A.15  Conflict / Complex

A.15 (Dadaab) – 2011 – / Conflict Keywords: Planned and managed camps, Emergency shelter, T-shelter, Core housing, Site plan- Update: ning, infrastructure,

Country: Project timeline Kenya Project location: January 2013 – –– Kambioos camp of- Dadaab ficially recognized Conflict / disaster: June 2012 – –– End of use of ISSB July 2011 famine and continuing blocks. conflict Camp population: At maximum over 450,000 registered Project outputs: Camp planning and site construction for 76,000 people on two sites Plot size: Up to five people: 10m x 12m August 2011 – –– Kambioos camp More than five people: 12m x 15m opened –– Ifo 2 camp opened Kenya July 2011 – –– Famine declared

Dadaab Early 2011 – –– New arrivals start to increase

March 2010 – –– Ifo 2 site identified

Project description Following a massive influx of Somali refugees to the camps at Dadaab in Kenya, two new camps were planned and built. Camp services were set-up and a -led committee was established to manage the camps. Planning was for 200,000 people, but poor security and lack of government recognition meant that far fewer people settled at the sites. The majority of families were sheltered in tents. Later shelters were built with plastic sheet on timber frames. As families became established, many built their own structures. After some initial construction, use of Interlocking Stabilised Soil Blocks (ISSB) was prohibited by the government.

Strengths and weaknesses 88 There were difficult labour relations between 99 Qualified and experienced technical experts oversaw the host community and the refugee population, camp planning and construction. initially exacerbated by differnt policies by different 99 The Government of Kenya supported site implementing organisations. identificaiton, physical planning, shelter construction 88 Security was poor and the lack of official recognition and registration of refugees. of Kambioos camp meant police presence was 99 Significant refugee and host community insufficient. participation in the project. 88 Poor security, challenging host community relations 99 Complete settlement services were established. and difficult access meant that the camps ended (including water supply and sanitation, health, up being much smaller than planned. The growing education). population of the camps at Dadaab, ended up moving 99 Settlements were built rapidly once there was into the existing densly populated sites. agreement to start. 88 There were insufficient materials available to the 99 Site planners learnt lessons from the current camps refugee population for shelter construction and fuel. and paid particular attention to improve firebreaks. -- After 300 shelters were built with Interlocking 88 The camp populations removed vegetation and Stabilised Soil Blocks (ISSB), the government prohibited damaged the surrounding environment. further construction to avoid the sites becoming permanent camps.

48 Conflict / Complex Shelter Projects 2011–2012 A.15

New sites were identified, planned and constructed within 20km of the existing town of Dadaab to cope with major new influxes and a backlog of non-registered new refugee arrivals. Initial planning was for sites for 200,000 people. Photo: Joseph Ashmore

Background government that additional camps Family latrines and showers were (See Shelter Projects 2009, A.10) would signify increased insecurity, built at the corner of each individual not a positive message for Kenya plot, 8–10m from the shelter. It was The conflict in Somalia led to to be promoting internationally. expected that refugees would take forced migration of thousands of Additionally, there was the proper care of them and not allow Somali nationals into the neigh- concern that refugees would clear foul smells to develop. When a bouring countries, including Kenya. vegetation, potentially causing latrine was full it would be decom- Since 1991, the of conflict with the host communities. missioned, backfilled and replaced Kenya became a home to refugees with another one close by. fleeing war torn Somalia. Dadaab, Site planning a small town within the County is Both camps were planned based Implementation located 100km from Garissa town on a community concept with 10 or Parts of “Ifo 2” camp had flood and 90km from the Somali border. 12 shelters. zones. As a result a Topographi- cal Survey was conducted in 2011 In 2009, Dadaab had a popu- Each camp was planned with an and recommendations were made lation of 250,000, mainly Somali 8m wide sanitation line between for flood mitigation and control refugees. They were settled in to communities. This break was measures. three major camps known as Ifo, for sanitation facilities, including Dagahaley and Hagadera. communal showers, latrines and The site of Kambioos had fewer Continuous drought inside garbage pits for the initial settle- flooding issues, but there were Somalia coupled with persistent ment. Roads were 15m wide. initially concerns about the water scarcity, and the additional chal- fighting led to further displace- Strong camp management was lenges caused by the sandy soil and ments from Somalia into the existing required to enforce these breaks, a bedrock. This created issues in camps in Kenya. By mid-2011, up as there was a tendency for house- pitching tents and digging latrines, to 1,400 were arriving per holds to build fences out of thorns while access roads, both to and day, leading the camp population and brushwood that encroached on within the site were a challenge. to increase to over 450,000 people. them. This had also been an issue in existing camps in Dadaab. Both sites had significant Site selection security issues, hampering access, The massive influx of refugees The camps were built in phases. with major incidents, including kid- led to the need for new camps. Each of the phases of “Ifo 2” camp nappings occurring at both sites. was planned to measure 2.5km The process to identify new x 1.5km. Kambioos site was built The following roles were taken camps began in 2009 with three in four planning phases each with on by different organisations in the possible sites being identified for 10 sections and seven residential two camps: Kambioos in Fafi district and one blocks. site for Ifo extension in Lagdera • Camp management agency: District. Each plot initially measured 10m responsible for site planning x 12m. However, as households and shelter in the two camps. A After a series of negotiations encroached on sanitation lines and team of 6 surveyors and planners with the respective host commu- roads, the plot sizes were adjusted per camp and one overall site nities, it was agreed that the two to 12m x 15m when relocation planner was responsible for camps were vital for decongesting of refugees living in the outskirts supervision of all works. the existing camps. began in mid-2012. Depending • Construction: responsible for During these negotiations, there upon their size, larger families were roads, schools, health facilities was a significant concern from the allocated two or three plots. and general infrastructure provision in the two camps www.ShelterCaseStudies.org 49 A.15  Conflict / Complex

The site of Kambioos was covered in dense and thorny vegetation and had very sandy soil, requiring additional care to be taken with construction of shelters, latrines and other infrastructure. Photo: Joseph Ashmore (six staff were involved). An sheets which they used to construct with Section Leaders, Community organisation assigned two shelters in addition to the tents. Peace and Protection Teams, Site engineers in Kambioos and Planning, Shelter, Food Advisory To provide families with a more another two in "Ifo 2" to WASH and Graveyard committees. durable solution, Interlocking Stabi- directly monitor the works that lised Soil Block (ISSB) shelters were were sub contracted to local The future built from May 2012 onwards. building contractors. Kambioos camp suffered from The plan was to construct 16,000 • Shelter partner: responsible several serious security incidents. shelters in a 2 – 3 years period. for emergency shelters in the One of the reasons for poor two camps (four staff were By the end of June 2012, 296 of security at the Kambioos camp involved). these shelters had been completed. was that there was a lack of police • Operating partner: In July 2012 however, the Kenyan presence, despite a plot measuring responsible for sanitation and government stopped the produc- 300m x 300m had been allocated hygiene in Kambioos alone and tion of ISSB shelters stating that for a police station. By 2013 plans over 40 labourers to support these were permanent structures were underway to construct police in latrine construction (six staff rather than refugee shelters. station. were involved). In November 2012, the con- Police were not deployed since Most of the challenges expe- struction of temporary shelters the site was not officially recognized rienced in the site construction was approved by the Kenyan au- by the government until 2013. As were labour related. Early on in thorities. These had timber frames, a result, financial resources were the construction, different partners plastic sheeting walls and a corru- limited, and only 18,000 people paid different wages to labourers. gated iron roof. This design was an moved into the camp initially Wages for labourers were later interim structure, to facilitate rapid planned for 150,000 people. Similar standardised to reduce delays. Pay delivery of a durable roof, while ne- issues were faced at Ifo 2 camp delays also caused strikes for up to gotiations on other shelter options with a total population of 69,000 7 days. continued. by the end of 2012. The rest of the new arrivals settled in the outskirts Initially there were challenges Tents were also used for shelter of existing but congested camps. in identifying who represented the at Kambioos camp, and plans were host community, as many forceful put in place to replace these with No significant fires were individuals claimed to be a repre- temporary shelters as well. reported in either camps. This was sentative. attributed to the proper planning Services and good management, reducing Shelter When the sites were set up, encroachments into open spaces At Ifo 2 camp, a total of 16,000 water was brought in by truck. and effective firebreaks. This was tents were issued to refugee Boreholes were made and 16.5km in contrast with the congested old families during the relocation in of water pipeline, 41 tap stands and camps. July – October 2011. By the end of 246 taps were later installed. th 2012, they were in a bad condition On 11 January 2013 Kambioos and 6,000 were replaced with new By the end of 2012, one opera- camp was officially recognized tents. tional borehole in Kambioos camp by the government, and became delivered sufficient water for its "foreseen as one of the camps Tents in the camps had a population to receive 20 litres per where refugees residing in urban limited lifetime averaging just person per day. A health post and areas in Kenya will be relocated over 6 months. Although many of primary schools were also serving to, in accordance with the govern- the arriving families from Somalia the population, and plans to build ment Directive issued in December were accustomed to nomadic and a secondary school were underway. 2012 calling for the relocation of moveable structures, training in refugees and asylum-seekers from Camp management structures maintaining tents was required. urban areas to refugee camps". were established in both camps Over time, many of the refugees (one chairman and one chair lady) covered their tents with plastic sheets while others purchased iron

50 Conflict / Complex Shelter Projects 2011–2012 A.15

Top to bottom: Site marking; Tent erection on a windy day; Newly established blocks at IFO camp extension. Camps were organised into a) plots, b) communites, c) blocks, and d) sections. www.ShelterCaseStudies.org Photo: Joseph Ashmore51

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Plan from June 2012 of Kambioos site. 52