The Stories of the Ne W Silk Route

The Stories of the New Silk Route

Facilitating interaction between global and local within the Belt and Road Initiative. TU Delft ofUrbanism Department Complex Cities P5 Presentation Kermani Azadeh Arjomand Gregory Bracken 4149297 Kseniya Otmakhova

Thesis research topic China’s Belt and Road Initiative [ [ Revival of the Silk Road Ancient Silk Route Belt and Road Initiative

Win-win

collaboration Revival of the Silk Route [ China’s Belt and Road Initiative [ Win-win Collaboration

Geopolitic, infrastructural mega-project win - win colonialism

source: https://www.cagle.com/paresh-nath/2017/05/china-s-silk-road-strategy#.WzF5ItIzZPZ source: https://www.cagle.com/paresh-nath/2017/05/china-s-silk-road-strategy#.WzF5ItIzZPZ BRI - Land and Sea Routes

Introduction How? Why? Result Effect Next Up Why then Belt and Road as a [ topic of urbanism research? ] BRI Instrumentts Gwadar Deep Sea Port, Pakistan, since 2016

Source: http://balochistanvoices.com/2016/06/gwadar-port-source-of-potential-benefits/ Khorgos Gateway Dry-Port, Kazakhstan, since 2015

Source: http://www.atimes.com/article/atc-chinas-landlocked-port-in-kazakhstan-doesnt-need-water-to-succeed/ Spatial implications Oil Pipelines and Installations Powerplant Balochistan, Pakistan, since 2018

Source: https://www.mnenergyservices.com/above-ground-pipelines.php

Source: https://www.mnenergyservices.com/above-ground-pipelines.php Source: http://pakchinanews.pk/pakistan-power-plant-to-get-coal-terminal-by-chinese-companies/ Gwadar Deep Sea Port, Pakistan, since 2016 Impact on daily lives

Source: http://balochistanvoices.com/2016/06/gwadar-port-source-of-potential-benefits/ Khorgos Gateway Dry-Port, Kazakhstan, since 2015

Source: http://www.atimes.com/article/atc-chinas-landlocked-port-in-kazakhstan-doesnt-need-water-to-succeed/ Oil Pipelines and Installations Powerplant Balochistan, Pakistan, since 2018

Source: https://www.mnenergyservices.com/above-ground-pipelines.php

Thanaleng Station is part of the first international railway link serving Laos, connecting the country to Thailand. Tha na Lang village, located just outside Laos capital Vientianne is proud hosing this, for now merely touristic atrraction, that also serves as a wedding location for the local inhabitants.

Source: http://balochistanvoices.com/2016/06/gwadar-port-source-of-potential-benefits/ Khorgos Gateway Dry-Port, Kazakhstan, since 2015

Source: http://www.atimes.com/article/atc-chinas-landlocked-port-in-kazakhstan-doesnt-need-water-to-succeed/ Oil Pipelines and Installations Powerplant Balochistan, Pakistan, since 2018 Urbanisation

Source: https://www.mnenergyservices.com/above-ground-pipelines.php

Source: http://balochistanvoices.com/2016/06/gwadar-port-source-of-potential-benefits/ Khorgos Gateway Dry-Port, Kazakhstan, since 2015

Source: http://www.atimes.com/article/atc-chinas-landlocked-port-in-kazakhstan-doesnt-need-water-to-succeed/ Source: Paolo Moreira https://qz.com/623798/what-africas-emerging-cities-can-learn-from-china/ Oil Pipelines and Installations Powerplant Balochistan, Pakistan, since 2018 A house in the middle of a newly built road in Wenling, in China’s Zhejiang province, in 2012.

Source: https://www.mnenergyservices.com/above-ground-pipelines.php

Source: https://www.mnenergyservices.com/above-ground-pipelines.php Source: http://pakchinanews.pk/pakistan-power-plant-to-get-coal-terminal-by-chinese-companies/ Source: Reuters/China Daily Large scale globalisation driven urbanisation

“[...] our most advanced contemporary environments Where are the world's newest cities … and why do they all appear repetitive and uniform. [...] However, the look the same? environments we produce today shelter a society Thousands of new cities are needed to house the increasing global population – projected to reach 10bn by 2060. From China’s planned Jing-Jin-Ji hypercity to African that prides itself on individual freedom of choice and techno hubs and sprawling refugee camps, Adam Greenﬁeld explores what the future self expression. holds This betrays a misalignment between our present Cities is supported by social culture and its physical environment. About this content Adam Greenﬁeld Thu 28 Jan 2016 08.04 GMT

- Habracken, 2016. At present we share our planet with some 7.5 billion other human beings, and as swollen as that number may already sound, it is projected to hit 10 billion before levelling oﬀ sometime around the middle of the century.

Global population may never scale the vertiginous peaks foreseen in the panicky neo- Malthusian literature of the mid-20th century, chieﬂy Paul and Anne Ehrlich’s famous jeremiad of 1968, The Population Bomb. Nor will overpopulation’s eﬀects, as they fold back against the cities of the global north, much resemble the apocalyptic depictions in the era’s pop culture; 1973’s Soylent Green, for example, opens with a title card informing the viewer that 40 million souls reside in the smog-choked New York City of 2022, and that seems more win - win collaboration? interaction between [ global & local ] Impact of BRI on local context - case Khorgos Gateway

Source: http://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-40099103/emerging-trade- hub-could-revive-ancient-silk-road Research question

How can urban planners and designers shape the Belt and Road Initiative to create interactive urban environments for a [ globalized future? ] Main question Sub - questions

Preparational context questions:

A. What is the Belt and Road exactly about, how does it work?

B. How does it exactly relate to the Ancient Silk Route?

Supportive research questions:

1. Can the current plan for Khorgos answer the needs of How can urban planners and designers future multi-cultural communities? shape the Belt and Road Initiative to 2. What is the future vision for the development of Khorgos create interactive urban environments Gateway? for a globalized future? 3. How to embed ICBC Khorgos with the surrounding context? How to facilitate spatial, functional and social interaction between the two?

Important abbreviations:

BRI: the Belt and Road Initiative ICBC: International Centre for Border Cooperation Methodology

Design: Interaction Understand the Study-case: Evaluation and global and local Belt and Road Initiative Khorgos Gateway transferability 1 2 3 in Khorgos 4

defining the scope defining the problem integrating theory from case study back defining design brief and analysis findings to bigger system

- BRI goals - Field trip to Khorgos - Rethinking the role - Tool for assessment - BRI Instruments - Analysis findings of ICBC Khorgos and evaluation - Role of Urbanism - Diagnosis BRI - Solving identified - Impact on the BRI as problems a system - Impact of solutions - Transferring results - Overview current - Exploration of through the scales globally BRI developments theoretical concepts - Five development - Recommendations - Selection study-case through literature goals with strategies for future development study and discussions and implementations of ICBC clusters in BRI with experts

Theory paper:

BRI through the lens of Urbanism

Introduction How? Why? Result Effect Next Up Methodology

Understand the 1Belt and Road Initiative

BRI COLLABORATION Goals Financial integration Unimpeded trade Policy coordination Connectivity People to people bonds Physical Socio-cultural Politico-Economic Instruments Instruments Instruments

Nodal infrastructures: Theory paper: Roads, Railways, Ports, Diplomatic Airports, Silk Road cultural BRI legacy, Educational Capital loans, agreements, policy Telecommunications Instruments Economic cooridors, programmes, Cultural Technical financial programmes. networks, Pipelines, trading agreements. exchange programmes, instruments. Development BRI through Zones and Cities. Chinese Culture Institutes. the lens of Special Economic Zones

Urbanism Spatial Trans-territorial Vision, Spatial Development Perspective. XL Planning Spatial Cohesion Structural Visions, Polycentric Development Strategies, and L-M across borders Cross-border Cooperation Programmes. Design and scales Placemaking Tools Embedding Infrastructure S Urban Interaction Design

Introduction How? Why? Result Effect Next Up Methodology

Study-case: 2 Khorgos Gateway KAZAKHSTAN CHINA

650 km Urumqi

way ate G 90 km os rg Ili, Xinjiang o h K

Khorgos Huo’erguosi

ICBC ‘Khorgos’ XL L M S Nurkent

International National Regional Local context Dry-port Railway Station

Zharkent context Khorgos context context Khorgos 40 km s e t Gatway Khorgos Khorgos Gateway u o R e Gatway Gatway v k ti il ia S nit nt d I cie Roa An nd the lt a iving Be Rev

350 km U U U Almaty K Z K Z K Z K

KZ CN A A A

Introduction How? Why? Result Effect Next Up Methodology Development goals for Khorgos A B C D E

Design: Interaction global and local in Khorgos 3 S M

Introduction How? Why? Result Effect Next Up Methodology

INTERACTION

E 2.2 E 2.1 Evaluation and LOCAL GLOBAL transferability 4 WIN WIN

B 1.1 B 1.2

BUSINESS BUSINESS

D 1.3 D 1.2 D 1.1 D 1.4

CULTURE CULTURE C 2.1 C 1.1 C 1.2 E 1.1 C 2.2 URBAN URBAN

A 1.1 A 2.1 A 1.2

INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE

ACCESSIBILITY

Introduction How? Why? Result Effect Next Up KAZAKHSTAN CHINA

650 km Urumqi

way ate G 90 km os rg Ili, Xinjiang o h K

Khorgos Huo’erguosi

ICBC ‘Khorgos’ Nurkent

Dry-port Railway Station

Zharkent

40 km s e t u o R e v k ti il ia S nit nt d I cie Roa An nd the lt a iving Be Rev

350 km

Almaty

Analysis through the scales

Astana XL L

Khorgos Khorgos Urumqi Almaty

Urumqi

Almaty

Kashgar

Kazakhstan

China Kyrgyzstan 100 km

Khorgos Zharkent S M ICBC

Dry Port

Zharkent

Huerguosi Station Industry

Almaty Urumqi

Altynkol Station Khorgas 1 KM Station

Introduction How? Why? Result Effect Next Up XL - China & Kazakhstan Biggest cities and cooperations XL

Astana

Khorgos Almaty Urumqi Edited zoom-in

Kashgar Khorgos

Silk Route Heritage

Astana

Balqash

Koylyk Kyzylorda Karamergen Zhetysu Khorgos Urumqi Jimsar Türkistan Taraz Almaty Zhargent Yining Turpan Otrar Talgar, Tianshan Kulan Ornek Korla Sayraz and Shymkent Kapchagay Kucha

Loulan Aksu

Kashgar

Introduction How? Why? Result Effect Next Up L - Almaty - Khorgos - Urumqi U Z K L A

Agriculture Industry

Job opportunities International shopping and with housing provided International shopping and entertainment centers entertainment centers

International Good economic Job opportunities higher education conditions for business with housing provided Almaty - Khorgos Urumqi Khorgos

Air pollution due to Seasonal train, twice a week Train, once a day Remote location Old transport Travel time: 5 hours Travel time: 12 hours No convenient connection Higher education Touring bus every 3 hours Touring bus Travel time: 7 hours Travel time: 18 hours Lack of support for No big leisure and Safety issues young families entertainment facilities High level control Taxi / auto-stop / car Taxi / auto-stop / car Travel time: 4 hours Travel time: 14 hours

Taldykorgan

Khorgos Khorgos 650 km Urumqi 350 km Urumqi

Ghulja Almaty 350 km Almaty 30 km Kazakhstan China N

Kazakhstan China Kazakhstan China N 30 km

Legend

Million city

International airport Planned development Khorgos Not attractive Hard to reach Domestic airport National border Railway line

Fastest automobile route

Introduction How? Why? Result Effect Next Up M - Zharkent - Khorgos U Z K A

Shizhin M Remore mointain settlement settlement

Dangerous border area ICBC 5. control point Industrial ghost town

2. 6. Khorgos Nurkent village

3. Cultural heritage city Car SEZ Khorgos Zharkent Isolation 1. 4. Altynkol station

Zharkent to Khorgos 40 km 50 minutes traveling from Zharkent to Khorgos by taxi

Introduction How? Why? Result Effect Next Up S - Khorgos Gateway U Z K A

ICBC S

Dry port Source:: BBC documentary Khorgos Gateway (2017) DRY PORT & INDUSTRY KAZAKHSTAN

INDUSTRY CHINA

Alashankou railway station Source: travel pictures

ICBC Source: travel pictures

Current plan for the border cooperation centre. Source: http://mcps-khorgos.kz/en/project/geographical Khorgos Village Kazakhstan Chinese ICBC Congress centrum developments Huerguosi Town

Kazakhstan China Analysis Summary Local People The cluster Almaty - The Almaty and Xinjiang Astana is currently regions are rich in Silk stronger than Almaty Route Heritage, however Like to build their own Khorgos. Almaty - Khorgos many sites lack exposure housing. - Urumqi is not realising its and accessibility. XL full potential yet. Want a big shopping and

The established Almaty Khorgos is not entertainment mall like in and Urumqi make it hard attrachtive enough Almaty for Khorgos to compete yet to go through the for visitors and residents effort of unconvenient in the thin populted travelling there. L region. Care for their children to get international Regadless the free The car-only connection Zharkent and the region education housing and job between Zharkent, used to be strong for opportunities in Nurkent, Nurkent and Khorgos is agriculture. The BRI gave Zharkent is a more not optimal and works it a chance to revive but attractive city for its against the potential of more support is needed culture, enertainment, the new developments. to make it the strength of Want to have more M shopping and freedom the region again. meeting places like park, to build own housing. squares and markets.

Programme of the Accessing the ICBC Need easier/cheaper ICBC is not attractive is unconvenient and ways of travelling in the enough for locals. paid. Environment is not welcoming, region as villages and S border very hard. new developments are far away from each other.

Khorgos Urumqi Programme Accessibility Local Almaty and and 30 km potential Kazakhstan China functions transportation N

Kazakhstan China

Introduction How? Why? Result Effect Next Up Theory Summary

INTERACTION

LOCAL WIN-WIN GLOBAL LOCAL WIN-WIN GLOBAL LOCAL GLOBAL

WIN WIN

BUSINESS BUSINESS BUSINESS BUSINESS

BUSINESS BUSINESS

CULTURE CULTURE

URBAN URBAN

INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE ACCESSIBILITY INFRASTRUCTURE ACCESSIBILITY INFRASTRUCTURE

ACCESSIBILITY

BRI COLLABORATION Goals Financial integration Unimpeded trade Policy coordination Connectivity People to people bonds Physical Socio-cultural Politico-Economic Instruments Instruments Instruments

Nodal infrastructures: Roads, Railways, Ports, Diplomatic Airports, Silk Road cultural BRI legacy, Educational Capital loans, agreements, policy Telecommunications Instruments Economic cooridors, programmes, Cultural Technical financial programmes. networks, Pipelines, trading agreements. exchange programmes, instruments. Development Zones and Cities. Chinese Culture Institutes. Special Economic Zones

Spatial Trans-territorial Vision, Spatial Development Perspective. XL Planning Spatial Cohesion Structural Visions, Polycentric Development Strategies, and L-M across borders Cross-border Cooperation Programmes. Design and scales Placemaking Tools Embedding Infrastructure S Urban Interaction Design

Introduction How? Why? Result Effect Next Up Design challenge

Facilitate Interaction

INTERACTION INTERACTION

LOCAL GLOBAL LOCAL GLOBAL

WIN WIN WIN WIN

BUSINESS BUSINESS BUSINESS BUSINESS

CULTURE CULTURE CULTURE CULTURE

URBAN URBAN URBAN URBAN

INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE

ACCESSIBILITY ACCESSIBILITY

Introduction How? Why? Result Effect Next Up Rethinking the role of ICBC Khorgos

Role across scales:

Astana Zharkent S XL

Khorgos Urumqi Almaty

Huerguosi Station

Kashgar

Almaty Urumqi

Altynkol Station Khorgas Station

Future Trends: we won’t be bound to one place and will travel faster IKEA Co-living research digital citizenship, digital trade = empty shopping malls

Nomads of Digital globalisation trade

Introduction How? Why? Result Effect Next Up Consequences digital trade Wholesale malls are drastically losing visitors.

Source: Urumqi, travel picture by author Consequences digital trade Wholesale malls are drastically losing visitors. Should we build more new ones? Does the ICBC programme need this?

Urumqi shows another challenge that ICBC Khorgos might need to battle; empty wholesale markets, that welcomed thousands of people on daily basis just 5 years ago. Digitali- zation of trading through social platforms like WeChat (Chinese WhatsApp with a digital wallet), made frequent visits to physical malls unnecessary. With further progression of this trend, the brand-new ICBC might suffer the same fate.

Bianhai Wholesale Market in Urumqi is losing its visitors due to digitalisation of trading. Source: travel pictures by author. Co-living All across the world communes and co-living is gaining popularity. As our societies mix more, less people have one and fixed place to call home.

Millennials want experiences not possessions, say co-living entrepreneurs

‘’Shared living spaces are booming in major cities as young people seek a more sociable lifestyle, according to the entrepreneurs behind the "co-living" accommodation trend’’

https://www.dezeen.com/2016/04/05/co-living-shared-collective-accommodation-housing-millennials-trend-common-wework/

MINI's co-living destination in Shanghai "brings know-how from vehicles into places where we live" IKEA Co-living research

Car brand MINI is diversifying into urban development with the MINI Living building in Shanghai, which will see a disused industrial complex transform into apartments, o ces and leisure spaces

The brand is working with Chinese developer Nova Property Investment Co on the project, which involves converting a former paint factory in the city's Jing'An district into a space for co-living and working that also promotes engagement with the local community.

https://www.dezeen.com/2017/11/23/mini-co-living-destination-shanghai-china-industrial-architecture-residential/

https://www.dezeen.com/2016/07/08/six-best-co-living-developments-around-the-world/ Development goals Khorgos Gateway Based on future trends, site analysis, BRI agenda and focus on interaction between global and local.

Encourage international interaction and collaboration at ICBC INTERACTION E

LOCAL GLOBAL Leverage the potential of the WIN WIN localB region

BUSINESS BUSINESS Underlying goal: Celebrate the gems of local facilitate interaction between culture local and global aspects in and Silk Route CULTURE CULTURE D each domain.

Embed ICBC in URBAN URBAN Clocal context

INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE

Easy accessibility throught efficient ACCESSIBILITY Aconnection

Introduction How? Why? Result Effect Next Up Development framework Khorgos Gateway

Space and economy Culture and Society

Celebrate the Encourage Easy accessibility Leverage the Spatially embed in gems of local international throught efficient potential of the local context culture interaction and connection local region A B C andD Silk Route collaborationE

Strategy 1 Strategy 1 Strategy 1 Strategy 1 Strategy 1 Efficient connection in local Develop agriculture and Expand and densify starting Khorgos Silk Road & Culture Communal living space for region farming from the existing settlements Heritage Hub ‘nomads of globalisation’

Strategy 2 Reasons for interaction between locals and internationals Strategy 2 Strategy 2 Embed the urban develop- Polycentric cluster ments with respect to local Khorgos - Almaty - Astana landscape and uses

Policy Reccomendation Policy Reccomendation Planning Reccomendation Policy Reccomendation Stimulation and (BRI) invest- Tax discount and govern- Expand on existing villages Special residence permit ment in infrastructure ment support for agri and as much as possible Pass for free entrance locals farming businesses on SEZ

Introduction How? Why? Result Effect Next Up Development framework Khorgos Gateway

Space and economy Culture and Society

Introduction How? Why? Result Effect Next Up Development framework Khorgos Gateway

Space and economy Culture and Society

Strategy 2 Strategy 2 Strategy 2 Embed the urban develop- Reasons for interaction Polycentric cluster ments with respect to local between locals and interna- Khorgos - Almaty - Astana landscape and uses tionals

Introduction How? Why? Result Effect Next Up Development framework Khorgos Gateway

Space and economy Culture and Society

Implementation 1 Implementation 1 Implementation 1 Implementation 1 Implementation 1 Busline Zharkent - Khorgos Research and development Unit expansion Museum/info/edu centre centre for agriculture near Shared housing facilities, equal quality for everyone Implementation 2 the border Implementation 2 Implementation 2 (hostel/commune village) New road connections near Expand and densify Khorgos Cross-border hubs interacti- the border (see map) Implementation 2 on installation Space and infrastructure Strategy 2 Strategy 2 Strategy 2 on the SEZ for agriculture Embed the urban develop- Reasons for interaction Implementation 3 Polycentric cluster business ments with respect to local between locals and interna- Provide Silk Route touring Khorgos - Almaty - Astana (what transportation modes?) landscape and uses tionals packages to China and Implementation 1 Implementation 1 Kazakhstan Implementation 1 Higspeed connection Astana Soften the security barrier Learn (language, tech, culture) - Khorgos, with a branch to of ICBC Implementation 4 Eat (cooking classes, shared Almaty Local village life experience meals, restaurants) Implementation 2 Party (festivals, celebrations) Embed the Khorgos expansion in surrounding context Implementation 2 Add locally desirable functions: education, free housing, leisure, quality public space, shopping

Introduction How? Why? Result Effect Next Up Iplementations across scales M_ Design_ Compilation

Agriculture

Zharkent

Industry S M

Nurkent

Zharkent

Dry Port

Western Europe Western China Highway

Almaty Urumqi

Altynkol

Station bridge Railway New Eurasian Land 1 KM er Railway Highspeed Passeng

Astana

Balqash XL L

Koylyk ZhetyKhorgossu KarameAlmatyrgen Urumqi

Jimsar Taraz Zhargent Yining Turpan Talgar, Tianshan Kulan Ornek Korla Kapchagay Kucha

Loulan Aksu

Kashgar

Kazakhstan

China Kyrgyzstan

Introduction How? Why? Result Effect Next Up Easy accessibility throught efficient StrategyM_ Design_ 1 - Efficient Compilation connection in local region Aconnection

Strategy 1 Efficient connection in local region

Implementation 1 Busline Zharkent - Khorgos

Implementation 2 New road connections near the border for better access

Strategy 2 Zharkent Polycentric cluster Khorgos - Almaty - Astana

Implementation 1

Higspeed connection Astana Local Cities + Villages - Khorgos, with a branch to Agriculture Almaty Agriculture Research Industrial Zone (IZ)

IZ: Local Agriculture Dry Port 1 KM ICBC

New Housing Development

Local Cities + Villages Collaboration

Agriculture National Border Policy Reccomendation Agriculture Research Soft Border Stimulation and (BRI) invest- Industrial Zone (IZ) Public Transportation Route ment in local infrastructure IZ: Local Agriculture Freight Transportation Route Dry Port Train Station ICBC

New Housing Development

Collaboration

National Border

Soft Border

Public Transportation Route

Freight Transportation Route

Train Station Strategy 1 Existing situation Implementation 1 - Busline Overlay weekly user patterns

ICBC

Nurkent Dry-port

Train-station Zharkent

Transport modes ICBC

ICBC

Taxi Car

Nurkent

Dry-port Zharkent

Shuttlebus Train-station Zharkent to work

1 KM

Local Cities + Villages

Agriculture

Agriculture Research

Industrial Zone (IZ)

IZ: Local Agriculture

Dry Port

ICBC Local Cities + Villages New Housing Development Agriculture Collaboration Agriculture Research National Border Industrial Zone (IZ) Soft Border IZ:Local Local Cities Agriculture + Villages U Agriculture Public Transportation Route Z K Dry Port ICBCAgriculture Research Freight Transportation Route

A NewIndustrial Housing Zone Development (IZ) Train Station

IZ: Local Agriculture Collaboration M Dry Port National Border ICBC Soft Border New Housing Development Public Transportation Route Collaboration Freight Transportation Route National Border Train Station Soft Border

Public Transportation Route

Freight Transportation Route

Train Station Strategy 1 Implementation 2 - Better border access Existing situation

Visitors ICBC Visitors ICBC

Freight Freight

Passer-by Passer-by

Agriculture Border Border

ICBC territory ICBC territory

Urbanization Urbanization

Entry point ICBC Entry point ICBC Zharkent Zharkent Border control point Border control point

Border crossing point Taxi Border crossing point

Touring bus Industry Almaty - Khorgos - Urumqi Shuttle bus Border Control - ICBC (15 min)

Nurkent

Dry Port Dry Port

Huerguosi Huerguosi Station Station

Touring bus Urumqi - Khorgos - Almaty Western Europe Western China Highway Ghulja - Khorgos

Taxi Almaty Almaty Urumqi Urumqi

Altynkol Altynkol

Station bridge Railway Station New Eurasian Land Khorgas Khorgas er Railway Highspeed Passeng Station Station

1 km 1 km

Visitors ICBC Visitors ICBC Visitors ICBC Freight Freight Freight Visitors ICBC Visitors ICBC

Freight Passer-by Passer-by Freight Passer-by Passer-by Passer-by Border Border Border Agriculture Border Border ICBC territory ICBC territory ICBC territory ICBC territory ICBC territory Urbanization Urbanization Urbanization Urbanization Urbanization Entry point ICBC Entry point ICBC Zharkent Zharkent Border control point Border control point Entry point ICBC Entry point ICBC Entry point ICBC Taxi Border crossing point Border crossing point Zharkent Zharkent Border control point Shuttle bus Zharkent Border control point Border control point Border Control - Public Busline ICBC (15 min) Border crossing point Border crossing point Region Touring bus Border crossing point Almaty - Khorgos - Urumqi Taxi Industry

Nurkent Nurkent Dry Port

Huerguosi Station

Western Europe Western China Highway

Taxi

Almaty Almaty Urumqi Urumqi Dry Port Dry Port Altynkol Altynkol Station Station andbridge Railway Huerguosi New Eurasian L Khorgas Khorgas Huerguosi Station Station Station Station 1 km 1 km

Touring bus Visitors ICBC Western Europe Western China Highway Urumqi - Khorgos Freight Ghulja - Khorgos Taxi Busline Almaty Station - ICBC Almaty Urumqi Almaty Urumqi Urumqi

Altynkol Altynkol Altynkol Station Station y Landbridge Railwa Station Khorgas New Eurasian Khorgas Passenger Railway Khorgas Highspeed Station Station ssenger Railway Highspeed Pa Station

Visitors ICBC 1 km 1 km 1 km Freight

Passer-by

Border

ICBC territory

Urbanization

Visitors ICBC Freight trucks Passers-by border Entry point ICBC

Zharkent Border control point

Touring bus Border crossing point Almaty - Khorgos - Urumqi

U Huerguosi Z K Station Touring bus Urumqi - Khorgos - Almaty Ghulja - Khorgos Urumqi Almaty

Altynkol A Station Khorgas Station S Passer-by border 1 km Easy accessibility throught efficient Strategy 2 - Khorgos Gateway in a polycentric cluster Aconnection

Strategy 1 Efficient connection in local region

Implementation 1 Busline Zharkent - Khorgos Astana

Implementation 2 New road connections near the border for better access

Khorgos Almaty Strategy 2 Urumqi Polycentric cluster Urumqi - Kashgar - Khorgos - Almaty - Astana

Implementation 1 Higspeed connection Astana - Khorgos, with a branch to Kashgar Almaty

Collaboration Cluster Policy Reccomendation Development Zone Stimulation and (BRI) investment in local infrastructure BRI City Collaboration Cluster

High Speed Railway Development Zone

Ancient Silk Road Route BRI City

Ancient Silk Road Herritage Site High Speed Railway

Ancient Silk Road Route

Ancient Silk Road Herritage Site Strategy 2 Implementation 1 - Highspeed connection Existing situation

Almaty - Khorgos Urumqi Khorgos

Seasonal train, twice a week Train, once a day Travel time: 5 hours Travel time: 12 hours Touring bus every 3 hours Touring bus Travel time: 7 hours Travel time: 18 hours

Taxi / auto-stop / car Taxi / auto-stop / car Travel time: 4 hours Travel time: 14 hours

Taldykorgan

Taldykorgan Khorgos 650 km 350 km Urumqi

Ghulja Almaty 350 km Khorgos 650 km Urumqi 1h 3h Kazakhstan China N 30 km Ghulja Legend Million city

Almaty 350 km International airport Planned development Khorgos

Domestic airport National border

Railway line

Fastest automobile route Kazakhstan China N

Highspeed line Megapolis Planned development Khorgos

Astana

Khorgos Almaty Urumqi

Astana

Khorgos Almaty Kashgar Urumqi Collaboration Cluster

Development Zone

BRI City

Kashgar High Speed Railway

Ancient Silk Road Route

Ancient Silk Road Herritage Site Leverage the potential of the local Strategy 1 - Leverage the local potential, agriculture region B M_ Design_ Agriculture

Strategy 1 Develop agriculture and farming

Implementation 1 Research and development centre for agriculture near ICBC the border

Implementation 2 Space and infrastructure on the SEZ for agriculture business Zharkent (what transportation modes?)

Local Cities + Villages

Agriculture

Agriculture Research

Industrial Zone (IZ)

IZ: Local Agriculture

Dry Port ICBC 1 KM New Housing Development

Local Cities + Villages Collaboration

Agriculture National Border

Policy Reccomendation Agriculture Research Soft Border

Tax discount and govern- Industrial Zone (IZ) Public Transportation Route ment support for agri and IZ: Local Agriculture Freight Transportation Route farming businesses on SEZ Dry Port Train Station ICBC

New Housing Development

Collaboration

National Border

Soft Border

Public Transportation Route

Freight Transportation Route

Train Station Zharkent and Khorgos-region known nation-wide for agriculture M_ Design_ Agriculture

Strategy 1 Existing situation Implementation 1 - R&D center Implementation 2 - Space for agri-industry

Farming

ICBC

Fertilizer

Factory

Dry Port Zharkent

Research Funding & Support

Export 1 KM

Clément Blanchet Architecture Encourage international interacti- Strategy 1 on and collabora- Implementation 1 - co-living at ICBC Etion

Strategy 1 Communal living space for ‘nomads of globalisation’

Implementation 1 Shared housing facilities, equal quality for everyone ICBC (hostel/commune village) Residence Permit

internationalCo-living Strategy 2 commercial housingcommune Reasons for interaction culture between locals and interna- centre tionals internationalCo-living commune Implementation 1 housing Learn (language, tech, culture) Eat (cooking classes, shared meals, restaurants) Party (festivals, celebrations) Implementation 2 Add locally desirable functions: education, free housing, leisure, quality public space, shopping

Policy Reccomendation 500 500m m Special residence permit Pass for free entrance locals Implementation 1 Shared housing facilities for ‘nomads of globalisation’ .

Millennials want experiences not possessions, say co-living entrepreneurs

‘’Shared living spaces are booming in major cities as young people seek a more sociable lifestyle, according to the entrepreneurs behind the "co-living" accommodation trend’’

https://www.dezeen.com/2016/04/05/co-living-shared-collective-accommodation-housing-millennials-trend-common-wework/

MINI's co-living destination in Shanghai "brings know-how from vehicles into places where we live"

Car brand MINI is diversifying into urban development with the MINI Living building in Shanghai, which will see a disused industrial complex transform into apartments, o ces and leisure spaces

https://www.dezeen.com/2016/07/08/six-best-co-living-developments-around-the-world/ https://www.dezeen.com/2017/11/23/mini-co-living-destination-shanghai-china-industrial-architecture-residential/ Encourage international interacti- Strategy 2 - Reasons for interaction between locals and internationals on and collaboration E M_ Design_ ICBC FUNCTIONS

Strategy 1 Communal living space for ‘nomads of globalisation’

Implementation 1 Shared housing facilities, equal quality for everyone (hostel/commune village) internationalCommercialcommercial commune Strategy 2 culture Reasons for interaction centre between locals and internationals Commercialinternational Implementation 1 commune Zharkent Learn (language, tech, culture) Eat (cooking classes, shared meals, restaurants) Party (festivals, celebrations) Implementation 2 Add locally desirable functions: education, free housing, leisure, quality public space, shopping 1 KM

Policy Reccomendation Special residence permit Pass for free entrance locals

500 500m m Implementation 2 - Places for interaction

Green Open Border SelgasCano completes Visual Reference plant- lled co-working space inside Lisbon market hall for Second Home

Spanish studio SelgasCano has trans- formed part of Lisbon's oldest food market into a plant- lled co-working space for Second Home, which is furnished with winding communal tables and mid-century chairs.

"We wanted absolutely to maintain that inherited idea of one single open space, getting small companies to share a huge table divided in three, encouraging relationships," explained architect Lucia Cano.

"The owing design of the table gives members their own area of private space to focus on their work whilst keeping a sense of community."

https://www.dezeen.com/2017/02/14/second-home-lisboa-market-hall-co-working-plants-oce-selgascano-portugal/

https://divisare.com/projects/244824-turenscape-bridged-gardens Spatially embed Strategy 1 - Embed with respect to local context inC local context

Strategy 1 Embed the urban developments with respect to local landscape and uses Implementation 1 Soften the security barrier of ICBC

Implementation 2 Embed the Khorgos expansion in surrounding context 995

Strategy 2 928 Expand and densify starting from the existing settlements

Implementation 1 860 Expansion model of phased units Implementation 2 Expand and densify Khorgos

793

1129

500 m 1062 Strategy 1 Implementation 1 - Soften the border Existing situation

Zharkent

Huerguosi Station

Almaty Urumqi

Altynkol Station Khorgas Station

DOMO Architecture + Design Mexico border Mountain view

Strategy 1 1129 Implementation 2 - Embed Khorgos expansion Existing situation Also applies to strategy 2 1062

995

928 B

860

793 River view

Khorgos current situation

20 oor 10 oor A 2 oor SEZ free existing river ICBC housing recreation workers commercial

726 B

50 m Alatau private Mountains housing park existing development commercial

New-town Nurkent Newtown Nurkent constructed to support Khorgos Gateway Spatially embed Strategy 2 - Expand and densify from existing settlements in local context C M_ Design_ Housing Expansion

Strategy 1 Embed the urban developments with respect to local landscape and uses Implementation 1 Soften the security barrier of ICBC

Implementation 2 Embed the Khorgos expansion in surrounding context

Zharkent Strategy 2 Expand and densify starting from the existing settlements Local Cities + Villages Agriculture Implementation 1 Agriculture Research Expansion model of phased Industrial Zone (IZ) units IZ: Local Agriculture Implementation 2 Dry Port ICBC

Expand and densify Khorgos New Housing Development

Local Cities + Villages Collaboration 1 KM

Agriculture National Border

Agriculture Research Soft Border

Industrial Zone (IZ) Public Transportation Route

IZ: Local Agriculture Freight Transportation Route

Dry Port Train Station ICBC

New Housing Development

Collaboration

National Border

Soft Border

Public Transportation Route

Freight Transportation Route

Train Station Strategy 2 Implementation 1 - Unit expansion Existing situation

Local Industrial Zone ICBC Cities + Villages

New Housing Dry Port Train Station Development

Phasing proposal? Kindergarten Small blocks with all amenities? Trashcontainers

650 meter greenery Shops

450 meter 450 Pharmacy Gym Restaurant Bathhouse

User patterns family School Opacity indicates frequency

Children

Mother

Father Nurkent - block special convenient 1000-3000 inhabitants basic amenities Newtown Nurkent Nothing to do

0 5 years 10 years Celebrate the gems of local Strategy 1 - Expand and densify from existing settlements culture andD Silk Route

Strategy 1 Khorgos Silk Road & Culture Heritage Hub

Astana Implementation 1 Provide Silk Route touring packages to China and Ka- zakhstan

Implementation 2 Balqash Local village life experience Koylyk Kyzylorda Karamergen Zhetysu Implementation 3 Khorgos Urumqi Museum/info/edu centre Almaty Jimsar regional Silk Route Heritage Türkistan Taraz Zhargent Yining Turpan Otrar Talgar, Tianshan Implementation 4 Kulan Ornek Korla Sayraz and Shymkent Kapchagay Cross-border hubs interacti- Kucha Loulan on installation Aksu

Collaboration Cluster Kashgar

Development Zone

BRI City

High Speed Railway

Ancient Silk Road Route

Ancient Silk Road Herritage Site Strategy 1 AnalysisStrategy 1 Implementation 1 - Silk Route Tours Implementation 2 - Local village experience Local identity and strength Zharkent and Khorgos region

Astana

‘Silk Road’

Balqash

Koylyk Kyzylorda Karamergen Zhetysu Khorgos Source: travel pictures. Urumqi Jimsar Türkistan Taraz Almaty Zhargent Yining Turpan Main entry point to Zharkent. Since five years (just when the New Silk Road, the BRI started Otrar Legend Talgar, Tianshan to develop) the entrance gates have been changed to represent the distant SIlk Route Heritage Village Sightseeing Kulan Ornek Korla Industrial Sightseeing Sayraz and Shymkent Kapchagay of the city. Previously there was a monument celebrating the friendshipZharkent of Kazakh, Uyghur and Kucha Russian people, constructed in Soviet era. The next branding of the city we see is the corn Loulan Nurkent Aksu billboard (see zoom on the top of the right page), as Zharkent has been famous for its corn in

the past and is actively reviving this industry now. Dry Port Kashgar

Altynkol Almaty Station Khorgas Urumqi Station

The modern musart A 6-DAY TRIP The modern musart A 10-DAY TRIP THROUGH CHINA’S THROUGH a musart route inspired contemporary silk route MOST PRECIOUS a musart route inspired contemporary silk route KAZAKHSTAN’S 726 SILK ROUTE GEMS MOST PRECIOUS SILK ROUTE GEMS CHINA KAZAKHSTAN KHOURGOS - URUMQI - YINING - AKSU - KASHGAR KHOURGOS - TARAZ - AKYRTAS - KARAMERGEN - ASTANA

ICBC Khorgos

Zharkent

U Z K ICBC M A Khorgos

Zharkent Strategy 1 Implementation 1 - Silk Route Tours

day 1 day 4 URUMQI CITY STROLLING YINING discover the vibrant city center of Urumqi, visiting its most famous attractions the northern point of the famour Muzart Pass, Yining is an unmissable stop in (mosks, bazaars and main roads). the Silk Route tour. Take a look at the unique architecture in the city and visit the outskirts, where rural live has changed little.

day 2 TURPAN CITY day 5 emerge yourself into the unique Uygur culture by going around Turpan city. Visit AKSU the livestock market (on Fridays only), go see the world largest ancient Islamic at the southern point of the Muzart Pass, where both natural and historical sites tower (Emin minaret) and try the local cuisine. If you have time, take a two hour are a must-see. Aksu has impressive, red stone colored canyons and the Tarim drive to Shanshan town, to see one the gorgeous sand landscapes in Kumtagh River. Historical spots are the Kizir Thousand-Buddha Cave and the Ruins of Sand Dunes Park. Subash Ancient Buddha Temple.

day 6 day 3 KASHGAR JIAOHE AND GAOCHANG the last stop is Kashgar. With a population of over 500.000, it is fair to say that it is time for the first ruins: Jiaohe (5 km west from Turpan) and Gaochang (30 Kashgar ‘city live’ must be explored. But apart from modern Kashgar life, the km west from Turpan) will be visited. Two well-preserved ruins that used to be city also has beautiful remains of Silk Road times, like Kashgar Stone City, ruins important Silk Route centers. of a once vibrant hub. Other options to visit include Abakh Khoja Tomb, Id Kah Mosque, Karakul lake and Three Immortals Buddhist Caves. Strategy 1 Strategy 1 Implementation 3 - Museum/ Edu centre Implementation 4 - ICBC hubs interaction installation

international commercial commune

Museumculture centreTourist Centre

international commune

Based on the scenario where ICBC’s will be spread all over the world. An installation of double sided screens (two countries on different sides of one border), that acts like a portal and gives the possibility to observe the people on the other side of the world or oven interact with them. A kind of global Skype conversation.

500 500m m Design impact S M

Introduction How? Why? Result Effect Next Up Design summary

INTERACTION Encourage international interaction and collabora- E 2.2 E 2.1 tion at ICBC E LOCAL GLOBAL

WIN WIN Celebrate the gems of local culture B 1.1 B 1.2 andD Silk Route BUSINESS BUSINESS

D 1.3 D 1.2 D 1.1 Embed ICBC in D 1.4 local context CULTURE CULTURE C C 2.1 C 1.1 C 1.2 Leverage the E 1.1 potential of the C 2.2 URBAN URBAN local region B A 1.1 A 2.1 A 1.2

Easy accessibility INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE throught efficient Aconnection ACCESSIBILITY

Introduction How? Why? Result Effect Next Up Research question Proposal

How can urban planners and designers shape the Belt and Road Initiative to ICBC as a typology for BRI spatial create interactive urban environments development for a globalized future? Network of globalised pockets ICBC as a typology for BRI spatial development

Astana

Khorgos Almaty Urumqi

Kashgar

ICBC ICBC within ICBC along the New Silk Global network of intercom- supporting cluster Route. Local context can municating ICBC’s Internation Centre for tap into the globalized Border Cooperation pocket as needed

Introduction How? Why? Result Effect Next Up Network of globalised pockets ICBC as a typology for BRI spatial development Overview Design

INTERACTION Encourage international interaction and collabora- E 2.2 E 2.1 S tion at ICBC E LOCAL GLOBAL

WIN WIN Celebrate the gems of local M culture B 1.1 B 1.2 andD Silk Route BUSINESS BUSINESS

D 1.3 D 1.2 D 1.1 Embed ICBC in D 1.4 local context L CULTURE CULTURE C C 2.1 C 1.1 C 1.2 Leverage the E 1.1 potential of the C 2.2 URBAN URBAN local region B A 1.1 A 2.1 A 1.2 XL Easy accessibility INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE throught efficient Aconnection ACCESSIBILITY

Introduction How? Why? Result Effect Next Up Plans towards P5

Further develop the following aspects: Time - phasing of each strategy and implementation over time. Short-term and long-term results.

Evaluation - detail the working of the evaluation and assessment tool. How is is used to assess the design? How is it used to determine the development goals. How to the different domains (business, culture, urban infrastructure relate to each other)?

Effect for the BRI as a system - elaborate and explain more how the effect of my project affects the BRI as it is pro- posed now. Map showing how several polycentric clusters connect and interact with eah other.

Considered products (next to P5 report): Booklet: ‘BRI spatial agenda’ (???). A document containing vision, recommendations and strategies (based on my report) for future spatial development of the BRI.

‘Stories of the New Silk Route’. Visual explorations of interactions between global and local at ICBC and within the BRI as a system. Could be a separate document or a part of the ‘BRI spatial agenda’.

Introduction How? Why? Result Effect Next Up