicinity Map
Siuslaw Nationai Forest
%mplc-
ort an
Lincoln City alem II so
Newport [ban Ills
Waldport
Jun n
C.hf. Florence Spr ng a
Fleedsport
cn-@ (Pecs. OLYMPIC SALAMANDER (Rhyacotriton -9
STATUVRISTRIBUTION - Unprotected (ODFW). Common permanent resident throughout Siuslaw National Forest. Reported as an uncommon species within Oregon Dunes NRA. Occurs along entire Oregon Coast Range but is rather limited because of environmental tolerances. Ranges from Olympic Peninsula of Washington south throughout Coast Range into northern California.
KEY HABIM - Riparian with coniferous and deciduous mixed components. SPECIAL REQUIUMENIS - Cold streams, seeps, and springs. REPHORUCLIM - Breeds in aquatic habitats. Moss-covered stones in splash zone. Shaded banks. March to June, with peak probably in March. Clutch size average 9; range 7-16. Always found within spray zones of well-shaded cold water. Hatching occurs after a 200 day period at a temperature 80C (46 OF). of Larvae are found in shallow standing water, seepages and accumulations of dead leaves in creeks,
TERHITORY/HOZ RANGE - Not territorial. No data on home range. FOOD HABITS - Searches for water-associated insects, amphipods, worms, and snails, in small streams and cold water seeps, and under objects in such water.
MANAGEMENT-RECOMMENDATIONS - Avoid degradation or destruction of cold and springs, seeps, small streams, with associated vegetation cover. Probably extremely sensitive to any pesticides or herbicides that remain in breeding waters. Sensitive to warming of water.
REFERENCES - Stebbins (1951, 1954, 1966, 1972); Department of Agriculture (1972); Mills et al. (1978); Storm (pers. comm.). Department of Agriculture (1979a) provided base information. vicinity map
Siuslaw National Forest Rout- 5K'inne-d newt
I Cy - _C-hCI
0 056 am
Lincoln C1 Y
Newpor or..
WaIdport
u c 11 . Ij Florence
Reedsport
et-ci(- 6qr76) (Pecs COMM-@ r-M @
81 ROUGH-SKINNED NEWT (Taricha aranulosa)
STATUS/DISTRIBUTION - Unprotected (ODFW). Very common permanent resident throughout Siuslaw National Forest. Occurs along entire Oregon Coast Range. Ranges throughout Coast Range from southeastern Alaska south into northern California.
KEY HABIJAT - Coast Range conifer and deciduous mixed forests, streams, ponds, and lakes. Prefers riparian habitat along small and large streams. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS - Moist forests and standing water. REPRODUCTIM - Usually breeds in ponds, sometimes streams, between December and May, with peak in March. Eggs laid singly but clutch size ranges up to 30 and larger. Larvae metamorphose in September. Subadults are 12 terrestrial. Average age is years. Maximum reported is 26 years. Reproduce every other year. Mature at 3-4 years of age.
TERRITORY/HOME RANGE - Not territorial. Densities in a lake in British Columbia, Canada, were measured as 300 per hectare ( 120 per acre) of adults, with an actual concentration along the shore of 2700 per ha ( 1080 ac).
No on home data range. Have been recorded to return within 800 m (2623 ft) of the location where captured.
FOOD HABITS - Actively searches for earthworms, slugs, and arthropods in water and on moist forest floor among ground litter. Mostly diurnal.
MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS - Openings or removal of forest stands would probably reduce population. Maintain breeding ponds, lakes, streams, and marshes. Widespread use of pesticides would likely reduce population. REFERENCES - Stebbins (1951, 1954, 1966, 1972); Maser and Franklin (1974); Mills et al. (1978); Storm (pers. comm.). Department of Agriculture (1979a) provided base information. Vicinity MaP
Siuslaw National Forest
unnI5 saiamc-11VAOr EL-ef-tac-don door) i
t an a
Lincoln City )ailase
Newport rvallis Alba O'e.
Waldport
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u en C lif. Florence r ngfield
Seedsport
y
10 DUNN'S SALAMANDER (Plethodon dunni)
STATUSIDISTRIBUTION - Unprotected (ODFW). Uncommon permanent resident throughout Siuslaw National Forest. Occurs along entire Oregon Coast Range. E. gordani (Marys Peak salamander) has been shown to be a localized color variant of ?,. dunni which exist together in several locations in the Central Coast Range of Oregon. Entire range only includes Oregon Coast Range and southern Washington coastal region.
KEY HABITAT - Young and mature stands of conifer and deciduous mixed forests.
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS - Moss-covered rock rubble and down logs near cold seeps and shaded streams.
REPRODUCTION - Breeds in rock crevices and moist talus during spring, with peak in April. Clutch size averages 13; range 5-18.
TERRITORY/HOMR RANGE - Not territorial. No data on home range.
FQOD HARTTS - Searches for small arthropods including worms, insects and crustaceans; under ground debris and in rock talus.
MANAGEMENT RECQMMENDATIONS - Maintain shaded stabilized talus slopes and rook faces.
REFERENCES - Stebbins (1951, 1954, 1972); Feder et al. (1978) for gordani; Mills et al. (1978); Department of Interior (1980); Storm (pers. comm.). Department of Agriculture (1979a) provided base information. Vicinity Map
Siuslaw National Forest
e5tern n-,d-bcic@,ed
Lincoln City
Newport
O'e.
Waldport
n
Eu Florence r jim
Reeldsport
(-CfA (Pecs, (Omm ocO Q-tcTotv\ 0980), WESTERN RED-BACKED SALAMANDER (Plethodon vehiculum)
STATUS/DISTRIBUTION (ODEW) - Unprotected , but State of Oregon permit requixed for extensive collecting. Occurs from western slope of Cascades to coast in southwestern British ColLinbia, Washington and into Oregon as far as coos County. Is uncommon to abundant resident depending on habitat. Activity levels and thus, delectability, fluctuate seasonally with changes in tempera- ture and humidity. Breeds within Oregon. Very common permanent resident throughout Siuslaw National Forest. Reported as a common species within Oregon Dunes NRA.
KEY HABITAT - Usually found below 760 m (2500 ft) elevation in coniferous and ak-13-uous forests or on talus slopes and rock outcrops. Often utilizes immature and mature conifer forests, but less frequent in mature alder/- salmonberry habitats.
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS - Found beneath logs, bark, stones, moss and leaves frequently near streams, springs or seepages. Prefers decaying logs and moss- covered rock rubble.
REPRODUCTION - Information is largely based on examination of individuals collected throughout the year and life histories of other members of genus. Mating activities probably peak between November and January, although males may be in breeding condition from fall to early spring. Eggs are probably laid after January with most deposited in April and May. Nests are difficult to find; only 2 complete published records exist. Eggs are laid in clusters in damp areas and are attached to substrate by a gelatinous base. Two nests found in Lincoln County, Oregon (one with 8 eggs and one with 9) were within stabilized talus at base of a basalt outcrop. Female probably remains by nest until eggs hatch (estimated at 60-90 days); first eggs probably hatch in August. Young possibly remain at nest for up to 1 month, and become detectable when substrate becomes soaked by fall rains. Young may mature in 2-3 years. Females may have biennial breeding cycle.
TERRITORY/HOME RANGE - Specific information not found. Patchy occurrence of individuals probably reflects patchy distribution of suitable habitat.
FOOD HABITS - Termites and other soft-bodied insects appear to be main prey. MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS - Information, systematically obtained, on disLri- bution, abundance, life history and food habits is needed to support casual observations.* Maintain shaded stabilized talus slopes and rock faces. REFERENCES - Stebbins (1951), Stebbins (1966), DLxnas (1956), Brodie (1970), Department of Agriculture (1972), Maser and Franklin (1974), Milis et al. (1978), Department of Interior (1980) and Storm (pers. comm.) in general; Peacock and Nussbaum (1973), Hanlin et al. (1979) on breeding; Carl (1943) on food habits. Eltzroth (1980).
13 Vicinity Map
Siusiaw National Forest 50dmaf-ide-r Ocecon@atina
Po m
Lincoln IN, City
ewpor
0, Id.
Waldport
nc
C W. Florence I
Reedsport
5-t-ocrn (pace. ccxnm.) and E@t?f-o-lh &)t)O),
14 OREGON SALAMANDER (Ensatina eschscholtzi oregonensis)
STATUS/DISTRIBUTION (ODFW) - Unprotected , but State of Oregon permit requited for extensive collecting. Resident from southwestern British Columbia through Washington and Oregon from western slope of Cascades to coast, also in north- western California. Considered common within suitable habitat although activity and thus, delectability, fluctuate seasonally with changes in tempera- ture and humidity. Breeds within Oregon. Very common permanent resident throughout Siuslaw National Forest. Reported as a common species within Oregon Dunes NRA.
KEY HABITAT - Found in forest habitat, in Oregon primarily Douglas-fir/big-leat maple forests. Seems most abundant in margins between dense and sparse vegetation and where understory is sparse. Avoids steep slopes. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS - Occurs in moderately damp areas where surface litter is abundant. Found within burrows of rodents and other animals, wood rat nests and rotten interiors of logs, under rocks or in surface litter. Most utilized habitat is along perennial streams although individuals may occur miles from standing or running water. During dry season may congregate near drainages; therefore, drainage patterns may influence distribution. In dry areas prefers north-facing slope. Rotten logs and dead leaves are utilized as retreats during dry oi cold %,earlier.
REPRODUCTION - Information generally based on studies of the species in California. Eggs are probably fertilized in February and March since adults are seen in pairs then. From March into early summer giape-like clusters of eggs are deposited, generally in burrows, crevices, surface litter or under logs. Eggs, in various stages of development have been retorted from 19 April to 9 September. Average clutch size is 11-12; but up to 25 may be found, probably from more than 1 individual. Females remain with eggs. Guaiding period is unknown although young are present above ground following first fall rains. As with amphibians generally, adults do not care for young.
TERRITORY/HOME RANGE - Seems loosely colonial, particularly where microclimate and vegetation vary and distribution is consequently limited. Does not demonstrate territorial behavior. My be sedentary as indicated by recaptures of individuals in restricted areas over severm-1 years. Densities found near Portland, Oregon were 0.3-2.9 individuals per (10.8 ft2).
FOOD HABITS - Food items recorded include annelids, diplopods, arachnids, arthroFUs-and small crustaceans. Most feeding probably occurs above ground, on ground surface and within ground debris.
MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS - Since information on the subspecies specific to Oregon is sparse, assessment of status and distribution is needed.* Maintain cool moist timber stands with much ground litter. Extensive logging that would open timber stands would be detrimental.
REFERENCES - Dunn (1926), Gordon (1939), Stebbins (1949, 1951, 1954, 1966, 1972), N@@artment of Agriculture (1972), Maser and Franklin (1974), Mills et al. (1978), Department of Interior (1980), Storm (pers. comm.) in general; Gnaedinger and Reed (1948) on territory. Department of ArjticultuLe ptovided base information. Eltzroth (1980). is Vicinity Map
Siuslaw National Forest
@Ade-a
6dCc-3n-)c-*-jcA,p-c
ort an
Lincoln City ate a as*
Newport Than
0 Id.
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n Calif. Florence field
See
1 6 CLOUDED SALAMANDER (Aneides ferreus)
STATUS/DISTRIBUTION - Unprotected MM. Very common permanent resident throughout Siuslaw National Forest. Occurs along Oregon coast except for Columbia River area. Fairly common in out-over areas with much ground litter. The entire range includes Vancouver Island, Canada, Oregon Coast Range and northern California Coast Range.
KEX HABITAT - Confined to borders of clearcuts and open habitats along all stages of conifer and deciduous forests.
SPECIAL HEQUIREJZNJS - Ground litter, especially bark and rotting wood, in moist areas. Prefers logs with firm interior and bark separated about 0.5 cm (0.25 in) from heartwood.
REPRODUCTION Breeds from February to May, with peak probably in April. - 8 Clutch size average 14; range - 17. Deposits eggs in rotting wood. TERRITORY/HOME RANGE - Not territorial. No data on home range. FOOD HABITS - Searches for insects and other small arthropods (including worms and crustaceans) associated with rotting wood. Forages beneath bark and rotting wood both on ground and on standing snags. Moist habitat required; by permanent water not necessary. An adept climber, particularly on dead trees with rotting bark.
MANAQ JZNT RECOMMENDATIONS - The accumulation of bark and other wood debris associated with logging would probably increase local populations.
REERBENCE3 1954, - Stebbins (1951, 1972); Mills et al. (1978); Department of Interior (1980); Storm (pers. comm.). Department of Agriculture (1979a) provided base information.
17 Vicinity Map
Siuslaw National Forest
Ta'LLec( -@f-Dc3 &@2@h trust
Por an ook
Lincoln CIt Y alem Da as*
Newport li Than
Waldpor,
un
Eug n C.11f. Florence pringfield
Reedsport
L,C@q et 5t-cr-cn (Refs. LOMAS. TAILED FROG (Ascaphus truei)
STATUS/DISTRIBUTION - Protected (ODFW). Uncommon permanent resident throughout Siuslaw National Forest. Occurs along entire Oregon coast. Ranges from southwest British Columbia into northern California (west of Cascades) and in northern Idaho.
KEY HABITAT - Streams within humid Douglas-fir and spruce forests; deciduous riparian.
SPECIAL REQUIREMENIS - Clear, cold, rocky, flowing streams for breeding, with rocks, logs, and slabs of bark at stream edges for cover. REPRODUCTION - Breeds in early fall. Eggs laid late June-early August, hatching in August and September (N. Idaho and S.E. Washington). Eggs are deposited under stones along streams. Clutch size averages 40, ranges 30-50 eggs. Larvae most often inhabit large streams and occasionally in small streams. Larvae attach themselves to the downstream side of rocks in swift currents.
TERRITORY/HOJZ RANGE - Probably not territorial.
In eastern Oregon home range is approximately 21.9 m (72 ft) for each adult (0.2 ha; 0.4 ac).
FOOD HAbITS - Eats arthropods and snails. Forages on stream banks and in streams. Adults wait for prey. Larvae browse on algae and pollen.
MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS - Requires cold, silt-free streams for reproduction. Excessive logging of watersheds should be avoided as it may cause silting and warming of streams. This species is poorly known as it is almost completely aquatic, very shy, and largely nocturnal. After rains may be found within adjacent woods. Encourage any studies which would contribute to the biological knowledge of tailed frogs. REFERENCES - Stebbins (1951, 1966, 1972); Bury (1968), Maser and Franklin (1974); mills et al. (1978); Storm (pers. comm.). Department of Agriculture (1979a) provided base information.
19 Vicinity Map
Siuslaw Nationai Forest
NAIE@@-tern -toad
Lincoln City Da as e
Newport vallis Albany O'S.
Waldport
C.hf. Florence pringfield
Reedsport
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20 WESTERN TOAD (2= boreas)
STATUS/DISTBIBUTTON (ODFW). - Unprotected Occurs as a rare permanent resident throughout entire Siuslaw National Forest including all of Oregon except the southern Willamette Valley. Ranges from southern Alaska south into northern Baja California.
KE1 HABITAT - Ponds, lakes, fresh water marshes, and adjacent grass/forb to medium size tree stages of conifer and deciduous mixed forests; preferring grassy sites.
SPECIAL REOUTREME= - Slow-moving water foe breeding. REPRODUCTION - Breeds in open water, ponds, or slow-moving streams from January to July, with peak in March (variable). Clutch size averages 10,000, ranges 300-16,000.
TERRIJORY/HOME RANGE - Territory limited to vicinity of calling male. 2 In 2astern Oregon home range for an adult is approximately 16.2 m (174.3 ft ) (0.002 ha; 0.004 ac).
FOOD HABITS - Waits on ground surface for insects and other arthropods. Nocturnal in warm lowlands; diurnal at higher elevations. Larvae feed on minute vegetation such as algae.
MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS - Activities such as timber harvesting which produce open areas would probably improve habitat for this species. Study needed. Not well known because of nocturnal habits.
REFERENCES - Pickwell (1947); Stebbins (1951, i966); Karistrom (1962); Mills et al. (1978); Department of Agriculture (1979b); Department of Interior (1980); Storm (pers. comm.). Department of Agriculture (1979a) provided base information.
21 Vicinity Map
Sjuslaw National Forest
51 -@M,5 0 C, tcec- 1 t4ia n2c,@,Ad
0
Lincoln City m
W.S
Newport A n
Id.
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2 2 PACIFIC TREE FROG (LyJA regalia)
STATUS/DISTRIBUTION (ODFW) - Unprotected . Occurs as a very common permanent resident throughout the Siuslaw National Forest including Oregon Dunes NRA. Ranges from southern British Columbia south into Baja California and east including Nevada and western Idaho.
KEY HABITAT - Deciduous riparian wet meadows, grass/forb to medium-size tree stages of conifer and deciduous mixed forests.
REQjITREMENTS SPECIAL - Slow, open water for breeding. May be temporary. REPRODUC11ON - Breeds in ponds and slow-moving streams from January to May, with peak in March; varies annually and geographically. Clutch size averages 20-25, ranges 9-100+.
TERRTTORY/HOME RANGE - Territory is restricted to the immediate vicinity of the calling male. Minimum habitat required for a population is one 0.8 ha (2 ac) pond.
No data on home range.
FOOD HABITS - Waits in moist, open areas for small insects as available. A ground dweller of open areas, not strictly arboreal as name implies. Primarily nocturnal, with some diurnal activity. Larvae feed on minute vegetation such as algae.
MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS - Timber harvesting may improve habitat by reducing cover, if breeding sites (ponds and slow streams) are not disturbed.
REFERENCES - Stebbins (1951, 1954, 1966, 1972); Department of Agriculture (1972); Maser and Franklin (1974); Mills et al. (1978); Department of Agriculture (1979b); Department of Interior (1980); Storm (pers. comm.). Department of Agriculture (1979a) provided base information.
23 Vicinity Map
Siuslaw National Forest
[ej@saa fmc@
m
Lincoln City
Sh.
Newport
Id.
Waldpor+
N.,
C. I FlorenCe r e
RL@edsport
(,9 "76 crn (pu-,. comm).
24 RED-LEGGED FROG (2= aurora)
STATUS/DISTRIBUTION - Unprotected (ODFW). Very common permanent resident throughout Siuslaw National Forest including Oregon Dunes NIRA. Occurs along entire Oregon Coast Range. Ranges from southwestern Canada south into northern Baja California.
KEY HABITAT - Ponds, lakes, and fresh water marshes, preferring quiet waters of small streams and marshes; some inhabit larger streams.
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS - Moist woods and quiet water with aquatic vegetation for cover.
A REPRODUCTION - short breeding period (1-2 weeks) during February to May, with peak dependent on locality. Breeds in temporary ponds and lakes. Clutch size averages 2,000, ranges 750-4,000. Larvae metamorphose in late May.
TERRITORY/HOME RANGE - Probably not territorial. No data on home range.
FOOD HABITS - Eats insects and isopods, along water edges and on moist forest floor. Probably waits for prey, but may actively forage. Larvae feed on minute vegetation such as algae.
MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS - Any activity which would affect availability of quiet water for breeding would adversely affect this species. Removal of moist riparian woods would adversely affect this species. REFERENCES Stebbins (1951, 1954, 1966, 1972); Altig (1972); Department of Agriculture (1972); Maser and Franklin (1974); Mills et al. (1978); Department of Interior (1980); Storm (pers. comm.). Department of Agriculture (1979a) provided base information.
25 Vicinity Map
Siuslaw National Forest
FG(thik Vilow- Porttand tQz@-Ie-i amook
Lincoln City Da as*
Newport a s 0
Waldpo
n
u C.11 Florence
Seedsport
c ODf7k)
26 FOOTHILL YELLOW-LEGGED FROG (R= boylei)
(ODFW). STATUS/DISTRIBUTION - Unprotected Abundance unknown. The Siuslaw National Forest south of Florence is the northern periphery of range which extends south through California. Inhabits river bars and stream banks.
KEY HABIJAT - Deciduous riparian and early stages of riparian with conifer and deciduous mixed components.
SPECIAL REQUIgEMENTS - Sunny banks of larger flowing streams; closely restricted to permanent water. Prefers streams with rocky bottoms.
REERODUCTION - Breeds in flowing streams from March to May, or after high water of streams subsides. Clutch size averages 400, range 100-1,000.
TERRITORY/HOME RANGE - No data. FOQD HABIJS - Waits for insects in water and along stream edges. Larvae feed on minute vegetation such as algae.
MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS - Reproductive success is affected by any activity that reduces water flow or puts silt over rocks.
REFERENCES - Zweifel (1955, 1968); Stebbins (1966, 1972); Department of Interior (1980); Storm (pers. comm.). Department of Agriculture (1979a) provided base information.
27 Vicinity Map
Siuslaw National Forest
&A ( Ifro Rana, )eigoc-a
Po m
Lincoln City
h
Newpor t rva 0,
WaIdport
n t
Florenc r
Reedsport
((ex-5. cDrnm.).
28 BULLFROG (EA= catesbeiana
(ODFW). STATUS/DISTRIBUTION - Game species Common permanent resident throughout Siuslaw National Forest including Oregon Dunes NRA. Ranges throughout western Oregon (west of Cascades). Introduced. Detrimental to native species of frogs, but desired as a food species. Has a wide but spotty distribution throughout North America.
KEY HABITAI - Deciduous riparian, wet meadows.
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS - Quiet water, such as ponds, pools, lakes, or ditches, with some plant cover.
REPRODUCTION - Breeds in permanent, quiet water with vegetation cover from March to July, with peak in,May. Clutch size averages about 15,000; ranges 10,000 - 20,000. TERRITORY/HOME RANGE - Territory is vicinity of calling male. Minimum habitat required for a population is one 1.6 ha (4 ha) pond.
No data on home range,
FOOD HABITS - Eats anything alive and small enough to be swallowed, primarily insects but also including small rats and ducklings. Waits and pounces in water and along pond edges. Larvae feed on minute vegetation such as algae.
MANAGEMENT - Populations may be increased by providing more irregularities and more vegetation cover along shorelines of breeding ponds.
REFERENCES - Stebbins (1966, 1972), Department of Agriculture (1972); Moyle (1973); Department of Agriculture (1979b); Department of Interior (1980); Storm (pers. comm.). Department of Agriculture (1979a) provided base information.
29 vicinity Map
Siuslaw National Forest
OWN We@5tern por@d tu(-+de C-LQrno:qf, MgLrnocgtc-@
H,(@h@@ LAC)11@C@ ffl C5 (no5t (JCC-d Lincoln CitI Y
Newport
0,
Waldport
Florence or fl
tleedsport
St. 3OV-)n Ci%G) and @5icx- m 6)ef-S. (oM4,
3 0 WESTERN POND TURTLE (Clemmvq Adr=rAta)
(ODFW). STATU,5/DISTRIBUTION - Unprotected Very rare permanent resident throughout Siuslaw National Forest but not reported in Hebo Hanger District. Habitat limited. Ranges in western portions of Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada and Baja California.
KEY HABITAT - Deciduous riparian and early, open stages of all forest types.
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS - Permanent ponds and slowly-moving water courses. Logs along aquatic habitat to sun on.
REPRODUCTIQK - Breeds May to August, with peak in June to mid-July, varying geographically. Clutch size averages 9; ranges 9-11. Deposits eggs in loose soil near or along edges of water bodies. Eggs are laid in late spring, hatch in midsummer.
TERRTTORY/HOME RANGE - Not territorial. No data on home range. F0012 HABITS - Searches for plants, insects, worms, tadpoles, small. fish, and carrion, primarily in water. Almost totally aquatic.
MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS - Requires permanent water. Any activity reducing availability of such water would adversely affect this species.
REFERENCES - Stebbins (1954, 1966, 1972); Bury (1972); Mills et al. (1978); Department of Interior (1980); St. John (1980); Storm (pers. COMM.). Department of Agriculture (1979a) provided base information. Vicinity Map
Siuslaw Nationai Forest
We6-@ern lizard sc@elofx-)T-U-j
o an Q!LC @C-r)
Lincoln City
Newport orv 0,
Waldport
if. Fiorenc r
Pteedsport Re@ere-ncef" Lo@ et at. 5t. 00 3ohn (08c), comm.). WESTERN FENCE LIZARD (Sceloporus occidentalls)
STATUS/DISTRTBUTION - Unprotected (ODFW). Very rare to rare permanent resident along the eastern side of Siuslaw National Forest. Ranges throughout western United States.
KEY HABITAT - Grass/forb, brush, and young, open stands of conifer and deciduous mixed forests. Prefers southern exposed sunny slopes.
SPECIAL REOUTREMENTS - Rock outcrops and down logs for elevated perches and cover.
REPRQDUCTTON - Breeds from April to June, with peak in early June. One to three clutches per year. Clutch size average 9; range 3-15. Eggs are laid in damp, well aerated soil, Eggs hatch in late slimmer or early fall.
TERRITORY/HOME RANGE - Territory is immediate vicinity of male. No data on home range. Minimum habitat required for a population is 2 ha (5 so).
FOOD ARTTS - Searches for insects and spiders among rock outcrops and down tree trunks. Diurnal.
MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS - Enhanced by logging activities that create open areas. Maintain down logs. Because of size and diurnal activities, lends itself well to behavioral studies.
REFERENCES - Stebbins (1954, 1966, 1972); Mills et al. (1978); Department of Agriculture (1979b);StJo@m (1980); Storm (pers. comm.). Department of Agriculture (1979a) provided base information.
33 Vicinity Map
Siuslaw Nationai Forest
Western SKink
Po
Lincoln City a
Newport
0,
Waldpo
n
Cu Calif. Florence r WI
Reedsport
69 76)) 3ohn 6980) (Om
34 WESTERN SKINK (Eumeces skiltonianus)
(ODFW). STAIU5/DISTRIBUTION - Unprotected Very rare permanent resident throughout Siuslaw National Forest. Siuslaw National Forest is along periphery of western range. Common throughout Oregon, absent along coast north of Coos Bay, higher elevations and extreme and habitats. Ranges throughout western United States.
KEY HABITAT - Meadows and young forests. Prefers south slopes. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS - Rocky areas; down logs. REPBODUCTION - Breeds from April to June, with peak in June, eggs laid in late spring to mid-summer and hatching during late summer. Clutch size averages 7j range 2 - 10. Eggs are deposited in chambers in loose soil under rock, log or bark. Females remain with the eggs until they hatch, but do not remain.with young.
TERRITORY/HOME RANGE - Probably not territorial. No data on home range. FOOD HABITS - Searches for insects, earthworms, spiders, and other arthropods on ground surface and under ground debris. Water requirements unknown.
MANAGEIZNI RECOMMENDATIONa - Activities which would open areas and provide down logs would benefit this species. This is an active, diurnal species which would lend itself well to observational studies.
REFERENCES - Stebbins (1954, 1966); Mills et al. (1978); Department of Interior (1980); St. John (1980); storm (pers. comm.). Department of Agriculture (1979a) provided base information.
35 Vicinity Map
Siuslaw National Forest
cs d
0
Lincoln City a
Newport rva Id.
Waldport
n C.h. Florenc
Reedsport
R NORTHERN ALLIGATOR LIZARD (Gerrhonotus coeruleus)
STATUS/DISTRIBUTION - Unprotected (ODFW). Common permanent resident throughout Siuslaw National Forest and Oregon Dunes NRA. Occurs along entire Oregon Coast Range. Ranges throughout southern British Columbia along the western United States including Idaho and Montana.
KEY HABITAT - All but dense, mature stages of conifer forest. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTP - Prefers brushy openings with logs, bark, boards and rocks for cover. Cool, damp areas with vegetation and down logs; rock faces.
REPRODUCTION - Breeds from April to June, with peak in May. Litter size average 7; range 2 15. Gives birth to living young in fall, probably under ground debris, without use of a nest. JERRITORY HOME RANGE No data.
FOOD HABITS - Actively searches for arthropods, snails, insects, spiders, centipedes, scorpions, slugs, and earthworms. Forages on ground surface and under ground debris. Seems to require high humidity. Active at temperatures much lower than most other reptiles.
MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS - Activities such as logging which would open the habitat would favor this species. Because of its abundance, it is a suitable species for a great variety of biological studies.
REFERENCES - Stebbins (1954, 1966); Department of Agriculture (1972); Lais (1976); Mills et al. (1978); St. John (1980). Department of Agriculture (1979a) provided base information.
37 EL !E v 0 0 00 =0
c
CD RUBBER BOA (Charina bottas)
(ODFW). STATUa/DlaTRTBUTION - Unprotected Very rare permanent resident throughout Siuslaw National Forest. Believed to occur through western Oregon but seldom reported along coast north of Coos Bay. Ranges throughout western United States.
KEY HABITAT - Conifer, deciduous riparian forests, and meadows. SPECIAL REOUTREMENIS - Primarily found within openings among conifer forests, but frequently found in meadows and along streams. Needs rotting logs, barks, boards and rocks for cover.
REPRODUCTION - Probably breeds from April to June, with peak in May. Young are born during late sum er or early autumn, rarely in the spring. Live 4; 2 bearing. Litter size averages ranges - 8. One litter a year. Gives birth to live young in rotting logs on ground.
TERRITORY/HOME RANGE - Not territorial. No data on home range. FOOD HABITS - Searches for insects, small mammals, nestling birds, and cold-blooded vertebrates. Forages under ground debris on forest floor, and in low trees or shrubs. May burrow and climb. Prey killed by constriction.
MANAQEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS - Effects of logging would be unpredictable, as habitat requirements are not well known and need studying. Preserve down, rotting logs, especially along meadow and stream edges.
REFERENCES - Wright and Wright (1957); Stebbins (1966, 1972, 1954); Mills et al. (1978); Department of Interior (1980); St. John (1980); Storm (pers. comm.). Department of Agriculture (1979a) provided base information.
39 Vicinity Map
Siuslaw National Forest
VW
p 0
Lin CO, n city
W.Sh
Newport
WaIdport
CQUF Florenc r 0
Aeedsport
L-o@ into(. 6976), 0 '@5t. 3cM (R80) nd korm (Pef@). comm)
-46 RINGNECK SNAKE (Diadophis punatatus
(ODFW). STATUS/DISTRIBUTION - Unprotected Very rare permanent resident throughout Siuslaw National Forest. Seldom reported. Poorly known because of secretive habits and small size. Ranges throughout western Oregon (west of the Cascades) except absent from coast north of Coos Bay. Ranges throughout the United States.
KEY HABITAT - Conifer and deciduous mixed forests in all successional stages preferring open habitats. Also in grassland.
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS - Moist habitats in drier areas; rotting logs and stumps, rocks and boards for cover.
REPRODUCTION - Breeds from March to June, with peak possible in May. Eggs 1 hatch during late slimmer. Clutch size averages 3; ranges - 10. One clutch a year. Deposits eggs in rotten logs or loose soil. Highly humid areas seem to be preferred.
TEREITORY/HOME RANGE - Not territorial. No data on home range. Minimum habitat required for a population is 8.1 ha (20 ac).
FOOD HABITS - Searches for small, cold-blooded vertebrates and possibly, slugs, worms, and insects, under ground debris.
MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDAIJONS - Activities which would dry the environment would be detrimental. Preserve down logs as breeding sites.
REFERENCES - Stebbins (1954, 1966, 1972); Mills et al. (1978); Department of Agriculture (1979b); Department of Interior (1980); St. John (1980); Storm (pers. comm.). Department of Agriculture (1979a) provided base information.
41 Vicinity Map
Siuslaw National Forest
t)hdrp - ta , (ed snc3i@
ort an amook
Lincoln City alem Da ase
Newport Than
WaIdpo
eV.
lif. Florence r ngf a
Reedsport
LOY qc-,t- at. (R705 oos Bay St. I.J'cihn (RPO) -3rd atcl-m (9@5. Comm)
42 SHARP-TAILED SNAKE (Contia tenuis)
(ODFW). STATUS/DTZTRIBUTION - Protected Very rare permanent resident of the Alsea Hanger District within Siuslaw National Forest, possibly also in Hebo Ranger District. Because of its secretive habits and small size, may exist in many unreported areas. Distribution "spotty" throughout western Oregon. Activity above ground occurs generally during spring and fall. Entire range is a few areas in western Washington, western Oregon and California.
KEY HABITAT - Meadows, brushy areas, young plantations, and forest edges. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS - Ground debris such as boards, rocks, logs and rotting stumps in moist areas; stream edges. REPRODUCTION - Breeds from March to June, with peak probably in May. Eggs laid in summer, hatch in fall. Clutch size average 3-4; ranges 2 - 9. Eggs deposited in loose soil, and probably in or under rotten logs. Prefers moist sites.
TEERTTORY/HOME RANGE - Not territorial. No data on home range. FOOD HABITS - Searches under ground debris for slugs, earthworms, and possibly slender salamanders.
MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATION5 - Activities which would tend to dry the environment probably would be detrimental to this species. Needs study, especially the distribution. Preserve down logs for breeding sites.
REFERENCES (1957); - Stebbins (1954, 1966); Wright and Wright Mills et al. (1978); St. John (1980); Storm (pers. comm.). Department of Agriculture (1979a) provided base information.
43 Vicinity Map
Siuslaw National Forest
Racer
am
Lincoln C'l
la
Wash
Newpor
Ore.
Waidpo
C Florence 101
Reedsport
Lo's P--t dt. 697(b), 5t. 3ohn CV9tp)
44 RACER (Coluber constrictor
(ODFW). STATUS/DISTRIBUTION - Unprotected Very rare permanent resident within Alsea Ranger District within Siuslaw National Forest. Siuslaw National Forest is along western periphery of range. Widespread throughout Oregon except absent along coast north of Coos Bay and Cascade Range. Ranges throughout United States.
KEY HABITAT - Meadows and brU3hlands. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS - Open, grassy and brushy areas near rocks or logs. REPRODUCTION - Breeds from April to June, with peak in May; eggs laid in midsummer, hatching in late summer. One clutch a year. Clutch size averages 19; ranges 5 - 28. Eggs deposited in layers in rotten wood or underground debris such as rocks or boards. Not found in excessively dry areas. TERRITORY/HOME RANGE - Minimum habitat required for a population is 20.2 ha (50 ac). Probably not territorial. No data on home range.
FOOD HABITS - Searches for insects (especially crickets and grasshoppers), amphibians, lizards, snakes, small rodents, and birds. Forages on ground surface.
MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS - Maintain ground litter as breeding sites. Activities which would open the habitat may benefit this species.
REFERENCES - Stebbins (1954, 1966); Wright and Wright (1957); Mills et al. (1978); St. John (1980); Storm (pers. comm.). Department of Agriculture (1979a) provided base information.
45 Vicinity Map
Siuslaw National Forest low
Clophec- @5naKe.
amook
Li
Newport
Id.
Waldport
c
Calif. Florence
Reedsport
u)@C-t 5t. 34in (@980) dn(l 6-rcr-m (perf"CO014
46 GOPHER SNAKE (Pituophis melanoleucus)
STRIBUTION (ODFW) Rare permanent within - Unprotected . resident Alsea Ranger District but occasionally observed throughout Siuslaw National Forest. SiU31aw National Forest is along Western periphery of range. Ranges throughout Oregon except absent from coast north of Coos Bay and Cascade Range. Ranges throughout United States.
KF,Y HABIla - Meadows, and brushy areas. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS - Seems to prefer open, grassy areas and brushfields as opposed to dense forests. Damp, loose soil for breeding.
May. REPRODUCTION - Breeds from March to June, with peak in Eggs are laid in early to mid-summer, hatching in late summer or early fall. One clutch a year. Clutch size averages 7; ranges 3-20. Eggs are deposited in damp, loose soil.
TERRITORY/HOME RANGE - Probably not territorial. No data on home range. Minimum habitat required for a population is 20.2 ha (50 ac).
FOOD HABIM - Searches for rodents, birds and bird eggs; young occasionally take reptiles. Forages in brush and on ground surface. Prey is killed by constriction.
MANAGEMENT RECOMNDATION@ - Has considerable value in rodent control. Since this species occupies such a variety of habitats, the effect from logging is unpredictable. Generally, activities which open and dry substrates would probably be beneficial.
REZERENCFa (1978); - Stebbins (1954, 1966); Mills et al. Department of Agriculture (1979b); St. John (1980); Storm (pers. comm.). Department of Agriculture (1979a) provided base information.
47 Vicinity Map
Siuslaw National Forest
@2zmmor@ sc-14-tp-c
Po
Lincoln City a
Newport A
Id.
Waidport
Ne,
ILI C.11 Florence iel
Reedsport
bq7d,
4T COMMON GARTER SNAKE (Thamnophis Air_t&jja)
(ODFW). STATUS/DISTRIBUTION - Unprotected Very common permanent resident throughout Siuslaw, National Forest and common within Oregon Dunes NRA. One of the more common species of snakes in the United States, although many details of its life history are still unknown. Ranges throughout Oregon, the United States and southern Canada.
KEY HABITAT - Meadows, pasture, deciduous riparian, wet meadow, and grass/forb to open, brushy stages of all forest types.
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS - Associated often with streamside and lake areas. REPRODUCTION - Breeds from March to June, with peak in April. Does not construct a nest; live-bearing. Litter size averages 16; ranges 8-73.
TERRIJORY/HQME RANGE - No data. Minimum habitat required for a population is 10.1 ha (25 ac).
FOOD HABITS - Searches for frogs, toads, tadpoles, earthworms, slugs, leeches, crayfish, fish, salamanders, small rodents and bird eggs. Forages in water and along stream edges. Prey species are usually associated with water.
MANAGEMENT RECQMNDATTQNS - May benefit from activities that open the habitat.
REFERENCES - Stebbins (1954, 1972); Department of Agriculture (1972); White and Kolb (1974); Mills et al. (1978); Department of Agriculture (1979b); St. John (1980); Storm (pers. comm.). Department of Agriculture (1979a) provided base information.
49 Vicinity Map
Siuslaw National Forest
MO(--b-\\Aje:5te-rn Trter 5nal@@
Lincoln City
wash
Newport S Id
Waldport
Nev.
Calif. Florence lei
Reedsport
-s-tof-M (Pun. cinmrY\.), NORTHWESTERN GARTER SNAKE (Thamnonbis ordinoidgs)
STATUS/DISTRIBUTION - Unprotected (ODFW). Very common permanent resident throughout Siuslaw National Forest, common within Oregon Dunes NRA. Occurs along the entire Oregon coast, and inland to the crest of the Cascades. Exists sympatrically (ranges overlap) with other species of because of different food preferences.
KgX HABITAT - Damp meadows; and grass/forb to open, brushy stages of all forest types, and various wetlands. Prefers pasture and small streams. SPECIAL RgQUIREMENTS - Brush meadow edges. REPRODUCTION - Breeds from March to April, with peak in April. Does not a 3 construct nest; live-bearing. Litter size averages 9; ranges - 15. TERRITORY/HOME RANGE - No data. FOOD HABIT5 - Searches for slugs, frogs, salamanders, and earthworms on ground surface. Water requirements unknown, but moisture needed by prey species.
MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS - May be adversely impacted by activities that would dry the habitat.
REFERENCES - Stebbins.(1954, 1966, 1972); Department of Agriculture (1972); Maser and Franklin (1974); Mills et al. (1978); St. John (1980); Storm (pers. comm.). Department of Agriculture (1979a) provided base information.
51 Vicinity Map
Siusiaw National Forest
We--5-tefr\ Cc-ltt@e,@ndKc-
Lmla-@@A5
ort an amook
13a
Lincol CH alem
Newport Albany ry Or*.
Waldport
Nev.
Calif. Florence pringfield
Reedsport
09705
5t. zck)r@ 0<380) (Pef5-c6@nm.) anck Stcrm
52 WESTERN RATTLESNAKE (Crotalus viridis)
(ODFW). STATUS/DISTRIBUTION - Unprotected Very rare permanent resident along eastern edge of Siuslaw National Forest south of Corvallis. Apparently cannot survive in the cool damp coastal areas. Ranges throughout western United States.
KEY HABITAT - Deciduous riparian, shrub forest, and madrone-chinquapin- Douglas-fir habitat.
SPECTAL REQUIREMENTS - Rocky areas, especially along stream bottoms and south slopes.
REPRQDUCTION Breeds from March to June, with peak in April. One clutch - 4 every two years. Clutch size averages 11; ranges - 21. Uses no nest; birth sites are probably areas with cover.
TERRTTORY/HOME RANGE - Not territorial. Minimum habitat required for a population is 16.2 ha (40 ac). Home range in eastern Oregon was 457 ha (1,130 ac) for an individual.
FOOD HABITS - Searches for rodents, birds, and rabbits on ground surface and in burrows. Seems to be abundant in vicinity of water, perhaps because of greater abundance of prey.
MANAGEMENT REC=NDATION@ - Activities that favor prey species may favor western rattlesnake.
REFERENCES (1947); (1972); (1972); - Fitch and Glading Klauber Stebbins Mills et al. (1978); Department of Agriculture (1979b); St. John (1980); storm (pers. comm.). Department of Agriculture (1979a) provided base information.
53 REFERENCES
Altig, Ronald and Philip C. DLxnas. 1972. Rana aurora. CAT AMER AMPHIB REPT: 160.1-160.4.
Anderson, James D. 1969. Dicamptodon and D. ensatus. CAT AMER AMPHIB REFIT: 76.1 - 76.2. Brodie, E.D. Jr. 1970. Western salamanders of the genus Plethodon: systematics and geographic variation. Herp. 26:468 Bury, R.B. 1968. The distribution of AscaRhus truei in California. Herpetologica 24(l): 39-46. Bury, R.B. 1972. Habits and home range of the Pacific pond turtle, Clemmys marmorata, in a stream community. Unpub. Ph.D. Dissertation-, Univ. Calif. Be keley.
Carl, G.C. 1943. The amphibians of British Columbia. B.C. Prov. Mus. Handbook No. 2. 62 pp. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1972. Resource inventory report for the Oregon Dunes NRA, Siuslaw National Forest. 294 pp. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1979a. CalifoLnia wildlife/ habitat relationships program: north coast/Cascades zone. Vol. I. Herp narratives. Ill pp. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1979b. Wildlife habitats in managed forests the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington. Agriculture Handbook No. 553. 512 pp.
Department of Interior. Unpublished, 1980. Bureau of Land Management Unit Resource Analysis - Step 2; BL14 Manual 1605.36. Dumas, P.C. 1956. The ecological relations of sympatry in Plethodon dunni and P. vehiculum. Ecol. 37:484
Dunn, E.R. 1926. The salamanders of the family Plethodontidae. Smith College, Northampton, MA. 441 pp. Eltzroth, Merlin. 1980. Contracted by Siuslaw National Forest, Corvallis, OR.
Feder, Juliana H., Gloria Z. Wurst and David B. Wake. 1978. Genetic variation in western salamanders of the genus Plethodon, and the status of Plethodon qordoni. Herpetologica 34(l):64-69. Fitch, Henry S. and Ben Galding. 1947. A study of a rattlesnake population. Calif. Fish & Game 33(2):103-123. Gnaedinger, L.M. and C.A. Reed. 1948. Contribution to the natural history of the plethodont salamander Ensatina eschscholtzii. Copeia 3:187
55 Gordon, K. 1939. The amphibia and reptillia of Oregon. Oregon State Monogr., Studies Zool. 1. 82 pp.
Hanlin, H.G., J.J. Beatty and S.W. Hanlin. 1979. A nest site of the ,western red-backed salamander, Plethodon vehiculum. J. Herp. 13:215. Karlstrom, Ernest L. 1962. The toad genus Bufo in the Sierra Nevada of California, ecological and systematic relationships. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 62:1-104.
Klauber, L.M. 1972. Rattlesnakes their habits, life histories, and influence on mankind, second edition. Univ. Calif. Press, 1533 pp.
Lais, P. Mike. 1976. Gerrhonotus coeruleus. CAT AMER AMPHIB REPT: 178.1-178.4.
Loy, et al. 1976. Atlas of Oregon. University of Oregon Books, 215pp.
Maser, Chris, and Jerry F. Franklin. 1974. Checklist of vertebrate animals of the Cascade Head Experimental Forest. USDA For. Serv. Resour. Bull. PNW-51, 32 pp., illus. Mills, Alvin D., Gene D. Silovsky, Carlos Pinto and Philip J. Janik. Unpublished, 1978. Wildlife resources on the Siuslaw National Forest: Inventory, resource conflict, goals, objectives and guidelines. 86 pp.
Moyle, Peter B. 1973. Effects of introduced bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana, on native frogs of the San Joaquin Valley, California. Copeia 1973(l)-.18-22.
Peacock, R.L. and R.N. Nussbaum. 1973. Reproductive biology and population structure of the western red-backed salamander, Plethodon vehiculum. J. herp. 7:215 Pickwell, Gayle. 1947. Anphibians and reptiles of the Pacific states. Stanford Univ. Press. 236 pp. St. John, Alan D. 1980. Knowing Oregon Reptiles. Salem Audubon Society. 36 pp. Stebbins, Robert C. 1949. Speciation in salamanders of the plethodontid genus Ensatina. Univ. Calif. (Berkeley) Pub. Zool. 48:377. Stebbins, Robert C. 1951. Amphibians of western North America. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley, CA. 539 pp. Stebbins, Robert C. 1954. Amphibians and reptiles of western North America. MGraw-Hill. 536 pp. Stebbins, Robert C. 1966. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Houghton Mifflin. 279 pp. Stebbins, Robert C. 1972. Amphibians and reptiles of California. Univ. Calif. Press. 152 pp. Storm, Robert. 1980. Notes from class lecture and personal conversation. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
White, Marshall and James A. Kolb. 1974. A preliminary study of Thamnophis near Sagehen Creek, California. Copeia 1974:126-136.
Wright, Albert H. and Ana A. Wright. 1957. Handbook of snakes of the United States and Canada. Vol I and II. Comstock Publ. Associates. Ithaca, N.Y. 1105 pp. Zweifelj Richard G. 1955. Ecology distribution and systematics of frogs of the Rana boylei group. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 54:207-292. Zweifel, Richard G. 1968. Rana boylei CAT AMER AMPHlB REPr. 71.1-71.2.
57