Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-62850-8 — Textbook of Cultural Psychiatry Edited by Dinesh Bhugra , Kamaldeep Bhui Index More Information

Index

5-HTT gene, depression risks 235 acculturation (cultural and psychological and socio-cultural 5-HTTLPR polymorphism, mental psychological) 51–53, 187, 191, 192, 587, 592 health risks 378, 435–436 185–192, 620 World War II, aftermath 2 acculturation framework 186, 187 adaptation, research tool 178–179, A-CHESS app (Addiction- adaptation 190, 191 611–612 Comprehensive Health vs assimilation 192 Adaptive Behaviour Assessment Enhancement Support System) changing values 620–621 System (ABAS®) 496 89–90 coping model 52 addiction, substance misuse 244, Aboriginal Healing Foundation 7 coping strategies 190–191 246, 252, see also alcohol aboriginal people 489 cultural and individual 185–186 problems; drug problems; colonization trauma 280 cultural identity 186 substance misuse culture-bound syndromes 158 eating disorders 306 ADHD (attention deficit/hyperactivity hanging symbolism 484 human rights 53 disorder) 325 obsessive–compulsive disorders 294 identity strategies 188–189 DSM-IV 319, 325 personality disorder 280, 281 integration strategy 190, 191 parental immigration and 319–320 self-harm 264 intercultural strategies 186 recognition and support 499 South America, suicide rates marginalization strategy 190, 192 adherence to treatments, psychiatry 37–38 outcome conceptions 189–191 and psychotherapy 65 South Pacific, suicide rates 38 policy implications 192 adjustment, acculturative 190 suicide methods 264–265, 484 psychological acculturation adolescents suicide rates 264–265, 488 185–186 bulimia nervosa, USA 324 aboriginal people, Canada 35, 42 receiving society attitudes 51–52 CAMHS model 511–512 Oka Crisis 7 strategies 51–52, 187–188, see also cannabis use 245, 323 regional variations 37 acculturative stress; adaptation, eating disorders 323–324 suicide rates 36–37 culture contact settings; income level effects 321 telehealth 97 assimilation strategy; culture suicidal ideation, SSRIs 505, see also aboriginal people, Taiwan shock; identity; separation childhood and adolescent early study 136 strategy psychiatric disorders schizophrenia 222 acculturative levels 622 affective disorders 232–240, see anxiety Aboriginal Suicide Is Different acculturative stress 52–53, 189–191, disorders; bipolar affective (book), 489 257 disorder; depression abortion legality 496 vs culture shock 190 affordances 3 abuse, intellectual disability 499 elderly people 555 Afghani people 487 acault men (Myanmar) 537 stress level hierarchy 52 children in war zones 379 acceleration (globalization effect) 78, suicide ideation and attempts 269, death wishes, depression 124 83–84 see also culture shock inner strength 383 depression trends 82 active agents 54 PTSD 367 mental acceleration 81 acupuncture, Chinese 54 refugees 545, 548 migration, individuals 79–80 acute and transient psychoses 226 suicidal behaviour meanings 487 social acceleration 78–82 adaptation, culture contact Afghanistan social media 80 settings, 185 conflicts in 547 access to mental health services assimilation strategy outcomes refugee levels 548 see ethnic inequalities in 191, 192 ‘War on Terror’ 544 mental healthcare; mental contemporary evidence 190 Africa health service access; cultural dynamism 622 cultural psychiatry 134 primary mental healthcare; extraversion and cultural fit 234 ethnopsychiatry in 25 telepsychiatry facets 191 female genital mutilation 63 accessibility domains 422–423 individual clinical level refugee hosting 545 acculturating peoples, main issues outcomes, 620 social psychiatry 135 facing 187 outcome conceptions 189–191 terrorism attacks in 418 623

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-62850-8 — Textbook of Cultural Psychiatry Edited by Dinesh Bhugra , Kamaldeep Bhui Index More Information

Index

Africa, North age-based attitudes 554 CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 parental immigration and ADHD age, birth date discrepancy 340 functioning, 436 319–320 age concepts 339 effect on social fabric 137 refugee hosting 545 ageing concepts 553 faith and religious conversion 476 social media effects 80 ageing, culture and family therapy 525 social media political effects 80, 82 psychopathology, 554 global disease burden 245 African American Geriatric ageing disorders across cultures masculinity 487 Depression Scale 345 338–339, 352 and poverty 372 African American people see black anxiety disorders 561 prevention 474 Americans (USA) borderline personality disorder problem levels 252 African Caribbean people, UK 348–349 religious influences 474 dementia 344, 347–348 cognitive tests 340 sexual dysfunction 517 elderly depression diagnosis 346 cultural factors complicating social inequalities 372 elderly people, screening 343, 344 diagnosis 338, 340–343 social psychiatry, early 135 elderly schizophrenia 348 demographic trends 338–339, statecraft 139 Geriatric Depression Scale 345 553, 554 suicidal behaviour 35, 36, 42 mental health morbidity 265 depression 341–342, 345–346, suicide risks 260, 262, 267, 484 obsessive–compulsive disorders 294 560–561 traditional interventions primary care 108 depression expression 341–342 250–251, 476 schizophrenia incidence rates 223 diagnostic instruments 562–563 treatment adherence 107 self-harm 267, 608 epidemiology difficulties 339–340 urbanization effects 134 suicidal ideation 267, see also black ethnic elder prevalence 347–348 alcohol use 73, 248 people, UK Geriatric Depression Scale 342, amok behaviour (homicidal African Caribbean people, UK, 345–346 assault), 169 schizophrenia xv global prevalence 346–347 anthropologist perspective 246, 249 causal factors 7, 66, 608 Mini Mental State Examination 344 anxiety reduction 208 children, risk for 178 multiple jeopardy 339 Arctic hysteria (pibloktoq)4 elderly onset 348 neurotic disorders 343 borderline personality disorder, incidence rates 7, 222, 223, 608 new diagnostic instruments USA 283 psychoses 105, 106, 222 343–344 child consumers 324 African-Christian cults, Southern new screening instruments cultural attitude effects 123 Africa, healing practices 250 343–344 CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 African people paranoid ideation 561–562 functioning, 436 5-HTTLPR gene 435 personality disorders 343 depressive effects 63, 208, 448 dementia diagnosis 344 psychoses 342–343, 561–562 DSM-IV and ICD-10 246 dementia screening 345 schizophrenia, late onset 342–343 gender differences 63 dissociation, post-traumatic 366 suicide rates 561, see also dementia; global prevalence 245–246 eating disorders 309, 310 entries under elderly; ethnic humanitarian emergencies 371 elderly depression prevalence 560 elders liver metabolism 73 male:female suicide ratio 483 agoraphobia 169–170, 208, loss-related problems 371 medical collusion 574 209–210, 347 personality disorders 279 somatization symptoms 236 air pollution effects, Korean people 74 Qur’an position 246, 248 suicide rates 482 Alaskan native people socially sanctioned behaviour 436 suicide rates, colonial slavery 40–42 antipsychotics effects 563 suicide risks 260, 262, 267 African people, North in comparative psychiatry 5 World Drug Report 245 migratory workers and indigenous youth 265 Alcoholics Anonymous 476 ethnopsychiatry 6 native veteran telepsychiatry 97 alcoholism, statecraft 139 parental immigration and ADHD suicide rates 261, 264 Algeria, cultural psychiatry 134 319–320 alcohol and drug epidemics 135, Algerian people African people, sub-Sahara 139 biological essentialism 6 family care giving 559 alcohol dependence syndrome 246 PTSD 367 family therapy model 521 alcohol, intellectual disability 496 alienist views 3–4, 19 obsessive–compulsive disorders 294 alcohol problems allocentrism 159, 234, 619 parental immigration and ADHD aboriginal suicide 265 allocentrism and idiocentrism 159, 319–320 anthropology and psychiatry 234, 619 schizophrenia 332 convergence 19 Alzheimer’s disease 558–559 African people, UK A-CHESS app 89–90 Alzheimer’s Disease Risk dementia 347–348 child abuse 489 Questionnaire, translations 345 obsessive–compulsive disorders 294 colonial legacy 97 American-Euro style psychotherapy African trypanosomiasis 217 and culture of poverty 248 443–444, 451–452

624

Index

American Indian Geriatric Depression DSM-IV 24–26 neurasthenia 207 Scale 345 explanatory model 23 older adults 561 American-Japanese relocation camp, expressed emotion 23, 27 phobic anxiety disorders World War II 134 global mental health 18, 26–27 208–210 American Psychiatric Association methodological advances 22 religiously and/or spiritually nosology see entries under DSM scope, expanding and refining integrated CBT 476 American Psychological Association 20–21 and schizophrenia 208, 562 (APA) 94, 410–411, 413 shared research agendas 24–26, separation, children 210 American soap opera effects 82 see also ethnopsychiatry; spiritual/religious factors 63–64 Americas medical anthropology; stigma 239, see also koro disorder dissociation, post-traumatic 366 psychiatric conditions and (genital-retraction anxiety); eating disorders 309, 310 cultural signatures semen-loss anxiety male:female suicide ratio 483 anthropology, culture notion 3 anxiety-happiness psychosis 226 refugee hosting 545 anthropology of psychiatry 7–10 anxiety levels, faith/belief based suicide rates 482 antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) influence 63 terrorist incidence deaths 418 African Americans 127 anxiety neurosis 205 transgenderism 539 childhood maltreatment 284 anxiolytics, dosage guideline amitriptyline, in child psychiatry 505 cognitive behaviour therapy 286 requirements 435, 437 Amnesty International Global community surveys 280 anxious avoidant personality Survey, 546 DSM-5 127 disorder, 209 amok behaviour (homicidal assault) DSM-III-R 280 APDQ (Attitudes to Personality 169, 211 early symptoms 282, 283 Disorder Questionnaire) 285–286 criminalization 158 gender differences 281 Arab Americans, marriage culture-bound syndromes 4, 443 health-seeking behaviour 285 trends 527 Kraepelin perspective 4–5 individualistic societies 127–128 Arab countries, elderly suicides 561 lorry driving 36 misdiagnoses 283 Arab-Islamic healing practices 250 Malayan peninsula 122, 167 prisoners, UK 280 Arab-Islamic psychiatric asylums, modern status 159 social class 287–288 mediaeval 134 purpose 210 UK legislation 287–288 Arab societies, waterpipe smoking 250, amphetamine like substances 248, World Health Organization 280 see also Islamic societies; Muslim see khat use, outside cultural antidepressants, dosage guideline people context requirements 435, 437 Arab Spring 544 amwunumwun emotion antidepressants, in child psychiatry Arabic countries, elderly suicide 561 (aboriginal), 37 505 Arabic GMS Examination, anankastic neurosis 205 antipsychiatry movement 7 depression, 346 Andean Latin America, depression antipsychotics Arabic people, metabolism 563 prevalence 232 adverse effects 563 Arabic, Syrian, distress androphilia, trans* individuals atypical 433, 437 expressions, 365 (gender-atypical) 536 in child psychiatry 98, 505 Arctic areas anomic suicide 56 dietary interactions 437 indigenous youth suicides 265 anorexia nervosa dose adjustments 435 self-harm 265 clinical detection 308 metabolic syndrome 563–564 suicidal behaviour meanings 487 cross-national prevalence 312 pharmacokinetic gene variation 434, suicide rates 264, 265 cultural settings 304, 307 435 Arctic Canada, Inuit culture-bound syndromes 304, 443 prescription patterns 225, 301 suicidal behaviour meanings 487 lifetime prevalence 324 Antonovsky (1979) 201, 383 suicide rates 42, 483, migration 608 anxiety disorders 207 488–489 non-fat phobic (NFP-AN) 306–307 childhood and adolescent Arctic hysteria (pibloktoq)4 social media sites 89 psychiatric disorders 323 ASD (autistic spectrum therapeutic alliance 409 cross-national studies 207, 561 disorders) 325 US adolescents 324 culture-bound syndromes 169 ashaktapanna (India) 233 Anthropocene epoch (geology) 10 and depression, distinguishing 208 Ashanti traditional medicine anthropologist perspective, substance differential diagnosis 210 (Ghana), 145 use 249 elderly people 561 Asia and Pacific, refugee anthropology and psychiatry, generalized anxiety disorders hosting 545 convergence 18–27 207–208 Asian American care-givers 559 beyond culture 23–24 ICD-11 205 Asian Americans (USA) cultural meaning, centrality and illness anxiety (hypochondriasis) borderline personality disorder 283 magnitude 22 161, 163, 205, 209, 212 dementia, stigma 559 delineating the convergence 19–20 misdiagnoses 208 depression screening 108 625

Index

Asian Americans (USA) (cont.) ataque de nervios (attack of nerves) Schneider’s First Rank Symptoms depression, stigma 239–240 170–171, 212, 575 334–335 eating disorders 312 attachment behaviour, childhood autistic spectrum disorders elderly population level 339 trauma 376 (ASD) 325 gender expectations 107 attachment-focused therapies, child autonomous model, consultation– nursing home residents 560 psychiatry 507 liaison psychiatry (CLP) 571 obsessive–compulsive disorders 294 attachment security, sexual autonomy 610 psychotherapeutic preferences 454 dysfunction 519–521 Ayurvedic texts and Ayurveda PTSD 107 attachment theory 503, 507 impotence 395 somatization symptoms 236 attachment, to the past 445 mind–body relationship 560 Asian countries attention control 74 patient history 573 social psychiatry 135 focused attention 74, 479 semen formation 394 terrorism attacks in 418 open monitoring 74–75, 300 semen-loss anxiety 160 Asian people attention deﬁcit/hyperactivity disorder Azerbaijan, child suicides 260 5-HTTLPR gene studies 378, see ADHD 435–436 Attitudes to Personality Disorder back-migration 137 anxiety disorders, elderly Questionnaire (APDQ) 285–286 badhai tradition (India) 537 people, 561 atypical psychoses 160 bahtschi (Thailand) 168 dementia, stigma 559 Australia bakla (or bayot) people depression prevalence 232, 561 asylum seekers 266, 420 (Philippines), 538 depression prevention 72 cultural psychiatry 134 Baltic countries, suicide rates 35 eating disorders 310, 313 detention centres 266, 420 Bangla Mini Mental State Examination intellectual disability 494 khat induced psychosis 249 344 intellectual disability mental health services 419, 424–427 Bangladeshi people perspectives, 499 multiculturalism 7, 423, 424 female suicide rates 483 schizophrenia incidence rates 218 National Disability Insurance intellectual disability 496 suicide rates 262–264 Scheme 420 marital suicide risks 485 Asian people, UK OCD, prescribing practice 301 sexual dysfunction, male 398, 528 dementia 347–348 psychiatrist analysis 25 Bangladeshi people, UK eating disorders 608 Rowlands Universal Dementia child mental health 267 GMS examination 346 Assessment Scale 344 incomes 105 obsessive–compulsive disorders 294 settler societies 6–7 mental health morbidity 265 schizophrenia 225, 611 transcultural training 26 mental illness perspectives 107 Asian societies, socio-centrism 453 Australian people Barbados, schizophrenia incidence Asian women, suicide rates 38–40 adolescents, psychotic rates 218 Asian women, UK, self-harm 39 symptoms, 323 BARTS Explanatory Model Inventory – Asian women, USA, narcissism body dissatisfaction 306 Checklist (BEMIC-C) 151 trends, 285 child psychiatric morbidity 321 battle fatigue 369 ASPD see antisocial personality college students, OCD 296–297, Bavarian people, back-migration 137 disorder (ASPD) 299 bayot people (Philippines) 538 assimilation strategy (cultural couple therapy 522 Beard, George 4, 233–234 assimilation) eating disorders 310 Bedouins, isolate population acculturation conﬂict 190 elderly depression 347 studies, 221 acculturation vs 192 hegemonic masculinity 487 behavioural and psychological signs acculturative stress 52, 190 OCD, college students 296–297 and symptoms (BPSD), dementia adaptation outcomes 191, 192 psychosis, khat-induced 249 348–349 assumptions 7 PTSD 266 behavioural patterns, role of social circumstances 187 schizophrenia prevalence 217 factors 127 forced 2, 105, 188, 489 semen-loss anxiety 166 behavioural pull, social media, and identity 188, 189 sexual dysfunction, female 398 90–91 individual clinical level 620 suicide and mental health 485 behavioural shifts, acculturation 186, migration and globalization 453 suicide rates 262 189, 190 segmented 526–527 trans* individuals 403, see also behavioural therapies, sexual asylum seekers 543 entries under aboriginal people dysfunction 530 Australian detention centres Austria behaviours, healing and sickness 266, 420 delusion content 334 see healing and sickness self-harm 266 hallucination frequencies 334 behaviours suicidal behaviour 266, see also medical collusion 574 Belgian people entries under refugee schizophrenia 332 eating disorder prevalence 312 asylums, colonial 3, 120 schizophrenia subtypes 330–332 sexual dysfunction 399

626

Index

Belgium, terrorism attacks in, 418, 545 child medication 505 depression screening 108 belief notion 22 genetic isolate populations 221, follow-up referrals 268 BEMIC-C (BARTS Explanatory Model 222 forensic psychiatric services Inventory – Checklist) 151 global trends 82 106–108 beneficence 610 online forums, study of 89 mental healthcare inequalities, Bengal, koro disorder (genital- prevalence 82, 133, 137, 222 UK, 105 retraction anxiety) 169 underdiagnosis 8 non-affective psychosis 106 Bengali Mini Mental State birth date discrepancy 340 perceived as risk 106–107 Examination 344 birth order, transgenderism 536–537 policy document consultation 112 Bengalis, India, sexual dysfunction black African people UK psychosis course and outcome 267 therapy 528 child mental health 267 schizophrenia rates 267 betel nut use 73, 245 intellectual disability 499 in secure psychiatric facilities 609 Bhutanese people, PTSD 367 male prisoners 107 self-harm 258, see also African bias, clinician see clinician bias black American people, USA (blacks/ Caribbean people, UK bias, construct 235 African Americans) black women, UK bias, diagnostic instrument 562 antisocial personality disorder 127 psychiatric aftercare 258 bias, item 235 antidepressants, response 109 self-harm 257–258 big data 83, 89, 180 assimilation measures 527 blacks see black Americans bilingual patients 110 borderline personality disorder 278 blood pressure, and cultural binge-eating disorder 324 care-givers 559 consonance 194, 197, 198, 199, bio-attentional looping processes 364, children’s health service, access 107 200 374–375 cultural competence effects 413 bodily distress disorder 211–212, 576 biological and cultural evolution 581 cultural consonance 109 bodily symptoms, unexplained 576 biological degeneration theories 5 cumulative social change effects 553 body dissatisfaction 306, 324 biological differences depression expression, female 341 body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), collectivist vs individualist cultures faith healers 577 DSM-5 297–298 234–235 family therapy 506 body image and eating disturbance, Kraepelin perspective 5 lifestyle and blood pressure, Tripartite Influence Model 306 and racism 563 adolescents 200 body image, eating disorder risk and suicide 35 marriage types 526 305–306 biological essentialism 5–6 mental healthcare inequalities body–mind dualism 24, 124, 207, 466 biological explanations 123 105, 108 somatization concept 212, 237, 560 and psychological 8, 445–446 obsessive–compulsive disorders 294 body–mind wholeness 71, 212, 237, biological factors 608, 613 personality disorders 280 466, 560 consultation–liaison psychiatry 570 psychopathic personality Bolivia, psychological well-being 200 depression 125 disorder, 127 borderline personality disorder and psychopathology 121 suicide rates 261, 262, 264 (BPD), 285 sexual deviance 401 PTSD 107 alcohol use, USA 283 sexual health 398 schizophrenia 575 circumstances 285 and social factors, schizophrenia 608 sexual dysfunction, female 398 cultural factors 278 and socio-economic factor suicide rates 262 early symptoms 282, 283 interaction 613 youth diagnoses 319 gender differences 278, 281, 283 biological perspective, transgenderism youth drug/alcohol treatment 107 misdiagnoses 283 536–537 black American people, USA, in psychotherapy cultures 443 biological psychiatry and elderly and suicide 35 neuropsychiatry dominance, Alzheimer’s disease 558 UK prevalence 283 25, 137 dementia prevalence 348 bouffées delirantes 226 biological/social factor interaction, dementia screening 345 BPSD (behavioural and psychological schizophrenia 608 elderly misdiagnoses 562 signs and symptoms), dementia biology, and notions of race 6 elderly population level 339 348–349 biology-generated emotional elderly suicides 561 brain disorders, organic 216, 217, response, 378 nursing home residents 560 323 biomedicine 7, 8, 596 vascular dementia 345 brain fag (Nigeria) 207 biopsychosocial models 44, 111, 145 black box problem 610, 611, 613 brain functioning migration process phases 267 black Caribbean women, suicide globalization psychosocial effects 78 personality variation 287 rates, 259 substance use 246 PTSD 370 black people, UK (Caribbean origin) underdevelopment assumptions biopsychosocial vulnerability 266 child mental health 267 158, 215 bipolar affective disorder compulsory admission 106–107 brain injury, mild traumatic biological transmission 504 cultural capability framework 105 (mTBI), 368 627

Index

Brazilian National Telemedicine Canadian Indians (Cree) CCMD (Chinese Classification of Programme 97, 101 dementia 344 Mental Disorders) 50, 560 Brazilian people dementia screening 345 CCS (Cultural Consultation Service) bulimia nervosa 310 Canadian Indians (Cree) Mini Mental (UK) 113 child loss, suffering 380 State Examination 344 Central America childhood depression rates 323 Canadian people depression prevalence 232 dementia 350 antisocial personality disorder 280 susto (fright or loss/loss of soul) 123, depressive symptoms, cultural anxiety disorders 207 169, 170–171, 207 consensus 199 dementia 344 Central and South America, folk depressive symptoms, cultural dementia screening 345 healing 250 consonance 197–200 depression 125 central Europe, elderly suicides 561 elderly depression 561 depression symptom profiles Centre for Epidemiologic Studies ‘good’ evangélico, cultural model 200 235–236 Depression Rating Scale (CES-D) obsessive–compulsive disorders 294 multiculturalism 7, 423 342, 346 psychiatry profession, analysis 25 obsessive–compulsive disorders 294 CES-D (Centre for Epidemiologic psychotic symptoms 562 schizophrenia incidence rates 218 Studies Depression Rating Scale) somatic symptoms 236 transgender older brother effect 537, 342, 346 suicide rates 37 see also aboriginal people, CFI see Cultural Formulation travesti 539, 540 Canada; Inuit of Arctic Canada Interview Brazilian soap opera effects 82 cancer referrals 571 CFS (chronic fatigue syndrome) 212 bridge model, consultation–liaison cannabis use Chad psychiatry 571 adolescents 245, 323 conflicts in 547 British Empire, racism basis 120 DSM-IV and ICD-10 246 Darfuri refugees, trauma ‘broad’ schizophrenia 218, 220 medicinal uses 247 reactions, 367 brothers, birth order, transgenderism psychosis development 245 chain complexes/links, explanatory 536–537 schizophrenia 608 148, 150 Buddhist faith perspectives waterpipe smoking 250 chameleon identity 189 healing practices 250 carbamazepine, in child psychiatry 505 changing culture 185 intersubjectivity 452 cardiology unit referrals 571 charcoal burning suicides 263, 269 suffering 451 care-givers and giving see family child, UN definition 318 unwanted thoughts 293, 299–300 care-givers and giving child abuse, alcohol problems 489 Buddhist societies, religious delusions care levels, child psychiatry 508 child abuse, World Psychiatric 332, 476 Caribbean, cultural psychiatry 134 Association document 499 Bulgaria Caribbean people child and adolescent mental health full face veil ban 546 back-migration 137 services (CAMHS) model Turkish people in, OCD 294 dementia diagnosis 344 511–512 bulimia nervosa 304 dementia screening 345 Child Behaviour Checklist (USA) 320 adolescents, USA 324 elderly suicide rates 561 child health service access 107 assessment/recognition 308 elderly suicides 561 child loss (death), traumascape dual-pathway model of bulimic schizophrenia incidence rates 218 model, 380 pathology 306 Caribbean people, UK child pharmacotherapy 505 lifetime prevalence 312 dementia 347–348 child psychiatry across cultures migration 608 self-harm 257 503–512 migration, individuals 608 Catalan, self-rule desire 548 attachment-focused therapies 507 purging, Fiji 307 category fallacy 8, 179, 367 biological perspective 504–505 burns unit referrals 571 cathinone 248 CAMHS model 511–512 Burundi Catholic affiliations, people with care and intervention levels 508 conflicts in 547 OCD 296 cognitive behaviour therapy post-traumatic dissociation 366 schizophrenia symptoms 120–121 507–508 Catholic societies, suicide rates 125–126 DSM-IV 319 Cambodian people Caucasian Americans Europe 503 family therapy 506 Alzheimer’s disease 558 family therapy 506–507 hope-inspired internal resources 383 antisocial personality disorder 127 individual (one-to-one) therapy karma 383 care-givers 559 507–508 khyâl cap 170–171, 368 Caucasian people mental health service models PTSD 367 5-HTTLPR gene 435 511–512 trauma reaction 367 metabolism rates 563 natural disasters 511 CAMHS (child and adolescent mental causal explanations 445–446 non-governmental organizations 511 health services) model 511–512 CBT see cognitive behaviour therapy pathways to supporting children 510 Canada, cultural psychiatry 134 (CBT) pharmacological approaches 505

628

Index

pharmacotherapy 505 in war zones 379, 383 metabolism rates 563 play therapy 507 children’s rights 318 mood disorder symptoms 236 political conflict 511 chimpanzees 587–588, 589, 594 personality disorders 50, 282, 287 psychodynamic therapy 508 China and Chinese cultures psychosis surveys 216 school-based approaches 510–511 diet modification 72 religious delusions 332 service access 509–510 divorce effect 264 schizophrenia prevalence 217 SFP (Strengthening Families emotional expression 237–238 semen-loss anxiety 163 Program) 506 ethnic and cultural diversity 418 sexual intercourse, yin and yang stigma attached to mental illness 512 family structure 40 in, 163 telepsychiatry 96 family therapy 308 somatic symptoms 49, 236, see also universalist view of disorders 319, 503 female status, poor areas 42, 264 Hong Kong Chinese; child psychiatry, Western practice 504 homosexual intercourse 163 neurasthenia; Singapore, child welfare settings, telepsychiatry homosexuality 396 Chinese people 98–99 intellectual disability perspective 494 Chinese people, American, childhood see children and childhood mass hysteria 366 neurasthenia 575 childhood adversity/trauma rural migrants 418 Chinese people, elderly adversity–gene interaction 199–200 skewed research results 179 ageing disorders 561 ASPD risk 284, 287 stigma attached to mental illness 561 Alzheimer’s disease 558 attachment behaviour 376 yin and yang in sexual intercourse anxiety disorders 561 genotypes 199–200 163, see also neurasthenia borderline personality disorder 282 suicidal behaviour 260 Chinese acupuncture 54 cumulative social change childhood and adolescent psychiatric Chinese American people experiences 553 disorders 317–325 depression prevalence 323 dementia diagnosis 344 ADHD 325 elderly suicides 561 dementia incidence 350, 558–559 anxiety disorders 323 somatic symptoms 236 dementia mortality 350 Child Behaviour Checklist (USA) 320 Chinese Classification of Mental dementia prevalence 346–347, 350, depression 323 Disorders (CCMD) 50, 560 351, 558 eating disorders 323–324 personality disorders 50, 282, 287 dementia prevention 72 methodological challenges 319–320 Chinese Geriatric Mental State (GMS) dementia screening 345 morbidity patterns and prevalence Examination 343 elderly depression diagnosis 346 321–323, 325 Chinese GMS Examination, depression elderly depression prevalence 560 neurodevelopmental disorders 325 346 elderly depression prevention 72 obsessive–compulsive disorders 296, Chinese guanxi relationship elderly suicides 561 297 therapy, 308 Geriatric Depression Scale 342 religion, influence on mental health Chinese Malaysian girls, body vascular dementia 558 320–321 dissatisfaction 324 Chinese people, suicidal behaviour risk factors 322 Chinese medicine (traditional) 72 economic change effects 40 schizophrenia 323 diet modification 72 female status, poor areas 42, 264 self-harm 258, 324–325 healing system analysis 54 female suicide meanings and separation anxiety disorder 210 herbal medicine approach 438 reasons 40, 488 SSRI use 505 mind–body relationship 237, 560 female suicide rates 39–40, 238, 264 Strengths and Difficulties patient history 573 female suicide risk 485 Questionnaire, children (UK) 320 preventive psychiatry 72 female:male suicide ratio 38, 39–40, substance use disorders 324 Chinese Mini Mental State 269, 483 theoretical perspectives 318–319 Examination 344 in-law conflicts 40 children and adolescents, traumascape Chinese people and mental health 35, 485 model 379 5-HTTLPR studies 378 older adults 262 children and childhood 317–318 body dissatisfaction 306 pesticide self-poisoning 268 access to mental health services 319 child psychiatric morbidity 321 rural areas 40, 483, 488 attachment security 519 DALYs, eating disorders 313 suicide rates 35, 257, 263, 482, 483 childhood timeline 318 depression expression 49, 50, 212, Chinese people, UK human rights legislation 319 236, 237 dementia 347–348 mental health 267 depression symptoms, common 236 policy document consultation 112 pathways into care 508 distress expressions 126 chlorpromazine, in child psychiatry 505 refugee mental health and illness 266 eating disorders 307, 308, 324 Christian faith perspectives rituals 296, 297 family therapy 506 death and bereavement rituals 574 social networks/communities International Pilot Study of EU politicians 545 508–510 Schizophrenia 330 glossolalia 59 status evolution 82 koro disorder (genital-retraction homosexuality, views on 396 substance use disorders 321–322 anxiety) 128, 169, 212 intellectual disability 493–494 629

Index

Christian faith perspectives (cont.) eating disorders 308 Inuit of Arctic Canada 488–489 psychiatrist attitudes towards 477 healing practices 54 ‘missionary racism’ 525–526 sexual behaviour 395 ‘missionary racism’ 525–526 native rituals 132 and Western psychotherapy 452 religion and spirituality 67, 477 sexual purity notions 165 Christian people clinician errors of judgement 108 transgenderism 538, see also mental illness stigma, black people 65 clinician perspectives, Indian biological essentialism; primitive recognizing mental illness 59 traditional healer 54 mentality notion; racism in religious delusions 332, 476 clomipramine, obsessive–compulsive psychiatry self-harm 258 disorders 300, 301 colour blindness 109, 411, 526 spiritual support 62 CMI (conditions of medical interest) colour consciousness 526 Christian societies, African-Christian, 581, 601 colour transference 526 healing practices 250 and CPI differences 583–584, 585, Colombia chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) 212 601–602 conflicts in 547 Church of England, treatments cocaine uses 247 DOSMeD study 124 position 478 cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) WHO IPSS schizophrenia study 121, CIDI (Composite International 300, 476 224, 330 Diagnostic Interview) 5, 176, 177, anxiety disorders 476 WHO ten-country schizophrenia 310, 562 intersubjectivity 452 incidence study 220 Cinnirella and Loewenthal (1999) 65 obsessive–compulsive disorders 308, common disorders 126 CIS-R (Revised Clinical Interview 476 Community Screening Interview Schedule) 176 personality disorders 286 for Dementia (CSI-D), civic identity see national identity religiously and/or spiritually translations 345 civil war zone, psychological integrated 476 comparative psychiatry, early 1, 4–5, interventions 467–468 substance use disorders 476 see also biological essentialism civilization process 2 cognitive demand, globalization 81 complex interventions 54 class identity 443 cognitive neuroscience 22, 588–589 Composite International Diagnostic classification systems 180 cognitive tests, elderly people, Interview (CIDI) 5, 176, 177, Chinese CCMD 50, 560 diagnostic difficulties 340 310, 562 culture-bound syndromes 179 cognitive therapies, sexual dysfunction compulsory admission rates (England) EURO-D depression scale 530 106, 107 347, 560 coherence of identity 189 concept interpretation, disability national vs international 138 collective and individual dimensions, assessment 381–382 personality disorders, trait based traumascape model 377 condition of psychiatric and medical classification 282 collective identity 1, 3, 619, 620 interest (CPI and CMI) 581, universality question 179–180, collective level, traumascape model 382 583–584, 585, 601–602 see also diagnostic categories; collective, socio-centric societies, conflict avoidance by complex entries under DSM and ICD; extreme stress interventions coherence 189 Western nosologies 382–383 conflict consequences 417–418 client perspectives see emic and etic collective suicides 41 conflict effects 544 framework; patient perspectives collectivist vs individualist cultures, 618 conflict effects, global conflicts 544 climate change 10, 11, 544, 547 culture-bound syndromes 159–160 conflict levels, acculturative stress Arctic areas, indigenous youth 265 depression 234, 239–240 189–191 mental health data 74 elder respect 554 conflict resolution 11 clinical evidence, pharmaceutical neurobiological differences conflicts between in-laws see in-law industry 8 234–235 conflicts clinical interests and tools, explanatory personality disorders 282–283 confusion psychosis 226 models 152–153 psychotherapy assumptions construct bias 235 clinical neuroscience 27, 585, 586, 451–452 constructivism 506 598, 602 stress and coping studies 556 consultation–liaison psychiatry (CLP) clinical trials structural change 621 570–578 adherence predictor 505 colonial slavery, suicide rates 40–42 bodily symptoms, unexplained 576 eating disorder presentations 308 colonialism and colonial legacy effects concept 571 new drugs xv, 11, 432 120–121 cultural factors 572 ‘one size fits all’ approach 432 aboriginal communities 97 cultural formulation 575 physical exercise 73–74 acculturation research 185 end-of-life care 578 placebo response 437–438, 563 asylums 120 folk illnesses 577 clinician bias comparative psychiatry 3–6 future position 578 assessment procedures 575 contemporary cultural idioms of distress 577 Attitudes to Personality Disorder psychiatry, 11 intervention modes 576 Questionnaire 285–286 exoticism 11, 19, 458 models, programme 571–572

630

Index

palliative care 578 Cree Mini Mental State cultural competence coefficient 196 religions/spirituality 573, 577 Examination, 344 cultural competence training 413, somatization 576 critical neuroscience 8 610–611 consultation–liaison psychiatry Croatia, schizophrenia all healthcare fields 621 (CLP), interview process prevalence 217 Cultural Consultation Service 572–575 cross-cultural applicability, (UK), 113 collusion 574 epidemiology instruments current position, UK 113 communication skills 574 178–179, 611–612 explanatory model framework 152 confidentiality 573 cross-cultural aspects, lifestyle historical factors, importance coping mechanisms 573, 577 medicine 71–73 of 112 death and dying 574–575 cross-cultural epidemiology, standards psychotherapy 447, 451 disclosure levels 573 215 teaching models 610 history taking 573 cross-cultural psychiatry 8, 20, 133 therapist–patient interactions mental status examination 573 and anthropology 20, 21 413, 452 non-verbal behaviours 573–574 cross-cultural psychology 9, 45 value congruence 409 physician–patient relationship cross-cultural studies 553 World Psychiatric Association 611 572–573 cross-cultural therapy, therapist– cultural competency xvii, 25–26, 111, privacy 573, see also therapist– patient interactions 410 251, 452, 621 patient interactions cross-cultural transition, child welfare, telepsychiatry 98 consultation model 571 psychology 51 and cultural capability 111 context see cultural context Cross National Collaborative Study, and cultural consonance 201 context-dependent person 279 OCD 294 cultural identity 621 conversion disorders 126, cross-national studies 177–178, 553 cultural issue sensitivity 299 210–211, 381 anxiety disorders 207, 561 cultural tension and identity 413 conversion therapy, comparative psychiatry 5 elderly people 565 homosexuality, 396 dementia 344, 349 essence 453 coping behaviour, religious/spiritual elderly anxiety 561 generic strategy 454 64–65, 67, 577 elderly depression 346, 560 intellectual disability 500–501 misdiagnoses 64, 66 instrument limitations 178–179 mental health system reform obsessive–compulsive disorders 298, schizophreniform psychoses 332 417, 428 299, 301 suicide rates by religion 483 multicultural societies 251 coping model, migration 52 universalism 177, see also psychotherapy 450, 451, 452 coping strategies schizophrenia, epidemiology refugee mental health/illness 549 acculturation 190–191 Cuba and Cuban people service access 111 emotion-focused 190, 380 DSM-IV dementia 346 substance misuse 251 problem-focused 190–191, 380 eating disorders 312 teaching models 610 religious 573 migrants waiting 548 telepsychiatry 94–95, 98, 101 traumascape model 380 slave suicides 41 therapist characteristics 452 Costa Rica, migrants in 548 transcultural psychiatry 10 cultural concepts of distress Costa Rican people cultural accessibility 423, see also (DSM-5) 159, 170–171, obsessive–compulsive mental health service access 233, 365 disorders 295 cultural adaptation see adaptation, cultural consensus model psychoses 221 culture contact settings 196–197, 200 couple therapy, sexual dysfunction cultural affirmation 595–601 cultural consonance 194–201 518–520 cultural ambivalence 526 blood pressure 194, 197, 198, assessment issues 524–525 cultural analysis, of professional 199, 200 couple relationships 519–522 psychiatry 25 and cultural consensus 196–197 couple–therapist relationship cultural and biological evolution 581 cultural consensus model 196 522–524 cultural and spiritual/religious cultural models 194, 195–196, 201 mixed-race and intercultural factors, distinguishing depressive symptoms 199–200, 201 couples 516, 523–524 61–62 emic validity 197 therapy strategies 525 cultural awareness 93, 111, gene–environment interactions couple therapy, West African 413, 452 199–200, 201 indigenous 521–522 cultural bias factors, depression 235 ‘good’ evangélico, Brazil 200 CPI and CMI (conditions of cultural capability, and cultural health outcomes 197–200 psychiatric interest and condition competency 111 individual levels 201 of medical interest) 581, 583–584, cultural capability framework 104, issues in the study of 200–201 585, 601–602 110–113 lifespan development goals Cree Indians (Canadian Indians), cultural change 8, 10, 11, 199, 201 dementia 344, 345 618, 621 lifestyle and blood pressure 200 631

Index

cultural consonance (cont.) cultural impact levels, psychopathology across cultures lifestyle and well-being 200 psychopathology 128 132–133 social behaviour patterns 197 cultural issues, sensitivity 299 refugees and asylum seekers 135 socio-economic status and cultural knowledge 195–196 and social psychiatry 136–138 health, 199 cultural matching, patient/therapist statecraft regarding psychiatric success models 200 450, 455 disorders 138–139, see also history theory background 195–196 cultural meaning frameworks, of cultural psychiatry Cultural Consultation Service (CCS) 113 evolutionary perspective 600 cultural psychology 45 cultural context 4–5, 46, 159, 237, 365 cultural models (cultural domain) cultural references, DSM-IV 24 suicidal behaviour 486–489, 490 194, 196 cultural relativism 111 cultural counter-transference 526 childhood adversity–gene DSM nosology 24 cultural distance 51, 562 interaction 199–200 human rights 53 cultural diversity, and national identity and cultural knowledge 195–196 psychoanalytic theory 516 419 domain links 201 Western disease models 620 cultural dynamism 185, 618, 622 a ‘good’ evangélico, Brazil 200 cultural–religious matching, service cultural epidemiology 150, 180–182 lifestyle 198 providers 65 cultural essentialism 5–6 sharing 194, 201 cultural responsiveness 452 cultural evolution 55–56, 160, 581, 582, social support 198 cultural safety 452 585, 597 success 200 cultural sensitivity 111, 299 cultural factors cultural models (health service) cultural signatures see psychiatric consultation–liaison psychiatry 572 eating disorders 304 conditions and cultural signatures diagnostic complexities, ageing health and well-being 270 cultural syndromes 365, see also culture- disorders 338, 340–343 personality disorders 277 bound syndromes; distress preventing or precipitating suicide risk factors 257 expressions and experiences psychiatric disorder 133 cultural psychiatric hypothesis cultural tension and identity 446–447 shaping mental illness 26 testing, 180 cultural themes 55 cultural fit observations 234 cultural psychiatrists, current numbers cultural transference 136 cultural formulation 575, 622 136 cultural transition, urbanization effects Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI) cultural psychiatry 1–2, 11, 44, 618–622 159, 256 (DSM-5) 123 current position 11 cultural values and norms 234, content 152–153, 575 distress expressions 618 410–411, 451–452, 622 eating disorders 308 early lessons 135–136 globalization 619–620 emic and etic framework 143, 153 focus in the UK 7 patient–therapist interactions 408, and Outline Cultural Formulation Fourth Wave 10 409–411, 414, 572 170, 575 historical factors 619–621 religious rituals 277 purpose 2, 152–153 outline 458–459 value congruence 449–450 Cultural Formulation, Outline (OCF) pharmaceutical company value identity 189 (DSM-IV) 2, 24, 152–153, 575 influence, 11 value incongruence 409 DSM-5 170, 575 précis 132–133 values and expectations 410 emic explanatory models 146 and psychiatric epidemiology values, emotions and world view emphasis 112–113 177–178 409–410 location 575 psychiatry–psychology bridge 48 culture and psychopathology, model of cultural gap 51, 562 and social health sciences 45–46 121–123 cultural genocide, Canada 7 subfields 132–133 culture-bound syndromes 4, 158–159, cultural humility approach 94, 97, 452 training and supervision 610–611, 171, 217 cultural identity 185, 188, 618, 622 see also history of cultural anorexia nervosa 304, 443 acculturation 186 psychiatry classification 179 cultural competency 621 cultural psychiatry, developmental collectivist vs individualist cultures emotional flavours 447 aspects 132–139 159–160 ethnic identity dimension 188 child psychiatry, early 135 colonial legacy 11, 19, 24 languages 110 contributions to social psychiatry definitions 159 mental healthcare inequalities, UK 137–138 DSM-5 158, 159, 160, 170–171 105, 107, 112 early cultural psychiatry lessons DSM-IV 210 national/civic identity dimension 135–136 ethnic elders 555 53, 188 early social psychiatry 135 exoticism 160 cultural identity vs ethnic identity 619 global context 132 and idioms of distress 158, 365 cultural idioms of distress 365, see also historical origins 133–135 koro disorder (genital-retraction cultural syndromes; culture- international psychiatry 138 anxiety) 169 bound syndromes; distress nation states, controlled studies and psychiatric disorder expressions and experiences across 138 interaction, 169

632

Index

psychopathology, and culture 128 Daghestan people, schizophrenia 222 gene–environment interactions psychotherapy cultures 443 Dalai Lama, spirituality 473 199–200 PTSD characteristics 369 DALYs (disability-adjusted life years) global prevalence 232–233 varieties of syndrome 160–171 310–313, 381–382, 552 lifestyle medicine 71 Western culture-bound syndromes Dangerfield (1843) 165–166 major depressive episode 169–170, see also amok behaviour Danish people (MDE)/disorder (MDD) 48, 71, (homicidal assault); dhat dementia incidence 351 232, 233 (semen-loss anxiety); distress DOSMeD study 124 Middle East, treatment levels 240 expressions and experiences; schizophrenia prevalence migratory workers 137 latah behaviour (startle-induced 217, 225 persistent depressive dissociative reaction); pibloktoq; WHO IPSS schizophrenia study 121, disorders 233 windigo behaviour 330 possession by spirits or culture clash, personality WHO ten-country schizophrenia demons, 448 disorders, 283 incidence study 220 psychological issues 48–50 culture contact see acculturation; death and dying 125, 574–575 recognition as an illness 448–449 adaptation, culture contact deculturation 36, 185, 620 somatic symptoms 236, 341 settings; culture shock deliberate self-harm (DSH) see self- somatization 50, 236, 268 culture, nature of 2–3, 11, 119–120, harm suicide and self-harm risk 267 449, 458–459 Delivering Race Equality in Mental YLD (years lived with anthropological interpretation 3 Health Care 112, 113 disability), 232 assumptions, cultural consonance dementia 558–560 depression, elderly people theory 195 Alzheimer’s disease 558–559 346, 560 collective identity 1, 3, 619, 620 behavioural and psychological signs depression 341–342, 345–346, dimensions of 159, 618–619 and symptoms 348–349 560–561 dynamism 185, 618 diagnostic and screening depression expression 341–342 vs ethnicity 553 instruments 344–345 DSM-III-R 346 influences of 119, 572 DSM-III-R 344 Geriatric Depression Scale 342, learned and shared knowledge 195 DSM-IV and ICD-10 343, 345–346 levels and layers 177 346–347 Geriatric Mental State Examination original meaning 2, 620 epidemiological transition translations 346 and quantitative analysis 486 hypothesis model 349–352 preventive psychiatry 72 social aggregates and the individual medical illness and 558–559 depression language, ethnic 194, 195 preventive psychiatry 72 elders, 560 structural change 621 spiritual needs 476 depression, prevalence disparity typology of themes 55–56 vascular dementia 558–559 232–233, 235, 240 UNESCO definition 442 world prevalence 346–347 collectivist vs individualist where it exists 177–178 dementia praecox 215, 329, cultures, 234 culture–psychology models 10 330, 448 cultural bias, factors introducing 235 culture-related syndromes demographic changes 2 cultural fit 234 pathoplasticity 128, 167 demographic trends, elderly people definitions of depression 233–234 psychopathology 26, 128, 167, 338–339, 553, 554 gender role influence 238 see also culture-bound syndromes demon possession see possession by neurobiological differences 234 culture shock 51, 190, 287 spirits or demons perception of depression 237–238 cultures of care 113 Denmark, medical collusion 574 recognition as an illness 233–234, cumulative social change density effects, ethnic 72 448–449 experiences, 553 dependent view of self 619 religion, influence on 238–239 cycloid psychoses 226 depression 124–125, 233–234 social factor influence 238–239 CYP gene expressions 436–437 acceleration, global 82, 125 stigma 239–240 CYP1A2 434, 436, 437, 565 and anxiety disorders, symptom profile differences CYP2C19 434, 435, 437 distinguishing 208 235–237 CYP2D6 434, 435, 565 biological factors 125, 234–235 treatment level differences 239 CYP3A4 434, 436–437, 565 cognitive behaviour therapy 476 depression prevention, fruit and CYP450 enzymes 434–435, 437, common symptoms 236 vegetables 72 563 differential diagnoses 208, 210 depression risks, genetic polymorphisms Czechoslovakia DSM-5 233–234 235, 378, 435–436 DOSMeD study 124 DSM-IV 347 depression risks, genotypes 199–200 WHO IPSS schizophrenia study 121, expression 50, 341–342 depression screening, ethnic 330 expression, Kleinman, Arthur 49, differences 108 WHO ten-country schizophrenia 126, 233, 236, 237, 448 depression screening, primary care incidence study 220 female:male ratio 26, 177 inequalities, USA 108 633

Index

depressive neurosis 205 panic disorders 208 stressor effects, research 613 DESNOS (Disorders of Stress not phobic disorders 209 trauma 366 Otherwise Specified) 368 schizophrenia 217 universality 8, see also entries under detention centres, Australia 266, 420 social phobia 209, see also somatization; expressed emotion; Determinants of Outcome of Severe misdiagnoses help-seeking behaviour; language Mental Disorders study dimensions of culture 159, 618–619 and vocabulary (DOSMeD) 5, 121, 124, 216, 330 DIS (Diagnostic Interview Schedule) diversity and uniformity, healthcare developmental disability 175, 176, 177 systems 425–427 see intellectual disability disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) diversity and universality see cultural developmental hierarchy, intellect 4 310–313, 381–382, 552 relativism; figure and ground dhat (semen-loss anxiety) 394 Disability Assessment Schedule perception; universality; Ayurvedic texts/Ayurveda 160 (WHODASII) 381 universality and relativity Chinese perspectives 163 disability definition, United diversity, ethnic see ethnic differences DSM-5 167, 170–171 Nations, 381 diversity, ethnic vs ethnic identity 619 early writings 166–167 Disability Discrimination Act (UK) diversity, ethnocultural 1, 7, 418–419 female dhat symptoms 213 500 colonizing societies 6 male dhat symptoms 160–163, 213 disaster situations 99–100, 544 commonalities and differences taijin kyofusho syndrome (Japan) 207 disorders following 137 between groups 613 transcending cultural boundaries 167 post-disaster intervention principles eating disorder risks 305 Western perspectives 163–167, 207 382–383, see also PTSD; globalization effects 608 diagnosis process 179–180 traumascape model hyperdiversity 11 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of disclosure levels, interview integration 188 Mental Disorders see entries process, 573 intracultural diversity 196 under DSM disease vs illness behaviours lifestyle programmes 72 diagnostic categories 180 48–49, 284 settler societies and indigenous ADHD 319 Disorders of Stress not Otherwise peoples 6–7 category fallacy 8, 179, 367 Specified (DESNOS) 368 UNESCO declaration 442 Chinese CCMD 50, 560 dissociative amnesia 210–211 value of 11, see also multiculturalism comparisons 25 dissociative disorders 210–211 diversity, ethnoracial 7 cross-cultural validity 367 dissociative fugue 8, 210, 211, 366 dividuals and individuals, India 452 depressions diagnosis 50 dissociative identity disorder (multiple divorce dimensional network 374 personality disorder) 8, 211 ego-centric societies 619 emergence 5 distress concepts, cultural (DSM-5) post-divorce adjustment 521 misdiagnoses 20, 266 159, 170–171, 233, 365 protective function, India 264, neurasthenia 126 distress expressions and experiences 267, 485 and psychopharmacology 8 (idioms of distress) 365, 577, 618 dogma 382 PTSD 367 clinical practice, ordinary xv Dominican Republic, elderly Research Diagnostic Criteria containment/suppression of depression prevalence 560 176, 219 interpersonal conflict 453 DOSMeD (Determinants of Outcome sexual dysfunction epidemiology 401 cultural context 4, 110, 158, 365 of Severe Mental Disorders study) Western nosologies 565, see also and culture-bound syndromes 365 5, 121, 124, 216, 330 classification systems; entries depression 50, 341–342, 560 double consciousness 6 under DSM and ICD DSM-IV and DSM-5 24, 170–171 double jeopardy hypothesis diagnostic difficulties, elderly cognitive educational status 167 elderly ethnic minorities 339 tests 340 elderly depression 341–342 elderly people 555 diagnostic instruments, bias in 562 epidemiology and risk groups 180 intellectual disability 499 diagnostic instruments, elderly people ethnic inequalities in mental health- refugee and asylum seekers 550 562–563 care 105 transgenderism 540 and screening instruments 343–346 expressed emotion 23, 27 Down’s syndrome 494 Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) heart as the locus of emotional dowry deaths (India) 39, 484 175, 176, 177 problems 453 DRE (Delivering Race Equality in dietary and herbal interactions, help-seeking behaviour 108, 119 Mental Health Care) 112, 113 psychopharmacotherapy language and vocabulary 341–342 drug addiction, statecraft 139 436–438 Middle Eastern people 365–366, 453 drug problems (substance use and dietary modification, lifestyle medicine personal explanations 145 misuse) 72, 73 and psychopathology 11, 121–124 anthropology and psychiatry differential diagnoses psychoses, misdiagnosis 208 convergence 19 agoraphobia 209–210 PTSD symptoms 381 and culture of poverty 248 body dysmorphic disorder 298 research challenges 613 CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 generalized anxiety disorders 208 South Asian people, UK 109 functioning, 436

634

Index

depressive effects 448 DSM-5 Cultural Formulation earthquake disasters 544 effect on social fabric 137 Interview (CFI) East Africa, indigenous marriage faith and religious conversion 476 content 152–153, 575 therapy 521–522 global prevalence 245–246 eating disorders 308 East Asian people humanitarian emergencies 371 emic and etic framework 143, 153 5-HTT gene, depression legislation 245, 247 and Outline Cultural Formulation risks 235 Narcotics Anonymous 476 170, 575 5-HTTLPR gene, depression risks and poverty 372 purpose 2, 152–153 378, 435–436 prevention 474 DSM-II categories depression symptom profiles 236 religious influences 474 neurasthenia 126 metabolism rates 563 social psychiatry, early 135 personality disorders 280 psychopathic personality statecraft 139 DSM-III categories 5, 8, 176 disorder 127 suicidal behaviour 35, 36, 42 homosexuality 396 Eastern cultures suicide risks 484 schizophrenia 219 elder respect 554 traditional interventions DSM-III-R categories somatic symptoms 236 250–251, 476 ASPD 280 eastern Europe treatment adherence 107 dementia 344 clinical trials, new drugs 11 urbanization effects 134 elderly depression 346 elderly suicides 561 World Drug Report 245, see also personality disorders 280 suicide attempts 260 khat use, outside cultural context schizophrenia 223 suicide rates 260–261 DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical DSM-IV categories 176 eastern Mediterranean Manual of Mental Disorders) ADHD 319, 325 eating disorders 309 nosology 138, 175–176, anthropology/psychiatry male:female suicide ratio 483 458–459 convergence 24–26 suicide rates 482 anthropology/psychiatry child psychiatry 319 eating disorders convergence 24 CIDI interviews 176 access to mental health services application in cultural psychiatry cultural references 24 308–309 179–180 culture-bound syndromes 210 adolescents 309, 323–324 child psychiatric morbidity 321–322 dementia 343, 346–347 aetiology 305–306 cultural relativism 24 depression 347 binge eating 304, 309, 324 and dynamic networks 374 eating disorders 308, 324 body image, cultural mediation universality 8, 138, 179–180, 373 explanatory models 146 305–306 universality and relativity genetic research 226 CIDI interview 310 24, 247 histrionic personality disorder 281 clinician bias 308 DSM-5 categories 160, 618 misdiagnoses 20 Cultural Formulation Interview body dysmorphic disorder schizophrenia 216–217, 223, 226, (CFI) 308 297–298 227, 329 culture change 306 cultural concepts and DSM schizophrenia subtypes 332 DALYs (disability-adjusted life diagnoses 170–171 SCID interview 150, 611 years) 310–313 cultural formulation inclusion 123 sexual dysfunction, women 398 diagnostic assessment and culture-bound syndromes 158, 159, universality 174–175 intervention 307–308 160, 170 DSM-IV Cultural Formulation, DSM-IV 308, 324 depressive episodes 233–234 Outline 2, 24, 152–153, 575 DSM-5 308 dhat syndrome (semen-loss anxiety) DSM-5 170, 575 dual-pathway model of bulimic 170–171 emic explanatory models 146 pathology 306 distress concepts, cultural 159, emphasis 112–113 EDE-Q questionnaire 307 170–171, 233, 365 location 575 Fiji 305, 307 eating disorders 308 DSM-IV dementia global distribution 309–313 hoarding 297 Chinese people, elderly 346 with medical illness 571 neurotic disorders 205 Indian people 346 non-fat phobic anorexia nervosa personality disorders 275, 277, dual-pathway model of bulimic (NFP-AN) 306–307 286–287 pathology 306 obesity and metabolic syndrome 71, PTSD 367 dualism, spiritual and material 395 73–74 schizophrenia 216 dynamic networks 364, 373–375 poverty 309 semen-loss anxiety 167 dynamism, cultural 185, 376–383, presentation diversity 306–307 sleep paralysis 368 618, 622 risk, cultural mediation 169–170, stressors, traumatic 379 dysphoria see affective disorders 305–306 substance use disorder 247 dysthymia 205 self-starvation 307 traumascape model 379 dysthymia (neurotic depression) social barriers to care 308–309 universality 174–175, 373 206–207 social media effects 306 635

Index

eating disorders (cont.) developing countries, well-being emotional symptoms, elderly people theoretical models 306 factors 557–558 341–342 therapeutic interventions 308 diagnostic instruments 343–346, emotions, international research 108 Tripartite Influence Model of body 562–563 empathy, therapist–patient image and eating disturbance double jeopardy hypothesis 339, 555 interactions 412 306 emotional symptoms 341–342 end-of-life care, consultation–liaison YLD (years lived with disability) general principles 554 psychiatry 578 310, see also anorexia nervosa; geropsychiatric research 553, 565 endophenotype studies in bulimia nervosa life course 553–554 schizophrenia 227 Eating Disorders Examination- mental illness levels 177 environmental risk factors, Questionnaire (EDE-Q) 307 metabolism rates 563 schizophrenia 215, 227 Ebola public health crisis 544, 547 pharmacology and ethnicity epidemics, drug and alcohol 135, 139 ecological–cultural–historical model 563–564 Epidemiological Catchment Area for extreme stress see traumascape psychotherapy 564–565 (ECA) study 127 model research/studies 565 epidemiological transition hypothesis ecological utility of PTSD 363, 365–367 social roles 553 model, dementia 349–352 ecology of mind 10 survivor effects 554 epidemiology, psychiatric economic accessibility, mental health television/technologies see psychiatric epidemiology; services 423 influence 82 schizophrenia, epidemiology economic recession, suicide rates 56, well-being, factors affecting EquiFrame health and welfare policy 261 555–556, 557–558, see also ageing assessment 53 economic upturn, suicide rates, Ireland disorders across cultures; EquiPP policy assessment 53 56 dementia; ethnic elders equity and justice 420–421, 610 ecosystem perspective 10 EM see explanatory model framework errors of judgement, clinical 108 Ecuadorian folk healing 250 EMAT (Explanatory Model Eskimo Spirit Movement, healing EDE-Q (Eating Disorders Association Task) 151–152 practices 250 Examination-Questionnaire) 307 emergency situations 99–100, 544 espanto (Central and South America) educational status 104, 107 disorders following 137 207 egalitarianism 7 post-disaster intervention principles ethical challenges, for researchers ego-centrism and socio-centrism 382–383, see also PTSD; 86–87, 609–610, 613 159–160, 618–619, 621, see also traumascape model ethical standards, research 610 individualist vs collectivist emic accounts, transgenderism 537 Ethiopia cultures emic and etic elements of culture 448 child mental health services 509 Egypt emic and etic framework 145 epidemiological research 179 conflicts in 544 emic illness explanatory models refugee hosting 545, 548 khat views 249 and etic professional models Ethiopian people spiritual healing, substance abuse 145–146 khat usage 248 251 EMIC interviews (Explanatory Model metabolism 563 Egyptian people Interview Catalogue) 149, 150, PTSD 367 eating disorders 608 153 schizophrenia prevalence 217 erectile dysfunction 400 emic understandings of illness 153 ethnic density effect 265, 266, 267, 269 intellectual disability 493 emic validity, cultural consonance 197 ethnic differences obsessive–compulsive disorders 293, emotion experience, cultural context bulimia nervosa, USA 324 294, 295 237 child health service access 107 elder respect 554 emotion-focused coping 190–191, 380 child psychiatric morbidity 321 elderly depression see depression, emotional experience and expression clinician/diagnostic bias 575 elderly people 237–238 depression screening 108 elderly people, working with 552–565 emotional flavours 410 drug responses 433–436 acculturative stress hypothesis 555 cultural identity 447 elderly depression 560 ageing concepts 553 cultural matching (patient/ genetic polymorphisms 435–436 care-giving effects 559–560 therapist) 450 illness behaviour 7 cross-national studies vs cross- emic and etic framework 448 multiculturalism 7 cultural studies 553 emotional flavour matching pharmacogenetic data 432, 433, 438 cultural competency 565 (patient/therapist) 449, 450 psychodynamics 563 DALYs (disability-adjusted life ethnic matching (patient/therapist) schizophrenia 120–121 years) 552 412 sensitivity 572 demographic trends 338–339, 553, homeliness and otherness 450 sexual intercourse under age 16, 554 palatable flavours 449–450 reporting 397 developed countries, well-being rejection associated 412–413 substance consumption 246 factors 555–556 seeing white people 447 suicide attempts 261

636

Index

transcultural psychiatry 553, see also ethnicity vs culture 553 evolution, biological and cultural 581 ethnic inequalities in mental ethnicity vs race 443 evolution, cultural 55–56, 160, 581, healthcare; ethnoracial diversity ethno approach to science 584, 586, 582, 585, 597 ethnic diversity responses 7 597, 600 evolutionary affirmation 586–595, 596, ethnic elders ethnocultural diversity 1, 7, 418–419 597, 600–601 assimilation levels 555 colonizing societies 6 evolutionary medicine 585 culture-bound syndromes 555 commonalities and differences evolutionary perspective, and cultural depression language 560 between groups 613 meaning frameworks 600 diagnostic difficulties 340–343, 352 eating disorders risks 305 evolutionary psychology of medical elderly population level, USA 339, globalization effects 608 conditions 592 552 hyperdiversity 11 exclusion (acculturation) 188, see also granfamilies 556 integration 188 marginalization identity loss 555 intracultural diversity 196 exoticism 11, 19, 160, 458 mental disorder prevalence 347–348 lifestyle programmes 72 explanatory accounts 148 migration effects, long term 561 settler societies and indigenous Explanatory Model Association Task psychotherapy sessions 564–565 peoples 6–7 (EMAT) 151–152 research needed 352 UNESCO declaration 442 explanatory model framework, 23, subcategories 555–556, see also value of 11 143–153 entries under age ethnocultural identity 3 BARTS Explanatory Model ethnic groups, defining 614, 619 ethnogenesis, modern context 11 Inventory – Checklist 151 ethnic identity ethnography clinical interests and tools 152–153 acculturation 188, 191 dynamic networks 374 conceptual underpinnings 143–144, ageing/older adults 555, 558 and the EM approach 144 145 vs cultural identity 619 to epidemiology practice 175 confusions 146 vs ethnic diversity 619 home for mentally retarded, USA critiques 148–149 vs national identity 3, 53, 188, 191 144 Cultural Formulation Interview vs racial identity 619 person-centred 22, 25, 146 152–153 ethnic inequalities in mental ethnomedical models 144 emic and etic framework 145 healthcare 104–113 ethnomedicine and ethnopsychiatry EMIC framework 150, 153 black Caribbean people, UK 105 584, 586, 595 emic illness explanatory models colour blindness 109 ethnopsychiatry 6, 24, 25, 133 and etic professional models cultural capability framework 104, ethnopsychoanalysis 9 145–146 110–113 ethnopsychopharmacology 132, 433 emic understandings of illness 153 depression screening 108 ethnoracial diversity 7 Explanatory Model Association detentions, compulsory 105 etic and emic elements of culture 448 Task 151–152 distress expressions 105 etic–emic framework 145–146, explanatory model literature 146 forensic psychiatric services 153 Kleinman’s models 144–145 106–108 Euro-American style psychotherapy Mental Distress Explanatory Model health service usage 104 443–444, 451–452 Questionnaire 151 healthcare delivery culture 104 EURO-D depression scale 347, 560 MINI assessment 150–151 help-seeking behaviour 105 Euro–US centricity 119 Outline for Cultural Formulation migration, risk factor 105 Europe 152–153 organizational factors 109–110 migrant crisis 545–546, 549 pre-Kleinman 145 primary care, UK 108 psychology and ethnopsychiatry 24 PubMed citations 147 racial discrimination 106 refugee hosting 545 qualitative interviews 150–151 service-user movement 110 social psychiatry 135 quantitative interviews 151 UK and USA psychiatric research terrorist incidents deaths 418 quantitative/qualitative interviews 104, 105 European Americans 149–150 ethnic matching (patient/therapist) obsessive–compulsive disorders research activity levels 146 108, 408, 411, 412–413, 449, 452 294 research instruments 149–152 ethnic nationalism, modern context 11 personality disorder 280 research literature 146 ethnic psychoses 160, 222–224 European people SEMI framework 149, 150 ethnic violence, aftermath 11 child psychiatric morbidity 321 topical interests 146–147 ethnically diverse populations, service cultural psychiatry 134 value/utility 149 provision dilemma 1 dementia prevalence 351 Explanatory Model Interview ethnicity 3, 553, 614 male:female suicide ratio 483 Catalogue (EMIC interviews) 150 defining 611 schizophrenia incidence rates 218 explanatory model reasoning 150 ethical perspective 609–610 suicide rates 482 expressed emotion 23, 27 in research 610, 611, 613 evaluating traditional interventions, Asian/Indian (UK), schizophrenia self-described 610 substance abuse 251, 252 225, 611 637

Index

expressions and experiences of distress females see transgenderism; women, French people see distress concepts, cultural; mental health vulnerabilities body dissatisfaction 306 distress expressions and figure and ground perception 46 dementia incidence 351, 559 experiences (idioms of distress); Fiji, eating disorders 305, 307 depression symptom profiles entries under somatization; finance, international 81 235–236 expressed emotion; help-seeking Finland eating disorder prevalence 312 behaviour elderly depression 347 Muslim suicidality 488 external culture 185 isolate population studies 221 French Polynesia, transgenderism 538 extraversion, and cultural fit 234 parental immigration and ADHD Freud, Sigmund extreme stress see entries under trauma 319–320 child psychiatry 508 extreme weather events see climate schizophrenia incidence 218 ego perspective 2 change schizophrenia prevalence 223 emotional flavours 410 extremism see political extremism, social capital effect 223 guilt effects 63 modern context; terrorism effects Finnish Mini Mental State homeliness 450 Examination 344 noble savage notion 2 fa’afafine man (Samoa) 538 First Nation communities (Canada), psychoanalysis and culture 132 Facebook 85, 87, 89 telehealth/telepsychiatry 97 psychotherapy and religion/ faith (spiritual and belief based) First Nation Navajo people, religious spirituality 410 addiction recovery 305, 476 healing 22 Weltanschauung (world view) anxiety levels 63 Five Factor Model (FFM), personality 409–410 belittling 477 disorders 282, 287 FRS (Schneider’s First Rank cultural consonance, Brazilian flashing, culture-bound syndrome Symptoms) 334–335 Pentecostals 200 169–170 fugue disorder 8, 210, 211, 366 substance use descriptions 244, see fluoxetine, in child psychiatry 505 also Buddhist faith perspectives; fluoxetine, obsessive–compulsive GAD (generalized anxiety disorders) Christian faith perspectives; disorders 300 207–208, see also anxiety healing practices; Hindu faith fluphenazine, in child psychiatry 505 disorders perspectives; Islamic faith folk illnesses, consultation–liaison 577 Gambia, trauma reactions 367 perspectives folk remedies, patient history 573 GBD (Global Burden of Disease) data faith communities 473, 475 food choices, lifestyle medicine 72 180, 310–313 faith healers 495, 577 Football Association (FA) 467 GDS (Geriatric Depression Scale) 340, faith (trust based), influence in healing forced assimilation (cultural 342, 345–346 53–54 assimilation) 2, 105, 188, 489 gender-atypical individuals (trans*) 535 familism 560 forced marginalization 188 androphilia 536 family-based treatment 308 forced migration, individuals 10 French Polynesia 538 family care-givers and giving forced separation strategy Latin America 539 care-giver effects 559 (acculturation) 188 Philippines 538 cultural formulation interview 152 foreground and background Southeast Asia 538 depression risk 559 perception 46 Sri Lanka 537 elderly people 559–560 forensic psychiatric services, ethnic travesti 539, see also transgenderism intellectual disability 497, inequalities 106–108, 609 gender differences, antisocial 499–500 forest bathing, Japan 74 personality disorder 281 low-income settings 381 fourth generation psychiatric gender dysphoria 403 family concepts 523 epidemiology 180 gender expectations, help-seeking family honour, Middle Eastern people Fourth Wave Cultural Psychiatry 10 effects 107 380 France gender expression 535 family influences on treatment, cultural psychiatry 134 gender identity 403–404, 535 therapist–patient interactions 409 egalitarianism 7 gender inequality, mental health family suicide traditions, Japan 122 ethnopsychiatry 6 vulnerability 26 family therapy 503 full face veil ban 546 gender role 535 African model 521 medical collusion 574 gender role changes, globalization 78 alcohol problems 525 North African workers 6 gender role changes, suicidal child psychiatry 503, 506–507 psychiatric tradition 25 behaviour 486–487 China and Hong Kong 308 terrorism attacks in 418, 545 gender roles, mental health 238 early work 10 transcultural psychiatry 10 genderqueer 535 eating disorders 308 Frank and Frank (1991) 24, 54–55, gene–environment interactions and transcultural psychiatry 22 453 aetiology of psychoses 227 female dhat symptoms 213 freephone service, erectile dysfunction, depressive symptoms research female:male depression ratios 26, 177 Italy 401 199–200 female:male suicide ratios 38, 269, 483 French Guyana, suicide risks 37 personality disorders 284, 287

638

Index

general personality disorder 277 geropsychiatric research 553, 565, see globalization, 78–84, 607, 608 generalized anxiety disorders (GAD) also ageing disorders across acculturation research 185 207–208, see also anxiety cultures; dementia; elderly people, cultural values 619–620 disorders working with; ethnic elders current position 622 genetic basis of mental illness, Ghana historical perspective 78–79 understanding 179–180 Ashanti traditional medicine 145 inward migrations 609 genetic epidemiology within delusion content 334 migration acceleration 79–80 population-based studies 227 hallucination frequencies 334, 335 modern context 11, 418–419 genetic isolate populations, hegemonic masculinity 487 political dimension 82–83 schizophrenia rates 221–222 schizoaffective disorder 332 rejections, contemporary 82 genetic polymorphisms Schneider’s First Rank Symptoms rural migrations 418 5-HTT gene 235 334–335 shared information 80 5-HTTLPR gene 378, 435–436 slave suicides 41 substance supply 252 ageing, pharmacokinetics 563 suicide attempts 485, 487 transcultural, meaning 11 causative claims, care over 378 gigiren (Indonesia) 168 globalization and mental health 83, CYP2D6 434 girls, mental health vulnerability 26, see 620 depressive symptoms 199–200 also adolescents; child psychiatry disease rate differences 195 elderly metabolism rates 563 across cultures; childhood and ethical and methodological psychotropic response xv, 435–436 adolescent psychiatric disorders; challenges 613 schizophrenia risk 227 women, mental health gap between rich and poor 418 social stressors 378 vulnerabilities migrants 79–80, 119, 418–419, 620 genetic research, DSM-IV 226 giving out type of emotions 461–462 psychosocial consequences 80–83, genital-retraction anxiety (koro Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data 84 disorder) 128, 163, 169, 212 180, 245, 310–313 sleep reductions 82 genome, psychiatric 132 global conflict 544 slow down message 83 genotypes, depressive symptoms global disease burden, alcohol stressors 608–609 199–200 problems 245 suggested actions 83 genotyping advances, global life expectancy trends suicide methods 269 psychopharmacotherapy 436 demographic trends 338–339, 553, globalization and psychiatry geopolitics, UK and EU 546–547 554 collaborative studies 24 Georgia (US state), slave suicides 41 elder and old age definitions 339, Fourth Wave Cultural Psychiatry 10 Georgian people, schizophrenia 332 553 and institutionalized psychiatry 25 delusion content 334 elderly people, proportion 338 psychiatric knowledge 565 hallucination frequencies 334 low income countries 349–350 globalization benefits 547 Schneider’s First Rank Symptoms modernization effects 557 GMS (Geriatric Mental State 334–335 global mental health 20–21, 26–27, Examination) 343 Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) 340, 119, 143 dementia diagnosis 344, 347–348 342, 345–346 anthropology and psychiatry, elderly anxiety 561 German people convergence 18, 26–27 elderly depression diagnosis 346 anxiety disorders 207 explanatory models 147 GMS-AGECAT 344 body dysmorphic disorder 298 fourth generation psychiatric translations 343 depression symptom profiles 235 epidemiology 180 governance problems 81 eating disorder prevalence 312 treatment gap 180 Greece obsessive–compulsive disorders universality and relativity 180, 620 koro disorder (genital-retraction 294 global mental health movement 10, anxiety) 169 personality disorders 280 180 refugee hosting 545, 548 schizophrenia incidence 218 global mental health trends 180 Greek Geriatric Depression Scale schizophrenia prevalence 217 bipolar affective disorder 82 345 sexual dysfunction 397–398 depression 82, 125, 232, 240 Greenberg and Witztum (2001) 64 Germany elderly suicides 561 guanxi relationship therapy (China) depression symptom profiles mental illness in older people 565 308 235–236 mind-altering substance use 252, guilt and shame feelings 63, 124 early deportations 135 253 Gujarati Mini Mental State full face veil ban 546 stigmatization 240 Examination 344 Kraepelin influence 5 suicidal behaviour 269, 482, see also Gujarati people, dementia 347 Nazi Germany 5, 280 depression, prevalence disparity Gulf War syndrome 370 psychiatric tradition 25 global position, gun control, suicide rates 262 refugee hosting survey 546 psychopharmacotherapy 432 gynaecologist referrals 393, 527, 571 Syrian refugee hosting 417 global scale events/responses 377, Gypsy traveller groups, intellectual terrorism attacks in 418, 545 382–383 disability 496 639

Index

Haiti, earthquakes 544 health service see mental health service sati suicide 122 halal (Arabic) 250 entries schizophrenia incidence 219 hallucination frequencies, healthcare informatics tools 85 self-harm 258 schizophrenia 332–334 healthy savage notion 3–4 sex attitude shift 165, 529 haloperidol, in child psychiatry 505 hegemonic masculinity 487 sexual dysfunction 529 hanging trends 268 help-seeking behaviour spiritual support 62 Aboriginals, Australian 484 assessment of previous 573 studies conducted 62 Asian countries 262 CFI (Cultural Formulation suicides, married women 484, see asylum seekers 266 Interview) 153 also hijras collective suicides 41 distress expressions 119 Hindu texts (ancient) ethnic groups in the UK 259 gender expectations 107 Kamasutra 394 globalization effects 269 mental healthcare inequalities, UK male–female internal coexistence indigenous populations, young men 105, 108 395 265 personality disordered patients same-sex attraction 396 Japan, males 263 284–285 sexuality 394–395, see also Māori, young men 265 religious/spiritual factors 64–65 Ayurvedic texts and Ayurveda Poland 260 service-provider beliefs 108 Hispanic American people, USA Sri Lanka 263 suicidal people 268 antisocial personality disorder 127 symbolism 484 herbal and dietary interactions, borderline personality disorder 278, USA, females 261, 262 psychopharmacotherapy 436–438 283 haplotypes, schizophrenia risk 227 herbal interactions, bulimia nervosa 324 haram (Arabic) 250 psychopharmacotherapy children’s health services, access 107 hara-kiri suicide (Japan) 122 436–438 dementia prevalence 348 Hawaiian people, USA, youth herbal medicine approach 438 depression expression, female 341 diagnoses 319 hermaphrodites (India) 537 narcissism 285 healers 252, 449, 597 hermeneutics 447–448 psychopathic personality disorder healing and sickness behaviours 584, high risk groups, identification 180 127 600–601 high risk groups, suicidal behaviour 36 psychotic symptoms xv cultural affirmation 595–601 higher primates 587–590, 592 schizophrenia 575 ethno approach 584, 600 conditions of psychiatric interest suicidal behaviour 261, 262 evolutionary affirmation 586–595, 589–590 youth mood and anxiety disorders 600–601 medical conditions, nature and 321 multidisciplinary significance 585 response 587–589 Hispanic American population, USA therapist–patient resonance 454 hijras (India, transgenderism) 396, 534, adolescents 321, 324 healing practices 54 536, 537, 540 care-givers 559 clinician bias 54 Hindi Geriatric Depression Scale 342, children’s health service, access 107 guiding principles for research, 345 cultural competency 25 substance abuse 252 Hindi GMS (Geriatric Mental State death and bereavement rituals 574 indigenous 5, 9–10, 24, 158, 525 Examination) 347 death and dying 574 mind–body relationship 237, 466, Hindi, intellectual disability 495 elderly population level 339 560, 578 Hindi Mini Mental State Examination emotional flavours 412 obsessive–compulsive disorders 296 344 family therapy 506 and psychotherapy features 5 Hindu faith perspectives nursing home residents 560 religious 251, 445, 478 death and bereavement rituals 574 primary mental healthcare 96 rituals 5, 54, 250–251 healing practices 250 telepsychiatry 96 spiritual 478–479 intellectual disability 494 youth diagnoses 319 substance misuse 250–251 kama 394 youth drug/alcohol treatment 107 transcendental meditation 251 and Western psychotherapy 452 historical perspective, globalization traumascape model 382–383, see Hindu people 78–79 also cognitive behaviour therapy; alcohol and/or drug problem historical perspective, intellectual ethnopsychiatry; interventions; treatment 250 disability 493–494 lifestyle medicine; medical cannabis use 247 historical precursors, obsessive– anthropology; mindfulness cultural–religious parameters 299 compulsive disorders 293 meditation (Satipatthana Sutta); elderly spiritual role 342 history of cultural psychiatry mindfulness techniques female suicide risk 485 cultural competence training health, and acculturation 52–53 married women, suicide reporting 112 health outcomes, cultural consonance 484 historical influences 120, 619–621 197–200 obsessive–compulsive disorder 295 institutional history 10–11, 120–121, health records, personal 85–86 religious delusions 332, 476 132–133

640

Index

and social psychiatry 133–135, 158 Hungary, body dissatisfaction 306 schizophrenia rates 218 subfields 132–133 Hutterites, schizophrenia suicidal ideation 265 World Health Organization 134, see prevalence 222 suicide rates 265 also biological essentialism; hwa byung disorder (Korea) 212 identity 447 comparative psychiatry; entries hybrid model, consultation–liaison acculturation effects 186 under colonialism psychiatry 571 coherence of identity 189 history of personality disorders term hyperdiversity 11 cultural assimilation 188, 189 278–279 Hypericum (St John’s wort) 437 cultural tension 413, 446–447 history of psychiatric epidemiology hyperscrupulosity 295 personal identity issues 447 175–176 hypnotics, dosage guideline pragmatic strategy 189 history of transcultural psychiatry 10 requirements 435, 437 separation strategy (acculturation) histrionic personality disorder 277, 281 hypochondriasis 161, 163, 205, 209, 212 189 hoarding, DSM-5 297 hypomanic life 78, 81 simple tolerance identity strategy hoarding, Japan 295 hysterical neurosis/hysteria 210 189, see also person and self, holding in type of emotions 461–462 hysterical psychoses 160 notions of homeliness and otherness 450 identity disorders 8, 210, 211 homicidal assault see amok behaviour IAPT (Improving Access to identity loss, ethnic elders 555 homophobia effects 396, 518 Psychological Treatment) (UK) identity strategies, acculturation 188–189 homosexual intercourse, Chinese texts 450–451 identity types 163 ICD (International Classifications of chameleon identity 189 homosexual people 418, 534 Diseases) 138, 458–459 class identity 443 with sexual dysfunctions 396, 518 application in cultural psychiatry collective 1, 3, 619, 620 homosexuality, DSM-III 396 179–180 ethnocultural identity 3 homosexuality, views and legality and dynamic networks 374 gender identity 535 395–396, 418 universality 8, 138, 174–175, micro-identities 618, 619 Hong Kong 179–180, 247, 373, see also racial identity 443, 619 cultural psychiatry 134 universality; universality and ‘real’ identity 189 transcultural psychiatry 10 relativity traditionalist identity 189 Hong Kong Chinese ICD-8, schizophrenia 218 value identity 189, see also cultural BPSD study, Alzheimer’s disease 349 ICD-9 125 identity; ethnic identity; national couple relationships 521 personality disorders 280 identity dementia 346–347 schizophrenia subtypes 218, 220, idiocentrism and allocentrism 159, depression 323 224, 330–332 234, 619 eating disorders 306–307 ICD-10 160, 210 idioms of distress see culture-bound family therapy 308 acute and transient psychoses 226 syndromes; culture-related geriatric depression 345, 346 chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) 212 syndromes; distress concepts, mood disorder symptoms 236 CIDI 176 cultural; distress expressions and obsessive–compulsive disorders 293 dementia 343, 346–347 experiences suicidal behaviour 263 depression 346, 347, 560 ikka-shinjiu suicide (Japan) 122 Hong Kong Chinese Geriatric fugue disorder 210 illegal drugs 245, 247 Depression Scale 345 identity disorder 210 illness anxiety disorders Honolulu (USA) 124 intellectual disability 493 (hypochondriasis) 161, 163, 205, DOSMeD study 124 neurasthenia 212 209, 212 WHO ten-country schizophrenia neurotic disorders 205, 212 illness behaviours 213 incidence study 220 personality disorders 277, 280 vs disease 48–49, 284 hope concept 342, 383, 474 psychoses 226 illness explanatory model framework host country effect, migration 177 schizophrenia 216, 219, 223, 227 see explanatory model framework hosting countries, refugees 545, 548 universality 174–175 illness myth adaptation 454 human rights ICD-11 illness narratives see narratives, patient acculturation 53 body dysmorphic disorder 297 illness children 319 neurotic disorders 205 immigrants silence, UNESCO 83 PTSD 367 loneliness 556, 560 UN Universal Declaration 2 publication date 246 non-traumatized 177 human rights violations 383, 467 universality 174–175, see also social inequalities 105–106 humanitarian emergencies 99–100, universality; universality and unemployment rates 105–106 371, 544 relativity World War II, aftermath 7, see also disorders following 137 Iceland African Caribbean people, UK; post-disaster intervention principles isolate population studies 221 migrants 382–383, see also PTSD; latah 168 immigration experiences, early traumascape model obsessive–compulsive disorders 294 135–136, see also migration 641

Index

impotence child and adolescent mental health male:female suicide ratio 38, 269 Ayurvedic texts 395 322 and mental health 35, 485 Chinese perspectives 395 children, substance use 324 pesticide self-poisoning 268 epidemiology 397, 400 depression expression 50 regional rates and variations 483 Indian subcontinent studies 400 depression interventions, women sati suicide 122, 268 sexual dysfunction, management 383 suicide rates 257, 262, 482 518 depression symptoms, common 236 Indian people, UK Improving Access to Psychological DOSMeD study 124 child and adolescent mental health Treatment (IAPT) (UK) 450–451 mood disorder symptoms 236 322 income level effects 199, 280, 364 obsessive–compulsive disorders 293, child mental health 267 antisocial personality disorder 294, 295 dementia 347 287–288 OCD, prescribing practice 301 eating disorders, adolescents 324 bulimia nervosa 310 physical disease aetiology 217 elderly borderline personality child psychiatric morbidity 321 psychological interventions 460 disorder 349 children and adolescents 321, 504, psychosis surveys 216 Gujarati people, dementia 347 512 schizophrenia incidence 218 schizophrenia 225, 611 dementia mortality 350 schizophrenia prevalence 217 suicidal behaviour 259 eating disorders 309 Schneider’s First Rank Symptoms Indian Shaker Church family care-giving, USA 560 334 healing practices 250 gap between rich and poor 418 sexual dysfunction see Indian Indian soap opera effects 82 grief 380 people, sexual dysfunction Indian subcontinent hope-inspired internal resources 383 somatic neurosis, women 212 elderly depression diagnosis 341 intellectual disability, staff training somatic symptoms 50, 236 impotence 400 modules 497–498 substance use 247 intellectual disability, perception of male:female suicide ratio 483 suicide rates and variations 483 494 personality disorders 280 WHO IPSS schizophrenia study 121, possession states and trance 211 poverty culture 248, 287–288 224, 330 semen-loss anxiety (dhat) 160, refugees and asylum seekers 543 WHO ten-country schizophrenia 161–163 substance abuse 248 incidence study 220 sexual dysfunction, management suicide rates 257, 482, 483, 485 women, divorce effect 485 528–529, see also dhat (semen-loss trauma recovery 364 Indian people, elderly anxiety) independent view of self 619 borderline personality disorder 348 Indian traditional healer, clinician India dementia diagnosis 344 perspective 54 badhai tradition 537 dementia incidence 350 indigenous healing practices 5, 9–10, child mental health services 511 dementia prevalence 346–347, 350, 24, 525, see also medical DALYs, eating disorders 313 351 anthropology dividuals and individuals 452 dementia screening 345 indigenous populations, suicide rates faith healers 577 elderly depression diagnosis 341, 264–265, 269 family care-giving 559 346 individual and collective dimensions, female status, poor areas 42 elderly depression prevalence 560 traumascape model 377 guilt and shame feelings 124 Indian people, north-east India individualist vs collectivist cultures hijras and transgenderism 396, 534, substance use disorders, children 159, 618–619 536, 537, 540 and adolescents 324 cultural fit 234 intellectual disability identification Indian people, north India culture-bound syndromes 159–160 497 elderly depression 561 depression 234 intellectual disability, staff training semen-loss anxiety (dhat) 161–163 elder respect 554 modules 497–498 sexual dysfunction 400 individual level values 234 married women, suicide reporting Indian people, sexual dysfunction mental health link 234 484 jiryan (semen-loss anxiety) 207 neurobiological differences 234–235 personality notions 279 koro epidemics 128 personality disorders 282–283 ritual healing temples 366 masturbation 401 psychotherapy assumptions spiritual domain and social support premature ejaculation 399, 400 451–452 correlation 577 semen-loss anxiety (dhat) 161–163 stress and coping studies 556 spirituality and religion perspective sexual adequacy 400 structural change 621 444 sexual dysfunction therapy 528 individualistic societies 619 stigma attached to mental illness 240 Indian people, suicidal behaviour personality disorders 127–128 suicide, legal position 262, see also behaviour meanings 487 individuals Ayurvedic texts and Ayurveda dowry deaths 39, 484 cultural considerations 94–95, 192, Indian people female status, poor areas 42 618–619 ashaktapanna 233 female suicides 38–40, 259, 268 cultural consonance levels 201

642

Index

and dividuals, India 452 policy development 500 alcohol problems 250–251, 476 nature of 159, 234 presentation 494–495 collective, socio-centric societies and social aggregates 194, see also religious systems 496 382–383 identity; person and self, service provision 498–499 complex 54 notions of sexually inappropriate behaviours consultation–liaison psychiatry Indo-Trinidadians, alcohol problems 497 settings 576 525 stigmatization 499 DALY comparisons 381 Indonesia terminations/abortions 496 depression interventions, Indian mood disorder symptoms 236 intensive care unit (ICU) referrals 571 women 383 religious belief and mental health 59 intercultural couples, sexual eating disorder risks 306 schizophrenia prevalence 217 dysfunction 516, 523–525 eating disorders 307–308, 313 Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive internalized stigma, mental illness 239 evidence base, enhancing 613 Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) internally displaced people 544–545 extreme stress model 383 345 international care, telepsychiatry 99–100 health system performance criteria inner strength 383 International Classification of 426 Inside/Outside (policy document) 112 Function, Disability and Health obsessive–compulsive disorders insider/outsider perspectives 145, see (WHO ICF) 381 299 also emic and etic framework International Classifications of personality disorders 286 Instagram 85 Diseases see entries under ICD preventive, extreme stress 373, 377, instrument adaptation, cross-cultural International Conference on 380 178–179, 611–612, see also Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking 250 psychosocial xv, 11, 21, 250, 287 translations International Consortium of psychotherapeutic xv instrument bias 562 Psychiatric Epidemiology 5 research challenges 609, 613 instrument design, skewed result international finance 81 sexual dysfunction across cultures interpretations 178–179 International Organization for 516 instruments, explanatory model Migration (IOM) 545 social media and technological framework 149–152 International Personality Disorder interface 10 instruments for health and welfare Examination (IPDE) 280 somatizing patients 576 policy assessment 53 International Pilot Study of substance misuse 250–251, 253 instruments, third generation 176 Schizophrenia (IPSS) (WHO) 5, suicidal behaviour 258, 265, integrated quantitative/qualitative 121, 216, 330 269 interviews 149–150 ICD-9 schizophrenia subtypes tailoring and evaluating, suicide integration strategy (acculturation) 330–332 prevention 265, see also child 190, 191 2-year and 5-year follow-ups 124, psychiatry across cultures; coping circumstances 188, see also 224–225, 330 strategies; family therapy; healing multiculturalism international psychiatry, development practices; lifestyle medicine; integrative lifestyle programmes 73–75 138 preventive psychiatry and integrative model, consultation– International Statistical Classification strategies; psychological liaison psychiatry 571 of Diseases and Related Health interventions; intellectual developmental hierarchy 4 Problems see entries under ICD psychopharmacotherapy; intellectual disability 493–501 internationalism 51 psychotherapy; psychotherapy abuse and incarceration 499 Internet addiction 10 across cultures; public mental access to services 496–498, 499 Internet applications, modern health approach; rituals; sexual attitude comparison, Asian and context 11 dysfunction across cultures; white British 494 Internet effects 10, 80, see also social statecraft; therapeutic carers 499–500 media effects; technological interventions clinical practice strategies 500–501 interface effects; telepsychiatry interview process, consultation–liaison co-morbidities 495 interpersonal conflict suppression 453 psychiatry 572–575 cultural competence 500–501 interpersonal therapy 308 collusion 574 double jeopardy 499 intersubjectivity 442 communication skills 574 epidemiology 495–496 intervention levels, child psychiatry confidentiality 573 family carer role 499–500 508 death and dying 574–575 historical perspective 493–494 intervention modes, consultation– history taking 573 ICD-10 criteria 493 liaison psychiatry 576 mental status examination 573 identification 496–498, 499 intervention points, traumatic stress non-verbal behaviours 573–574 income level effects 495 375 physician–patient relationship legal systems 496 intervention principles, post-disaster 572–573 mhGAP staff training modules 382–383 privacy 573 497–498 interventions 11, 459 interview schedules, cross-cultural misdiagnoses 498 active agents 54 reliability 149–150, 611–612 643

Index

interviews, quantitative/qualitative spirituality and religion perspective psychological interventions 460 149–150 444 schizophrenia incidence rates 218 intracultural diversity 196 suicide legality 268, 484 Japan Inuit of Arctic Canada Islamic faith perspectives Chinese traditional medicine 72 colonialism 488–489 death and bereavement rituals 574 clinical prevention and therapy 72 suicidal behaviour meanings 487 khat use 246, 248 elderly people percentage 552 suicide rates 42, 483, 488–489 and medication 110 family caregiving 559 Inuit of Nunavut, suicide rates 37 spiritual healing 246, 250, 251 medical collusion 574 involuntary psychiatric admissions, substance use 110, 246 Morita therapy 451 Ireland 609 suicidal behaviour 124, 483 OCD, prescribing practice 301 IOM (International Organization for waterpipe smoking 246 pathoselective effects of culture 122 Migration) 545 and Western psychotherapy 452, see socio-centrism 453 IQ assessment 496 also Qur’an suicide traditions 122 IQCODE (Informant Questionnaire Islamic societies tsunami disasters 544 on Cognitive Decline in the seventh-century perspective, WHO ten-country schizophrenia Elderly) 345 intellectual disability 494 incidence study 220 Iran, refugee hosting 548 mediaeval psychiatric asylums 134 Japanese American people, elderly Iranian people religious delusions 332, 476, see also suicides 561 depression rates 125 Muslim people Japanese American relocation camp, female suicide rates 483 isolate populations, schizophrenia World War II 134 Mini Mental State Examination 344 rates 221–222 Japanese Geriatric Depression Scale 345 obsessive–compulsive disorders 294 Israel Japanese people sadness meaning 453 dementia prevalence 346–347 5-HTTLPR studies 378 somatization symptoms 236 Geriatric Depression Scale 345 body dissatisfaction 306 Iraq Muslim suicidality 488 charcoal burning suicides 263 conflicts in 418, 544, 547 obsessive–compulsive disorders 294, dementia incidence 559 depression, treatment levels 240 296 dementia prevalence 346–347 psychotic experience prevalence 562 religious belief and mental health 59, dementia screening 344 refugee levels 548 see also Jewish people; Judaism depression 125 sectarianism 548 Israeli Geriatric Depression Scale depression symptoms, common 236 Iraq Inquiry (UK, Chilcot Report) 418, 345 DOSMeD study 124 546–547 Italian Americans, schizophrenia emotional expression 237 Iraqi Kurdistan symptoms 120–121 forest bathing 74 female suicide rates 483, Italian college students, obsessive– hoarding 295 484 compulsive disorders 296–297, metabolism rates 563 marital suicide risks 485 299 mood disorder symptoms 236 Ireland Italian Mini Mental State Examination neurasthenia 213 abortion legality 496 344 self-harm 263 back-migration 137 Italian people semen-loss anxiety 207 DOSMeD study 124 depression symptom profiles 235 shinkei-suijaku 233 hegemonic masculinity 487 eating disorder prevalence 312 somatization symptoms 236 involuntary psychiatric admissions koro disorder (genital-retraction suicide rates 262–263 609 anxiety) 169 taijin kyofusho syndrome 170–171, schizophrenia incidence rates 218, OCD study 296 207, 209 221 transgender older brother effect Javanese people suicide rates 56, 256 537 dementia praecox 215, 329, 330, 448 youth suicides 256, 259 Italy Kraepelin (1904) 4–5 Irish Americans earthquakes 544 latah behaviour (startle-induced early immigrants 175 freephone service, sexual dissociative reaction) 167 schizophrenia symptoms dysfunction 401 Jewish people 120–121 medical collusion 574 culture-sensitive therapy 299 Irish born migrants, UK, self-harm OCD prescribing practice 301 grief reaction 125 259, 608 refugee hosting 545, 548 obsessive–compulsive disorders 66, Irish traveller groups, intellectual transcultural psychiatry 10 296 disability 496 item bias, depression prevalence 235 recognizing mental illness 59 Islamic clerics, Sharia law 444 semen loss 163–165 Islamic countries Jamaican people spiritual support 62 abortion legality 496 dementia screening 345 stigma attached to mental illness 65 elderly suicide rates 561 elderly depression screening 346 studies conducted 62, see also elderly suicides 561 male suicide risk 259 Judaism

644

Index

jihadists, radicalized, self-harm 90 koro disorder (genital-retraction susto (fright or loss/loss of soul) 123, jio-shi suicide (Japan) 122 anxiety) 128, 163, 169, 207, 212 169, 170–171, 207 jiryan (India) 207 Kosrae (Micronesia), schizophrenia travesti 539 Jordan, refugee hosting 545, 548 prevalence 217 Latin American people, elderly Jordanian people, sexual dysfunction Kraepelin, Emil 134 dementia diagnosis 344 529 biological essentialism 4–5 dementia incidence 350 Judaism classification system 120, 215 dementia mortality 350 obsessive–compulsive disorders 296 Comparative Psychiatry/Vergleichende dementia prevalence 350, 351 recognizing mental illness 59 Psychiatrie 4–5, 18, 19, 215 dementia screening 345 and Western psychotherapy 452, see dementia praecox, Java 215, 329, DSM-IV dementia 346 also Jewish people 330, 448 elderly depression diagnosis 346 justice and equity 420–421, 610 schizophrenia 224 elderly depression prevalence 560, study strategy 132 561 Kamasutra 394, 396 kufungisisa (thinking too much) GMS Examination translation 343 kan-shi suicide (Japan) 122 (Zimbabwe, Shona) 170–171 Latino American people (USA) karma (action), Cambodian people 383 Kurdish people Alzheimer’s disease 558 kathoey (ladyboys) (Thailand) 396, distress expressions 365 ataque de nervios (attack of nerves) 536, 538 female suicide rates 483, 484 170–171, 212, 575 Kazakhstan, child suicides 260 marital suicide risks 485 borderline personality disorder Kenya, refugee hosting 545 kuru (nervous system degenerative (BPD) 283 khat (Catha edulis) 248 disease) (New Guinea) 123 depression screening 108 khat-induced psychosis 249 Kuwait, khat views 249 eating disorders 312 khat use, outside cultural context 244, elderly, living alone 556 245, 246, 248–249 ladyboys, Thailand 396, 536, 538 elderly suicides 561 khusra person (India) 537 language and vocabulary obsessive–compulsive disorders 294 khyâl cap (Cambodia) 170–171, 368 acculturated individuals 52 suicide rates 126 knowledge, cultural 195–196 cultural identity 110 susto (fright or loss/loss of soul) 123, knowledge structures 148–149 disability assessment, concept 169, 170–171, 207 Korea interpretation 381–382 telepsychiatry 96 Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment distress expressions 341–342 Latino cultures, male–female Scale 344 emotion expression 341 perspectives 556 BPSD instruments 349 ethnic elders, depression language dowry deaths 39, 484 BPSD referrals 349 560 female suicides, China 40, 488 Chinese medicine 72 globalization effects 81 female suicides, India 39, 484 GDS-30 342 Hindi, intellectual disability in-law conflicts 35 Korean American people, elderly expression 495 sexual dysfunction, female 529 suicides 561 language skills, new 52, 556 Lawrence, Stephen, case 7 Korean Geriatric Depression Scale and loneliness 556 learning disability see intellectual 345–346 research instrument translation 178, disability Korean GMS Examination, depression see also translations Lebanese people, depression symptom 346 latah behaviour (startle-induced profiles 235–236 Korean Mini Mental State dissociative reaction) Lebanon Examination 344 culture-bound syndrome 4, 158 depression symptom profiles 235 Korean people description, Malaysia 122, 167, 168, depression treatment levels 240 5-HTTLPR studies 378 211 refugee hosting 545, 548 air pollution effects 74 as hysteria 210 legislation anxiety disorders 207 modern context 159, 167–168 Disability Discrimination Act (UK) charcoal burning suicides 263 Southeast Asian people 167–168 500 dementia prevalence 346–347, 348 Latin America, social psychiatry 135 drug use 245, 247 depression, religious activities 341 Latin American people intellectual disability 496 depression symptom profiles 235–236 antisocial personality disorder 127 personality disorders, UK 287–288 elderly depression 342 anxiety disorders, elderly people 561 Leighton, Alexander 5, 134 emotional expression 237–238, 342 ataque de nervios (attack of nerves) letting go of the past 445 hwa byung disorder 212 170–171, 212, 575 liaison model, consultation–liaison metabolism rates 563 depression screening 108 psychiatry 571 mood disorder symptoms 236 gender designations 404 liaison psychiatry see consultation– obsessive–compulsive disorder migratory workers 548 liaison psychiatry 294 parental immigration and ADHD Libya somatic symptoms 342 319–320 conflicts in 544, 547 suicide rates 264 somatization symptoms 236 Syrian refugees 545 645

Index

life course, elderly people 553–554 Maladi moun (Haitian communities) behavioural therapy 518 life expectancy, global trends 338 170–171 Chinese texts 163 demographic trends 338–339, 553, Malawi, mental health policy cornflakes and crackers 158, 165 554 assessment 53 dhat (semen-loss anxiety) 160, 161 elder and old age definitions 339, Malaysia early Christian attitudes 395 553 amok behaviour 169 gender 402 elderly people, proportion 338 body dissatisfaction 324 Indian subcontinent 400, 528–529 low-income countries 349–350 extraversion 234 normal deviance 401–402 modernization effects 557 latah behaviour description 122, semen loss 166 lifespan development goals, cultural 167, 168, 211 Taoist perspective 163 consonance 199, 201 mentally deficient image 168 Western views 163–167, 395, see also lifestyle and blood pressure, cultural mood disorder symptoms 236 semen-loss anxiety consonance 200 schizophrenia 334 matching, patient/service provider, lifestyle, cultural consonance 200 Schneider’s First Rank Symptoms cultural–religious 65 lifestyle, cultural models 198 334–335 matching, patient/therapist lifestyle medicine 70–71, 75 transgender women 538 cultural matching 450 Chinese lifestyle approaches male:female depression ratios 26, 177 emotional flavour 449, 450 71–72 male:female suicide ratios 38, 269, 483 ethnic matching 108, 408, 411, cross-cultural aspects 71–73 Mali, conflicts in 547 412–413, 449, 452 dietary modification 72, 73 mali mali (Philippines) 168 value matching 449–450 integrative lifestyle programmes Malyalam Mini Mental State Mauritius, schizophrenia 216, 218, 224 73–75 Examination 344 McGill Illness Narrative Interview mindfulness techniques 72, 74–75, mania sans delire 278 (MINI) 150–151 382 Māori people MDD/MDE (major depressive physical/mental health link 71 bulimia nervosa 310 episode/disorder) 48, 71, 232, 233, recreational activities 74 self-harm 265 see also depression workplace stress 72, 83, see also suicide rates 265, 488 MDEMQ (Mental Distress cultural models (cultural maps, use of the term 148 Explanatory Model domain); meditation forms marginalization Questionnaire) 151 lithium, in child psychiatry 505 acculturation strategies 188–189, medical anthropology 44, 45, 56, 143, Lithuania 190, 192 152, see also ethnopsychiatry; delusion content 334 circumstances 187 healing practices hallucination frequencies 334 forced 188 medical conditions, general schizophrenia subtypes 330–332 stress levels 52 anthropology 584–586 Schneider’s First Rank Symptoms marriage factors, sexual dysfunction medical illness, alongside psychiatric 334–335 across cultures 399–400 disorders 558–559, 571 living alone vs loneliness 556 marriage patterns across cultures 516, medical sociology 44, 45, 56 local variations, prevalence rates 221 526–527 medicalization increases 286 loneliness 556, 560 marriage, protective effect vs suicide normal human response 232, 560 ‘looping effect of human kinds’ 8 risk factor 485 personality disorders 287–288 looping processes, bio-attentional 364, marriage, same-sex 195 PTSD 369–372 374–375 marriage types, black Americans social problems 287–288, 369–370 looping processes, traumas 374 (USA) 526 medication avoidance, religious lorry driving, amok behaviour 36 married couple therapy, sexual affiliation 110 low-income settings, family caregivers dysfunction 518–520 medications see psychiatric and giving 381 assessment issues 524–525 medications couple relationships 519–522 meditation, anxiety levels 63 maasel (tobacco) 249 couple–therapist relationship meditation forms 74 Madagascar 522–524 focused attention 74 cultural essentialism 6 mixed-race and intercultural open monitoring 74, 300 Latah 168 couples 516, 523–524 self-transcending, automatic 251 madness notions 7 therapy strategies 525 meditation, substance abuse 251 mâhû trans* people (French Polynesia) married couple therapy, West African Melanesia, healing practices 9–10 538 indigenous therapy 521–522 melting pot 51, 188, 247 major depressive episode (MDE)/ martyrdom, Middle Eastern people 383 mental deficiency see intellectual disorder (MDD) 48, 71, 232, 233, masculinity, alcohol problems 487 disability see also depression mass hysteria 366 mental disorders, organic 123–124 mak nyah transgender women mass trauma, syndemics 372–373 mental healthcare inequalities, UK (Malaysia) 538 masturbation see ethnic inequalities in mental makrooh (Arabic) 250 ancient Greek perspective 163 healthcare

646

Index

mental health service access 423 Mexican American in Spanish migrant crisis, Europe 2017 545–546, accessibility domains 422–423 Geriatric Depression Scale 345 549, see also entries under refugee children 107, 319, 509–510 Mexican American people migrants cultural competency 111 acculturative stress, women 105 bulimia nervosa 608 eating disorders 308–309 assimilation measure 527 cultural assimilation 453 freephone service, erectile binge eating disorder 324 psychosis rates 105, 222–224, see also dysfunction, Italy 401 depression, women 364 acculturation, cultural and Improving Access to Psychological eating disorders 312, 324 psychological; asylum seekers; Treatment (UK) 450–451 elderly depression 348 entries under refugee; immigrants intellectual disability 496–498, 499 expressed emotion (EE) 23 migration 177, 607 involuntary psychiatric admissions marriage and segmented accelerations 79–80 609 assimilation 526–527 ancient 78–79 problem causes 422–423 narcissism 285 back-migration 137 refugees and asylum seekers 549 simple phobias 207 early experiences 135–136 Tamil migrants, UK 463, see also social distance 527 effect on older adults 561 ethnic inequalities in mental Mexican folk healing 250 forced 10 healthcare; primary mental Mexican people globalization effects 79–80, 119, healthcare; telepsychiatry back-migration 137 418–419, 620 mental health service development, binge-eating disorder 324 healthcare providers 119 multicultural societies 417–428 BPSD study, dementia sufferers 349 host country effect 177 accessibility domains 422–423 Chol Myan people, suicidal impact on khat use 249 cultural competence 417, 428 behaviour 487 long-term effects 561 effective and equitable services dementia prevalence 350 mental health solutions 83 419–420 depression prevalence 232 modern context 11 equity and justice 420–421, 610 elderly depression 347 seasonal 80 ethical foundations 420–421, 613 metabolism rates 563 with settlement 80 leadership requirements 424–427 obsessive–compulsive disorders 294 settler societies 6–7 minimum specifications 425 susto (fright or loss/loss of soul) 123, stress coping model 52 performance criteria 426 169, 170–171, 207 suicide risk factors 266 policy implementation/evaluation 424 Mexican soap opera effects 82 WPA and WACP position policy option development 423 mhGAP (mental health gap) training statements 549, see also mental political decision-making 423–424 497–498 health service development, problem causes 422–423 micro-identities 618, 619 multicultural societies problem definition 421–422 Middle East migratory workers reform policies 420 Arab Spring 544 alcohol and/or drug problems 137 resistance to change 425 depression treatment levels 240 Latin Americans 548 stakeholder analysis and exercise modes 72 mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) engagement 421 political violence 372 368 standards and guidelines 425 refugee hosting 545 Millennium Development Goals 257 strategic steps 428 social media political effects 80, 82 mind-altering substances, use trends uniformity constraints 425–427 terrorism attacks in 418 252, 253 mental health service models, child waterpipe smoking 244, 248, mind–body dualism 24, 124, psychiatry 511–512 249–250 207, 466 mental migrations 80 Middle Eastern people somatization concept 212, 237, 560 mental/physical dualism depression, treatment levels 240 mind–body wholeness see mind–body dualism distress expressions 453 Chinese culture 237 mental/physical relationship see mind– eating disorders 310 non-Western countries 212 body wholeness family honour 380 physical and mental health links 71, mental retardation see intellectual female genital mutilation 63 466, 578 disability martyrdom 383 traditional medicine 560 mental state examination, translations migrants and refugees, Sweden 223 mindfulness meditation (Satipatthana 111 obsessive–compulsive disorders 294 Sutta) 300 mentalization 590–592, 601 parental immigration and ADHD mindfulness techniques 71, 72, men:women depression ratios 26, 177 319–320 74–75, 382 men:women suicide ratios 38, 269, 483 sexual dysfunction, management MINI (McGill Illness Narrative metabolic syndrome, eating disorders 529–530 Interview) 150–151 71, 73–74 women, waterpipe smoking 250 Mini Mental State Examination metabolic syndrome risks, and Middle Eastern people, UK, dementia (MMSE) 344 antipsychotics 563 prevalence 347–348 minimum specifications, system metabolism rates, elderly people 563 reform 425 647

Index

misdiagnoses 208, 575 evidence to support 192 McGill Illness Narrative Interview antisocial personality disorder 283 health systems 419 (MINI) 150–151 anxiety 208 research activity 51, see also mental personality disorders 288 black Americans, older 562 health service development, psychotherapy across cultures borderline personality disorder multicultural societies 444–445 283 multiple jeopardy see double jeopardy self-narratives 461, 463, 467 diagnostic categories 20, 266 hypothesis suicidality 489 factors contributing 562, 575 multiple personality disorder 8, 211 suppressed 455 illness rates 104 Muslim communities, alcohol use 246 traumascape 376, 381 intellectual disability 498 Muslim majority countries, suicide nation states, studies across 23–24, 138 personality disorders 281, 283 rates 35, 125–126, 483–484 National Action to Improve the Quality psychotic symptom interpretation Muslim people of Mental Health Service 562 craziness periods 59 (Commonwealth document) 425 recognizing mental illness 108 eating disorders 324 national character 621 religious/spiritual coping behaviour mak nyah transgender women 538 national differences, suicide rates 35–36 64, 66 obsessive–compulsive disorders 295 National Disability Insurance Scheme schizophrenia 208, 283, 562 religious delusions 332, 476 (Australia) 420 Western nosologies 20, 266, see also reported suicide rates 483 national identity 53, 188 clinician bias; differential schizophrenia incidence, India 219 acculturation 188, 191 diagnoses; distress expressions self-harm 258 cultural consonance analysis 198, and experiences spiritual support 62 199 misidentification 575 stigma attached to mental illness 65 and cultural diversity 419 ‘missionary racism’ 525–526 studies conducted 62 national identity vs cultural mixed-race couples, couple–therapist transgenderism 538 identity 53 interactions 516, 523–525 Western oriented psychopathology national identity vs ethnic identity 3, MMSE (Mini Mental State 449, 451, see also entries under 191 Examination) 344 Islam; khat; Qur’an National Institute of Mental Health mobile phone applications (apps) 86 Muslim people, women (NIMH) (USA) 373 model of culture and psychopathology female genital mutilation 63 national psychiatry 138 121–123 marital suicide risks 485 national suicide prevention strategies modernization, disease rate differences suicidal behaviour, women 485, 488 269–270 195 suicide reporting, married women Native American Geriatric Depression modernity, eating disorders 306 483, 484 Scale 345 morality, therapist–patient women, somatic neurosis 212, 576 Native American people interactions 454, 455 Myanmar alcohol use disorder 137 Morita therapy (Japan) 451 conflicts in 544, 547 borderline personality disorder 283 Moroccan migrants transgender men 537 care in a cultural context 133 psychoses 223 myth adaptation, illness myths 454 children, DSM-IV 24 satisfaction with their therapist healing practices 250 411 nachchis men (Sri Lanka) 537 help-seeking behaviour 107 somatic symptoms 341 Nadirshaw see Fatimilehin and Native veteran telepsychiatry 97 Moroccan people, somatic symptoms Nadirshaw (1994) psychopathic personality disorder 127 236 Namibia, mental health policy suicide rates 261, 262, 264 Morocco, khat views 249 assessment 53 native communities, telepsychiatry motility psychosis 226 narcissism 234, 278, 279, 285 96–97 Movement for Global Mental Health narcissistic personality disorders 277 Native Hawaiian people (USA), youth 10, 180 Narcissistic Personality Inventory and diagnoses 319 Moysara (Arabic cultures) 234 narcissism 285 native veterans, telepsychiatry 96–97 Mozambique, post-traumatic Narcotics Anonymous 476 natural disasters 544 dissociation 366 narrative of another person 412 nature-assisted therapy 74 mTBI (brain injury, mild traumatic) narratives, early anthropologist 158 Nazi Germany 368 narratives, patient illness Kraepelin influence 5 Multicentre Study of Self-Harm (UK) anthropology and psychiatry personality disorders 280 257–258 convergence 18, 20 Weltanschauung 409 Multicultural Mental Health Australia care practice, disputed 113 Nepal/Nepalese people 424 culture-bound syndromes 158 dissociation, post-traumatic 366 multicultural training 610 DSM III 5 earthquakes 544 multiculturalism 51–52, 188 eating disorders 307 obsessive–compulsive disorders 293, Australia and Canada 7, 423 EMIC framework 150 295 cultural competency need 251 global mental health 620 transgender women 537

648

Index

nervios (Mexican American) 23, 170–171 Nigeria, Yoruba refugee hosting 545 nervous exhaustion 233 dementia screening 345 social media political effects 80, 82 Netherlands, dementia incidence 351 Mini Mental State Examination 344 North America Netherlands, immigrants xv schizophrenia 176, 216 child psychiatry 503 dementia incidence 559 Nigerian Geriatric Depression Scale depression symptom profiles 236 depression prevalence 232 345 ethnopsychiatry 24 eating disorder prevalence 312 Nigerian GMS Examination, healing practices 250 Muslim suicidality 488 depression 346 schizophrenia incidence rates 218 personality disorders 127 Nigerian people north India, people schizophrenia prevalence 608 BPSD instruments 349 elderly depression 561 schizophrenia risks 178, 222–223 brain fag 207 semen-loss anxiety (dhat) 161–163 somatic symptoms 341 child mental health services 511 sexual dysfunction 400 transgender older brother effect 537 delusion content 334 Norway neurasthenia 212–213, 233–234 depression screening 346–347 ADHD study 320 anxiety 207 DOSMeD study 124 Latah 168 ashaktapanna (India) 233 hallucination frequencies 334, 335 Sama, suicide rates 264, 265 Chinese Americans 575 koro disorder (genital-retraction schizophrenia incidence 219 and depression 49, 126 anxiety) 169 schizophreniform psychoses 226 description 126 Lambo, Thomas Adeoye 3 suicide and mental health 485, 489 and DSM 126 ode-ori (Nigerian syndrome) 208 World War II refugees 136 Gulf War syndrome 370 physical disease aetiology 217 nosologies, Western 565 ICD-10 212 schizophrenia rates 216 international requirements 138 over-stimulation 4 schizophrenia subtypes 332–333 misdiagnosis of non-Western shenjing shuairou (China) 126, 207, schizophrenia symptoms 217 groups 20, 266 213, 233 Schneider’s First Rank Symptoms and psychopharmacology 8, see also shinkei-suijaku (Japan) 233 334–335 classification systems; entries shinkeishitsu (Taiwan) 213 sexual dysfunction, female 398 under DSM and ICD neuro-signatures 27 sexual dysfunction, male 400 nuclear schizophrenia neuroadaptation 246 slave suicides 41 schizophrenia 220, 334–335 neurobiological differences, collectivist WHO IPSS schizophrenia study 121, Nunavut Inuit, suicide rates 37 vs individualist cultures 234–235 224, 330 neurobiology in psychiatry 8, 454, 585 WHO ten-country schizophrenia obesity, and antipsychotics 563 neurology role 120 incidence study 220 obesity, and metabolic syndrome 71, neurology unit referrals 571 Nigerian people, elderly 73–74 neuroscience, clinical 27, 585, 586, 598, Alzheimer’s disease 559 obsessive–compulsive disorders 602 dementia and depression prevalence (OCD) 107, 292–301 neuroscience, critical 8 348 body dysmorphic disorder 297–298, neuroscience for cultural psychiatry dementia incidence 350 299, 300 10, 11, 22, 27, 588–589 dementia mortality 350 Buddhist perspectives 293, 299–300 neurosis, as a disorder 205–206 dementia prevalence 346–347, 350 clinical practice 298–301 neurotic depression (dysthymia) 205, NIMH (National Institute of Mental cognitions across cultures 296–297 206–207 Health) (USA) 373 cognitive behaviour therapy 299, neurotic disorders 205, see also specific noble savage notion 2 476 disorders noise 74, 83 cognitive treatment of religious neuroticism 205 non-affective psychosis, African obsession 299 New Zealand Caribbean people, UK 105, common concerns within culture anxiety disorders 207 106–108 295 depression prevalence 232 non-fat phobic anorexia nervosa cultural influences 293–294 depression symptom profiles 235–236 (NFP-AN) 306–307 description 292–293 eating disorders 310 non-fatal suicidal behaviour 484 excoriation (skin picking disorder) obsessive–compulsive disorders 294 non-maleficence 610 298 self-harm 265, see also Māori people non-psychiatric referrals 571 historical precursors 293 NHS chaplaincy (National Health non-recognition of illness 108, 575 hoarding 297 Service UK) 477 non-verbal communication 451 mental healthcare inequalities, UK Nicaragua non-Western interventions, substance 107 migratory workers 548 misuse 250–251, see also healing prevalence in different cultures psychological interventions 460 practices; rituals 294–295 Nigeria North Africa psychopharmacology 301 refugee levels 548 parental immigration and ADHD religious coping behaviour 298, 299, transcultural psychiatry 10 319–320 301 649

Index

obsessive–compulsive (cont.) male:female suicide ratio 483 pathofacilitative effects of culture religious obsessions, cognitive suicide rates 482 122–123, 129, 167 treatments 299 paediatric referrals 571 antisocial behaviour 128 religious practices, influence Pakistan common psychiatric disorders 126 295–296, 299, 301 child mental health services 511 epidemics 128 religiously integrated cognitive Christian delusion content 334 organic mental disorders 123 behaviour therapy 476 erectile dysfunction 400 substance misuse 125 superstitions 297 hallucination frequencies 334 pathogenic effects of culture 122, 167 trichotillomania (hair pulling) 298 intellectual disability identification pathoplastic effects of culture 122, 124, obsessive–compulsive neurosis 205 497 128, 129, 167 obstetric referrals 393, 571 intellectual disability, staff training pathoplasticity 125, 137 OCD see obsessive–compulsive modules 497–498 body size ideals 305 disorders (OCD) obsessive–compulsive disorders 293 culture-related syndromes 128, 167 Oceania, depression prevalence 232 refugee hosting 548 and pathogenesis 4, 20, 22 OCF see Outline for Cultural religious delusions 332 pathoreactive effects of culture 123, Formulation schizophrenia 332 124, 125, 126, 167 ode-ori (Nigerian syndrome) 208 Schneider’s First Rank Symptoms pathoselective effects of culture 122, olanzapine, in child psychiatry 505 334–335 129, 167 old age 553 transgender person 537 common psychiatric disorders 126 older African Americans, Pakistani children, risk factors 322 epidemics 128 misdiagnoses 562 Pakistani people substance misuse 125 Oman anxiety and depression 399 pathways into care, differences koro disorder (genital-retraction erectile dysfunction 399 black and minority ethnic patients, anxiety) 169 female suicide rates 483 UK 106, 109, 113, 258 transgenderism 539 intellectual disability 496 children 508, 510 ‘one size fits all’ approach, Pakistani people, UK depression 124 psychopharmacotherapy 432 child mental health 267 non-medical care 577 opioid use, DSM-IV and ICD-10 246 incomes 105 psychosexual dysfunction 404, opium use 138, 247 mental health morbidity 265 522 oppression, forms 6 perspectives 107 PTSD 378 oral traditions, cultures with 451 self-harm 608 research studies 7, 27, 613, 614 organic mental disorders 123–124 suicide rates, male 259 self-harm 258 organizations, cultural considerations Palau islands (Micronesia), somatization 268 95 schizophrenia prevalence 222 patient expectations, therapist–patient Outline for Cultural Formulation (OCF) Palestinian people, suicidal behaviour interactions 411–412 (DSM-IV) 2, 24, 152–153, 575 487 patient perspectives 143, 145 DSM-5 170, 575 Palestinian refugees 548 distorted views 152 emic explanatory models 146 palliative care, consultation–liaison intercultural preferences 192 emphasis 112–113 psychiatry 578 ownership 146 location 575 panic attack causes 208 personal explanations 145 outsider perspectives 145, see also emic panic disorders 208 religious beliefs 476 and etic framework Papua New Guinea, schizophrenia 330 through interview questions 149, see over-identification, therapist–patient parallel diagnoses 126, see also also emic and etic framework; 526 neurasthenia narratives, patient illness; overdiagnosis 575 paranoid ideation, elderly people therapist–patient interactions oyako-shinju suicide (Japan) 122 561–562 Pentecostalist Christians 59, 200 paranoid personality, USA 278 performance criteria, mental health Pacific, depression prevention 72 paraphilias 396–397, 401–402, service 426 Pacific Islanders 403–404 Persia, sadness interpretations 453 aboriginal suicides 38 parasuicide, culture-bound syndrome persistent depressive disorders (PDD/ bulimia nervosa 310, 312 169–170 dysthymia) 233 elderly population level 339 Parker, Gladstone and Tsee Chee person and self, notions of 279, 342, fattening practices 305 (2001) 50 452, 454, 619 psychosis rates 222 PARP (population attributable risk personal health records 85–86 South Pacific aboriginal suicides 38 proportion) 381–382 personal identity 447, see also entries youth suicide 38 pasmo (Central and South America) under identity Pacific Islanders, New Zealand, 207 personality 276 bulimia nervosa 310 past, letting go of 445 personality and culture 8–10, 275–277 Pacific, western pathoelaborating effects of culture 122, personality characteristics, individual eating disorders 309 167 275

650

Index

personality disorders, 126–128, 275, pharmacodynamics 433 political mediation of trauma 383 288 ageing effects 563 politicization and medicalization, anxious avoidant personality cultural issues 301, 432, 530 PTSD 369–372 disorder, 209 pharmacogenetics and ethnic polygamy 195 cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) variations 433–436 polymorphisms see genetic 286 pharmacokinetics 433, 434–435, 436 polymorphisms culture and personality 275–277 ageing effects 563 pons men (Sri Lanka) 537 culture clash 283, 287 cultural issues 301, 432, 530 population attributable risk definitions 277–278 pharmacotherapy proportion (PARP) 381–382 dependent personality disorder 127 for children 505 population-based studies, genetic disease status and diagnosis and psychotherapy 301, see also epidemiology within 227 accuracy 280–281 psychopharmacotherapy positive emotions, expression DSM-5 275, 277, 286–287 Philippines, trans* individuals 538 237–238 DSM-III R 280 phobic anxiety disorders (phobias) possession by spirits or demons 61, 577 environment role 283–284 208–210 depression 448 Epidemiological Catchment Area physical accessibility, mental health erectile dysfunction 395 study 127 services 423 peyran, Afghanistan 365 Five Factor Model 282, 287 physical activity and exercise, regular psychotherapy 444, 448 gender differences 278, 281 70, 72, 73–74 trance and possession disorder 211 gene–environment interactions 284, physical disease aetiology 217 windigo behaviour 4 287 physical/mental bi-directional overlap, women 381 general personality disorder 277 consultation–liaison psychiatry post-disaster intervention principles health-seeking behaviour 284–285 578 382–383 history of the term 278–279 physical/mental dualism see mind– post-traumatic stress disorder ICD-10 criteria 277 body dualism see PTSD individualist vs collectivist cultures physical/mental health link, lifestyle potential years of life lost (PYLL) 269 127–128, 282–283 medicine 71 poverty cultures late onset 343 physical/mental relationship, antisocial personality disorder legislation, UK 287–288 traditional medicine 560 287–288 misdiagnoses 281, 283 physical therapies, sexual dysfunction common mental disorder links 372 patient narratives 288 530 eating disorders and risks 309 personality and culture 275–277, pibloktoq (Arctic hysteria) 4 substance abuse 248, 372 279 Pima Indians, isolate studies 221 practitioner–client communications presentation variation 287 pitfalls, common, therapist–patient see consultation–liaison psychiatric diagnoses 275 interactions 525–526 psychiatry (CLP); therapist– social context 287–288 placebo effects, psychotherapeutic patient interactions symptom presentation, early outcomes 55 pragmatism identity strategy 189 282–283 placebo practitioner 53–54 praying, anxiety levels 63 trait based classification 282 placebo response, clinical trials Present State Examination (PSE) 176, treatment and prognosis 285, see 437–438, 563 330 also antisocial personality play therapy, child psychiatry 507 prevalence rates, local disorder (ASPD); borderline Poland variations 221 personality disorder (BPD); delusion content 334 preventive psychiatry and strategies person and self, notions of hallucination frequencies 334 180, 371 personality traits 275, 277, 285–287 schizophrenia subtypes 330–332 alcohol and/or drug problems 474 personality variation, social context Schneider’s First Rank Symptoms Chinese traditional medicine 72 287–288 334–335 cultural factors 133, 451 Peruvia, transcultural psychiatry 10 suicide rates 260 cultural psychiatry studies 138 Peruvian folk healing 250 policy assessment instruments 53 dementia 72, 351 Peruvian people policy cycle, components 420 elderly depression 72 dementia prevalence 350 policy development, intellectual fruit and vegetables 72 elderly anxiety disorders 561 disability 500 political violence and mass trauma elderly depression 347 policy development, mental health 373 somatic symptoms 236 service 420, 424 refugees and asylum seekers 549 suicide prevalence 38 policy implications, acculturation 192 slow down message 83 pharmaceutical company influences policy options, mental health service social capital effect, schizophrenia 11, 54 423 223 pharmaceutical industry, clinical political extremism, modern context statecraft 139 evidence 8 11, 377, see also terrorism effects; suicide prevention strategies, pharmaceutical selves 20 traumascape model national 257, 269–270 651

Index

preventive psychiatry (cont.) psychiatric conditions and cultural methodological advances 174–175, suicide risk models 42, 257, 489 signatures 177 traumascape 371–372, 377, see also biological and cultural evolution psychosis causes, prospect 226–227 lifestyle medicine; protective 581–583 quantitative/qualitative data 180 effects, mental health chimpanzees 587–588, 589, 594 risk factor assessment 180 primary mental healthcare client therapy sessions 585–586 sexual dysfunction across cultures ethnic inequalities, UK 108 conditions of psychiatric interest 397–402 Hispanic populations 96 (CPI) 581, 601–602 standards 215, see also cultural phone-based consultations 99 conditions of medical interest (CMI) epidemiology; research post-disaster pressures 99–100 581, 601 instruments; schizophrenia, telemedicine 85 CPI and CMI differences 583–584, epidemiology; sexual dysfunction: telepsychiatry 95 585, 601–602 epidemiology youth support 99, see also mental cultural affirmation 595–601 psychiatric genome 132 health service access; mental ethno approach to science 584, 586, psychiatric labelling effects 72, 281, health service development, 597, 600 449, 578, 590 multicultural societies ethnomedicine and ethnopsychiatry psychiatric medications primitive mentality notion 3–4, 6, 18, 584, 586, 595 drug response and treatment 19 evolutionary affirmation 586–595, attitudes 413 primitive people notions 596, 597, 600–601 ethnic elders 563–564 British Empire 120 evolutionary medicine 585 personality disordered patients 286 colonialism 3 evolutionary psychology of medical reliance upon 20 developmental hierarchy 4 conditions 592 and religion 110, see also entries European beliefs 18, 443, 450 general anthropology 584–586 under medication name; healthy savage notion 3–4 higher primates 587–590 pharmacotherapy, for children; noble savage notion 2 mentalization 590–592, 601 psychopharmacology; prisoners, UK, antisocial personality ontology and epistemology of psychopharmacotherapy; disorder 280 medical conditions 592–593 psychotropic drug responses problem-focused coping 190–191, psychiatric disorders, alongside psychiatric stigma 382 380 medical illness 571 child psychiatry 512 problem portrait technique 46–48 psychiatric disorders, organic 123–124 depression 239–240 procedural accessibility, mental health psychiatric epidemiology 26, 174–182 intellectual disability 499 services 423 ageing disorders, difficulties telemedicine 85 professional psychiatry, cultural 339–340 psychiatric traditions 25 analysis of 1, 25 alliance with culture 176–177 psychiatric training, shortfalls 611 programme models, consultation– critical questions 174–175 psychiatry and religion, studies 24 liaison psychiatry 571–572 cross-cultural studies 553 psychiatry profession, cultural analysis protective effects, mental health cross-cultural study standards 215 of 1, 25 child refugees 266 cross-national comparisons psycho-education 70, 71, 73, 93, 97, cultural safety 452 177–178 308 dementia 350 cultural epidemiology 180–182 psychoanalysis vs biological accounts 8 divorce 264, 267, 485 and cultural psychiatry 177–178 psychodynamics, universality 9 ethnic density 265, 266, 267, 269 diagnostic system application psychogenic effects 128 family and social ties 83 174–175, 179–180 psychogenic psychoses 226 family honour, Middle East 380 ethnic/cultural grouping 181, psychological accessibility, mental marital separation 485 553 health services 423 marriage 485 first field-based study 136 psychological acculturation 185–186 positive affects, depression 237 fourth generation 180 psychological adaptation 187, 191, 587, religion 267–268 generalized anxiety disorders 207 592 social cohesion 121 genetic basis of mental illness psychological anthropology 8–10 suicidal behaviour 258, 267–268, 179–180 psychological factors, consultation– 350, 485 global mental health 180 liaison psychiatry 570 widowhood 485 history 175–176 psychological interventions 458–469 prototypes, explanatory 148, 150 hypothesis testing 180 Attitudes to Mental Illness PSE (Present State Examination) 176, impotence 397, 400 Questionnaire (AMIQ) 464 330 instrument adaptability 174, civil war zone intervention 467–468 psychiatric admissions, Ireland 609 178–179 cultural psychiatry, outline 458–459 psychiatric and culture-bound intellectual disability 495–496 different professional contexts disorders, relationship 169 International Consortium of 459–460 psychiatric asylums, mediaeval Arab- Psychiatric Epidemiology 5 Face-up programme 460–462 Islamic 134 life expectancy 339 iNear programme 462–463

652

Index

integrated interventions 460 psychopathy 282 psychosocial interventions xv, 11, 21, Punch in/Punch out emotions psychopharmacology 8, 11, 26, 54, 301, 250, 287 (exercise) 461–462 see also psychopharmacotherapy; psychosocial models, personality sport/group support, refugees and psychotropic drug responses disorders 277 asylum seekers 465–467 psychopharmacotherapy 432–439 psychotherapeutic process 55 Sri Lanka Trauma group (UKSLTG) 5-HTTLPR 435–436 psychotherapy 453–454 464 characteristics 438 psychotherapy across cultures 451–455 Tamil Community Centre (London) cultural and ethnic variations in biological and psychological 463–465 response 433–436, 438–439 explanations 445–446 training based, with refugee group CYP450 enzymes 434–435, 436–437 cultural competency 450, 451, 452, 463–465 dietary and herbal interactions 454 voluntary organizations 463 436–438 cultural safety 452 psychological issues, depression global position 432 cultural tension and identity 48–50 integrated model 438–439 446–447 psychology 44–45 ‘one size fits all’ approach 432 emic and etic elements of culture cross-cultural psychology 9, 45 p-glycoprotein transport 437 448 cross-cultural transition 51 personalized studies 436 emotional flavour matching cultural psychology 45 pharmacodynamic 301, 435–436 (patient/therapist) 449, 450 ethnopsychiatry 24 pharmacogenetics and ethnic empathy 412 evolutionary psychology of medical variations 433–436 empirical findings 450–451 conditions 592 pharmacokinetics 301, 434–435 ethnic matching (patient/therapist) social psychology 9, 45 placebo response, clinical trials 449 psychology–cultural psychiatry bridge 437–438, 563 hermeneutics 447–448 48 psychopharmacology 433–436 Improving Access to Psychological psychology–culture models 10 socio-cultural factors 436–438 Treatment (IAPT) (UK) psychopathology, 9, 26, 119–129 subjective experiences of medication 450–451 common disorders 126 437, see also psychopharmacology; individualist vs collectivist cultures cultural communicability 128 psychotropic drug responses 451–452 cultural impact levels 128 psychoses interpersonal conflict suppression cultural influence 121–123 acute and transient 226 453 cultural psychiatry, developmental African trypanosomiasis 217 intersubjectivity 442, 452 aspects 132–133 ageing disorders 342–343, ‘missionary racism’ 525–526 culture-related syndromes 26, 128, 561–562 narrative approach 444–445 167 atypical 160 past actions, forgiving and depression 26, 124–125 cycloid psychoses 226 forgetting 445 epidemics 128 ethnic psychoses 160, 222–224 and pharmacotherapy 301 historical development 120–121 gene–environment interactions preoccupying concern, patient’s model of culture and 199–200, 227 448–449 psychopathology 121–123 genetic isolate populations 221–222 religious healing 445 organic mental disorders 123–124 hysterical psychoses 160 therapist–patient interactions pathoelaborating effects 122, 129, khat-induced 249 451–452, 453–454 167 koro disorder (genital-retraction value matching (patient/therapist) pathogenic effects of culture 122, anxiety) 169 449–450 167 misdiagnosis 208 Western assumptions and practices pathoplastic effects of culture 122, psychogenic 159, 226 454 124, 128, 129, 167 schizophreniform 226, 332 Western style therapy 443–444, pathoreactive effects of culture 123, socio-economic groups 608 451–452, see also consultation– 124, 125, 126, 167 spiritual/religious factors 64, 66 liaison psychiatry; narratives, personality disorders 126–128 psychosis development, cannabis use patient illness; therapist–patient psychogenic effects 128 245 interactions rethinking culture and pathology psychosis rates psychotherapy cultures 443 55–56 cause search prospect 226–227 psychotherapy features, and traditional schizophrenia 26, 124 high rate findings 221–224 healing practices 5 substance abuse and dependency migrants 105 psychotic symptom interpretation 125 migration effects 608 332–335, 562 suicidal behaviour 125–126 refugees 105, 223, see also African psychotropic drug responses symptom severity 123, see also Caribbean people, UK, cross-cultural variations 432 pathofacilitative effects of schizophrenia dietary interactions 437 culture; pathoselective effects of psychosocial consequences, dosage guideline requirements 435, culture globalization 80–83, 84 437 653

Index

psychotropic drug responses (cont.) qualitative/quantitative balance 134, refugee definitions 418, 544 genetic polymorphisms xv, 613–614 refugee groups, Tamil (London) 463–465 435–436 explanatory models 143 refugee hosting tendencies 545, 548 herbal product interaction 437 suicide research 482, 486 refugee levels integrated model 438–439 trauma studies, dynamic networks Europe migrant crisis 545–546, 549 subjective experiences of medication 374 global conflict 544, 547 437 quantitative analysis 9, 486 global picture 544–545, 548 PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) 8 quantitative interviews 151 scale of displacement, current 548 child refugees 548, 549 quantitative/qualitative data, refugee mental health, geopolitics and complex trauma and complex PTSD psychiatric epidemiology 180 conflict 368, 373 quantitative/qualitative interviews Brexit (UK and EU) 546 cross-cultural evidence 367–368 149–150 global conflict 544, 547 culture and PTSD debate 363, Quebec, aboriginal suicides 36–37 Iraq Inquiry (UK, Chilcot Report) 364–367, 368–369 questionnaires, reliability 611–612 418, 546–547 culture-bound syndromes 369 Qur’an sectarianism 548 DESNOS (Disorders of Stress not injunction to move on 445 refugee types 418 Otherwise Specified) 368 intoxicants 246, 248 refugees and asylum seekers, mental disaster situations 99 recompense for injury 444, see also health and illness 105, 548–549 DSM-5 367 Islamic faith perspectives; Muslim children 266 ecological utility 363, 365–367 people cultural competence 549 historicity evidence 368–369 cultural complexities in decision- native veterans, telepsychiatry 96–97 race, culture and ethnicity 339, 443 making and diagnostic practice Parsons’ sociological theory race, defining for research purposes 549 369–370 611 definitions 543–544 politicization and medicalization race thinking, psychiatrists 609 depression 549 369–372 racial discrimination, in mental health double jeopardy 550 research tool adaptation 611 services psychosis rates 105, 223 ‘trauma industry’ 370, 371 children, adolescents and young psychosis rates, high 222–224 West Africa 381, see also Gulf War people 106 PTSD 548, 549 syndrome colour blindness 109 public health and prevention 549 public health and prevention, refugees effects on service-users 607, 609 refugee camps 265–266, 545 and asylum seekers 549 implementing transcultural research resilience programmes 549 public health crises 544, 547 findings 613 schizophrenia incidence 223 public mental health approach 620 problems created 607 self-harm 266 eating disorders, priority 309, 310 required studies 613 social psychiatry and cultural political violence and mass trauma against service providers 609 psychiatry 135 371–372, 373, 377 racial identity 619 suicidal behaviour 265–266 refugees 549 racial identity vs ethnic identity 443, therapeutic interventions 465–467, social media/healthcare information 619 see also mental health service tools 90, 91 racial issues, Ireland 609 development, multicultural Puerto Ricans racism in psychiatry 5–6, 25, 120 societies anxiety disorders 207 and biological diversity 563, see also relativity and universality 4, 119, 120, ataque de nervios (attack of nerves) biological essentialism 516–517 212 racism in psychotherapy 450, 525–526 anthropology/psychiatry eating disorders 312 racist research 609 convergence 18–19, 20 faith healers 577 radicalized jihadists, self-harm 90 commonalities and differences family therapy, child psychiatry 507 raerae trans* people (French between groups 613 obsessive–compulsive disorders 294 Polynesia) 538 DSM nosology 24, 247 Punjabi Asians, UK, somatic symptom RDoC (Research Domain Criteria dynamic network solutions 374 labelling 108 project) 373 psychoanalytic theory 516–517 Punjabi GPs, UK, recognizing mental RDC (Research Diagnostic Criteria) psychopathology 1, 18–19, 20, see illness 108 176, 219 also cultural relativism Punjabi Mini Mental State ‘real’ identity 189 religion 443, 473 Examination 344 recreational activities, lifestyle Freudian perspective 61, 63, 64, Punjabi women, depression 453, 560 medicine 74 409–410 purging, Fiji 307 referrals, non-psychiatric 571 studies of, combining with PYLL (potential years of life lost) 269 reform, mental health service psychiatric studies 24, see also see mental health service entries under spiritual/ qigong 74, 479 development, multicultural spirituality; faith (spiritual and qualitative interviews 150–151 societies belief based)

654

Index

religiosity and spirituality, clinician stressor effect challenges 607, self-harm 267 bias 67, 477 609–610 substance misuse 248, 372 religiosity and spirituality, distinction transcultural psychiatry 607 traumascape model 378, see also 60, 473 Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) income level effects; racial religiosity gap 475 176, 219 discrimination, in mental health religiosity, medication Research Domain Criteria project services; suicide risk factors; avoidance 110 (RDoC) 373 suicide risk models religiosity, mental health benefits and research instrument adaptation, cross- risk group identification 180 risks 63, 320–321, 474 cultural 178–179, 611–612 risperidone, in child psychiatry 505 religious affiliation, and self-harm 258, research instrument translation 178 rituals 482 research instruments, explanatory acceptance issues 298 religious affiliation, children 320 model framework 149–152 childhood rituals 296, 297 religious and cultural factors, research instruments for health colonial legacy 132 distinguishing 61–62 and welfare policy assessment 53 death and bereavement 125, 380, 574 religious belief, and mental health research instruments, third generation ethnopsychiatry study 133 473–475 176 healing rituals 5, 54, 250–251 religious belief, cognitive behaviour researcher communities, social media shamans 119 therapy 476 effects 87 in therapeutic relationships 54 religious conversion, and addiction researchers, local investigators 180 therapeutic rituals 450 recovery 476 resilience and well-being programmes types 251 religious coping behaviour 460–463 use of 251, see also obsessive– see spiritual/religious coping resistance to change, overcoming 425 compulsive disorders; religious behaviour Revised Clinical Interview Schedule rituals religious delusions 332, 476 (CIS-R) 176 Rivers, W. H. R. 5, 9–10, 18, 20 religious factors in psychiatry risk factor assessment, psychiatric Rokeach (1973) 410 see spiritual and religious factors, epidemiology 180 Romany traveller groups, intellectual in psychiatry risk factor vs protection factor, disability 496 religious healing 251, 478 marriage 485 Rowlands Universal Dementia obsessive–compulsive risk factors, mental health Assessment Scale, Australia 344 disorders 296 5-HTT gene 235 run amok see amok behaviour psychotherapy 445 5-HTTLPR polymorphism 378, rural areas, suicidal behaviour, Chinese religious mediation of trauma 383 435–436 people 40, 483 religious rituals 54, 119, 472 Alzheimer’s Disease Risk rural patients, telepsychiatry 95 child mental health 320 Questionnaire 345 rural to urban migrations 79–80 cleanliness and exactness 296 antisocial personality disorder 284, rural vs urban suicide rates 483 death and bereavement 574 287–288 Russia depression occurrence 125 antipsychotics 563 alcohol–suicide links 260 end-of-life care 574, 575 body image 305–306 psychiatric tradition 25 healing rituals 251, 478 care-giver depression 559 schizophrenia incidence 218 normative rituals 299 childhood adversity/trauma 284, 287 schizophrenia prevalence 217 purity and cleanliness 295, see also children and adolescents 178, 322 suicide rates 260–261, 265 obsessive–compulsive disorders; common mental disorders 372 WHO IPSS schizophrenia study 121, rituals depression 199–200, 235, 267, 378, 330 religious/spiritual support providers 435–436 WHO ten-country schizophrenia see spiritual/religious support eating disorders 169–170, 305–306, incidence study 220 providers 309 Rwanda, trauma reactions 366, 367 religious support studies, environmental, schizophrenia 215, generalization question 62 227 SADS (Schedule for Affective Republic of Congo, conflicts in 547 genetic polymorphisms 227, 235, Disorders and Schizophrenia) 176 research 378, 435–436 Sama, Norway explanatory model activity 146 genotypes 199–200 Norway, Sama, substance misuse knowledge structures 148–149 immigrants, schizophrenia 178, 324 methodological advances 22 222–223 substance misuse 324 prevalence rates, local variations 221 marriage 485 suicide rates 264, 265 training and supervision in migration 105 same-sex marriage 195 610–611 poverty cultures 248, 287–288, 309, SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and research challenges 372 Mental Health Service black box problem 610, 611, 613 religiosity benefits and risks 63, Administration) 94 ethical challenges 86–87, 609–610 320–321, 474 Samoa social media 86–87 schizophrenia 178, 227 Aboriginals, youth suicides 38 655

Index

Samoa (cont.) social capital effect 223, see also black females, UK 257–258 death perspective 125 psychoses Caribbean people, UK 257 suicide meanings 38 schizophrenia, epidemiology 177, classification 484 Sashidharan (2001) 458 215–216, 329–330, 335 clinical pathway differences 258 sati suicide (India) 122 course and outcome studies cognitive behaviour therapy 286 Saudi Arabia 224–225 data available 270 khat views 249 early studies 216 depression factor 267 obsessive–compulsive disorders 293, epidemiology prospect 226–227 detention centres 266 296 genetic isolate populations 221–222 global perspective 257 psychiatric tradition 25 high rate findings 221–224 indigenous populations 264–265 Schneider’s First Rank Symptoms incidence rates 217–219, 220–221, with medical illness 571 334 329–330 motives and intentions 268 SCAN (Schedule for Clinical IPSS study 5, 121, 216, 330–332 Multicentre Study of Self-Harm Assessment in Neuropsychiatry) IPSS study, follow-ups 124, 224–225, 257–258 176 330 New Zealand 265 Scandinavia low rate findings 222 refugees/asylum seekers, detention Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 136 phenotypic comparability across centres 266 nature-assisted therapy 74 populations 216–217, 227 religious affiliation 258, 482 psychiatric tradition 25, 226 prevalence rates 133, 137, 217, SharpTalk study 86 Schedule for Affective Disorders and 220–221, 329–330 suicide risk factors 485 Schizophrenia (SADS) 176 Schneider’s First Rank Symptoms Tumblr sites (social media) 91 Schedule for Clinical Assessment in 334–335 UK minority ethnic groups 257–259, Neuropsychiatry (SCAN) 176 social class 121, 177 267, 268, 608 schizoaffective disorder, Africa 332 socio-economic groups 608 USA hospitalizations 262, see also schizophrenia 26, 124, 215–227, 329 subtype frequencies 330–332 entries under suicide African trypanosomiasis 217 variation in incidence and self-help, hope-inspired 383 anxiety disorders 208 prevalence across populations self, notions of 279, 342, 452, 454, 619 biological/social factor interaction 220–221 self-poisoning method meanings 608 WHO ten-country incidence study analgesics 268 ‘broad’ schizophrenia 218, 220 217, 220, 224, 225, see also females 258, 262 cannabis use 608 psychoses pesticides 263–264, 268 Catholic affiliations 120–121 schizophrenia-evoking stress criteria self-rule desire 548 childhood and adolescence 323 225 self-transcending 251 colonial era 215 schizophrenia subtypes, DSM-IV 332 semen formation, Ayurvedic texts 394 delusion content 332, 342–343 schizophreniform psychoses 226, 332 semen-loss anxiety (dhat) 394 DSM-5 216 Schneider’s First Rank Symptoms Ayurvedic texts/Ayurveda 160 DSM-III 219 (FRS) 334–335 Chinese perspectives 163 DSM-IV 216–217, 223, 226, 227, 329 SCID (Structured Clinical Interview DSM-5 167, 170–171 DSM-IV subtypes 332–333 for DSM-IV) 150, 611 female dhat symptoms 213 expressed emotion, index 225 Scotland, self-rule desire 548 male dhat symptoms 160–163, genotype–phenotype relationship 227 screening instruments, elderly people 213 hallucination types and frequencies 343–345 taijin kyofusho syndrome (Japan) 332–334 seasonal migration, individuals 80 207 ICD-9 schizophrenia subtypes secure psychiatric facilities, UK 609 Western views 163–167, 207, see also 330–332 Security Council members 547 dhat (semen-loss anxiety) koro disorder (genital-retraction sedatives, dosage guideline SEMI framework see Short anxiety) 169 requirements 435, 437 Explanatory Model Interview late onset 342–343 segmented assimilation 526–527 sensitivity 572 misdiagnoses 208, 283, 562 segregation, definition 188, see also cultural issues 111, 299 ‘nuclear’ schizophrenia 220, separation strategy ethnic differences 572 334–335 (acculturation) sexual dysfunction 527–528 outcomes 330 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors separation anxiety, children 210 pharmacotherapy adherence 505 (SSRIs), use in child psychiatry separation strategy (acculturation) phenotypic comparability across 505 circumstances 187, 188, 189 populations 216–217, 227 self-burning suicide, female 484 forced 188 psychotic symptom interpretation self-disclosure on personal matters, and identity strategies 189 332–335 therapist–patient interactions 453 marginalization 188–189 risk factors, environmental 227 self-harm 256–257, 258 outcomes 191 Schneider’s First Rank Symptoms adolescents 258, 324–325 stress levels 190 (FRS) 334–335 Australia 264 seppuku suicide (Japan) 122

656

Index

serotonin transporter genes see 5-HTT Africa, family and marriage therapy shinkeishitsu (Japan) 207 gene, depression risks; 521–522 shinkeishitsu (Taiwan) 213 5-HTTLPR gene, depression assessment issues, couple therapy shoplifting, culture-bound syndromes risks; genetic polymorphisms 524–525 169–170 service-provider beliefs 108 attachment security 519–521 Short Explanatory Model Interview service provision vs treatment case assessment 517–518 (SEMI) 149, 150 improvements 25, 26 cognitive and behavioural therapies sick role, medicalization 369 service-user movement 110 530 sickness and healing behaviours 584, settler societies 6–7, 51 couple relationships 519–522 600–601 severity, symptom 123 couple–therapist relationship cultural affirmation 595–601 sex (term) 534 522–524 ethno approach 584, 600 sex acts, function/purpose couple therapy 516, 518–520, 525 evolutionary affirmation 586–595, assumptions 393 gender differences 518 600–601 sex texts homophobia effects 396, 518 multidisciplinary significance 585 ancient Chinese 163 homosexual people 518 therapist–patient resonance 454 ancient Indian 394–395 Indian subcontinent studies Sikh people, self-harm 258 sex workers 528–529 Sikh scriptures, and medication 110 hijras 537 indigenous therapies 525 silence, need for 83 ladyboys 538 marriage patterns 516, 526–527 simple phobia 209 raerae and mâhû 538 Middle East studies 529–530 simple tolerance identity strategy 189 Trans Murder Monitoring 540 ‘missionary racism’ 525–526 Singapore Chinese Geriatric travesti 539 mixed-race couples 516, 523–524 Depression Scale 345 sexual attitudes patient sensitivities 527–528 Singapore, Chinese people China 163, 395 physical therapies 530 charcoal burning suicides 263 Christianity 395 sexual dysfunction assessment 517 dementia prevalence 346–347 homosexuality 395–396, 418 sexual dysfunction referrals, South dementia prevention 72 sexual dysfunction across cultures 393, Asian women, UK 527 elderly depression 72, 347 400, 404 sexual intercourse, under age 16, elderly psychosis 342 alcohol problems 517 reporting 397 extraversion 234 cross-dressing 403–404 sexual intercourse, yin and yang in 163 GDS-30 345 culture and behaviour 402–403 sexual orientation 418, 535 lifestyle medicine 71–72 culture role in sexual dysfunction sexual purity notions MDEMQ application 151 394–395 colonial legacy 165 mindfulness practice 71–72 DSM-IV 398 sexually inappropriate behaviours, mood disorder symptoms 236 epidemiology 397–402 intellectual disability 497 obsessive–compulsive disorders 293, erectile dysfunction 397, 399, sexually transmitted diseases, and 294 400 mental complications 123–124 substance use, traditional treatments female dysfunctions 394, 398–399, SFP (Strengthening Families Program) 251 400 506 suicidal behaviour meanings 487 fetishism 396, 403–404 shamanism Sinhalese Mini Mental State gender similarities and differences alcohol misuse 250 Examination 344 394 Arctic hysteria (pibloktoq)4 skewed result interpretations, homosexual sexual dysfunctions 396 during childhood 509 instrument design 178–179 homosexuality 395–396 intervention popularity 59 slave suicide rates, colonial era 40–42 marriage factors 399–400 and Taiwanese psychiatry 24 sleep hours, global trends 82 with medical illness 571 shamans sleep paralysis, DSM-5 368 paraphilias 396–397, 401–402, and latah behaviour 168 Slovak Republic, psychiatric 403–404 rituals, importance of 119 tradition 25 sadomasochism 403 role in managing illness 119 ‘slow down’ message 83 sexual attraction 402 transgenderism 537 smoking, tobacco 73, 90 sexual jealousy 397 shame 124 children 324 therapeutic technique Sharia law 444, 484 global prevalence 245–246 selection 528 SharpTalk study 86–87 intellectual disability 496 vaginismus 394, 400 shen kui (China) (kidney deficiency) problem levels 252 Western notion of gender 404 126, 207 World Drug Report 245 women, DSM-IV 398 see also dhat shenjing shuairuo (China, Mandarin, smoking, waterpipe 244, 248, 249–250 (semen-loss anxiety); weakness of nerves/nervous Snapchat 85 masturbation; transgenderism system) 126, 207, 213, 233 soap opera effects 82 sexual dysfunction across cultures, Shifting Cultural Lenses model 453 social aggregates, and the individual management 516–530 shinkei-suijaku (Japan) 233 194 657

Index

social capital 121 social phobia 209 somatization, uterine social capital effect, schizophrenia 223 social problems, medicalization suffocation 126 social change experiences, cumulative 369–370 somatoform disorders 211–212, 576 553 social psychiatry 133, 134, 135 soul loss 207 social change, suicide risk factors 488 social psychiatry and cultural South Africa social class psychiatry dementia prevalence 346–347 antisocial personality disorder child psychiatry, early 135 depression prevalence 232 287–288 cultural psychiatry contributions hegemonic masculinity 487 facets 443 137–138 OCD, prescribing practice 301 relating to inequalities 104 historical origins 133–135 suicidal behaviour meanings 487 schizophrenia 121, 177 refugees and asylum seekers 135 South America social cohesion 121 similarities and differences 136–137 depression symptom profiles 236 social constructionism 454 social psychology 9, 45 family therapy 506 social context, comparative psychiatry social science theory 8 folk healing 250 4–5 social stressors, and mental health schizophrenia incidence rates 218 social context, personality variation 607–608 South Asia, clinical trials, 287–288 social stressors, genetic new drugs 11 social disease 287–288 polymorphisms 378 South Asian GPs, UK, recognizing social ecology see traumascape model social support, cultural models 198 mental illness 108 social-emotional response social support networks 89, 265, 382, South Asian people see expressed emotion 526 CYP1A2 activity 437 social factors socialization 276 dhat syndrome (semen-loss anxiety) consultation–liaison psychiatry 570 Society for the Study of Psychiatry and 161, 166–167 globalization effects 609 Culture (SSPC) 136 transgenderism 537 relating to inequalities 104 socio-cultural model, suicide 42 women, voicing sexual dysfunction role in behavioural patterns 127 socio-economic groups, schizophrenia 400 suicide rates 35 608 South Asian people, UK social health sciences 45–46 socio-centrism and ego-centrism anxiety and depression 267 social inequalities, immigrants 159–160, 618–619, 621, see also behaviour therapy rejection 529 105–106 individualist vs collectivist BEMIC-C tool, dementia 151 social inequalities, substance misuse cultures distress expressions 108, 109 248, 372 socio-centrism, Asian societies 453 elderly depression expression 560, social media 10, 85–91 socio-cultural adaptation 187, 191 561 ethical challenges for researchers socio-cultural factors, erectile dysfunction 400 86–87 psychopharmacotherapy 436–438 follow-up referrals 268 Facebook 87, 89 socio-cultural model of suicide 42 inpatient care, schizophrenia 106 medical education 87–88 socio-cultural psychiatry 136 male prisoners 107 non-clinician roles 89 socio-economic status and health policy document consultation 112 research activity 86–87 cultural consonance 199 presentation/recognition/referral, telemedicine 85 and dementia prevalence 349–352 primary care 108, 109 Tumblr 91 personality disorder diagnostic rates schizophrenia inpatient care 106 Twitter 88, 89 280, see also income level effects; self-harm 257, 267 YouTube 80 poverty cultures sexual dysfunction 400, 529 social media effects sociopaths 282 suicide risks 267 acceleration, global 80 Somalia, refugee hosting 545 South Asian women, UK anorexia nervosa 89 Somalian refugees anxiety and depression 267 behavioural pull 90–91 khat use and adverse effects 249 immigration effects 269 bipolar affective disorder, online number of 548 schizophrenia rates 267 forums 89 somatic cognition 576 self-harm 257–258 clinical care 89–90 somatic complaints, prevalence sexual dysfunction referrals 527 as a cultural force 90–91 211–212 suicide rates 259 culture 10, 11 somatic hyper-reactivity 378 Southeast Asian people eating disorders 306 somatic neurosis 212, 576 charcoal burning suicides 263 non-clinical support groups 88–89 somatic symptom labelling, Punjabi dementia diagnosis 344 non-normative pushes 91 Asians, UK 108 dementia screening 345 openness 88 somatization concept, body–mind depression prevalence 232 researcher communities 87 dualism 212, 237, 560 eating disorders 309 self-harm 91 somatization, depression 50, 236, 268, koro epidemics 128 substance supply 252 341 latah behaviour 167–168 violence levels 80 somatization disorders 560, 576 male:female suicide ratio 483

658

Index

suicide rates 482 spiritual aspects of psychiatric substance misuse interventions 251 trans* individuals (gender atypical) management 472–479 tsunami disasters 544 538 addiction, substance misuse 476 Sri Lanka Trauma group (UKSLTG) South India anxiety disorders 476 464 anxiety and depression 399 assessment of spirituality 475 Sri Lankan people sexual dysfunction 399 benefits and risks, religiosity 63, dementia prevalence 346–347, 351 South Pacific Islands 320–321, 474 dissociation, post-traumatic 366 aboriginal suicides 38 cognitive behaviour therapy 476 obsessive–compulsive disorders 293 fattening practices 305 definitions 473 pesticide self-poisoning 268 youth suicide 38 dementia patients 476 PTSD 367 South Sudan depressed patients 476 Schneider’s First Rank Symptoms conflicts in 547 disorder management 475–477 334–335 refugee hosting 545 love 478 semen-loss anxiety 207 Southern Africa, healing patient outcomes 476 sexual dysfunction 529 practices 250 psychotic symptom interpretation substance use 247, 248 Spain 477 suicidal behaviour meanings 487 dementia incidence 559 religiosity gap 475 suicide and mental health 35 medical collusion 574 religious delusions 332, 476 suicide rates 35, 263–264 psychiatric tradition 25 schizophrenia 476 transgenderism 537 Spanish in Spain Geriatric Depression service users and carers 477–478 SSPC (Society for the Study of Scale 345 spirituality and mental health Psychiatry and Culture) 136 Spanish Mini Mental State 473–475, see also healing SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Examination 344 practices; spiritual and religious Inhibitors) SPE (Standardized Psychiatric factors, in psychiatry; spiritual/ 5-HTTLPR polymorphism 435–436 Examination) 176 religious support providers CYP450 genetic variation, dosing spirit possession see possession by spiritual/religious coping behaviour 435 spirits or demons 67, 577 use in child psychiatry 505 spiritual and cultural factors, misdiagnoses 64, 66 stakeholder analysis and engagement, distinguishing 61–62 obsessive–compulsive disorders 298, mental health system 421 spiritual and material unity 395 299, 301 Standardized Psychiatric Examination spiritual and religious factors, in spiritual/religious support providers (SPE) 176 psychiatry 59–67 Alcoholics Anonymous 476 statecraft adherence to treatments 65 carer initiatives 477–478 alcohol problems 139 anxiety disorders 63–64 CBT, religiously/spiritually drug addiction 139 depression and religiosity 63 integrated 476 psychiatric disorders 138–139 diagnosis/clinical management 66 chaplaincy 62, 477 stateless people 543 help-seeking and coping behaviour from a different faith 62 stereotype effects 239, 621 64–65 mental health staff 476–477 stigma attached to mental illness 382 issues in the study of 60–62 NHS UK 477 avoiding 71–72 obsessive–compulsive disorders religious people/organizations 475 child psychiatry 512 63–64, 66 service user initiatives 477–478 depression 239–240 prevalence and gender differences spiritual healing 478–479 intellectual disability 499 62–64 Twelve Step organizations 476 internalized 239 psychosis 64, 66 universality question 62 lifestyle approaches 71–72 PTSD nightmares 376 spirituality 473 structural 239 religious support, generalization assessment 475 telemedicine 85 question 62 consultation–liaison psychiatry stigmatization, smoking 90 risks and benefits, religiosity 63, settings 577 still migrations 80 320–321, 474 and mental health 473–475 strategic steps, mental health service schizophrenia 66 spirituality vs religiosity 473 development 428 social-psychological sport/group support, refugees and Strengthening Families Program (SFP) dynamics 65 asylum seekers 506 spirituality and religiosity therapeutic interventions 465–467 stress and coping studies, collectivist vs distinction 60, 473 Sri Lanka individualist cultures 556 spiritually sensitive therapy, civil war 467–468 stress criteria, schizophrenia-evoking potential dangers 65 intellectual disability identification 225 Western psychotherapy 452 497 stressor effects 607 spiritual and religious factors, staff training, intellectual disability culture-bound syndromes 159 therapist–patient interactions 410 497–498 globalization effects 608–609

659

Index

stressor effects (cont.) waterpipe smoking 244, 248, suicide attempts 256, 484 mental health 35, 607–608 249–250, see also alcohol acculturative stress 257, 269 mental health services 607, 608–609, problems; drug problems; tobacco gender differences 238 614 smoking suicide legality 124, 268, 484 migration 607, 608 substance use, cultural context 247 suicide methods and meanings 268, racial discrimination 607, 609, 613 substance use disorders (SUDS) (DSM- 484, 486–489, 490 on service-users 607 5) 246, 247 Aboriginals, Australia 264–265, 484 training and supervision required child patterns and prevalence analgesic self-poisoning 268 610–611, 614, see also 321–322 charcoal burning 263, 269 acculturative stress; entries under cognitive behaviour therapy 476 colonial slavery 41 traumascape; globalization and substance use, legality 245 Japanese traditions 122 mental health Sudan method choice and suicide rates 268 stressor effects, research conflicts in 544, 545, 547 pesticide self-poisoning 263–264, confounding variables 612 mental health policy assessment 53 268 defining ‘ethnicity’ or ‘race’ 611 refugee hosting 545 sati suicide (India) 122, 268 distress expressions 613 Sudanese people, internal resources self-burning, female 484 ethical challenges 609–610, 613 383 self-immolation 268 future work and development Sufism, suffering 451 self-poisoning, females 258, 262 613–614 suicidal behaviour 125–126, 256–257, suicide methods, hanging 268 interpretation and implementation 269–270 Aboriginals, Australia 484 612–613 aboriginal people/indigenous Asian countries 262 methodological challenges 610, populations 264–265 asylum seekers 266 613–614 Asian countries 262–264 collective suicides 41 overall measures 614 asylum seekers and refugees ethnic groups in the UK 259 research tool adaptation 611–612 265–266 globalization effects 269 researcher challenges 607 cognitive behaviour therapy 286 indigenous populations, young men training and supervision required depression 124, 207 265 610–611, 614 eastern Europe and Russia 260–261 Japan, males 263 stressors, traumatic, DSM-5 379 ethnic groups, UK 257–260, 267 Māori, young men 265 structural stigma, mental gender role changes 486–487 Poland 260 illness 239 global prevalence 269 Sri Lanka 263 Structured Clinical Interview for help-seeking and health service symbolism 484 DSM-IV (SCID) 150, 611 utilization 268 USA, females 261, 262 Substance Abuse and Mental Health international variations 257 suicide prevention work 257, 269–270 Service Administration and mental health 35, 485–486, 489 suicide rates and variations 125–126, (SAMHSA) 94 Multicentre Study of Self-Harm 482–484 substance misuse 125, 244–253 257–258 aboriginal people 264–265 abuse or harmful use 246 non-fatal 484 Asian countries 262–264 addiction 244, 246, 252 protective effects, mental health 258, asylum seekers and refugees children and adolescents, disorders 267–268, 350, 485 265–266 324 refugees and asylum seekers cautionary note 483–484 co-occurrence with mental illness 265–266 colonial slavery 40–42 245–246 religious affiliation 258, 267–268 data available 270 continuum of use, misuse/ sub-groups 36, 42 depression 238 dependence 246–247 terminology and definitions 256 eastern Europe and Russia 260–261 cultural competence 94, 251 United States of America 261–262, elderly suicides 561 cultural context 247 see also self-harm gender roles 207, 238, 483, 486–487 dependence 246 suicidal ideation 256 global perspective 257, 482 DSM and ICD 246–247, 250 acculturative stress 257, 269 gun control 262 global prevalence 245–246 African Caribbean people, UK 267 high risk groups 36 interventions 250–251, 253 Arctic areas 265 income levels 257 khat use, outside cultural context depression 233 indigenous populations 264–265, 244, 245, 246, 248–249 indigenous populations 264 269 with medical illness 571 SSRIs, children/adolescents 505 male/female ratios 264 neuroadaptation 246 USA 261 national differences 35–36 poverty culture 248 suicide 35, 125, 482 older adults, Asia 262–263 research perspective 252 anomic suicide 56 refugees and asylum seekers social inequalities 372 cultural factors 490 265–266 traditional non-Western dowry deaths, India 39, 484 by religion 483 interventions 250–251, 252 oppression 488, 490 Russia and eastern Europe 260–261

660

Index

by sex and age 483 eating disorders 312 Taoist tradition, healing UK ethnic groups 259–260 social psychiatry 136 practices 250 United States of America 261–262 Symbolic Interactionism 584 teaching models, cultural competence within country variations 482–483 symptom severity 123 610 youth suicide 36, 38, 56, 256, 265, see syndemics 363–364, 372–373 technological interface effects 11, 74, also entries under named Syria, conflicts in 544, 547 see also Internet effects; social countries Syrian refugees 545 media effects; telepsychiatry suicide risk factors, 257, 266–269, distress expressions 365 Tehran, depression 125 484–486, 489 hosting countries 417, 545, telemedicine 85, 93, 97, 101 acculturative stress 269 548 telemental health, international 99 alcohol use 260, 262, 267, 484 Libya 545 telepsychiatry 93–102 Asian countries, male 262 PTSD symptoms 99 child welfare settings 98–99 depression 267 refugee levels 548 children, feasibility with 96 gun ownership 262 clinical processes, recommendations high risk groups 36 t’ai chi 72, 74 100 marriage 485 taijin kyofusho syndrome (Japan) cultural competency 94–95 mental disorders 485–486 DSM-5 170–171 Hispanic population feasibility 96 migration 266 semen-loss anxiety 207 international care 99 pesticide bans 263 social phobia 209 juvenile justice settings 98 research problems 486 Taiwan native community feasibility 96–97 role of religion 267–268 BPSD instruments 349 patient culture feasibility 95–97 schizophrenia, UK 267 Chinese traditional medicine 72 rural patient feasibility 95 self-harm 485 cultural psychiatry 134 system culture feasibility 98–100 social change 488 medical collusion 574 telehealth recommendations 100 suicide risk models 42, 257, psychiatry, and shamanism 24 terrorism, current form 82–83 489 skewed research results 179 terrorism effects 417–418, 544 biomedical 489 transcultural psychiatry 10 fears in Europe, effects 546 cultural 257 Taiwan, aboriginal people suicide terrorists 268, see also socio-cultural 42 early study 136 political extremism, modern suicide terrorists 268 schizophrenia 222 context suicide traditions, Japan 122 Taiwan, Chinese people Thai Mini Mental State Examination sukra praneha (Sri Lanka) 207 borderline personality disorder 349 344 superstitions, obsessive–compulsive dementia screening 343 Thailand disorders 297 Taiwanese people bahtschi (Thailand) 168 supervision shortages, cultural 5-HTTLPR studies 378 dementia screening 344 psychiatry 611 antisocial personality disorder 127, erectile dysfunction 399 support providers, spiritual 280 intellectual disability 496 see spiritual/religious support anxiety disorders 207 kathoey (ladyboys) 396, 536, 538 providers betel nut use 73 koro epidemics 128 Surinamese migrants BPSD study, Alzheimer’s disease 349 mood disorder symptoms 236 psychoses 223 charcoal burning suicides 263 substance misuse problems 251 schizophrenia incidence 218 dementia prevalence 346–347 traditional treatments, substance survivor effects, elderly persons 554 depression symptom profiles misuse 251 Sustainable Development Goals 257 235–236 therapeutic alliance, therapist–patient susto (fright or loss/loss of soul) (Latin depression symptoms, common 236 interactions 409, 453 America, Latino Americans) 123, diet modification 72 therapeutic interventions 169, 170–171, 207 mood disorder symptoms 236 eating disorders 308 Sweden neurasthenia 213 family-based treatment 308 asylum seekers in 266 obsessive–compulsive disorders 293, guanxi relationship therapy (China) transcultural training 26 294 308 Swedish people personality disorders 127 interpersonal therapy 308 child autistic spectrum disorders 325 schizophrenia 216, 217, 218, 222 post-disaster principles 382–383 dementia incidence 559 shinkeishitsu 213 refugees and asylum seekers gender dysphoria 403 WHO IPSS schizophrenia study 121, 465–467 migrants and refugee comparison 223 124 sport/group support 465–467, see northern isolates 221 Tamil Community Centre (TCC) also cognitive behaviour therapy schizophrenia prevalence 217 (London) 463–465 (CBT); family-based treatment; Swedish people, USA 79 Tamil Tigers 467 psychological interventions Switzerland Tanzanian people, elderly therapist characteristics, cultural depression 125 borderline personality disorder 348 competency 452 661

Index

therapist–patient interactions 53–55, training and supervision see cultural research instrument procedures 408–414, 451–452, 585–586 competence training 178 community influences on treatment trance and possession 211, 366 trauma 26 409 trans* individuals (gender-atypical) trauma awareness building 376 couple therapy 522–524 535, 539–540 trauma debates 363, 364–367, cross-cultural guidelines, APA 94, androphilia 536 368–369 410–411, 413 French Polynesia 538 ‘trauma industry’ 370, 371 cultural awareness 413, 452 Latin America 539 trauma reactions 177, 367–368 cultural competence training 413, Philippines 538 trauma related disorders 452 Southeast Asia 538 Gulf War syndrome 370 cultural matching 450, 455 Sri Lanka 537 transient reactions 374 culture and values 410–411, travesti 539, see also transgenderism World War II, aftermath 2, see also 451–452 transcendent relationships 473, 476 childhood adversity/trauma; empathy and intersubjectivity 412 transcendental meditation 251 PTSD ethnic matching 408, 411, 412–413, transcending cultural boundaries, dhat trauma studies, analytic optics 452 (semen-loss anxiety) 167 dynamic networks 364, 373–375 ethnic mismatches 108 transcultural psychiatry 553 multiplex model 375 family influences on treatment 409 and cultural psychiatry 11 qualitative/quantitative balance 374 intercultural couples 516, 523–525 and family therapy 22 syndemics 363–364, 372–373 ‘missionary racism’ 525–526 institutional history 10 syndrome approach 373 mixed-race couples 516, 523–525 post-WW II 19 transient mental distress 374 moral questions 408, 454, 455 research challenges 607, see also traumascape 363, 364, 375–376 patient expectations 411–412 cultural psychiatry traumasyndemics 364, 372–373, pitfalls, common 525–526 transgenderism 396, 534–540 375, 376, 383 self-disclosure on personal matters acault men (Myanmar) 537 traumascape 375–376 453 across cultures 536–537 traumascape model 376–383 spiritual and religious factors 410 Americas 539 5-HTTLPR gene, depression risks therapeutic alliance 409, 453 berdache (native North American) 378 therapist characteristics 452 539 child loss, suffering 380 therapist interaction 413 birth order, brothers 536–537 children and adolescents 379 treatment expectations cultural expectations 536 collective and individual dimensions 411–412 double jeopardy 540 377–378 value congruence 449–450 French Polynesia 538 collective level of traumascape 382 value incongruence 409 gender affirmation stages 535–536 concept interpretation 381–382 values and expectations 410 healthcare model 540 coping strategies 380 world view, values and emotions hijras (India) 396, 534, 536, DSM-5 379 409–410, see also consultation– 537, 540 grief 380–381 liaison psychiatry (CLP); cultural meti (Nepal) 537 individual level of traumascape competency; cultural values and Oman 539 377–379 norms; distress expressions South Asia 537 intervention principles, thinking a lot (hypercognizing Southeast Asia 538 post-disaster 382–383 complex) 170–171, 365, 368, 375 Sri Lanka 537 political and religious conviction thoughts, Buddhist tradition 293, Trans Murder Monitoring 539–540 383 299–300 zanana people (India) 537 recovery and healing schemes Tibetan people transient and acute psychoses 226 382–383 hope-inspired internal resources 383 transition, cross-cultural 51 revenge killing 380 loss trauma 380 translations social support networks 376 PTSD 367 accuracy, ensuring 343 trauma and the life course 378–379 tobacco smoking see smoking, tobacco; Alzheimer’s Disease Risk traumatic stressor 379–382 smoking, waterpipe Questionnaire 345 youth-focused model, population- tools, acculturation 192 BPSD instruments 349 based 379 Torres Strait Islander people Community Screening Interview for traumasyndemics 364, 372–373, 375, self-harm 264 Dementia 345 376, 383 suicide rates 264–265 Five Factor Model, personality traumatic stress, intervention points toxic neurasthenia 370 disorders 282 375 traditional treatments, substance GDS-15 and GDS-30 345 traveller groups, intellectual disability misuse 250–251, see also Geriatric Mental State Examination 496 ethnopsychiatry; healing 343 travesti (Latin America) 539 practices; medical anthropology mental state examination 111 treatment adherence, psychiatry and traditionalist identity 189 Mini Mental State Examination 344 psychotherapy 65

662

Index

treatment expectations, therapist– Cultural Consultation Service 113 Unani traditional medicine 160, 247, 573 patient interactions 411–412 cultural psychiatry 7, 134 underdiagnosis 108, 575 tribal/telehealth outreach worker detention centres 266 unemployment rates, immigrants (TOW) 97 Disability Discrimination Act 500 105–106 tricyclic antidepressants, in child early deportations 135 UNESCO 83, 442 psychiatry 505 forensic psychiatric services, ethnic unethical research 609 Tripartite Influence Model of body inequalities 106–108, 609 UNHCR (United Nations Refugee image and eating disturbance Improving Access to Psychological Council) data 365, 417, 467, 545, eating disorders 306 Treatment 450–451 548 tsunami disasters 544 Iraq Inquiry (Chilcot Report) 418, internally displaced person 544 Tumblr sites (social media) 91 546–547 refugee 544 Tunisian people, somatic symptoms Multicentre Study of Self-Harm stateless people 543 341 257–258 uniformity constraints, healthcare Turkey pathways into care 106, 109, 113, 258 systems 425–427 allocentrism and idiocentrism 234 personality disorder legislation United Arab Emirates, GMS conflicts in 417, 547 287–288 Examination, depression 346 GDS-30 342 primary care inequalities 108 United Nations Refugee Council individualism and personality psychiatric research, ethnic (UNHCR) data 365, 417, 467, 545, disorders 234 inequalities 104 548 refugee hosting 417, 545, 548 psychiatric tradition 25 internally displaced person 544 satisfaction with their therapist 411 refugee hosting survey 546 refugee 544 terrorism attacks in 418 refugees, and Brexit 546 stateless people 543 Turkish Geriatric Depression secure psychiatric facilities 609 United Nations (UN) Scale 345 transcultural psychiatry 10, see also current perspective 547 Turkish people ethnic inequalities in mental disability definition 381 child psychiatric morbidity 322 healthcare role marshalling 549 dementia prevalence 348 UK (United Kingdom), people living in unity, material and spiritual 395 female suicide rates 483 antisocial personality disorder 280, universalism, cross-national studies koro disorder (genital-retraction 287–288 177 anxiety) 169 borderline personality disorder 283 universalism, qualified 4 narcissism 234 children and adolescents, self-harm universality 4 obsessive–compulsive disorders 293, 258 child psychiatry 319, 503 294 dementia incidence 559 within dhat syndrome 167 schizophrenia, late onset 342–343 DOSMeD study 124 diagnostic systems 8, 179–180, 373 sexual dysfunction 400, 530 elderly depression 347 distress expressions 8 somatic symptoms 341 ethnic groups, suicide rates 259–260, DSM-5 174–175, 373 Turkish people, Netherlands, 268 DSM-IV 174–175 psychotic disorders xv Irish born migrants, self-harm 259, psychodynamics 9 Turkish soap opera effects 82 608 psychopathology 182 Twelve Step organizations 476 khat-induced psychosis 249 religious/spiritual support providers Twitter 85, 88, 89 schizophrenia incidence 62 rates 218 universality and relativity 4, 119, 120, Uganda schizophrenia prevalence 217 516–517 attachment focused therapies 507 Schneider’s First Rank Symptoms anthropology/psychiatry colonial slavery 40–42 334–335 convergence 18–19, 20 hegemonic masculinity 487 self-harm 257–259, 267, 268, 608 commonalities and differences Internally Displaced Peoples’ camps Sri Lanka Trauma group 464 between groups 613 486–487 suicidal behaviour meanings 487 DSM nosology 24, 247 psychological interventions 460 transgender older brother dynamic network solutions 374 suicide and mental health 489 effect 537 global mental health 180, 620 Ugandan people WHO IPSS schizophrenia study 121, psychoanalytic theory 516–517 dissociation, post-traumatic 366 330 psychopathology 1, 18–19, 20, see suicidal behaviour 486–487 WHO ten-country schizophrenia also cultural relativism suicides, women 487–488 incidence study 220, see also urbanization effects 509, 552 UK (United Kingdom) African Caribbean people, UK; alcohol and/or drug problems 134 Brexit 82, 546 Asian people, UK; Bangladeshi Chinese people, suicidal behaviour chaplaincy, in the NHS 477 people, UK; black people, UK 40 Church position on treatments 478 (Caribbean origin); Indian cultural transition 159, 256 couple therapy 522 people, UK; Pakistani people, UK culture-bound syndromes 159 cultural competence training 113 Ukraine, conflicts in 547 eating disorders 304 663

Index

urbanization effects (cont.) self-harm hospitalizations 262 waterpipe smoking 244, 248, 249–250 rural to urban migrations 40, 79–80 sexual dysfunction 397–398 weight concerns and eating disorders, rural vs urban suicide rates 483 suicide methods, young people 261 obesity 71, 73–74, 563, see also semen-loss anxiety 167 suicide rates 261–262 anorexia nervosa; bulimia nervosa somatic symptoms 560 white male suicides, middle years 261 well-being and resilience programmes suicide rates 256 WHO IPSS schizophrenia study 121, 460–463 Urdu Mini Mental State Examination 330 Weltanschauung (world view) 409 344 WHO ten-country schizophrenia West Africa US–UK diagnostic project 7 incidence study 220, see also hallucinations 334 USA (United States of America) American Indian people; black indigenous marriage therapy allocentrism and idiocentrism 234 Americans; Hispanic American 521–522 detention centres 266 people; Latino American people PTSD symptoms 381 egalitarianism 7 USSR Schneider’s First Rank Symptoms family care-giving 559 DOSMeD study 124 334–335 sleep hours 82 WHO IPSS schizophrenia study 121, West Indian people, UK, self-harm 257 soap opera effects 82 330, see also Russia Western assumptions and practices, transgender older brother effect 537 uterine suffocation 126 psychotherapy 454 USA (United States of America), Western countries, elderly suicides 561 elderly people valproate, in child psychiatry 505 Western culture-bound syndromes BPSD with Alzheimer’s disease, value identity 189, see also cultural 169–170 Caucasians 349 values and norms western Europe, eating disorders 310 dementia incidence 351, 559 value matching, patient/therapist Western food choices 72 elderly depression 347 449–450 Western nosologies 565 elderly population level 339, 552, 560 vascular dementia 558–559 international requirements 138 elderly suicides 561 Venezuelan people misdiagnosis of non-Western Geriatric Depression Scale, elderly depression 347 groups 20, 266 immigrants 345 somatic symptoms 236 and psychopharmacology 8, see also nursing home residents 560 Vietnam, ethnic and cultural diversity classification systems; entries USA (United States of America), 418 under DSM and ICD mental healthcare Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales western Pacific cultural psychiatry 134 (Vineland™) 496 eating disorders 309 depression screening, primary care violence and violence levels male:female suicide ratio 483 108 civil war zone, psychological suicide rates 482 medical collusion 574 interventions 467–468 Western perspectives, dhat (semen-loss mental healthcare inequalities 104, cultural influences 35 anxiety) 163–167, 207 105, 112 global conflicts 544 Western practice, child psychiatry 504 psychiatric tradition 25 personality disorders 287–288 Western psychopharmacotherapy vs transcultural psychiatry 10 political extremism 11, 377 herbal medicine approach 438 transcultural training 26 social media effects 80 Western style psychotherapy 443–444, US–UK diagnostic project 7 suicide terrorists 268 451–452 USA (United States of America), war and conflict effects 544, see also Western tendency, self as individual people living in amok behaviour; entries under 279 adolescents, anorexia nervosa 324 conflict; refugee levels; terrorism white American people alcohol use and borderline effects; traumascape model depression screening 108 personality disorder 283 violence prevention 287–288, 549 psychopathic personality disorder anxiety disorders 207 virtual care see healthcare informatics 127 body dysmorphic disorder 298 tools; social media; telemedicine white male suicides, middle years borderline personality disorder and virtual model, consultation–liaison 261 alcohol use 283 psychiatry 572 white British people child psychiatric morbidity 321 visible accessibility, mental health child mental health 267 depression 232 services 422 intellectual disability 494 depression symptom profiles visions 66 women, inpatient suicides 259 235–236 white people, seeing (emotional DOSMeD study 124 WACP (World Association of Cultural flavours) 447 narcissism trends 278, 285 Psychiatry) 549 WHO (World Health Organization) obsessive–compulsive disorders 294 war and conflict effects 544 Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental paranoid personality 278 global conflicts 544, see also Gulf Health Administration psychopathic personality disorder, War syndrome; PTSD; programme 279 white people 127 traumascape model antisocial personality disorder 280 schizophrenia prevalence 217 ‘War on Terror’ 544 cultural psychiatry 134

664

Index

Determinants of Outcome of Severe Hindu ancient texts, male–female women : men suicide ratios 38, 269, Mental Disorders study 121, 124, internal coexistence 395 483 330 male–female internal coexistence, work, mental health 83 Disability Assessment Schedule 381 Hindu ancient texts 395 World Association of Cultural elderly suicides 561 male–female perspectives, Latino Psychiatry (WACP) 549 Global School-Based Health Survey cultures 556 World Drug Report 245 309 married women, suicide reporting, World Health Organization history of cultural psychiatry 134 Hindu 484 see WHO ICD-11 publication date 246 narcissism trends, Asian women, World Mental Health Surveys 177 International Classification of USA 285 World of Warcraft game (WoW), Function, Disability and Health psychiatric aftercare, black women, cultural consonance 200 381 UK 258 World Psychiatric Association (WPA) Model List of Essential Medicines 505 self-harm, Asian women, UK 39 497–498, 499, 549, 611 Preventing Suicide. A Global self-harm, black women, UK world view, values and emotions, Imperative (2014) 482 257–258 therapist–patient interactions role marshalling 549 somatic neurosis, Indian women 212 409–410 ten-country incidence study, somatic neurosis, Muslim women World War I, shell shock 369 schizophrenia 217, 220, 224, 225, 212, 576 World War II, consequences see also ICD (International status 42, 82, 264 battle fatigue 369 Classifications of Diseases) waterpipe smoking, Middle East 250 cultural psychiatry studies 136 WHO (World Health Organization), women, sexual dysfunctions 398–399 DSM introduction 175–176 International Pilot Study of Australian people 398 immigrants 7 Schizophrenia (IPSS) 5, 21, 121, black Americans (USA) 398 refugees and displaced people 2, 7, 216, 330 dhat symptoms 213 135 ICD-9 schizophrenia subtypes DSM-IV 398 social psychiatry, early work 135 330–332 in-law conflicts 529 transcultural psychiatry, post-war 19 2-year and 5-year follow-ups 124, Nigerian women 398 worldwide soap opera effects 82 224–225, 330 vaginismus 394, 400 worried well 205 wholeness see mind–body wholeness voicing sexual dysfunction 400 WPA (World Psychiatric Association) widowhood, protective function, India women, South Asian, UK 497–498, 499, 549, 611 485 anxiety and depression 267 windigo behaviour 4, 443 immigration effects 269 years lived with disability (YLD) 232, women, Chinese, suicidal behaviour schizophrenia rates 267 310 female:male suicide ratio 38, 39–40, self-harm 257–258 Yemen, conflicts in 547 269, 483 sexual dysfunction referrals 527 Yemeni people, khat use 248, 249 meanings and reasons 40, 488 suicide rates 259 yin and yang in sexual intercourse status, poor areas 42, 264 women, suicidal behaviour and risks 163 suicide rates 39–40, 238, 264 Asian women 38–40 yoga studies, mood disorders 72, 74–75 suicide risk 485 dowry deaths 39, 484, 487 yogic relaxation practices 251 women, mental health vulnerabilities female:male suicide ratio 38, 269, Yoruba (Nigeria) Mini Mental State 26 483 Examination 344 abuse and repression expressions hanging trends, USA 261, 262 young people, suicidal behaviour 381 Hindu women 485 trends 269 acculturative stress, Mexican Indian women 38–40, 259, 268 youth suicides American women 105 in-law conflicts, China 40, 488 aboriginal people 36, 38 depression and diabetes clustering, in-law conflicts, India 39, 484 Arctic areas 265 Mexican American women 364 married women, Hindu 484 Inuit of Nunavut 37 depression expression 341 married women, Muslim 485 Ireland 56, 256 depression interventions, Indian Muslim women 485, 488 Māori people, New Zealand 265 women 383 self-burning deaths 484 youth support, primary mental depression ratio, female:male 26, self-poisoning 258, 262 healthcare 99 177 suicide rates 38–40, 259, 483, 484 YouTube 80 depression recognition, Punjabi suicide reporting, married women, women 453, 560 Muslim 483, 484 zanana people (India) 537 divorce effect, Indian women 485 Ugandan women 487–488 Zanzibar, traditional healer and health female genital mutilation 63 white British inpatients 259 centre 449 female:male depression ratio 26, women, transgender Zika public health crisis 544 177 see transgenderism Zung self-rating depression scale 342, gender role changes, globalization 78 women:men depression ratios 26, 177 346

665