The British Astronomical Association Handbook 2016

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THE HANDBOOK

OF THE BRITISH ASTRONOMICAL ASSOCIATION 2016

2015 October ISSN 0068–130–X CONTENTS CALENDAR 2016 ...... 2 PREFACE ...... 3 HIGHLIGHTS FOR 2016 ...... 4 SKY DIARY ...... 5 VISIBILITY OF PLANETS ...... 6 RISING AND SETTING OF THE PLANETS IN LATITUDES 52°N AND 35°S ...... 7-8 ECLIPSES ...... 9-15 TIME ...... 16-17 EARTH ...... 18 SUN ...... 19-21 LUNAR LIBRATION ...... 22 MOON ...... 23 MOONRISE AND MOONSET ...... 24-27 SUN’S SELENOGRAPHIC COLONGITUDE ...... 28 LUNAR OCCULTATIONS ...... 29-35 GRAZING LUNAR OCCULTATIONS ...... 36-37 APPEARANCE OF PLANETS ...... 38 MERCURY ...... 39-40 VENUS ...... 41 MARS ...... 42-43 ASTEROIDS ...... 44-49 ASTEROID OCCULTATIONS ...... 50-53 ASTEROIDS: FAVOURABLE OBSERVING OPPORTUNITIES ...... 54-56 NEO CLOSE APPROACHES TO EARTH ...... 57 JUPITER ...... 58-62 SATELLITES OF JUPITER ...... 62-66 JUPITER ECLIPSES, OCCULTATIONS AND TRANSITS ...... 67-76 SATURN ...... 77-80 SATELLITES OF SATURN ...... 81-84 URANUS ...... 85 NEPTUNE ...... 86 TRANS–NEPTUNIAN & SCATTERED DISK OBJECTS ...... 87 DWARF PLANETS ...... 88-91 COMETS ...... 92-96 METEOR DIARY ...... 97-99 VARIABLE STARS (RZ Cassiopeiae; Algol; λ Tauri) ...... 100-101 MIRA STARS ...... 102 VARIABLE STAR OF THE YEAR (Z Andromedæ) ...... 103-105 EPHEMERIDES OF VISUAL BINARY STARS ...... 106-107 BRIGHT STARS ...... 108 ACTIVE GALAXIES ...... 109 PLANETS – EXPLANATION OF TABLES ...... 110 ELEMENTS OF PLANETARY ORBITS ...... 111 ASTRONOMICAL AND PHYSICAL CONSTANTS ...... 112-113 INTERNET RESOURCES ...... 114-115 GREEK ALPHABET ...... 115 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS / ERRATA ...... 116

Front Cover: The previous Transit of Mercury - as taken through a Hydrogen Alpha telescope on 08 November 2006 at 08:19-22UT (D.C.Parker) British Astronomical Association

HANDBOOK FOR 2016

NINETY–FIFTH YEAR OF PUBLICATION

BURLINGTON HOUSE, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W1J 0DU Telephone 020 7734 4145 of day 362 361 360 359 358 357 356 355 354 353 352 364 366 363 351 350 349 365 348 342 347 343 341 340 339 344 345 346 338 337 336 year 7 8 6 5 4 9 3 2 1 December of 11 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 29 31 28 16 15 14 30 13 12 10 day month of day 311 332 331 330 329 328 327 326 325 324 323 322 334 333 321 320 319 335 318 312 317 316 313 310 309 315 314 308 307 306 year 7 8 5 6 4 9 3 2 1 November of 11 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 29 28 16 15 14 30 13 12 10 day month of day 305 304 303 302 301 300 299 298 297 296 295 294 293 292 286 291 287 284 285 283 289 288 290 282 281 280 278 279 277 276 275 year October 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1 of 11 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 12 17 13 10 15 14 16 day month of day 271 270 269 268 267 266 265 264 263 262 261 273 272 260 259 258 274 257 251 256 250 252 249 248 254 253 255 247 246 245 year 7 6 8 5 4 9 3 2 1 September of 11 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 29 28 16 15 14 30 13 12 10 day month of day 243 242 241 240 239 238 237 236 235 234 233 244 232 231 230 229 223 228 222 227 224 221 220 226 225 219 218 217 215 216 214 year Aug 9 8 7 6 5 4 2 3 1 of 11 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 31 19 18 17 16 10 15 14 13 12 day month of day 211 208 207 206 205 204 203 202 201 200 199 213 198 212 210 209 197 196 195 194 188 193 189 187 192 186 185 191 190 184 183 year July 6 7 5 4 3 9 8 2 1 of 11 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 31 16 29 30 28 15 14 13 12 10 day month of day 181 180 179 178 177 176 175 174 173 172 171 170 182 169 168 167 166 165 160 161 159 164 158 157 163 162 156 155 154 153 year June 8 9 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 of 11 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 30 17 16 15 14 13 12 10 day month of day 152 151 150 149 148 147 146 145 144 143 142 141 140 139 138 137 132 133 131 135 136 130 129 134 128 127 124 126 123 122 125 CALENDAR 2016 CALENDAR year May 9 8 7 6 3 5 2 1 4 of 11 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 12 10 14 15 13 day month of 98 97 96 95 94 99 93 92 111 day 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 110 119 109 108 107 106 105 104 120 121 103 102 100 101 year April 7 6 5 9 4 3 8 2 1 of 11 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 28 15 14 13 29 30 12 10 day month of 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 91 78 77 76 74 75 70 69 68 72 73 67 66 71 65 64 61 63 62 day year March 9 8 7 6 5 4 1 3 2 of 11 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 31 18 17 16 15 10 12 13 14 day month of 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 42 41 40 44 45 43 39 38 46 37 36 33 35 32 34 day year February 9 8 7 6 5 2 4 1 3 of 11 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 10 13 14 12 15 day month 7 6 5 9 8 4 3 2 1 of 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 19 31 18 29 30 28 17 16 15 14 10 13 day year January 7 6 5 9 8 4 3 2 1 of 11 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 31 16 29 30 28 15 14 13 12 10 day month Fri Fri Fri Fri Fri Sat Sat Sat Sat Sat Sat Tue Tue Tue Tue Tue Sun Sun Sun Sun Sun Sun Thu Thu Thu Thu Thu Wed Wed Wed Wed Wed Mon Mon Mon Mon Mon 1 January 2016 is Julian day number 2457389.5 See also p.17 2 BAA Handbook 2016 PREFACE

Welcome to the 95th Handbook of the British Astronomical Association.

The Handbook tries to highlight forthcoming astronomical events for the year but there are always events that can be missed, or are entirely unpredictable, like comets, asteroid close approaches, aurorae, etc. Make sure you watch the BAA’s website for the latest news. Also, make sure you are receiving the e-bulletins by keeping your email up to date with the BAA office.

Once again we would also encourage everyone to join their local astronomical society to try equipment, talk to like-minded people, and to give and receive help. It can take a long time to choose the right equipment and learn how to use it, so make the most of your local society. The BAA’s Sections can help too. Contact the Section Directors, who will be pleased to help.

Unfortunately we are restricted by the number of pages that we can include in the Handbook. This does mean that some things will have to be left out. However, the Computing Section does try to publish all additional data on the section website (http://britastro.org/computing).

Members may also like to know that the Computing Section provides the data for the Royal Astronomical Society’s Diary, and Sheridan Williams continues to provide the data for Whitaker’s Almanack.

This past year has seen several changes : Sheridan has ended his 5 year tenure as Director - a time I know that he thoroughly enjoyed, and Graham Relf has decided not to continue as the website editor for the section - a role which he amply filled. If anyone would like to offer their services helping out in the section, then I'd be happy to hear from you.

Finally, we must thank all the contributors to the Handbook. You will find them acknowledged on page 116. Contact details for many of these can be found at the back of every Journal. Alternatively, email the Director, Steve Harvey (address below) and messages can be forwarded to those concerned.

Clear skies for 2016 !

Steve Harvey Director, Computing Section Email: [email protected]

July 2015

BAA Handbook 2016 Preface 3 HIGHLIGHTS FOR 2016 The following events during 2016 are worthy of note: Sun and Moon: There will be four eclipses (two of the Sun and two of the Moon) and a transit of Mercury. One of the solar eclipses will be a total eclipse and one an annular eclipse. The total will not be visible from the anywhere in the UK. Both lunar eclipses are penumbral. The transit of Mercury will be visible in its entirety from the UK. Planets, Dwarf Planets and Asteroids: Mercury is best seen (northern latitudes) in the mornings around late September to early October and in the evenings around mid-April. Venus is an evening object until July, reaching superior conjunction on 6 June. Mars is visible throughout the year. It reaches opposition on 22 May. Meteors: Among other meteor showers, the Eta Aquarids (24 Apr – 20 May), and the Alpha Capricornids (15 Jul – 20 Aug), are favourable in 2016. The Quadrantids (1 Jan – 6 Jan) and the Perseids (23 Jul – 20 Aug) are quite favourable. Comets:

2013 US10 (Catalina) could be a binocular object at the beginning of the year. 45P/Honda-Mrkos-Pajdusakova is the brightest of the periodic comets, and may be visible in binoculars at the end of the year, though it is relatively close to the Sun. Refer to the BAA Comet Section for latest info : https://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/~jds/ Space Probes and Artificial Satellites: NASA's Juno probe is due to enter orbit around Jupiter in July. Predictions for the International Space Station and other bright satellites can be found for any geographic location at: http://www.heavens-above.com

Highlights by date:

Jan. 9 Saturn 0.1° South of Venus Mar. 8 Jupiter at opposition Mar. 9 Total solar eclipse visible from South East Asia. Partial phases are visible from Northern Australia, Papua, Papua New Guinea, China, and Alaska 20 The vernal equinox occurs in the northern hemisphere at 04:30 UT 23 Penumbral eclipse of the Moon visible from North and South America at Moonset, and Eastern Asia at Moonrise. Eastern Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific will see the whole eclipse Apr. 6 Moon 0.5°N of Venus 9 Moon 0.02°N of Vesta May 9 Transit of Mercury 22 Mars brightest (at opposition) Jun. 3 Saturn at opposition Jun. 20 The summer solstice occurs in the northern hemisphere at 22:34 UT Aug. 4 Mercury occulted by the Moon for New Zealand 12–13 Perseids meteor shower Sep. 1 Annular solar eclipse visible from Central Africa 2 Neptune at opposition 16 A penumbral eclipse of the Moon is visible from Britain and Europe at Moonrise and visible in its entirety from Eastern Africa and the whole of Asia. 22 The autumnal equinox occurs in the northern hemisphere at 14:21 UT Oct. 15 Uranus at opposition Dec. 21 The winter solstice occurs in the northern hemisphere at 10:44 UT

4 Highlights BAA Handbook 2016 SKY DIARY m d h Phenomenon m d h Phenomenon

1 3 19 Moon 1.5° N of Mars 7 2 4 Moon 0.5° N of Aldebaran 1 4 9 Quadrantids 7 7 3 Mercury superior conjunction 1 6 3 Pluto conjunction Sun 7 7 22 Pluto opposition Sun 1 9 4 Saturn 0.1° S of Venus 7 9 10 Moon 1° S of Jupiter 1 14 14 Mercury inferior conjunction 7 16 18 Venus 0.5° S of Mercury

1 16 6 Moon 1.5° S of Uranus 7 23 6 Moon 1° N of Neptune 1 28 1 Moon 1.5° S of Jupiter 7 28 - Delta Aquarids 1 30 9 Pluto 0.5° S of Mercury 7 29 11 Moon 0.3° N of Aldebaran 2 7 1 Mercury greatest elongation W(26°) 7 30 17 Regulus 0.3° S of Mercury 2 10 0 Moon 2° N of Neptune 8 4 22 Moon 0.5° S of Mercury

2 12 14 Moon 2° S of Uranus 8 5 9 Regulus 1° S of Venus 2 16 8 Moon 0.3° N of Aldebaran 8 6 3 Moon 0.2° S of Jupiter 2 24 4 Moon 2° S of Jupiter 8 12 12 Perseids 2 28 16 Neptune conjunction Sun 8 16 21 Mercury greatest elongation E(27°) 3 8 12 Moon 2° N of Neptune 8 19 12 Moon 1° N of Neptune

3 8 11 Jupiter opposition Sun 8 20 12 Pallas opposition Sun 3 9 2 Total solar eclipse 8 25 17 Moon 0.2° N of Aldebaran 3 10 22 Neptune 1.5° N of Mercury 8 27 22 Jupiter 0.1° S of Venus 3 14 14 Moon 0.3° N of Aldebaran 9 1 9 Annular solar eclipse 3 20 14 Neptune 0.5° N of Venus 9 2 22 Moon 0.4° N of Jupiter

3 23 20 Mercury superior conjunction 9 2 17 Neptune opposition Sun 3 23 12 Penumbral lunar eclipse 9 3 11 Moon 1° N of Venus 4 1 0 Mercury 0.6° N of Uranus 9 12 24 Mercury inferior conjunction 4 6 8 Moon 0.5° N of Venus 9 15 20 Moon 1° N of Neptune 4 9 4 Moon 0.02° N of Vesta 9 16 19 Penumbral lunar eclipse

4 9 21 Uranus conjunction Sun 9 26 7 Jupiter conjunction Sun 4 10 22 Moon 0.3° N of Aldebaran 9 28 19 Mercury greatest elongation W(18°) 4 18 5 Moon 2° S of Jupiter 9 29 11 Moon 0.7° S of Mercury 4 18 14 Mercury greatest elongation E(20°) 9 30 16 Moon 1° N of Jupiter 4 22 14 Venus 1° S of Uranus 10 7 - Draconids

4 22 - Lyrids 10 15 11 Uranus opposition Sun 4 27 3 Juno opposition Sun 10 19 7 Moon 0.3° N of Aldebaran 5 5 - Eta Aquarids 10 21 - Orionids 5 7 10 Moon 1° S of Vesta 10 21 5 Ceres opposition Sun 5 8 9 Moon 0.5° N of Aldebaran 10 27 16 Mercury superior conjunction

5 9 15 Mercury inferior conjunction 10 28 10 Moon 1.5° N of Jupiter 5 9 15 Transit of Mercury 10 31 19 Moon furthest apogee 5 13 21 Venus 0.4° N of Mercury 11 5 - Taurids 5 15 10 Moon 2° S of Jupiter 11 9 15 Moon 1° N of Neptune 5 22 11 Mars opposition Sun 11 14 11 Moon nearest perigee

6 3 10 Moon 1° S of Mercury 11 17 4 Leonids 6 3 7 Saturn opposition Sun 11 25 2 Moon 2° N of Jupiter 6 4 19 Moon 0.5° N of Aldebaran 12 6 22 Moon 0.5° N of Neptune 6 5 9 Mercury greatest elongation W(24°) 12 10 12 Saturn conjunction Sun 6 6 22 Venus superior conjunction 12 11 5 Mercury greatest elongation E(21°)

6 11 20 Moon 1.5° S of Jupiter 12 13 5 Moon 0.5° N of Aldebaran 6 26 1 Moon 1° N of Neptune 12 13 20 Geminids 12 28 19 Mercury inferior conjunction

BAA Handbook 2016 Sky Diary 5 VISIBILITY OF PLANETS The diagrams on pp 7–8, drawn for latitudes N 52° and S 35° respectively, show the times for the risings and settings of the Sun and the planets. The beginning and end of astronomical twilight (Sun 18° below horizon) is also shown. The times are in Local Mean Time and are thus in GMT (= UT) for Greenwich.

Since dates change at midnight, the dates at the top differ by one day from those at the foot. Each vertical line, followed upwards, indicates the succession of phenomena in the course of one night. Thus, at latitude N 52° on the night of April 19-20, Mercury sets at 21h 05m, Venus rises only minutes before sunrise, Mars rises at 22h 40m, Jupiter sets at 03h 50m, Saturn rises at 23h 05m, Neptune rises at 03h 40m, Uranus rises as the Sun rises, Twilight ends at 21h 20m and begins at 02h 35m (Timings derived from diagram to nearest 5 minutes.)

The UT of any phenomenon seen from elsewhere than Greenwich may be obtained as follows:

1. For longitudes east of Greenwich, subtract the longitude, expressed as time. For longitudes west of Greenwich, add the longitude expressed as time. (One degree of longitude represents 4 minutes.) This applies both to rising and to setting times.

2. Correct for latitude using a value for Δh from the table below. Add Δh, for setting times and subtract Δh for rising times. The correction should be obtained by interpolating in both latitude and declination.

Δh TABLE Latitude Dec. Latitude N 58° N 55° N 50° N 40° N 30° N 20° 0° S 20° S 25° S 30° S 40° S 45° m m m m m m ° m m m m m m +69 +29 –15 –70 –106 –134 29 +91 +45 +31 +17 –20 –43 +62 +26 –14 –66 –100 –127 28 +87 +43 +30 +16 –19 –41 +56 +24 –13 –62 –94 –120 27 +84 +41 +29 +15 –18 –39 +51 +22 –12 –58 –89 –114 26 +80 +39 +27 +14 –17 –37 +46 +20 –12 –54 –84 –107 25 +76 +37 +26 +14 –16 –35 +31 +14 –8 –40 –63 –81 20 +59 +29 +20 +11 –12 –26 +21 +10 –6 –28 –45 –58 15 +43 +21 +15 +8 –9 –19 +13 +6 –4 –18 –29 –37 10 +28 +14 +10 +5 –6 –12 +6 +3 –2 –9 –14 –18 5 +14 +7 +5 +2 –3 –6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

If Dec. is negative, reverse the sign of Δh.

6 Visibility of Planets BAA Handbook 2016 RISING AND SETTING OF PLANETS OF SETTING AND RISING

BAA Handbook 2016 Visibility of Planets 7 RISING AND SETTING OF PLANETS OF SETTING AND RISING

8 Visibility of Planets BAA Handbook 2016 ECLIPSES During 2016 there will be two eclipses of the Sun and two of the Moon and a transit of Mercury.

1. A total eclipse of the Sun on March 9 is visible from Sumatra, Bangka Island, Palau Belitung, Central Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi and North Maluku, Woleai Atoll, ending in the North Pacific Ocean. Partial phases are visible from Northern Australia, Papua, Papua New Guinea, China, and Alaska.

2. A penumbral eclipse of the Moon on March 23 is visible from North and South America at Moonset, and Eastern Asia at Moonrise. Eastern Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific will see the whole eclipse. Observers should be reminded that penumbral eclipses are not easy to observe.

3. On May 9 a transit of Mercury will be visible in its entirety from Britain, western Europe, eastern North America and most of South America. No part of the transit is visible from Australasia and Japan.

4. An annular eclipse of the Sun on September 1 starts in the Gulf of Guinea and is visible from land on Annobón Island, Central Southern Africa - Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Mozambique and into Madagascar ending in the southern Indian Ocean.

5. A penumbral eclipse of the Moon on September 16 is visible from Britain and Europe at Moonrise and visible in its entirety from Eastern Africa and the whole of Asia. Australasia will see it at Moonset.

Solar Eclipse Mailing List The solar eclipse community is very active and there is a plethora of websites devoted entirely to the subject. To keep up to date join the Solar Eclipse mailing list: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/SEML/ Useful eclipse websites include: For weather predictions try Jay Anderson's site: http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~jander/ For general information try Xavier Jubier's site: http://xjubier.free.fr/en/index_en.html or Fred Espenak's: http://www.mreclipse.com/

http://astropixels.com/

BAA Handbook 2016 Eclipses 9

ECLIPSES

Total Solar Eclipse of 2016 Mar 09

Greatest Eclipse = 01:58:19.5 TD ( = 01:57:11.4 UT1 ) Eclipse Magnitude = 1.0450 Saros Series= 130 Gamma = 0.2609 Saros Member = 52 of 73 N Sun at r rpatpat Fnlinse Moon at Greatest Eclipse (Geocentric Coordinates) (Geocentric Coordinates) R.A. = 23h19m17.6s R.A. = 23h18m58.7s -04°22'46.4" eirallh N , Dec. =-04°07'40.6" 00°16'06.5" 4 I.. S.D. = 00°1633.6' 00°0010 " eet H P = 01°00'46.2'

lS.4t9 dirfres sr we ifike.

External/Internal Frternal/Internat Contorts of Pen imhra Contorts of I Imbra P1 = 23:19:20.3 UT1 U1 = 00:15:57.3 UT1 P2 = 01:17:40.1 UT1 U2 = 00:17:29.8 UT1 P3 = 02:36:29.9 UT1 U3 = 03:36:45.0 UT1 P4 = 04:34:55.3 UT1 U4 = 03:38:20.6 UT1 AT = 68.0 s Eph. =JPL DE405

Oirrnmstancac at Greatest FlIiiDSA' 01-57-11 4 UT1. c:ircumstapcos at Graatast Duration' 01'56'51 9 UT1. Let. = 10°07.3'N Sun Alt. = 74.8° Lat. = 10°04.0'N Sun Alt. = 74.8° Long. = 148°47.6'E Sun Azm. =162.5° Long. =148°42.11E Sun Azm. = 161.8° Path Width = 155.1 km Duration = 04m09.5s Path Width = 155.1 km Duration = 04m09.5s

Itiil ,,.1,..1 02015 F. Espenak 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 www.EclipseWise.com 101orneters

10 Eclipses BAA Handbook 2016

ECLIPSES

Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 2016 Mar 23

Greatest Eclipse = 11:48:22.1 TD (= 11:47:12.6 UT1) Penumbral Magnitude = 0.7748 Gamma = 1.1592 Saros Series = 142 Umbra! Magnitude = -0.3118 Axis = 1.0469° Saros Member = 18 of 74

Sun at GreatestEclipse Moon at GreatestFclipse (Geocentric Coordinates) N (Geocentric Coordinates) R.A. = 00h12m02.0s R.A. = 12h13m18.6s Dec. =+01°18'10.9" Dec. = -00°1821.4" S.D. = 00°16'02.7" S.D. = 00°1446.0" H.P. = 00°00'08.8" H.P. = 00°54'11.6"

Greatest

-w

Ecliptic Earth's Umbra

Earth's Penumbra

Eclipse Durations Eclipse Contacts Penumbral = 04h15m26s S P1 = 09:39:28 UT1 P4 = 13:54:54 UT1

60° N

30° N

a) .110°

All Eclipse Eclipse at 30° S - Visible MoonSet

60° S

BAA HandbookHandbook 2016 Eclipses 11 ECLIPSES

Transit of Mercury - May 9

In the present epoch, transits of Mercury occur in May or November. May transits are roughly half as frequent as November transits and this is the last May transit until 2049. The dates of transits are drifting later in the year. In the early 1500s they were in April and October. The interval between May transits is 13 or 33 years, and November transit intervals are 7, 13, or 33 years. For May transits, Mercury has a diameter of 12" and occur at the descending node of Mercury’s orbit. For November transits, Mercury has a diameter of 10" and occur at the ascending node. May transits are less frequent than November transits because during a May transit, Mercury is near aphelion whereas during a November transit, it is near perihelion. Perihelion transits occur more frequently because Mercury moves faster in its orbit at perihelion and can reach the transit node more quickly, and at perihelion Mercury has less parallax as it is closer to the Sun. Previous Mercury transits were in May 2003 and November 2006, the next are November 2019 and November 2032. For reference, the next Venus transit is not until 11 December 2117.

The transit is visible in its entirety from the UK, western Europe, eastern North America, most of South America and western Africa. No part is visible from Australasia, Japan, and Indonesia. Times differ little throughout the world and even less from within the UK:

Location I II G III IV Duration Geocentric 11:12:18 11:15:30 14:57:25 18:39:12 18:42:24 7h 30m 06s London 11:12:23 11:15:35 14:56:17 18:37:21 18:40:33 7h 28m 10s Glasgow 11:12:26 11:15:37 14:56:22 18:37:23 18:40:35 7h 28m 09s Belfast 11:12:28 11:15:40 14:56:24 18:37:23 18:40:35 7h 28m 07s Capetown 11:12:16 11:15:26 14:56:43 15:58* 4h 45m 30s New York 11:13:31 11:16:44 14:57:53 18:38:11 18:41:23 7h 27m 51s Rio de Janeiro 11:13:48 11:16:59 14:58:06 18:38:53 18:42:03 7h 28m 15s Delhi 11:10:42 11:13:53 13:28* 2h 17m 17s

* Transit ends at sunset All times are UT (GMT) See diagram for positions of I, II, G, III and IV

Solar Semi-diameter : 15' 50.4" Mercury Semi-diameter : 0' 06.0"

12 Eclipses BAA Handbook 2016 ECLIPSES

Mercury Transit of 2016 May 09 Geocentric Diagram and Visibility Map

Greatest Transit: 14:57:24.8 UT J.D.: 2457518.123203

N Constants ΔT: 68.30s

I II E W

Ecliptic Maximum

III IV

Transit Geocentric Contacts I: 11:12:18 UTC (83.2°) II: 11:15:30 UTC (83.5°) S Geocentric Data

G: 14:57:25 UTC (153.8°) N Minimum separation: 318.5” III: 18:39:12 UTC (224.1°) E W 0 5 10 15 General Duration: 07h30m05s P.A. Arc-Minutes IV: 18:42:24 UTC (224.4°) S Central Duration: 07h23m43s

II III II III G I IV G I IV

Transit in Progress Entire Transit Transit in Progress No Transit at Sunrise Visible at Sunset Visible

Mercury Venus Transit Maestro - Xavier M. Jubier (http://xjubier.free.fr/)

BAA Handbook 2016 Eclipses 13

ECLIPSES

Annular Solar Eclipse of 2016 Sep 01

Greatest Eclipse = 09:08:02.0 TD ( = 09:06:53.8 UT1 ) Eclipse Magnitude = 0.9736 Saros Series = 135 Gamma =-0.3330 Sams Member = 39 of 71

San at ('reatest Frlinse Moon at Greatest Erliose (Geocentric Coordinates) (Geocentric Coordinates) R.A. = 10h43m43.3s RA. = 10h43m22.2s Dec. =+08°03'38.0" S.D. = 00'1551.0" H.P. = 00=0008.7"

External/Internal Exif•mai/Interoal. Contacts of Penumbra Contacts of Umbra P1 = 06:13:08.2 UT1 U1 = 07:17:49.5 UT1 P2 = 08:33:51.3 UT1 U2 = 07:20:36.9 UT1 P3 = 09:39:36.5 UT1 U3 = 10:53:00.4 UT1 P4 = 12:00:40.4 UT1 U4 = 10:55:53.6 UT1 AT= 682a Eph. = JPL DE405

Circumstances at Greatest Eclipse' 09-0653 8 UT1. Circumstances at Greatest Duration' 09.05.096 UT1. Lat. = 10°40.9S Sun Alt. = 70.5° Lat. = 10°25.9S Sun Alt. = 70.5° Long. = 037045.7E Sun Azm. = 16.4° Long. =037°20.7E Sun Azm. = 19.1° Path Width = 99.7 km Duration = 03m05.6s Path Width = 99.8 km Duration = 03m05.6s

02015 F. Espenak 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 www.EclipseWise.com Kilometers

14 Eclipses BAA Handbook 2016

ECLIPSES

Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 2016 Sep 16

Greatest Eclipse = 18:55:27.3 TD (= 18:54:17.5 UT1) Penumbral Magnitude = 0.9080 Gamma = -1.0549 Saros Series = 147 Umbral Magnitude = -0.0635 Axis = 1.0568° Saros Member = 9 of 71

Sun at Greatest Eclipse Moon at Gre_ate_st _Eclipse (Geocentric Coordinates) N (Geocentric Coordinates) R.A. = 11h39m09.7s R.A. = 23h40m27.3s Dec. = +02°15'14.2" Earth's Penumbra Dec. = -03°15'36.5" S.D. = 00°15'54.8" S.D. = 00°1622.8" H.P. = 00°00'08.7" H.P. = 01°0006.8"

Ecliptic Earth's Umbra

E _ w

Greatest I Frlipse Durations Fclipse Contacts Penumbral = 03h59m21s P1 = 16:54:39 UT1 P1 P4 = 20:54:01 UT1

60° N

30° N

.1, P4 I0"

All Eclipse Eclipse a 30° S Visible Moonset v ci21''

60° S

180° W 120° W 60° W 0° 60° E 120° E 180° E Longitude

BAA Handbook 2016 Eclipses 15 TIME

Universal Time (UT, Greenwich Mean Time beginning at midnight) is used generally throughout the Handbook.

Terrestrial Time (TT) is the uniform time system used in computing the ephemerides of the bodies of the Solar System. TT is currently ahead of UT by a small amount ΔT which must be determined by observations; thus TT = UT + ΔT The value of ΔT for July 2016 is estimated to be about 68.8 seconds.

Greenwich Mean Astronomical Time (GMAT), or Greenwich Mean Time beginning at noon, was in use before 1925 January 1, and many astronomical records prior to that date are referred to this system. To convert UT to GMAT subtract 12 hours, and to convert GMAT to UT add 12 hours.

Greenwich Sidereal Time (GST) is given in the table below at 0h UT. It may be obtained with sufficient accuracy for setting the circles of a telescope at any other time by adding 3.94 minutes for every complete day after a tabulated date, together with the correction, ΔT, for parts of a day from the table which follows: Time ΔT Time ΔT Time ΔT Time ΔT h m h m h m h m 0 00.0 m 5 46.9 m 11 52.2 m 17 57.4 m 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 0 18.2 6 23.5 12 28.7 18 33.9 0.1 1.1 2.1 3.1 0 54.7 7 00.0 13 05.3 19 10.5 0.2 1.2 2.2 3.2 1 31.3 7 36.5 13 41.7 19 47.0 0.3 1.3 2.3 3.3 2 07.8 8 13.0 14 18.3 20 23.5 0.4 1.4 2.4 3.4 2 44.3 8 49.6 14 54.8 21 00.0 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 3 20.8 9 26.1 15 31.3 21 36.6 0.6 1.6 2.6 3.6 3 57.4 10 02.6 16 07.8 22 13.1 0.7 1.7 2.7 3.7 4 33.9 10 39.1 16 44.4 22 49.6 0.8 1.8 2.8 3.8 5 10.4 11 15.6 17 20.9 23 26.1 0.9 1.9 2.9 3.9

For greater accuracy (±0.2S) use the equation : GST (at 0h UT) = 6.607021h + 0.06570982h d where d is the number of days from January 0. The tabulated sidereal time is actually the mean sidereal time. The difference between mean and apparent sidereal time is never more than about 1.2 seconds. Local Sidereal Time (LST) and Local Hour Angle (LHA) are found from LST = GST + λ LHA = LST – RA Where λ is the longitude, expressed in time, measured positive eastwards from Greenwich. The Julian Date, in which the day begins at noon, is used in accurate computing work and is given in the table on p.17. The Sun’s Longitude is used as a measure of time in meteor work. It may be interpolated from the table on p.17.

Earth Rotation Angle : The angle, θ, measured along the equator of the Celestial Intermediate Pole (CIP) between the direction of the Celestial Intermediate Origin (CIO) and the Terrestrial Intermediate Origin (TIO). It is a linear function of UT1; its time derivative is the Earth's angular velocity. Equation Of Origins : The arc length, measured positively eastward, from the Celestial Intermediate Origin (CIO) to the equinox along the intermediate equator; alternatively the difference between the Earth Rotation Angle (ERA) and Greenwich Apparent Sidereal Time (GAST), (ERA - GAST). Details are given in the table on p.18. 16 Time BAA Handbook 2016 TIME Julian Sun's Long. Julian Sun's Long. 2016 Date GST 2000.0 2016 Date GST 2000.0 2457 h m ° 2457 h m ° Dec 29 385.5 6 28.54 276.93 Jul. 1 570.5 18 37.91 99.59 5.10 4.77 Jan. 3 390.5 6 48.25 282.02 6 575.5 18 57.62 104.36 5.10 4.77 8 395.5 7 07.96 287.12 11 580.5 19 17.34 109.13 5.10 4.77 13 400.5 7 27.67 292.22 16 585.5 19 37.05 113.90 5.09 4.77 18 405.5 7 47.39 297.31 21 590.5 19 56.76 118.67 5.09 4.77 23 410.5 8 07.10 302.40 26 595.5 20 16.48 123.44 5.08 4.78 28 415.5 8 26.81 307.48 31 600.5 20 36.19 128.22 5.08 4.79 Feb. 2 420.5 8 46.53 312.56 Aug. 5 605.5 20 55.90 133.01 5.07 4.79 7 425.5 9 06.24 317.63 10 610.5 21 15.61 137.80 5.06 4.80 12 430.5 9 25.95 322.69 15 615.5 21 35.33 142.60 5.05 4.81 17 435.5 9 45.66 327.75 20 620.5 21 55.04 147.41 5.04 4.82 22 440.5 10 05.38 332.79 25 625.5 22 14.75 152.22 5.03 4.83 27 445.5 10 25.09 337.82 30 630.5 22 34.47 157.05 5.02 4.84 Mar. 3 450.5 10 44.80 342.84 Sep. 4 635.5 22 54.18 161.89 5.01 4.85 8 455.5 11 04.52 347.85 9 640.5 23 13.89 166.75 5.00 4.86 13 460.5 11 24.23 352.84 14 645.5 23 33.60 171.61 4.98 4.87 18 465.5 11 43.94 357.83 19 650.5 23 53.32 176.48 4.97 4.89 23 470.5 12 03.65 2.79 24 655.5 0 13.03 181.37 4.95 4.90 28 475.5 12 23.37 7.74 29 660.5 0 32.74 186.28 4.94 4.92 Apr. 2 480.5 12 43.08 12.68 Oct. 4 665.5 0 52.45 191.20 4.93 4.93 7 485.5 13 02.79 17.61 9 670.5 1 12.17 196.13 4.91 4.95 12 490.5 13 22.50 22.52 14 675.5 1 31.88 201.07 4.90 4.96 17 495.5 13 42.22 27.42 19 680.5 1 51.59 206.03 4.88 4.97 22 500.5 14 01.93 32.30 24 685.5 2 11.31 211.01 4.87 4.99 27 505.5 14 21.64 37.17 29 690.5 2 31.02 215.99 4.86 5.00 May 2 510.5 14 41.36 42.02 Nov. 3 695.5 2 50.73 221.00 4.85 5.01 7 515.5 15 01.07 46.87 8 700.5 3 10.44 226.01 4.84 5.02 12 520.5 15 20.78 51.70 13 705.5 3 30.16 231.04 4.82 5.04 17 525.5 15 40.49 56.53 18 710.5 3 49.87 236.07 4.81 5.05 22 530.5 16 00.21 61.34 23 715.5 4 09.58 241.12 4.80 5.06 27 535.5 16 19.92 66.14 28 720.5 4 29.30 246.18 4.80 5.07 Jun. 1 540.5 16 39.63 70.94 Dec. 3 725.5 4 49.01 251.25 4.79 5.08 6 545.5 16 59.35 75.73 8 730.5 5 08.72 256.32 4.78 5.08 11 550.5 17 19.06 80.51 13 735.5 5 28.44 261.41 4.78 5.09 16 555.5 17 38.77 85.29 18 740.5 5 48.15 266.49 4.77 5.09 21 560.5 17 58.49 90.06 23 745.5 6 07.86 271.58 4.77 5.10 26 565.5 18 18.20 94.83 28 750.5 6 27.57 276.68 4.77

The precession in longitude from 2000.0 to 2016.0 is +0.22° and from 2000.0 to 1950.0 is –0.70°.

BAA Handbook 2016 Time 17 EARTH Perihelion Jan. 02d 22h 49m (147,100,176 km, 0.983303941 au) Aphelion Jul. 04d 16h 24m (152,103,776 km, 1.016750939 au)

Equinoxes Mar 20d 04h 30m Sep 22d 14h 21m Solstices Jun 20d 22h 34m Dec 21d 10h 44m Obliquity 2000.0 23.43929° 2016.0 23.43720°

EARTH ROTATION ANGLE 2016 0h Earth Rotation Equation of Earth Rotation Equation of UT1 Angle Origins Angle Origins ° ' " ' " ° ' " ' " Dec. 29 96 55 45.0730 -12 16.8522 Jul. 1 279 16 2.8569 -12 37.2171 Jan. 3 101 51 26.0942 -12 17.3137 6 284 11 43.8781 -12 38.3342 8 106 47 7.1154 -12 18.0931 11 289 7 24.8993 -12 38.8384 13 111 42 48.1366 -12 19.0566 16 294 3 5.9204 -12 39.3893 18 116 38 29.1578 -12 19.4729 21 298 58 46.9416 -12 40.3362 23 121 34 10.1790 -12 20.4528 26 303 54 27.9628 -12 40.7187 28 126 29 51.2001 -12 21.0203 31 308 50 8.9840 -12 41.4806 Feb. 2 131 25 32.2213 -12 21.3654 Aug. 5 313 45 50.0052 -12 42.1998 7 136 21 13.2425 -12 22.2189 10 318 41 31.0264 -12 42.4199 12 141 16 54.2637 -12 22.6085 15 323 37 12.0476 -12 43.1020 17 146 12 35.2849 -12 23.1113 20 328 32 53.0687 -12 43.6276 22 151 8 16.3061 -12 23.7898 25 333 28 34.0899 -12 43.8822 27 156 3 57.3272 -12 23.8891 30 338 24 15.1111 -12 44.6568 Mar. 3 160 59 38.3484 -12 24.3247 Sep. 4 343 19 56.1323 -12 44.8134 8 165 55 19.3696 -12 24.9021 9 348 15 37.1535 -12 45.0853 13 170 51 0.3908 -12 24.9991 14 353 11 18.1747 -12 45.7131 18 175 46 41.4120 -12 25.6801 19 358 6 59.1959 -12 45.7989 23 180 42 22.4332 -12 25.8883 24 3 2 40.2170 -12 46.3823 28 185 38 3.4544 -12 26.0124 29 7 58 21.2382 -12 46.7923 Apr. 2 190 33 44.4755 -12 26.6406 Oct. 4 12 54 2.2594 -12 46.8409 7 195 29 25.4967 -12 26.8552 9 17 49 43.2806 -12 47.3979 12 200 25 6.5179 -12 27.3488 14 22 45 24.3018 -12 47.7970 17 205 20 47.5391 -12 27.9540 19 27 41 5.3230 -12 48.0778 22 210 16 28.5603 -12 28.0696 24 32 36 46.3442 -12 48.8874 27 215 12 9.5815 -12 28.6343 29 37 32 27.3653 -12 49.0812 May 2 220 7 50.6027 -12 29.2865 Nov. 3 42 28 8.3865 -12 49.5395 7 225 3 31.6238 -12 29.5791 8 47 23 49.4077 -12 50.3195 12 229 59 12.6450 -12 30.5505 13 52 19 30.4289 -12 50.6263 17 234 54 53.6662 -12 30.9767 18 57 15 11.4501 -12 51.5702 22 239 50 34.6874 -12 31.4393 23 62 10 52.4713 -12 52.2526 27 244 46 15.7086 -12 32.3783 28 67 6 33.4925 -12 52.6662 Jun. 1 249 41 56.7298 -12 32.8573 Dec. 3 72 2 14.5136 -12 53.6097 6 254 37 37.7510 -12 33.6976 8 76 57 55.5348 -12 54.3042 11 259 33 18.7721 -12 34.6112 13 81 53 36.5560 -12 54.9472 16 264 28 59.7933 -12 35.0175 18 86 49 17.5772 -12 56.1327 21 269 24 40.8145 -12 35.9024 23 91 44 58.5984 -12 56.6163 26 274 20 21.8357 -12 36.7264 28 96 40 39.6196 -12 57.4013 Note: See page 16 for definitions. 18 Earth BAA Handbook 2016 SUN The tables on p.20–21 give the apparent RA, Dec. and diameter of the Sun, the UT of transit across the Greenwich meridian, and P, B0, L0 where

P is the position angle of the N end of the axis of rotation. It is positive when east of the north point of the disk, negative if west;

B0 is the heliographic latitude of the centre of the disk;

L0 is the heliographic longitude of the centre of the disk.

Decrease of L0 with Time h m º h m º h m º h m º h º 0 00 0.0 1 43 1.0 3 32 2.0 5 21 3.0 6 3.3 05 0.1 54 1.1 43 2.1 32 3.1 8 4.4 16 0.2 2 05 1.2 54 2.2 43 3.2 10 5.5 27 0.3 16 1.3 4 05 2.3 54 3.3 12 6.6 38 0.4 27 1.4 16 2.4 6 05 3.4 14 7.7 49 0.5 38 1.5 27 2.5 16 3.5 16 8.8 1 00 0.6 49 1.6 38 2.6 27 3.6 18 9.9 10 0.7 3 00 1.7 49 2.7 38 3.7 20 11.0 21 0.8 10 l.8 5 00 2.8 49 3.8 22 12.1 32 0.9 21 1.9 10 2.9 7 00 3.9 24 13.2 43 1.0 32 2.0 21 3.0 10 4.0

The heliographic longitude and latitude of a spot may be conveniently estimated by the method described in J. Br. Astron. Assoc., 53, 63 (1943).

The dates of commencement of the synodic rotations, in continuation of Carrington’s (Greenwich Photo–Heliographic) series, are as follows: Rotation Begins Rotation Begins Rotation Begins d d d 2173 Jan 21.82 2174 Feb 18.16 2175 Mar 16.49 2176 Apr 12.78 2177 May 10.03 2178 Jun 6.24 2179 Jul 3.44 2180 Jul 30.64 2181 Aug 26.88 2182 Sep 23.14 2183 Oct 20.42 2184 Nov 16.73 2185 Dec 14.04

At the date of commencement of each synodic rotation period the value of L0 is zero; that is, the prime meridian passes through the central point of the disk. The sidereal period of rotation of the Sun used in physical ephemerides is 25.38 mean solar days, after Carrington; the mean synodic rotation period is 27.2753d

BAA Handbook 2016 Sun 19 SUN

2016 RA Dec. Diam. Transit P B0 L0 h m ° ' ' " h m ° ° ° Dec 29 18 30.2 -23 15 32 32 12 03 +3.8 -2.6 313.8

Jan 3 18 52.3 -22 54 32 32 12 05 +1.4 -3.2 247.9 8 19 14.2 -22 20 32 32 12 07 -1.1 -3.7 182.1 13 19 36.0 -21 36 32 31 12 09 -3.5 -4.3 116.3 18 19 57.5 -20 42 32 31 12 11 -5.8 -4.8 50.4 23 20 18.7 -19 37 32 30 12 13 -8.1 -5.3 344.6 28 20 39.5 -18 24 32 29 12 14 -10.3 -5.7 278.8

Feb 2 21 0.1 -17 02 32 28 12 15 -12.3 -6.1 212.9 7 21 20.3 -15 33 32 26 12 15 -14.3 -6.4 147.1 12 21 40.2 -13 57 32 25 12 15 -16.1 -6.7 81.3 17 21 59.7 -12 15 32 23 12 15 -17.9 -6.9 15.4 22 22 19.0 -10 29 32 21 12 15 -19.4 -7.1 309.6 27 22 38.0 -8 38 32 18 12 14 -20.8 -7.2 243.7

Mar 3 22 56.7 -6 44 32 16 12 13 -22.1 -7.2 177.9 8 23 15.3 -4 48 32 13 12 12 -23.2 -7.3 112.0 13 23 33.7 -2 51 32 11 12 10 -24.1 -7.2 46.1 18 23 52.0 -0 52 32 8 12 09 -24.9 -7.1 340.2 23 0 10.2 +1 06 32 6 12 07 -25.5 -6.9 274.3 28 0 28.4 +3 04 32 3 12 06 -26.0 -6.7 208.3

Apr 2 0 46.7 +5 00 32 0 12 04 -26.2 -6.5 142.4 7 1 4.9 +6 54 31 57 12 03 -26.3 -6.2 76.4 12 1 23.3 +8 46 31 55 12 02 -26.2 -5.8 10.4 17 1 41.8 +10 33 31 52 12 00 -25.9 -5.4 304.4 22 2 0.4 +12 16 31 49 11 59 -25.4 -5.0 238.3 27 2 19.3 +13 54 31 47 11 59 -24.7 -4.5 172.3

May 2 2 38.3 +15 26 31 44 11 58 -23.9 -4.0 106.2 7 2 57.6 +16 52 31 42 11 57 -22.9 -3.5 40.1 12 3 17.1 +18 11 31 40 11 57 -21.7 -3.0 334.0 17 3 36.9 +19 22 31 38 11 57 -20.3 -2.4 267.9 22 3 56.9 +20 25 31 36 11 58 -18.8 -1.8 201.7 27 4 17.0 +21 20 31 34 11 58 -17.1 -1.2 135.6

Jun 1 4 37.4 +22 05 31 33 11 59 -15.3 -0.6 69.4 6 4 58.0 +22 40 31 31 12 00 -13.4 +0.0 3.3 11 5 18.7 +23 06 31 30 12 01 -11.3 +0.6 297.1 16 5 39.5 +23 21 31 29 12 02 -9.2 +1.2 230.9 21 6 0.2 +23 26 31 29 12 03 -7.0 +1.8 164.7 26 6 21.0 +23 21 31 28 12 04 -4.8 +2.3 98.5

20 Sun BAA Handbook 2016 SUN

2016 RA Dec. Diam. Transit P B0 L0 h m ° ' ' " h m ° ° ° Jul 1 6 41.7 +23 05 31 28 12 05 -2.5 +2.9 32.3 6 7 2.4 +22 39 31 28 12 06 -0.3 +3.4 326.2 11 7 22.8 +22 04 31 28 12 07 +2.0 +4.0 260.0 16 7 43.1 +21 19 31 28 12 07 +4.2 +4.5 193.8 21 8 3.2 +20 25 31 29 12 07 +6.4 +4.9 127.7 26 8 23.0 +19 23 31 30 12 07 +8.5 +5.3 61.5 31 8 42.6 +18 12 31 31 12 07 +10.6 +5.7 355.4

Aug 5 9 1.9 +16 54 31 32 12 07 +12.5 +6.1 289.3 10 9 21.0 +15 30 31 33 12 06 +14.4 +6.4 223.1 15 9 39.8 +13 59 31 35 12 05 +16.1 +6.7 157.0 20 9 58.4 +12 22 31 37 12 04 +17.7 +6.9 91.0 25 10 16.8 +10 41 31 39 12 03 +19.3 +7.0 24.9 30 10 35.1 +8 55 31 41 12 01 +20.6 +7.2 318.8

Sep 4 10 53.2 +7 06 31 43 12 00 +21.9 +7.2 252.8 9 11 11.2 +5 14 31 46 11 58 +23.0 +7.3 186.8 14 11 29.2 +3 20 31 48 11 56 +23.9 +7.2 120.7 19 11 47.1 +1 24 31 51 11 55 +24.7 +7.1 54.7 24 12 5.0 -0 33 31 53 11 53 +25.4 +7.0 348.7 29 12 23.0 -2 30 31 56 11 51 +25.8 +6.8 282.7

Oct 4 12 41.2 -4 26 31 59 11 50 +26.1 +6.6 216.8 9 12 59.4 -6 21 32 2 11 48 +26.3 +6.3 150.8 14 13 17.9 -8 13 32 4 11 47 +26.2 +5.9 84.8 19 13 36.6 -10 03 32 7 11 46 +26.0 +5.6 18.9 24 13 55.5 -11 49 32 10 11 45 +25.5 +5.1 312.9 29 14 14.7 -13 31 32 12 11 45 +24.9 +4.7 247.0

Nov 3 14 34.3 -15 07 32 15 11 45 +24.1 +4.2 181.1 8 14 54.2 -16 38 32 17 11 45 +23.0 +3.6 115.1 13 15 14.4 -18 01 32 20 11 45 +21.8 +3.1 49.2 18 15 35.0 -19 16 32 22 11 46 +20.4 +2.5 343.3 23 15 56.0 -20 23 32 24 11 47 +18.8 +1.9 277.4 28 16 17.2 -21 20 32 25 11 49 +17.1 +1.2 211.5

Dec 3 16 38.8 -22 07 32 27 11 51 +15.2 +0.6 145.6 8 17 0.6 -22 44 32 28 11 53 +13.1 +0.0 79.7 13 17 22.6 -23 09 32 30 11 55 +10.9 -0.7 13.8 18 17 44.7 -23 23 32 31 11 58 +8.7 -1.3 308.0 23 18 6.9 -23 26 32 31 12 00 +6.3 -1.9 242.1 28 18 29.1 -23 16 32 32 12 03 +3.9 -2.6 176.2

Jan 2 18 51.2 -22 55 32 32 12 05 +1.5 -3.2 110.4

BAA Handbook 2016 Sun 21 LUNAR LIBRATION The libration data are given in two forms: as a size and position angle (P); and as the selenographic longitude and latitude of the centre of the disk. The position angle identifies the point on the edge of the disk most displaced towards the centre of the disk from its mean position and is measured from the North point of the disk (NOT the North Pole of the Moon, which usually does not coincide with the North point of the disk) anticlockwise through celestial East, as shown in Fig. 1. In Fig. 1 N, E, S and W are directions in the sky. Selenographic longitude and latitude are analogous to geographic longitude and latitude, with latitudes of +90º and –90º identifying the Moon's North and South Poles, around which the Moon rotates. Positive longitudes are in the Moon's Eastern hemisphere and negative longitudes in the Moon's Western hemisphere, as shown in Fig. 2 for the case of zero libration. For zero libration the selenographic longitude and latitude of the centre of the disk are both 0º. Note that the Eastern hemisphere (positive selenographic longitude) of the Moon in Fig. 2 roughly corresponds to the Western side (in terms of sky direction) of the disk in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 Fig. 2

Maximum Minimum Date Size P Sel Lon Sel Lat Date Size P Sel Lon Sel Lat d º º º º d º º º º Jan. 8.32 8.3 144 –5.1 –6.6 Jan. 1.72 1.6 249 1.1 –1.2 Jan. 21.86 8.0 327 4.6 6.5 Jan. 14.96 0.9 35 –0.8 0.5 Feb. 4.83 9.1 138 –6.2 –6.7 Jan. 28.81 1.6 251 1.1 –1.1 Feb. 17.77 8.7 321 5.5 6.7 Feb. 11.16 0.8 28 –0.7 0.5 Mar. 3.64 9.8 132 –7.1 –6.7 Feb. 25.06 1.7 253 1.2 –1.1 Mar. 16.19 9.5 316 6.7 6.7 Mar. 9.96 1.7 19 –1.2 1.2 Mar. 31.51 9.9 126 –7.5 –6.5 Mar. 23.55 2.1 251 1.5 –1.4 Apr. 13.01 9.8 316 7.4 6.4 Apr. 6.99 3.0 16 –1.9 2.3 Apr. 28.11 9.2 125 –6.9 –6.1 Apr. 20.17 2.8 249 1.9 –2.0 May 10.93 9.3 317 7.2 5.9 May 4.96 4.1 16 –2.6 3.2 May 24.99 8.2 133 –5.5 –6.1 May 17.76 3.5 246 2.3 –2.6 Jun. 7.61 8.3 320 6.3 5.5 Jun. 1.29 4.8 23 –3.4 3.3 Jun. 20.59 7.7 145 –4.3 –6.3 Jun. 14.15 4.0 246 2.7 –3.0 Jul. 4.55 7.5 327 4.8 5.8 Jun. 27.40 4.3 40 –3.9 1.8 Jul. 17.65 7.7 148 –4.1 –6.5 Jul. 11.23 4.2 250 3.0 –2.9 Jul. 31.00 7.4 331 3.7 6.4 Jul. 24.20 3.2 40 –2.9 1.4 Aug. 14.16 8.0 144 –4.7 –6.5 Aug. 7.11 4.1 256 3.2 –2.5 Aug. 27.08 8.0 325 4.6 6.5 Aug. 20.57 2.9 31 –2.4 1.6 Sep. 11.03 8.4 135 –5.6 –6.3 Sep. 3.26 4.0 259 3.3 –2.4 Sep. 23.66 8.8 318 6.1 6.3 Sep. 17.39 3.5 22 –2.6 2.4 Oct. 9.16 8.5 124 –6.4 –5.6 Sep. 30.86 4.4 255 3.3 –2.8 Oct. 21.68 9.1 315 7.3 5.6 Oct. 15.60 4.6 15 –2.9 3.6 Nov. 6.48 8.0 110 –6.8 –4.4 Oct. 28.77 5.0 247 3.5 –3.7 Nov. 19.01 8.8 312 7.7 4.3 Nov. 13.15 5.8 7 –2.8 5.1 Dec. 2.84 7.0 127 –5.0 –5.0 Nov. 25.81 5.8 239 3.4 –4.7 Dec. 7.50 7.1 56 –7.0 1.1 Dec. 4.26 7.0 104 –6.1 –3.5 Dec. 17.67 7.7 306 7.3 2.3 Dec. 12.46 6.5 354 –0.8 6.5 Dec. 27.57 6.7 171 –1.6 –6.5 Dec. 23.70 6.3 232 3.2 –5.4 22 Lunar BAA Handbook 2016 MOON PHASES OF THE MOON New Moon First Quarter Full Moon Last Quarter d h m d h m d h m d h m Jan. 2 05 30 Jan. 10 01 31 Jan. 16 23 26 Jan. 24 01 46 Feb. 1 03 28 Feb. 8 14 39 Feb. 15 07 46 Feb. 22 18 20 Mar. 1 23 11 Mar. 9 01 54 Mar. 15 17 03 Mar. 23 12 01 Mar. 31 15 17 Apr. 7 11 24 Apr. 14 03 59 Apr. 22 05 24 Apr. 30 03 29 May 6 19 30 May 13 17 02 May 21 21 14 May 29 12 12 Jun. 5 03 00 Jun. 12 08 10 Jun. 20 11 02 Jun. 27 18 19 Jul. 4 11 01 Jul. 12 00 52 Jul. 19 22 57 Jul. 26 23 00 Aug. 2 20 45 Aug. 10 18 21 Aug. 18 09 27 Aug. 25 03 41 Sep. 1 09 03 Sep. 9 11 49 Sep. 16 19 05 Sep. 23 09 56 Oct. 1 00 11 Oct. 9 04 33 Oct. 16 04 23 Oct. 22 19 14 Oct. 30 17 38 Nov. 7 19 51 Nov. 14 13 52 Nov. 21 08 33 Nov. 29 12 18 Dec. 7 09 03 Dec. 14 00 06 Dec. 21 01 56 Dec. 29 06 53 APSIDES PERIGEE APOGEE Date Diam. Date Diam. Date Diam. Date Diam. d h ' " d h ' " d h ' " d h ' " Jan. 15 02 32 20 Jul. 27 12 32 19 Jan. 2 12 30 33 Jul. 13 05 30 33 Feb. 11 03 33 48 Aug. 22 01 33 33 Jan. 30 09 30 32 Aug. 10 00 30 34 Mar. 10 07 33 14 Sep. 18 17 33 01 Feb. 27 03 29 29 Sep. 6 19 30 30 Apr. 7 18 33 27 Oct. 16 24 33 23 Mar. 25 14 29 25 Oct. 4 11 29 25 May 6 04 33 24 Nov. 14 11 34 31 Apr. 21 16 29 24 Oct. 31 19 29 23 Jun. 3 11 33 05 Dec. 12 23 33 20 May 18 22 29 26 Nov. 27 20 29 24 Jul. 1 07 33 39 Jun. 15 12 30 30 Dec. 25 06 29 26 MOONRISE AND MOONSET N 52° S 35° On the four following pages are given the times (UT) of moonrise and moonset for longi- a Dec. a tude 0°, in the standard latitudes of N 52° and S 35°. Observers in most other latitudes can h m ° h m determine approximate times using the following method, where the times of moonrise and 0 00 0 0 00 0 21 1 0 12 moonset are for the standard latitude in the same hemisphere as the observer. The basis of 0 42 2 0 23 the method is given in J. Br. Astron. Assoc., 86, 416 (1976). 1 03 3 0 35 1 25 4 0 46 1. For a moonrise, R , use the previous moonset, S , and the following moonset, S . Form 1 46 5 0 58 1 0 2 2 07 6 1 10 a = –2R +S +S +8m 1 0 2 2 29 7 1 21 2. For a moonset, S , use the previous moonrise, R , and the following moonrise, R . 2 51 8 1 33 1 0 2 3 13 9 1 45 Form 3 35 10 1 57 a = 2S –R –R +8m 3 58 11 2 09 1 0 2 4 20 12 2 21 3. Enter the table on the right with argument a and obtain the Moon’s Dec., by mental 4 44 13 2 33 interpolation, to 0.1º. 5 07 14 2 46 5 31 15 2 58 4. Enter the table on p.6 with this Dec. and the required latitude to obtain Δh. 5 56 16 3 11 6 21 17 3 24 5. Moonrise for required latitude = R1 – 1.04 Δh. 6 46 18 3 37

Moonset for required latitude = S1 + 1.04 Δh. 7 12 19 3 51 The accuracy of the times so derived is ±3m. 7 39 20 4 04 8 07 21 4 18 The times thus found are for longitude 0º. 8 35 22 4 32 9 05 23 4 46 For other longitudes it is necessary to calculate the times of the previous (following) 9 36 24 5 01 similar phenomenon at the standard latitude if the observer is east (west) of Greenwich and 10 08 25 5 16 10 41 26 5 31 then interpolate them to the observer’s longitude. 11 16 27 5 47 These calculations are most conveniently carried out using a spreadsheet or suitable applet. 11 53 28 6 03 Observers are referred to the BAA's Computing Section webpage for support in doing these 12 31 29 6 20 same opp calculations: sign Dec sign http://britastro.org/computing/applets_moonrts.html } { as a to a BAA Handbook 2016 Lunar 23 MOONRISE AND MOONSET MOONRISE AND MOONSET LATITUDE N 52º LATITUDE N 52º

January February March April May June July August September October November December Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Day h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m

1 ––:–– 11:25 00:54 11:06 00:43 10:10 02:09 11:18 02:02 12:28 02:00 15:18 01:38 16:52 02:54 18:39 05:09 18:49 06:15 18:03 08:17 17:52 09:02 17:50 2 00:01 11:48 01:56 11:37 01:42 10:50 02:51 12:23 02:33 13:43 02:30 16:38 02:20 18:03 03:59 19:19 06:16 19:13 07:19 18:27 09:17 18:27 09:50 18:42 3 01:04 12:11 02:57 12:13 02:38 11:36 03:29 13:34 03:02 15:02 03:04 17:58 03:09 19:06 05:08 19:53 07:22 19:37 08:22 18:52 10:12 19:07 10:33 19:40 4 02:07 12:36 03:56 12:57 03:30 12:31 04:03 14:50 03:31 16:22 03:43 19:13 04:06 20:01 06:16 20:21 08:27 20:00 09:24 19:20 11:04 19:54 11:11 20:43 5 03:09 13:05 04:51 13:49 04:16 13:35 04:34 16:10 04:01 17:45 04:29 20:22 05:10 20:45 07:25 20:47 09:30 20:24 10:24 19:51 11:50 20:48 11:43 21:50

6 04:12 13:39 05:42 14:49 04:58 14:45 05:04 17:31 04:33 19:06 05:23 21:21 06:18 21:22 08:31 21:10 10:33 20:50 11:22 20:28 12:31 21:48 12:13 23:00 7 05:13 14:19 06:27 15:58 05:34 16:01 05:34 18:54 05:11 20:25 06:25 22:11 07:27 21:53 09:36 21:33 11:34 21:19 12:17 21:11 13:07 22:53 12:40 ––:–– 8 06:12 15:08 07:06 17:12 06:07 17:20 06:06 20:17 05:54 21:37 07:31 22:51 08:35 22:20 10:40 21:56 12:34 21:53 13:07 22:01 13:40 ––:–– 13:06 00:13 9 07:05 16:04 07:40 18:30 06:38 18:42 06:41 21:36 06:45 22:40 08:39 23:24 09:42 22:44 11:43 22:21 13:31 22:32 13:52 22:58 14:09 00:03 13:33 01:28 10 07:52 17:09 08:11 19:49 07:08 20:03 07:21 22:50 07:42 23:33 09:46 23:52 10:47 23:07 12:45 22:48 14:25 23:19 14:32 ––:–– 14:37 01:17 14:01 02:46

11 08:34 18:20 08:41 21:08 07:39 21:24 08:07 23:56 08:45 ––:–– 10:53 ––:–– 11:51 23:29 13:46 23:20 15:14 ––:–– 15:08 00:02 15:04 02:34 14:34 04:06 12 09:09 19:34 09:09 22:27 08:11 22:43 08:59 ––:–– 09:50 00:17 11:58 00:17 12:54 23:53 14:46 23:56 15:58 00:13 15:40 01:12 15:33 03:53 15:13 05:27 13 09:41 20:50 09:39 23:44 08:47 23:57 09:57 00:52 10:56 00:52 13:02 00:40 13:57 ––:–– 15:43 ––:–– 16:37 01:15 16:10 02:26 16:05 05:15 15:59 06:45 14 10:10 22:07 10:12 ––:–– 09:28 ––:–– 10:59 01:39 12:02 01:22 14:05 01:02 14:59 00:19 16:35 00:39 17:12 02:24 16:38 03:44 16:42 06:38 16:55 07:57 15 10:37 23:24 10:48 00:58 10:15 01:05 12:03 02:17 13:06 01:48 15:07 01:25 16:00 00:47 17:23 01:30 17:43 03:37 17:08 05:04 17:26 07:59 17:58 08:59 16 11:05 ––:–– 11:29 02:08 11:07 02:05 13:07 02:50 14:10 02:12 16:10 01:49 16:59 01:21 18:05 02:29 18:13 04:54 17:39 06:26 18:17 09:13 19:08 09:50 17 11:35 00:40 12:17 03:12 12:05 02:56 14:12 03:18 15:13 02:34 17:12 02:16 17:55 02:01 18:43 03:35 18:42 06:14 18:13 07:49 19:16 10:19 20:19 10:31 18 12:08 01:55 13:12 04:09 13:07 03:39 15:15 03:42 16:15 02:56 18:12 02:47 18:45 02:48 19:15 04:47 19:11 07:34 18:53 09:09 20:22 11:13 21:30 11:05 19 12:46 03:08 14:11 04:57 14:11 04:15 16:18 04:06 17:18 03:20 19:10 03:23 19:31 03:43 19:45 06:02 19:43 08:55 19:39 10:25 21:30 11:57 22:39 11:33 20 13:30 04:17 15:14 05:38 15:15 04:46 17:21 04:28 18:20 03:45 20:03 04:06 20:10 04:45 20:14 07:19 20:19 10:14 20:33 11:33 22:39 12:33 23:46 11:58

21 14:21 05:19 16:19 06:13 16:19 05:13 18:24 04:51 19:21 04:13 20:51 04:56 20:44 05:53 20:42 08:37 21:00 11:30 21:33 12:30 23:47 13:03 ––:–– 12:21 22 15:18 06:14 17:24 06:43 17:23 05:37 19:26 05:15 20:20 04:46 21:33 05:53 21:15 07:05 21:11 09:55 21:47 12:40 22:37 13:18 ––:–– 13:29 00:51 12:43 23 16:21 07:01 18:29 07:09 18:27 06:00 20:28 05:41 21:16 05:25 22:09 06:57 21:43 08:19 21:43 11:13 22:41 13:41 23:44 13:58 00:53 13:53 01:55 13:06 24 17:26 07:40 19:33 07:33 19:29 06:23 21:28 06:11 22:06 06:10 22:41 08:05 22:10 09:35 22:19 12:28 23:41 14:34 ––:–– 14:30 01:58 14:15 02:58 13:30 25 18:32 08:12 20:37 07:56 20:32 06:46 22:25 06:46 22:51 07:02 23:10 09:17 22:38 10:51 23:01 13:40 ––:–– 15:18 00:50 14:58 03:02 14:37 04:01 13:57

26 19:38 08:41 21:39 08:19 21:34 07:11 23:18 07:26 23:31 08:01 23:38 10:30 23:07 12:07 23:50 14:47 00:46 15:55 01:57 15:23 04:06 15:00 05:02 14:28 27 20:43 09:06 22:41 08:42 22:34 07:39 ––:–– 08:14 ––:–– 09:06 ––:–– 11:46 23:40 13:24 ––:–– 15:45 01:52 16:26 03:02 15:46 05:08 15:26 06:01 15:04 28 21:46 09:29 23:43 09:08 23:33 08:10 00:07 09:08 00:05 10:15 00:04 13:02 ––:–– 14:38 00:46 16:35 02:59 16:53 04:07 16:08 06:10 15:54 06:57 15:47 29 22:49 09:52 ––:–– 09:37 ––:–– 08:47 00:50 10:09 00:36 11:27 00:32 14:19 00:18 15:49 01:48 17:17 04:05 17:17 05:11 16:31 07:10 16:27 07:48 16:36 30 23:52 10:15 00:30 09:29 01:28 11:16 01:05 12:42 01:03 15:36 01:02 16:54 02:54 17:53 05:11 17:40 06:14 16:55 08:08 17:05 08:33 17:32

31 ––:–– 10:39 01:22 10:20 01:32 13:59 01:55 17:51 04:02 18:23 07:16 17:22

24 Lunar BAA Handbook 2016 MOONRISE AND MOONSET MOONRISE AND MOONSET LATITUDE N 52º LATITUDE N 52º

31 ––:–– 10:39 01:22 10:20 01:32 13:59 01:55 17:51 04:02 18:23 07:16 17:22

BAA Handbook 2016 Lunar 25 MOONRISE AND MOONSET MOONRISE AND MOONSET

LATITUDE S 35º LATITUDE S 35º

1 23:43 11:28 23:57 12:52 23:14 12:29 ––:–– 13:45 00:23 13:52 02:31 14:27 03:39 14:36 05:31 16:10 06:18 17:57 05:58 18:36 06:14 20:05 06:18 20:35 2 ––:–– 12:21 ––:–– 13:46 ––:–– 13:23 00:33 14:31 01:27 14:32 03:39 15:10 04:46 15:28 06:20 17:11 06:52 18:54 06:30 19:31 06:52 20:58 07:06 21:23 3 00:14 13:15 00:37 14:40 00:01 14:15 01:34 15:15 02:33 15:12 04:48 15:56 05:49 16:24 07:04 18:11 07:25 19:50 07:03 20:24 07:35 21:48 07:59 22:07 4 00:47 14:09 01:22 15:35 00:52 15:06 02:39 15:57 03:41 15:52 05:57 16:47 06:48 17:23 07:44 19:11 07:57 20:44 07:37 21:18 08:21 22:37 08:54 22:49 5 01:22 15:04 02:12 16:28 01:49 15:55 03:46 16:39 04:50 16:35 07:04 17:42 07:41 18:25 08:20 20:08 08:30 21:38 08:14 22:10 09:10 23:24 09:51 23:28

6 02:01 15:59 03:07 17:19 02:50 16:41 04:55 17:20 06:01 17:20 08:06 18:40 08:28 19:26 08:54 21:05 09:03 22:31 08:54 23:02 10:04 ––:–– 10:51 ––:–– 7 02:44 16:54 04:07 18:07 03:55 17:25 06:05 18:02 07:11 18:09 09:02 19:41 09:10 20:26 09:26 21:59 09:39 23:25 09:38 23:52 11:00 00:07 11:52 00:06 8 03:32 17:49 05:11 18:53 05:02 18:08 07:16 18:47 08:20 19:03 09:52 20:42 09:48 21:24 09:58 22:53 10:17 ––:–– 10:26 ––:–– 12:00 00:49 12:55 00:43 9 04:25 18:41 06:17 19:35 06:11 18:49 08:27 19:34 09:24 19:59 10:35 21:42 10:22 22:21 10:30 23:47 10:58 00:17 11:18 00:41 13:02 01:28 14:00 01:20 10 05:23 19:30 07:25 20:16 07:21 19:31 09:35 20:24 10:22 20:58 11:14 22:40 10:55 23:16 11:05 ––:–– 11:44 01:09 12:13 01:27 14:06 02:07 15:08 01:58

11 06:25 20:16 08:33 20:56 08:30 20:13 10:39 21:18 11:13 21:58 11:50 23:36 11:26 ––:–– 11:41 00:41 12:35 02:00 13:13 02:11 15:13 02:45 16:17 02:40 12 07:29 20:59 09:40 21:37 09:39 20:57 11:38 22:14 11:59 22:57 12:22 ––:–– 11:58 00:10 12:21 01:34 13:30 02:49 14:16 02:53 16:21 03:25 17:27 03:26 13 08:34 21:40 10:47 22:18 10:46 21:44 12:32 23:11 12:39 23:54 12:54 00:31 12:31 01:03 13:05 02:27 14:29 03:35 15:21 03:34 17:32 04:06 18:36 04:17 14 09:39 22:19 11:53 23:01 11:50 22:34 13:19 ––:–– 13:15 ––:–– 13:25 01:25 13:06 01:57 13:54 03:19 15:32 04:20 16:28 04:14 18:44 04:52 19:41 05:13 15 10:45 22:57 12:56 23:48 12:50 23:27 14:01 00:09 13:49 00:50 13:58 02:19 13:45 02:51 14:48 04:10 16:37 05:02 17:38 04:54 19:54 05:41 20:39 06:14

16 11:50 23:36 13:58 ––:–– 13:45 ––:–– 14:39 01:05 14:21 01:45 14:31 03:12 14:27 03:45 15:46 04:59 17:44 05:43 18:48 05:35 21:00 06:35 21:31 07:17 17 12:55 ––:–– 14:55 00:37 14:35 00:21 15:14 02:01 14:52 02:39 15:08 04:06 15:13 04:38 16:47 05:45 18:53 06:23 19:59 06:19 22:00 07:34 22:16 08:21 18 14:00 00:17 15:48 01:30 15:20 01:18 15:46 02:56 15:24 03:32 15:48 05:00 16:05 05:30 17:51 06:28 20:01 07:03 21:09 07:06 22:53 08:35 22:56 09:24 19 15:03 01:01 16:37 02:26 16:00 02:14 16:18 03:50 15:56 04:26 16:32 05:54 17:01 06:20 18:57 07:10 21:10 07:45 22:15 07:57 23:40 09:37 23:32 10:24 20 16:04 01:49 17:21 03:22 16:37 03:11 16:49 04:44 16:31 05:19 17:21 06:47 18:00 07:07 20:03 07:49 22:18 08:29 23:15 08:52 ––:–– 10:38 ––:–– 11:22

21 17:01 02:41 18:00 04:20 17:11 04:06 17:22 05:38 17:09 06:13 18:13 07:38 19:02 07:52 21:09 08:28 23:23 09:16 ––:–– 09:49 00:21 11:38 00:05 12:19 22 17:54 03:36 18:36 05:17 17:44 05:01 17:55 06:31 17:50 07:07 19:10 08:26 20:05 08:33 22:16 09:08 ––:–– 10:06 00:10 10:49 00:58 12:35 00:37 13:13 23 18:41 04:33 19:10 06:13 18:16 05:55 18:31 07:25 18:36 08:00 20:09 09:11 21:09 09:13 23:22 09:49 00:25 11:00 00:59 11:48 01:31 13:31 01:09 14:07 24 19:24 05:31 19:43 07:08 18:47 06:49 19:10 08:18 19:25 08:51 21:10 09:53 22:14 09:51 ––:–– 10:32 01:22 11:57 01:42 12:47 02:03 14:26 01:41 15:01 25 20:02 06:29 20:14 08:02 19:20 07:43 19:52 09:11 20:19 09:41 22:13 10:33 23:19 10:29 00:27 11:19 02:13 12:55 02:20 13:45 02:35 15:20 02:15 15:54

26 20:38 07:27 20:46 08:56 19:54 08:36 20:39 10:03 21:16 10:27 23:16 11:11 ––:–– 11:07 01:30 12:10 02:59 13:54 02:55 14:41 03:06 16:14 02:51 16:48 27 21:11 08:22 21:20 09:49 20:31 09:29 21:29 10:54 22:15 11:11 ––:–– 11:48 00:24 11:49 02:30 13:04 03:41 14:52 03:28 15:36 03:39 17:07 03:31 17:40 28 21:43 09:17 21:55 10:43 21:11 10:23 22:24 11:42 23:16 11:52 00:20 12:27 01:29 12:33 03:25 14:02 04:18 15:50 04:00 16:31 04:14 18:01 04:15 18:31 29 22:14 10:11 22:33 11:36 21:55 11:15 23:22 12:27 ––:–– 12:31 01:26 13:06 02:34 13:21 04:15 15:01 04:53 16:46 04:32 17:25 04:52 18:54 05:02 19:20 30 22:46 11:04 22:43 12:07 ––:–– 13:11 00:20 13:09 02:32 13:49 03:37 14:14 05:00 16:00 05:26 17:42 05:04 18:19 05:33 19:45 05:54 20:07

31 23:20 11:58 23:36 12:57 01:24 13:48 04:36 15:11 05:41 16:59 05:38 19:12

26 Lunar BAA Handbook 2016 MOONRISE AND MOONSET MOONRISE AND MOONSET

LATITUDE S 35º LATITUDE S 35º

31 23:20 11:58 23:36 12:57 01:24 13:48 04:36 15:11 05:41 16:59 05:38 19:12

BAA Handbook 2016 Lunar 27 SUN’S SELENOGRAPHIC COLONGITUDE Day Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. º º º º º º º º º º º º 1 164.5 181.4 174.2 191.9 197.8 216.4 223.0 241.9 260.6 266.7 284.4 289.5 2 176.6 193.5 186.4 204.0 210.0 228.6 235.3 254.2 272.9 278.9 296.6 301.7 3 188.8 205.7 198.6 216.3 222.2 240.9 247.5 266.4 285.1 291.1 308.8 313.9 4 200.9 217.9 210.8 228.5 234.5 253.1 259.8 278.7 297.3 303.3 321.0 326.1 5 213.1 230.1 223.0 240.7 246.7 265.4 272.0 290.9 309.6 315.5 333.2 338.3 6 225.3 242.3 235.2 252.9 258.9 277.6 284.3 303.2 321.8 327.8 345.4 350.4 7 237.5 254.5 247.4 265.1 271.2 289.9 296.5 315.4 334.0 340.0 357.6 2.6 8 249.7 266.7 259.6 277.4 283.4 302.1 308.8 327.6 346.2 352.2 9.8 14.7 9 261.8 278.8 271.8 289.6 295.7 314.3 321.0 339.9 358.4 4.4 21.9 26.9 10 274.0 291.0 284.0 301.8 307.9 326.6 333.2 352.1 10.6 16.5 34.1 39.0 11 286.2 303.2 296.2 314.0 320.1 338.8 345.5 4.3 22.8 28.7 46.2 51.2 12 298.4 315.4 308.4 326.2 332.3 351.0 357.7 16.5 35.0 40.9 58.4 63.3 13 310.6 327.6 320.6 338.4 344.6 3.3 9.9 28.7 47.2 53.1 70.5 75.4 14 322.8 339.8 332.8 350.6 356.8 15.5 22.1 40.9 59.4 65.2 82.7 87.6 15 334.9 352.0 345.0 2.8 9.0 27.7 34.3 53.1 71.6 77.4 94.8 99.7 16 347.1 4.1 357.2 15.0 21.2 39.9 46.6 65.3 83.7 89.5 106.9 111.8 17 359.3 16.3 9.3 27.2 33.4 52.1 58.7 77.5 95.9 101.7 119.1 123.9 18 11.4 28.4 21.5 39.4 45.6 64.3 70.9 89.7 108.1 113.8 131.2 136.1 19 23.6 40.6 33.7 51.6 57.8 76.5 83.1 101.9 120.2 126.0 143.4 148.2 20 35.7 52.7 45.8 63.8 70.0 88.7 95.3 114.0 132.4 138.1 155.5 160.4 21 47.9 64.9 58.0 75.9 82.2 100.9 107.5 126.2 144.6 150.3 167.7 172.5 22 60.0 77.0 70.2 88.1 94.3 113.1 119.7 138.4 156.8 162.5 179.8 184.7 23 72.1 89.2 82.3 100.3 106.5 125.3 131.9 150.6 169.0 174.6 192.0 196.8 24 84.2 101.3 94.5 112.5 118.7 137.5 144.1 162.8 181.2 186.8 204.2 209.0 25 96.4 113.4 106.6 124.6 130.9 149.7 156.3 175.0 193.4 199.0 216.4 221.2 26 108.5 125.6 118.8 136.8 143.1 161.9 168.5 187.2 205.6 211.2 228.5 233.4 27 120.6 137.7 131.0 149.0 155.3 174.1 180.7 199.5 217.8 223.4 240.7 245.6 28 132.8 149.9 143.1 161.2 167.5 186.3 193.0 211.7 230.0 235.6 252.9 257.7 29 144.9 162.1 155.3 173.4 179.7 198.5 205.2 223.9 242.2 247.8 265.1 269.9 30 157.1 167.5 185.6 191.9 210.8 217.4 236.1 254.4 260.0 277.3 282.1 31 169.2 179.7 204.2 229.7 248.4 272.2 294.3

The Sun’s selenographic colongitude is numerically equal to the selenographic longitude of the morning terminator, measured towards celestial East from the mean centre of the disk. Its value is approximately 270° at New Moon, 0° at First Quarter, 90° at Full Moon, and 180° at Last Quarter, and should be quoted on observations. The IAU longitude of the visible morning or evening terminator, as appropriate, can be obtained from the Sun’s selenographic colongitude S as follows:

Terminator S Longitude (IAU) New Moon to First Quarter Morning 270° to 360° 360°–S East First Quarter to Full Moon Morning 0° to 90° S West Full Moon to Last Quarter Evening 90° to 180° 180°–S East Last Quarter to New Moon Evening 180° to 270° S–180° West The hourly increase in S may be taken as 0.5°

28 Lunar Occultations BAA Handbook 2016 LUNAR OCCULTATIONS Except near new and full Moon, occultations of all stars down to magnitude 6.0, visible from the three pairs of stations whose co–ordinates are tabulated below, are given in the following lists. ZC numbers refer to the Zodiacal Catalog (Astron. Papers of the American Ephemeris, X, part II, 1940). Long. (λ) Lat. (φ) Long. (λ) Lat. (φ) ° ° ° ° Greenwich 0.0 +51.5 Edinburgh –3.2 +56.0 Sydney +151.2 –33.9 Melbourne +145.1 –37.9 Dunedin +170.5 –45.9 Wellington +174.8 –41.3

Phase (Ph.). The first letter indicates whether disappearance (D) or reappearance (R). The second letter indicates whether the limb is dark (D) or bright (B). Column 7 gives the Elongation of the Moon from the Sun. P is the position angle of the star, measured to the celestial east (anticlockwise) from the northernmost point of the Moon’s limb. The time (T) of occultation at a place Δλ degrees east and Δφ degrees north of one of the stations for which a prediction is given may be found from: T = predicted time + a Δλ + b Δφ for which the coefficients a and b are given in the table in minutes. If the observer is west of the station, Δλ is taken as negative: similarly Δφ is negative if the observer is south of the station. For distances up to 500 km the error will not usually exceed 2 minutes. If the observer is at a place between two standard stations, for both of which the coefficients a and b are given, a better result can be obtained by using the values of a and b for a latitude midway between that of the observer and the nearer station. If φ1, a1, b1 apply to this station, and (φ2, a2,b2 to the more distant, and φ is the latitude of the observer, then

Observers should note that these calculations are prone to error propagation and are best done using a spreadsheet or appropriate app. Suitable support is available on the BAA website.

Notes: Predictions have been prepared using Occult 4 software.

For stars not identified by a Greek letter, Flamsteed number or variable star designation, the HIP catalogue number is provided.

When an occultation is given for one station of a pair, but not the other, the exclusion indicates the event is probably not observable at that station due to a miss, Moon elevation too low, sky too bright, or the event occurs on the bright limb. Observability is determined by a sophisticated algorithm in ‘Occult 4’.

A more detailed list of occultations is printed monthly in the Lunar Section Circulars, available on the BAA web site. Alternatively, keen observers may like to download Occult to generate predictions for their site, from:

http://www.lunar-occultations.com/iota/occult4.htm (free for non–commercial use).

Further links can be found on the Internet Resources Page.

BAA Handbook 2016 Lunar Occultations 29 LUNARLunar OCCULTATIONS Occultations GREENWICH EDINBURGH E 0.0º N 51.5º W 3.2º N 56.0º Date Star V Ph. El. of ZC Name Moon UT a b P UT a b P º h m m/º m/º º h m m/º m/º º

Jan. 12 3188 λ Cap 5.6 DD 33 16 35.3 +0.0 +2.0 7 16 219 μ Psc 4.8 DD 87 18 43.8 +1.2 +0.8 48 18 45.3 +0.9 +1.3 33 19 667 75 Tau 5.0 DD 128 23 59.2 +1.0 –0.1 52 23 57.1 +1.0 +0.6 36 19 669 θ1 Tau 3.8 DD 129 24* 15.1 +0.1 –5.6 155 23 56.1 +0.7 –2.9 132 20 677 HIP 21029 4.8 DD 129 0 54.7 +0.5 –1.6 98 0 46.1 +0.6 –1.4 87 20 692 Aldebaran 0.9 DD 130 3 24.5 +0.2 –0.1 40 3 23.8 +0.4 +0.3 27 20 806 111 Tau 5.0 DD 141 22 59.0 +1.3 –2.0 122 22 48.0 +1.2 –1.1 107 21 944 HIP 29616 5.9 DD 152 18 42.2 +0.6 +2.1 62 18 51.2 +0.4 +2.6 46 27 1663 τ Leo 5.0 RD 135 21 20.3 +0.1 +1.0 291 30 1891 θ Vir 4.4 RD 111 4 3.0 +1.0 –1.4 331 3 54.4 +0.7 –1.3 338 Feb. 13 322 64 Cet 5.6 DD 69 18 35.6 +1.9 –5.2 143 13 327 65 Cet 4.4 DD 70 19 27.8 +1.2 –2.4 116 19 16.1 +1.1 –1.4 99 16 635 53 Tau 3.7 DD 99 1 48.1 –0.3 –1.1 82 1 43.8 –0.1 –1.1 75 19 1197 1 Cnc 5.8 DD 147 22 49.6 +1.4 –1.1 109 22 41.6 +1.3 –0.5 99 21 1409 ξ Leo 5.0 DD 169 17 45.6 +0.1 +1.2 101 17 51.9 +0.0 +1.7 88 23 1549 48 Leo 5.1 RD 175 3 35.6 +0.5 –2.5 328 3 22.9 +0.5 –2.5 333 Mar. 15 878 130 Tau 5.5 DD 91 20 9.7 +1.5 +0.5 55 20 9.1 +1.4 +1.4 38 16 1029 26 Gem 5.2 DD 103 19 8.4 +1.6 +1.1 62 19 10.4 +1.4 +2.1 46 26 2033 κ Vir 4.2 RD 151 4 14.6 +1.1 –2.0 322 4 2.7 +1.0 –1.8 326 28 2247 η Lib 5.4 RD 130 1 31.4 +1.5 +1.0 266 1 31.8 +1.2 +1.0 272 31 2658 Y Sgr 5.8 RD 95 3 34.9 +0.8 –0.4 327 3 31.2 +0.4 –0.4 336 Apr. 6 Venus –3.8 DB 16 7 30.7 +0.2 +3.3 5 6 Venus –3.8 RD 16 8 1.9 +1.6 +0.0 312 10 635 γ Tau 3.7 DD 45 15 46.1 +1.5 –1.2 111 15 38.3 +1.3 –0.4 95 10 669 θ1 Tau 3.8 DD 47 20 2.9 +0.3 –1.5 92 19 55.4 +0.4 –1.3 82 10 671 θ2 Tau 3.4 DD 47 20 7.4 +0.2 –2.0 113 19 58.0 +0.3 –1.8 102 10 677 HIP 21029 4.8 DD 47 21 0.3 +0.3 –0.4 47 20 58.0 +0.5 +0.0 35 11 806 111 Tau 5.0 DD 59 18 1.1 +1.3 –0.9 90 17 54.4 +1.2 –0.4 78 11 820 117 Tau 5.8 DD 60 19 55.3 +0.5 –2.3 124 19 43.9 +0.6 –1.9 113 11 845 122 Tau 5.5 DD 62 23 52.7 –1.4 –4.3 168 15 1271 29 Cnc 5.9 DD 100 1 41.1 –0.3 –2.0 136 21 1891 θ Vir 4.4 DD 167 0 10.3 +2.0 –0.1 74 0 4.3 +1.8 +0.2 68 May 14 1549 48 Leo 5.1 DD 103 20 59.1 +1.0 –2.0 134 20 47.7 +1.0 –1.7 128 16 1663 τ Leo 5.0 DD 116 0 54.7 +0.4 –1.6 85 0 46.2 +0.5 –1.6 81 26 2865 HIP 21029 5.7 RD 132 2 14.5 +1.5 +0.5 274 2 12.5 +1.3 +0.6 279 30 3412 φ Aqr 4.2 RD 82 3 43.4 +0.6 +2.4 200 3 51.3 +0.6 +2.0 208 Jun. 2 327 65 Cet 4.4 RD 38 10 49.7 +1.3 +0.0 249 10 45.1 +1.2 –0.3 263 9 1409 ξ Leo 5.0 DD 62 22 39.8 –0.3 –2.1 145 22 31.2 –0.2 –2.1 140 15 2033 κ Vir 4.2 DD 129 22 19.7 +1.4 –1.3 109 22 10.2 +1.3 –1.0 106 21 2814 43 Sgr 4.9 RD 162 23 3.0 +1.4 +1.4 245 23 5.3 +1.1 +1.4 250 27 3514 24 Psc 5.9 RD 98 2 39.4 +0.3 +3.0 185 2 49.6 +0.5 +2.3 198 Jul. 29 635 γ Tau 3.7 RD 60 4 12.4 +0.9 +0.9 289 4 12.9 +0.9 +0.7 303 29 661 71 Tau 4.5 RD 59 7 13.3 +0.5 +4.7 192 7 24.6 +0.9 +2.2 215 29 669 θ1 Tau 3.8 RD 58 8 57.3 +1.4 +0.1 254 8 52.4 +1.3 –0.3 268 29 671 θ2 Tau 3.4 RD 58 8 54.3 +1.4 +0.9 234 8 52.8 +1.2 +0.3 249 29 677 HIP 21029 4.8 RD 58 10 2.0 +1.2 –1.6 288 9 49.8 +1.2 –2.1 304 31 944 124 Ori 5.9 RD 35 2 47.3 +0.0 +0.7 302 2 50.5 +0.0 +0.6 314

30 Lunar Occultations BAA Handbook 2016 LUNARLunar OCCULTATIONS Occultations GREENWICH EDINBURGH E 0.0º N 51.5º W 3.2º N 56.0º Date Star V Ph. El. of ZC Name Moon UT a b P UT a b P ° h m m/° m/° ° h m m/° m/° °

Aug. 15 2865 HIP 96496 5.7 DD 149 23 59.3 +1.0 –0.3 57 23 55.2 +0.9 –0.2 48 24 462 HIP 14764 6.0 RD 103 5 13.2 +0.5 +4.1 188 25 635 γ Tau 3.7 RD 86 11 32.3 +0.1 –1.9 288 11 22.7 +0.1 –2.3 299 28 1072 NP Gem 6.0 RD 50 5 3.3 +1.1 –0.1 311 4 57.2 +1.2 –1.3 333 Sep. 7 2223 γ Lib 3.9 DD 70 14 35.4 +1.5 +1.1 85 14 36.4 +1.4 +1.4 79 18 249 ν Psc 4.5 RD 150 22 1.6 +0.2 +2.5 201 22 11.1 +0.3 +2.1 211 20 405 μ Cet 4.3 RD 135 0 49.3 +0.3 +2.8 196 21 699 89 Tau 5.8 RD 109 22 55.8 +0.1 +1.4 273 23 1.4 +0.1 +1.3 282 21 702 σ1 Tau 5.1 RD 108 23 5.8 –0.3 +2.5 208 23 16.9 –0.2 +2.2 220 21 704 σ2 Tau 4.7 RD 108 23 19.4 +0.0 +1.9 237 23 27.7 +0.0 +1.8 246 23 878 130 Tau 5.5 RD 93 3 44.5 +1.3 +1.0 267 3 44.4 +1.1 +0.7 281 24 1029 26 Gem 5.2 RD 81 1 59.1 +0.3 +2.1 243 2 6.8 +0.3 +1.8 256 28 1525 44 Leo 5.6 RD 30 6 16.4 +0.5 –5.5 2 Oct. 9 2865 HIP 96496 5.7 DD 96 17 41.9 +1.3 +2.7 14 10 3019 HIP 102026 5.8 DD 110 23 9.3 +0.8 –1.5 91 23 1.1 +0.7 –1.2 78 17 462 HIP 14764 6.0 RD 155 20 27.3 +0.2 +1.8 240 20 34.7 +0.2 +1.7 248 19 635 γ Tau 3.7 RD 139 0 12.9 +1.2 +0.9 272 0 12.9 +1.1 +0.7 286 19 661 71 Tau 4.5 RD 138 3 11.3 +0.9 +2.6 204 19 669 θ1 Tau 3.8 RD 137 4 45.6 +1.2 –0.3 250 4 39.8 +1.1 –0.6 263 19 671 θ2 Tau 3.4 RD 137 4 41.7 +1.2 +0.6 229 4 39.1 +1.1 +0.0 244 19 677 HIP 21029 4.8 RD 137 5 45.1 +0.9 –1.7 285 5 33.7 +0.8 –2.2 300 20 806 111 Tau 5.0 RD 125 1 39.1 +1.0 +1.8 238 1 43.0 +1.0 +1.4 253 22 1141 HIP 36616 5.5 RD 97 6 1.8 +1.7 +0.9 241 5 59.6 +1.4 +0.4 255 25 1486 31 Leo 4.4 RD 61 3 35.1 +0.6 +0.5 302 3 34.9 +0.5 +0.2 317 26 1589 56 Leo 5.9 RD 50 3 18.6 +0.2 +3.3 233 3 30.3 +0.2 +2.3 252 26 1600 59 Leo 5.0 RD 49 6 6.3 +1.0 –0.1 309 6 2.4 +0.8 –0.4 322 27 1712 β Vir 3.6 RD 37 8 15.1 +1.7 +0.8 267 8 13.5 +1.3 +0.6 276 Nov. 10 3514 24 Psc 5.9 DD 128 21 41.1 +1.3 +0.0 70 21 38.0 +1.0 +0.3 57 12 249 ν Psc 4.5 DD 154 19 10.9 +1.6 +0.0 130 19 9.4 +1.0 +0.9 116 16 741 HIP 23043 5.5 RD 158 2 1.3 +1.4 –0.7 281 1 52.7 +1.3 –1.1 296 16 878 130 Tau 5.5 RD 147 19 53.4 –0.2 +1.7 245 20 1.2 –0.1 +1.6 255 18 1072 NP Gem 6.0 RD 131 1 28.8 +1.0 +4.6 207 1 39.6 +1.0 +2.3 230 19 1210 5 Cnc 6.0 RD 118 1 28.6 +1.0 +2.8 231 1 36.0 +0.9 +1.9 248 Dec. 2 2791 V4024 Sgr 5.6 DD 35 17 41.3 +0.8 –1.0 71 17 34.9 +0.7 –0.8 60 9 192 89 Psc 5.1 DD 121 19 23.2 +1.7 +0.1 99 19 20.1 +1.3 +0.6 86 11 462 HIP 14764 6.0 DD 148 17 56.7 +0.7 +1.3 95 18 0.9 +0.5 +1.5 86 12 635 γ Tau 3.7 DD 164 21 39.5 +1.4 +0.3 99 21 38.0 +1.1 +0.8 85 13 667 75 Tau 5.0 DD 165 2 20.5 +1.1 +1.7 24 13 669 θ1 Tau 3.8 DD 165 2 8.7 +0.8 –2.1 117 1 57.8 +0.9 –1.5 103 13 671 θ2 Tau 3.4 DD 165 2 22.2 +0.5 –4.4 147 2 5.5 +0.8 –2.5 126 13 677 HIP 21029 4.8 DD 166 2 59.7 +0.7 –1.1 80 2 53.3 +0.7 –0.8 68 13 692 Aldebaran 0.9 DD 167 5 23.8 +0.4 +0.3 31 5 25.8 +0.9 +2.0 13 13 692 Aldebaran 0.9 RB 167 5 53.3 –0.6 –2.6 321 5 41.1 –0.9 –4.4 338 13 814 115 Tau 5.4 DD 175 23 42.8 +1.0 +2.1 39 16 1158 74 Gem 5.0 RD 150 3 32.9 +0.7 –3.5 336

Note: 24* indicates the event occurs after 0h for one of the stations on this UT date change BAA Handbook 2016 Lunar Occultations 31 LUNARLunar OCCULTATIONS Occultations SYDNEY MELBOURNE E 151.2º S 33.9º E 145.1º S 37.9º Date Star V Ph. El. of ZC Name Moon UT a b P UT a b P ° h m m/° m/° ° h m m/° m/° °

Jan. 1 1772 η Vir 3.9 DB 96 15 51.5 +0.5 –3.5 163 16 8.7 –0.9 –7.3 190 1 1772 η Vir 3.9 RD 95 16 44.4 +2.3 –0.1 247 16 26.1 +3.2 +3.8 217 7 2372 φ Oph 4.3 RD 37 1 5.6 +2.2 –0.6 296 0 53.5 +2.2 +0.0 281 16 167 80 Psc 5.5 DD 82 9 26.1 +1.9 +0.8 88 26 1525 HIP 51008 5.6 RD 151 13 29.0 +2.2 +0.2 242 13 13.7 +1.9 +1.6 221 30 1941 74 Vir 4.7 RD 106 14 31.2 +1.9 +1.6 224

Feb. 6 2876 54 Sgr 5.3 RD 23 18 51.4 –1.3 –6.3 343 19 8.3 –0.3 –2.4 311 14 404 38 Ari 5.2 DD 78 9 9.2 +1.9 +0.9 85 8 54.4 +2.0 +0.6 90 17 832 119 Tau 4.3 DD 115 6 25.3 +1.5 –1.5 106 19 1158 74 Gem 5.0 DD 143 16 15.5 +2.0 +4.8 37 15 55.0 +1.3 +2.0 68 23 1600 59 Leo 5.0 RD 170 16 58.3 +1.5 –0.4 302 16 48.0 +1.9 +0.3 282 24 1712 β Vir 3.6 DB 158 18 26.4 +0.9 –1.5 148 18 31.5 +0.2 –3.8 175 24 1712 β Vir 3.6 RD 158 19 30.1 +1.1 +1.6 261 19 10.8 +2.1 +4.0 235 28 2128 13 Lib 5.8 RD 114 18 25.5 +2.6 –0.5 280 18 9.8 +2.7 +0.3 259

Mar. 14 653 64 Tau 4.8 RB 73 10 32.8 +0.8 –0.6 318 22 1678 89 Leo 5.8 DD 170 16 41.1 +0.6 –1.9 156 23 1772 η Vir 3.9 DD 178 16 24.4 +1.0 –2.4 157 16 42.3 +9.9 +9.9 201 23 1772 η Vir 3.9 RD 178 17 25.4 +1.7 +2.1 253 16 50.4 +9.9 +9.9 211 29 2460 HIP 83854 6.0 RD 111 18 10.9 +9.9 +9.9 199

Apr. 1 2880 55 Sgr 5.1 RD 77 14 54.5 –1.3 –4.8 339 17 1525 44 Leo 5.6 DD 127 8 59.6 +1.0 –4.0 170 21 1941 74 Vir 4.7 DD 171 10 54.3 +0.4 –3.9 167

May 8 648 δ1 Tau 3.8 DD 19 3 29.2 +1.8 +1.9 35 3 12.9 +1.5 +1.2 41 11 1158 74 Gem 5.0 DD 62 11 36.6 +0.2 +0.6 110 15 1600 59 Leo 5.0 DD 109 10 25.3 +0.6 –3.3 169 15 1600 59 Leo 5.0 RB 109 11 21.7 +2.9 +2.3 248 20 2128 13 Lib 5.8 DD 164 12 0.4 +2.4 –1.0 102 11 53.9 +1.7 –1.9 121 22 2372 φ Oph 4.3 DD 171 11 15.1 –0.6 –5.1 170 22 2372 φ Oph 4.3 RD 171 12 5.5 +2.3 +0.0 250 11 47.7 +2.8 +2.1 222 23 2495 HIP 84792 6.0 RD 161 10 30.9 +1.0 –0.3 244 10 23.7 +1.2 +1.0 219

Jun. 19 2460 HIP 83854 6.0 DD 168 11 29.7 +2.0 –1.3 105 11 26.6 +1.4 –2.2 124 19 2495 HIP 84792 6.0 DD 170 19 1.0 +0.3 +0.6 107 18 56.2 +0.6 +0.5 113 23 3015 τ Cap 5.2 RD 143 10 37.2 +0.2 –0.6 254 10 37.9 +0.2 –0.2 236 24 3188 λ Cap 5.6 RD 128 18 24.0 +0.9 +3.5 200 18 3.8 +0.8 +3.9 194

32 Lunar Occultations BAA Handbook 2016 LUNARLunar OCCULTATIONS Occultations SYDNEY MELBOURNE E 151.2º S 33.9º E 145.1º S 37.9º Date Star V Ph. El. of ZC Name Moon UT a b P UT a b P º h m m/º m/º º h m m/º m/º º

Jul. 2 653 64 Tau 4.8 RD 33 0 15.7 +2.4 –0.3 287 0 2.9 +2.2 –0.3 282 11 1821 γ Vir 2.8 DD 81 4 6.3 +1.0 –2.4 137 4 11.9 +0.6 –2.9 152 11 1821 γ Vir 2.8 RB 81 5 24.3 +2.2 –1.1 277 5 14.8 +2.1 –0.7 258 18 2686 HIP 90806 5.1 DD 161 8 31.8 +0.1 –3.5 147 20 3015 τ Cap 5.2 RD 169 19 59.1 –0.4 +2.8 204 19 49.3 –0.4 +3.2 198 21 3131 18 Aqr 5.5 RD 159 14 1.5 +1.9 +1.3 231 13 45.4 +1.6 +1.6 219

Aug. 8 1921 65 Vir 5.9 DD 65 12 36.5 +0.0 +0.6 109 10 2133 ξ Lib 5.5 DD 87 13 32.0 –0.8 +5.7 29 13 17.5 +0.0 +3.2 50 13 2495 HIP 84792 6.0 DD 119 9 43.7 +2.4 –1.6 119 9 39.2 +1.9 –2.9 138

Sep. 13 3015 τ Cap 5.2 DD 137 12 54.7 +1.9 +0.9 85 12 39.5 +2.1 +0.5 90 19 354 ξ Ari 5.5 RD 139 17 50.5 +2.0 +0.9 256 17 35.2 +1.9 +0.8 253 21 650 63 Tau 5.6 RD 112 17 24.8 +1.2 +2.1 205 17 10.6 +0.7 +2.0 200 22 832 119 Tau 4.3 RD 97 22 54.3 +2.1 +4.1 209

Oct. 23 1336 ο1 Cnc 5.2 RD 78 18 37.8 +2.0 –0.5 262 18 28.9 +1.6 –0.5 252 23 1337 ο2 Cnc 5.7 RD 78 18 33.0 +1.8 –2.7 325 18 32.1 +1.6 –2.2 314

Nov. 3 2495 HIP 84792 6.0 DD 39 9 22.0 +0.5 +1.1 92 9 13.9 +0.8 +1.0 99 8 3188 λ Cap 5.6 DD 98 13 44.4 +0.3 +1.1 88 13 37.0 +0.6 +1.2 92 13 354 ξ Ari 5.5 DD 165 14 0.3 +2.1 +0.6 85 13 45.9 +2.1 +0.3 87 15 653 64 Tau 4.8 DD 166 11 50.5 +9.9 +9.9 351 9 48.7 +1.8 +2.9 32 15 653 64 Tau 4.8 RD 165 12 1.0 +9.9 +9.9 334 12 2.7 +2.8 –4.4 321 21 1547 ρ Leo 3.8 DB 84 22 54.9 +1.3 –0.4 125 22 51.1 +1.0 –1.2 146 21 1547 ρ Leo 3.8 RD 83 24* 9.2 +0.9 +0.5 286 23 58.0 +1.5 +1.4 265

Dec. 5 3131 18 Aqr 5.5 DD 66 9 36.1 +0.3 +3.3 22 9 20.5 +0.6 +3.2 25 14 913 64 Ori 5.1 RD 171 14 12.6 +2.2 –0.1 270 14 0.5 +1.9 –0.2 264 14 940 68 Ori 5.8 RD 169 18 31.9 +0.8 +0.4 294 16 1236 ζ Cnc 5.1 RD 143 16 36.9 +2.7 +1.2 241 16 14.5 +2.6 +2.0 221 18 1466 ν Leo 5.3 RD 119 12 57.3 +0.5 –1.7 296 19 1609 χ Leo 4.6 RD 104 23 7.6 –0.1 –2.9 352 23 12.8 +0.5 –0.8 325

Note: 24* indicates the event occurs after 0h for one of the stations on this UT date change

BAA Handbook 2016 Lunar Occultations 33 LUNARLunar OCCULTATIONS Occultations DUNEDIN WELLINGTON E 170.5º S 45.9º E 174.8º S 41.3º Date Star V Ph. El. of ZC Name Moon UT a b P UT a b P º h m m/º m/º º h m m/º m/º º

Jan. 1 1772 η Vir 3.9 DB 96 16 43.4 +0.4 –3.5 171 16 33.1 +1.1 –2.6 152 1 1772 η Vir 3.9 RD 96 17 32.9 +2.9 +1.0 242 17 47.0 +2.6 +0.2 264 2 1866 44 Vir 5.8 RD 86 13 32.5 +0.6 +0.3 222 13 33.9 +0.6 –0.6 240 7 2372 φ Oph 4.3 RD 37 1 25.2 +1.0 +2.1 249 1 37.5 +0.9 +1.6 262 11 2969 β Cap 3.1 DD 14 3 46.7 +0.9 +2.3 45 4 1.7 +0.7 +2.7 36 13 3269 θ Aqr 4.2 DD 41 5 50.9 +0.1 +3.5 9 6 8.9 –0.6 +4.9 358 13 3285 HIP 110532 5.9 DD 43 9 7.7 –0.1 +2.4 26 9 18.4 –0.3 +2.7 17 16 167 80 Psc 5.5 DD 82 9 50.2 +1.1 –0.1 134 9 55.5 +0.9 +0.4 122 26 1525 44 Leo 5.6 RD 151 14 11.2 +3.2 +2.0 229 14 29.4 +2.7 +0.8 252 30 1941 74 Vir 4.7 DB 106 14 33.4 +0.2 –3.8 169 30 1941 74 Vir 4.7 RD 106 15 22.4 +2.8 +0.5 242

Feb. 14 404 38 Ari 5.2 DD 78 9 25.9 +0.9 +0.8 113 9 33.6 +0.8 +1.0 103 23 1600 61 Leo 5.0 RD 170 17 16.7 +0.8 +0.9 285 17 22.2 +0.6 +0.2 303

Mar. 5 2969 β Cap 3.1 DB 42 23 36.8 +1.2 +1.9 53 23 51.5 +1.0 +2.4 44 6 2969 β Cap 3.1 RD 42 0 45.4 +1.3 +1.0 274 0 55.2 +1.3 +0.8 281 14 653 64 Tau 4.8 DD 73 10 2.3 +1.0 +2.7 36 16 947 71 Ori 5.2 DD 97 7 12.3 +1.8 +0.3 73 7 23.4 +2.1 +0.9 64 20 1439 18 Leo 5.7 DD 145 7 2.4 +1.0 –1.5 96 7 1.0 +1.3 –1.2 88

Apr. 1 2876 54 Sgr 5.3 RD 78 14 36.1 +0.2 –1.8 285 14 27.6 +0.2 –2.4 303 1 2880 55 Sgr 5.1 RD 77 15 14.2 +0.0 –4.4 329 17 1525 44 Leo 5.6 DD 127 9 54.5 +0.1 –3.5 178 9 46.3 +1.1 –1.9 154 21 1941 74 Vir 4.7 DD 171 11 49.5 +0.4 –4.0 174 11 39.2 +1.3 –2.5 149

May 15 1600 59 Leo 5.0 DD 109 11 12.6 +9.9 +9.9 196 10 56.6 +0.5 –1.5 157 20 2128 13 Lib 5.8 DD 164 12 50.2 +1.7 –0.6 119 12 57.2 +1.9 +0.2 102 22 2372 φ Oph 4.3 RD 171 12 41.0 +2.6 +3.1 224 13 0.5 +2.4 +1.3 248 23 2495 HIP 84792 6.0 RD 161 10 58.0 +1.9 +0.8 227 11 7.0 +1.8 –0.2 250

Jun. 8 1207 3 Cnc 5.6 DD 41 5 32.2 +0.7 –0.8 149 5 33.9 +1.0 –0.2 131 11 1547 ρ Leo 3.8 DD 76 1 44.1 +1.1 +1.8 35 19 2460 HIP 83854 6.0 DD 168 12 26.0 +1.8 –1.9 135 12 28.3 +2.1 –0.9 117 23 3015 τ Cap 5.2 RD 143 10 51.6 +0.9 +0.1 226 10 54.9 +1.0 –0.4 244

34 Lunar Occultations BAA Handbook 2016 LUNAR OCCULTATIONS DUNEDIN WELLINGTON E 170.5º S 45.9º E 174.8º S 41.3º Date Star V Ph. El. of ZC Name Moon UT a b P UT a b P º h m m/º m/º º h m m/º m/º º

Jul. 2 648 δ Tau 3.8 RD 33 0 4.2 +1.5 +0.3 292 0 11.6 +1.5 +0.0 302 11 1821 γ Vir 2.8 DD 81 4 56.6 +1.2 –2.0 141 4 54.5 +1.7 –1.6 125 11 1821 γ Vir 2.8 RB 81 6 15.1 +2.1 +0.0 274 6 22.7 +2.0 –0.5 291 11 1825 HIP 62103 5.9 DD 81 6 18.5 +1.8 –0.7 114 6 25.4 +2.2 +0.1 97 22 3270 HIP 110009 5.8 RD 147 13 37.4 +1.8 –0.9 276 13 41.2 +2.3 –1.4 289

Aug. 4 Mercury 0.0 RB 25 20 57.5 –0.1 +2.8 209 26 832 119 Tau 4.3 RD 70 15 12.1 +0.2 –0.1 229 26 836 120 Tau 5.7 RD 70 15 33.1 –0.6 +2.4 193

Sep. 19 354 ξ Ari 5.5 RD 139 18 0.1 +1.0 +1.9 223 18 13.5 +1.0 +1.9 231 21 653 64 Tau 4.8 RD 112 18 33.7 +1.6 –0.9 321 18 29.6 +9.9 +9.9 345 23 947 71 Ori 5.2 RD 87 14 28.1 +0.5 –0.9 253 14 26.3 +0.7 –1.0 260

Oct. 25 1547 ρ Leo 3.8 RD 56 15 29.8 +0.2 –0.4 237

Nov. 3 2495 HIP 84792 6.0 DD 39 9 27.2 +0.7 –1.2 154 9 26.3 +0.3 –0.3 140 7 3015 τ Cap 5.2 DD 83 5 24.9 +1.3 +3.8 19 8 3188 λ Cap 5.6 DD 99 13 38.8 +0.1 +0.3 132 13 354 ξ Ari 5.5 DD 165 14 28.5 +1.3 +0.2 126 14 35.3 +1.1 +0.5 116 15 648 δ Tau 3.8 DB 166 11 31.2 +0.6 +0.9 26 11 40.0 +0.6 +1.9 18 15 648 δ Tau 3.8 RD 166 12 18.3 +2.1 –1.4 304 12 20.6 +2.5 –1.9 312 15 653 64 Tau 4.8 RD 165 13 1.6 +1.6 –0.1 265 13 9.1 +1.9 +0.0 271

Dec. 1 2686 HIP 90806 5.1 DD 28 22 31.5 +0.8 –1.4 89 22 31.2 +1.2 –0.6 72 2 2826 ρ Sgr 3.9 DD 38 21 47.7 +0.2 –1.4 91 21 43.6 +0.4 –0.9 75 5 3131 18 Aqr 5.5 DD 66 9 19.1 +0.5 +1.7 73 9 29.1 +0.4 +1.8 68 14 895 57 Ori 5.9 RD 173 10 17.4 +1.4 –1.5 291 10 16.8 +1.7 –1.6 297 14 913 64 Ori 5.1 RD 171 14 42.7 +1.6 +1.1 250 14 54.3 +1.6 +1.0 260 18 1466 ν Leo 5.3 RD 119 13 30.4 +1.1 –1.2 267 13 29.8 +1.3 –1.3 276

BAA Handbook 2016 Lunar Occultations 35 GRAZING LUNARLunar Occultations OCCULTATIONS The map shows the tracks of stars to magnitude 7.8 which will graze the Moon’s limb and where the Moon is less than 85 per cent sunlit and has an altitude of more than 5°. The track commences in the West, and the Time (UT) is near the centre of the region. Tracks marked on the map as `A´ indicate the star is at a low altitude. Tracks marked with a `B´ indicate the bright limb is close. Small or negative cusp angles indicate the graze occurs at the terminator. General circumstances for the events can be judged from personal planetarium software, but those planning to observe a graze should request track details from the Director of the Computing Section. More details of grazes are given in the Lunar Section Circulars, or may be computed using software for non–commercial use from: http://www.lunar-occultations.com/iota/occult4.htm http://www.doa-site.nl/

Observers positioned on or very near the tracks may see the star disappear and reappear several times at the edge of features on the Moon’s limb. The recorded times, to an accuracy of better than one second, continue to be valuable in the study and refinement of the shape and motion of the Moon, and in the detection of double or multiple stars, particularly during grazes.

Potential observers are encouraged to contact Tim Haymes at [email protected] for additional information and advice on how to report graze timings. A brief notification of success or failure of the observing attempt would also be helpful. Key to the Map 2016 Star N or S Cusp name ZC* Time† V Sunlit‡ limit angle† Limb§ h m % ° 1 κ Vir 2033 Jan. 4 03 38 4.2 -31 N 0.4 T 2 HIP 1397 X297(d) Feb. 11 18 14 7.9 13+ N 1.1 B 3 64 Ceti 322 Feb. 13 18 45 5.6 32+ S 0.8 T 4 71 Tau 661(d) Apr. 10 19 20 4.5 15+ S 1.7 D 5 81 Tau 678(d) Apr. 10 21 11 5.5 16+ S 0.7 T 6 HIP 21257 685 Apr. 10 22 30 6.6 16+ N 0.0 T 7 HIP 25950 (1) 834(d) Apr. 11 22 03 6.1 25+ S 0.0 T 8 HIP 25950 (1) 7078(d) Apr. 11 22 03 6.5 25+ S 0.0 T 9 20 Gem 1002(d) Apr. 12 22 57 6.9 36+ N 2.1 D 10 HIP 93077 2758 Apr. 28 01 59 7.0 -70 S 7.4 D 11 Aldebaran (2) 692 Jul. 29 12 11 0.9 -23 S 7.1 B 12 HIP 33358 1057 Aug. 28 02 04 6.8 -18 N 2.6 D 13 NP Gem (Var) 1072 Aug. 28 04 44 6.0 -18 N 2.4 D 14 HIP 38975 1198 Aug. 29 04 29 6.0 -10 N 2.4 D 15 HIP 96496 2865 Oct. 9 17 49 5.7 56+ N 2.3 D 16 Aldebaran (3) 692 Oct. 19 07 40 0.9 -87 N 2.3 D 17 HIP 45879 1386 Oct. 24 05 14 6.7 -35 N 2.5 D 18 HIP 95159 2825 Nov. 5 18 11 6.2 29+ S 0.1 T 19 Aldebaran 692 Dec. 13 05 31 0.9 99+ N 29.6 D 20 74 Gem 1158 Dec. 16 03 03 5.0 -94 N 7.8 D

* Numbers taken from the Robertson Zodiacal Catalog or the Extended Zodiacal Catalog d = double, m = multiple, u = unconfirmed. † Precise times and cusp angles are dependent on location ‡ a negative number indicates a waning Moon § graze occurs against a [B]right limb, [D]ark limb, [T]erminator

[1] The two components of a double star (STF 730, HIP 25950). Graze tracks are separated by about 20km on the ground. The event occurs at the terminator. [2] Daylight at the bright limb (ill 23%, Alt 38d ) [3] Daylight just after sunrise (ill 87%, Alt 30d ) 36 Grazing Lunar Occultations BAA Handbook 2016 GRAZING LUNARLunar Occultations OCCULTATIONS

Key: Blue tracks denote the event occurs in daylight. Thick lines are Aldebaran graze tracks.

A denoted altitude is low B denotes bright limb nearby S denotes Sun interferes

BAA Handbook 2016 Grazing Lunar Occultations 37 APPEARANCE OF PLANETS OF APPEARANCE APPEARANCE OF PLANETS OF APPEARANCE

38 Appearance of Planets BAA Handbook 2016 MERCURY Morning Apparition Greatest Elongation W Superior Conjunction Feb. 7 (26°) Mar. 23 Jun. 5 (24°) Jul. 7 Sep. 28 (18°) Oct. 27 When best seen: Northern Hemisphere: Late Jan. to mid Feb., mid Sep. to mid Oct. Southern Hemisphere: Late Jan. to early Mar., mid May to late Jun. 2016 RA Dec V Diam Ph. Elong. CM Δ h m ° ' " ° ° au Jan. 18 19 22.4 –18 37 +3.0 9.9 0.051 –7.8 205 0.674 23 19 5.7 –19 19 +1.1 9.2 0.207 –16.9 240 0.730 28 19 4.7 –20 06 +0.3 8.2 0.375 –22.3 271 0.813 Feb. 2 19 15.9 –20 41 +0.1 7.4 0.512 –24.8 299 0.904 7 19 35.0 –20 56 +0.0 6.7 0.615 –25.5 325 0.991 12 19 58.9 –20 44 –0.1 6.2 0.694 –25.1 350 1.070 17 20 25.8 –20 02 –0.1 5.9 0.755 –23.8 15 1.140 22 20 54.7 –18 49 –0.1 5.6 0.804 –22.0 38 1.201 27 21 24.9 –17 04 –0.2 5.3 0.847 –19.6 62 1.253 Mar. 3 21 56.0 –14 47 –0.4 5.2 0.885 –16.8 84 1.296 8 22 28.0 –11 58 –0.6 5.0 0.920 –13.5 107 1.330 13 23 0.7 –08 38 –0.9 4.9 0.954 –9.8 129 1.353 18 23 34.5 –04 47 –1.3 4.9 0.982 –5.6 150 1.361 23 0 9.4 +00 –30 –1.8 4.9 0.998 –0.8 171 1.351 May 12 3 3.0 +16 26 +5.2 12.0 0.005 –3.7 72 0.554 17 2 54.5 +14 26 +3.5 11.7 0.047 –11.1 106 0.570 22 2 51.3 +13 11 +2.3 10.9 0.118 –17.0 138 0.611 27 2 54.8 +12 52 +1.5 10.0 0.202 –21.1 168 0.670 Jun. 1 3 5.0 +13 28 +1.0 9.0 0.293 –23.3 196 0.745 6 3 21.3 +14 48 +0.5 8.0 0.389 –23.9 222 0.831 11 3 43.4 +16 39 +0.1 7.2 0.491 –23.1 247 0.926 16 4 11.2 +18 47 –0.3 6.5 0.604 –20.9 271 1.026 21 4 45.0 +20 57 –0.7 5.9 0.727 –17.5 294 1.126 26 5 24.7 +22 48 –1.1 5.5 0.852 –13.0 315 1.217 Jul. 1 6 9.5 +23 57 –1.6 5.2 0.952 –7.4 335 1.287 6 6 56.9 +24 03 –2.1 5.0 0.997 –1.4 355 1.325 Sep. 14 11 16.9 +01 14 +4.8 10.3 0.008 –2.0 358 0.648 19 11 4.8 +04 12 +2.3 9.4 0.089 –10.8 32 0.712 24 11 5.1 +05 53 +0.5 8.1 0.278 –16.3 64 0.823 29 11 19.3 +05 39 –0.5 7.0 0.512 –17.8 91 0.961 Oct. 4 11 43.7 +03 43 –0.9 6.1 0.720 –16.4 115 1.099 9 12 13.3 +00 41 –1.0 5.5 0.862 –13.4 138 1.216 14 12 44.6 –02 52 –1.1 5.1 0.942 –9.7 160 1.306 19 13 16.1 –06 32 –1.2 4.9 0.981 –6.0 182 1.370 24 13 47.4 –10 06 –1.3 4.7 0.997 –2.5 204 1.411 BAA Handbook 2016 Mercury 39 MERCURY Evening Apparition Greatest Elongation E Inferior Conjunction Apr. 18 (20°) Jan. 14, May 9 Aug. 16 (27°) Sep. 12, Dec. 28 Dec. 11 (21°) When best seen: Northern Hemisphere: Early Jan., Apr. Southern Hemisphere: Late July to early Sep., mid Nov. to late Dec. 2016 RA Dec V Diam. Ph. Elong. CM Δ h m ° ' " ° ° au Jan. –2 19 55.6 –22 09 –0.5 6.7 0.607 19.7 75 0.998 3 20 10.9 –20 20 –0.1 7.7 0.399 18.4 102 0.868 8 20 9.5 –18 53 +1.3 8.9 0.164 13.3 133 0.750 13 19 49.4 –18 20 +4.1 9.9 0.016 3.7 210 0.677 Mar. 28 0 45.4 +04 07 –1.8 5.1 0.987 4.3 192 1.316 Apr. 2 1 21.9 +08 49 –1.5 5.3 0.923 9.5 212 1.250 7 1 57.4 +13 12 –1.1 5.8 0.795 14.3 233 1.152 12 2 29.4 +16 51 –0.6 6.5 0.622 17.9 255 1.031 17 2 55.2 +19 27 +0.0 7.4 0.441 19.6 279 0.904 22 3 12.9 +20 54 +0.8 8.5 0.281 19.2 306 0.786 27 3 21.5 +21 11 +1.8 9.7 0.151 16.3 334 0.686 May 2 3 21.0 +20 22 +3.2 10.9 0.057 11.1 6 0.612 7 3 13.4 +18 38 +5.1 11.8 0.007 4.1 38 0.568 Jul. 11 7 43.6 +23 01 –1.7 5.0 0.982 4.6 15 1.329 16 8 26.9 +21 02 –1.1 5.1 0.930 10.1 35 1.305 21 9 5.9 +18 22 –0.7 5.3 0.865 14.8 56 1.261 26 9 40.4 +15 18 –0.4 5.5 0.798 18.9 78 1.205 31 10 10.8 +12 02 –0.2 5.8 0.734 22.1 101 1.143 Aug. 5 10 37.6 +08 43 +0.0 6.2 0.671 24.7 124 1.076 10 11 0.8 +05 31 +0.2 6.6 0.607 26.4 148 1.006 15 11 20.4 +02 31 +0.3 7.2 0.537 27.3 173 0.934 20 11 35.9 +00 06 +0.4 7.8 0.458 27.1 199 0.861 25 11 46.3 –02 08 +0.7 8.5 0.366 25.5 227 0.789 30 11 50.2 –03 18 +1.1 9.3 0.258 22.0 256 0.722 Sep. 4 11 46.0 –03 14 +1.9 10.0 0.141 16.2 288 0.667 9 11 33.5 –01 38 +3.5 10.5 0.041 7.8 322 0.637 Oct. 29 14 18.5 –13 27 –1.3 4.7 1.000 0.9 227 1.434 Nov. 3 14 49.7 –16 30 –1.0 4.6 0.994 3.9 249 1.441 8 15 21.0 –19 12 –0.8 4.7 0.983 6.8 272 1.433 13 15 52.7 –21 30 –0.6 4.7 0.967 9.6 295 1.411 18 16 24.7 –23 22 –0.5 4.9 0.945 12.2 318 1.376 23 16 57.1 –24 44 –0.5 5.0 0.914 14.6 341 1.327 28 17 29.4 –25 34 –0.5 5.3 0.870 16.9 5 1.262 Dec. 3 18 0.7 –25 50 –0.5 5.7 0.805 18.9 28 1.180 8 18 29.5 –25 31 –0.5 6.2 0.708 20.3 53 1.080 13 18 52.8 –24 39 –0.4 6.9 0.563 20.6 78 0.965 18 19 5.3 –23 24 +0.1 7.9 0.359 18.5 106 0.842 23 19 0.2 –22 04 +1.6 9.1 0.133 12.4 138 0.734 28 18 36.6 –20 56 +4.7 9.9 0.007 1.9 174 0.677 40 Mercury BAA Handbook 2016 VENUS Superior Conjunction Jun. 6

2016 RA Dec. V Diam. Ph. Elong. Δ h m ° ' " ° au Jan. –7 15 22.2 –16 15 –4.1 15.0 0.747 –39.5 1.115 3 16 11.6 –19 08 –4.1 14.1 0.777 –37.6 1.179 13 17 2.8 –21 12 –4.0 13.4 0.805 –35.6 1.241 23 17 55.5 –22 18 –4.0 12.8 0.831 –33.5 1.299 Feb. 2 18 48.7 –22 19 –4.0 12.3 0.854 –31.3 1.355 12 19 41.8 –21 14 –4.0 11.9 0.875 –29.1 1.407 22 20 33.7 –19 06 –3.9 11.5 0.895 –26.8 1.456 Mar. 3 21 24.0 –16 03 –3.9 11.1 0.912 –24.5 1.502 13 22 12.6 –12 14 –3.9 10.8 0.929 –22.2 1.545 23 22 59.6 –07 53 –3.9 10.5 0.943 –19.8 1.584 Apr. 2 23 45.5 –03 10 –3.9 10.3 0.956 –17.3 1.619 12 0 30.9 +01 43 –3.9 10.1 0.968 –14.8 1.650 22 1 16.4 +06 33 –3.9 9.9 0.978 –12.3 1.677 May 2 2 2.7 +11 10 –3.9 9.8 0.986 –9.7 1.699 12 2 50.3 +15 21 –3.9 9.7 0.993 –7.0 1.716 22 3 39.6 +18 53 –3.9 9.7 0.997 –4.3 1.728 Jun. 1 4 30.8 +21 37 –3.9 9.6 1.000 –1.6 1.734 11 5 23.5 +23 20 –3.9 9.6 1.000 1.1 1.735 21 6 17.1 +23 55 –3.9 9.6 0.998 3.9 1.730 Jul. 1 7 10.7 +23 20 –3.9 9.7 0.993 6.7 1.719 11 8 3.4 +21 37 –3.9 9.8 0.986 9.4 1.702 21 8 54.5 +18 51 –3.9 9.9 0.977 12.2 1.679 31 9 43.6 +15 13 –3.9 10.1 0.966 14.9 1.651 Aug. 10 10 30.9 +10 55 –3.9 10.3 0.952 17.6 1.618 20 11 16.6 +06 08 –3.9 10.6 0.937 20.3 1.579 30 12 1.4 +01 04 –3.9 10.9 0.920 22.9 1.537 Sep. 9 12 45.9 –04 05 –3.9 11.2 0.901 25.4 1.490 19 13 30.8 –09 07 –3.9 11.6 0.881 27.9 1.440 29 14 16.8 –13 49 –3.9 12.0 0.859 30.3 1.387 Oct. 9 15 4.4 –18 00 –4.0 12.5 0.836 32.6 1.330 19 15 53.8 –21 26 –4.0 13.1 0.812 34.8 1.271 29 16 45.1 –23 56 –4.0 13.8 0.786 37.0 1.210 Nov. 8 17 37.7 –25 19 –4.0 14.6 0.758 39.0 1.146 18 18 30.6 –25 31 –4.1 15.4 0.729 40.9 1.080 28 19 22.7 –24 30 –4.1 16.5 0.697 42.6 1.012 Dec. 8 20 12.8 –22 22 –4.2 17.7 0.663 44.2 0.943 18 21 0.1 –19 16 –4.2 19.1 0.625 45.5 0.871 28 21 44.1 –15 24 –4.3 20.9 0.584 46.5 0.799

BAA Handbook 2016 Venus 41 MARS

Opposition: May 22

2016 RA Dec. V Diam P Q Ph. DE DS LS h m ° ' " ° ° ° ° ° Jan. –7 13 31.4 –07 57 +1.3 5.3 36 292 0.918 21.2 25.1 86 3 13 52.5 –09 57 +1.2 5.6 37 291 0.912 19.7 25.2 90 13 14 13.4 –11 49 +1.1 6.0 38 290 0.907 18.1 25.1 94 23 14 33.8 –13 31 +1.0 6.4 38 288 0.903 16.4 24.9 99 Feb. 2 14 53.7 –15 04 +0.8 6.9 38 287 0.900 14.6 24.5 103 12 15 12.9 –16 26 +0.6 7.4 38 285 0.898 12.8 23.9 108 22 15 31.0 –17 37 +0.4 8.1 38 284 0.899 11.1 23.2 112 Mar. 3 15 47.6 –18 38 +0.2 8.8 37 282 0.902 9.5 22.3 117 13 16 2.3 –19 28 +0.0 9.7 36 281 0.907 8.1 21.2 122 23 16 14.5 –20 09 –0.3 10.8 36 280 0.916 6.9 20.0 126 Apr. 2 16 23.5 –20 43 –0.6 12.0 35 279 0.928 6.2 18.7 131 12 16 28.4 –21 09 –0.9 13.3 35 278 0.944 5.9 17.2 136 22 16 28.4 –21 29 –1.2 14.8 35 279 0.962 6.1 15.5 141 May 2 16 23.1 –21 42 –1.5 16.2 35 280 0.980 7.0 13.8 146 12 16 12.6 –21 46 –1.8 17.5 36 283 0.994 8.5 11.9 151 22 15 58.5 –21 40 –2.1 18.3 37 343 1.000 10.4 9.9 156 Jun. 1 15 43.4 –21 25 –2.0 18.6 38 96 0.995 12.3 7.7 162 11 15 30.6 –21 08 –1.8 18.2 38 100 0.979 13.9 5.5 167 21 15 22.4 –20 59 –1.6 17.4 39 101 0.957 15.0 3.2 172 Jul. 1 15 19.9 –21 04 –1.4 16.3 39 102 0.932 15.4 0.9 178 11 15 23.1 –21 25 –1.2 15.2 39 103 0.910 15.2 –1.5 184 21 15 31.5 –21 59 –1.0 14.1 38 102 0.890 14.4 –4.0 189 31 15 44.4 –22 44 –0.8 13.1 38 102 0.875 13.2 –6.4 195 Aug. 10 16 1.2 –23 33 –0.6 12.1 37 101 0.863 11.5 –8.8 201 20 16 21.2 –24 21 –0.5 11.3 36 99 0.855 9.4 –11.2 207 30 16 44.0 –25 03 –0.3 10.6 34 97 0.850 7.1 –13.5 213 Sep. 9 17 9.2 –25 35 –0.2 10.0 32 95 0.847 4.4 –15.7 219 19 17 36.3 –25 53 –0.1 9.4 29 92 0.847 1.6 –17.7 226 29 18 4.8 –25 52 +0.0 8.9 26 90 0.848 –1.4 –19.5 232 Oct. 9 18 34.6 –25 30 +0.2 8.4 22 87 0.850 –4.5 –21.2 238 19 19 5.0 –24 45 +0.3 8.0 19 84 0.854 –7.6 –22.6 244 29 19 35.7 –23 38 +0.3 7.6 14 81 0.858 –10.7 –23.7 251 Nov. 8 20 6.5 –22 07 +0.4 7.2 10 79 0.864 –13.6 –24.5 257 18 20 37.1 –20 15 +0.5 6.9 5 76 0.870 –16.4 –25.0 263 28 21 7.3 –18 04 +0.6 6.6 1 74 0.877 –19.0 –25.2 270 Dec. 8 21 36.9 –15 36 +0.7 6.3 356 72 0.883 –21.2 –25.0 276 18 22 5.9 –12 53 +0.8 6.0 351 70 0.891 –23.1 –24.6 282 28 22 34.4 –10 00 +0.9 5.8 346 69 0.898 –24.6 –23.8 288

42 Mars BAA Handbook 2016 LONGITUDE OF THE CENTRAL MERIDIAN OF MARS

Day Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° 1 61.8 123.8 207.9 277.5 3.8 89.5 180.8 252.1 316.2 26.2 84.0 148.9 2 52.2 114.3 198.5 268.2 354.9 80.7 171.6 242.6 306.5 16.5 74.2 139.0 3 42.5 104.7 189.0 258.9 345.9 71.8 162.5 233.2 296.9 6.8 64.4 129.2 4 32.9 95.1 179.6 249.7 337.0 63.0 153.3 223.7 287.3 357.1 54.6 119.3 5 23.2 85.6 170.1 240.5 328.1 54.2 144.1 214.2 277.7 347.3 44.8 109.4

6 13.6 76.0 160.7 231.2 319.1 45.3 134.9 204.7 268.0 337.6 35.0 99.5 7 3.9 66.5 151.3 222.0 310.2 36.5 125.7 195.2 258.4 327.9 25.2 89.6 8 354.3 56.9 141.8 212.8 301.3 27.6 116.5 185.7 248.8 318.2 15.4 79.7 9 344.7 47.4 132.4 203.6 292.5 18.7 107.3 176.2 239.1 308.4 5.5 69.8 10 335.0 37.9 123.0 194.4 283.6 9.9 98.0 166.7 229.5 298.7 355.7 59.9

11 325.4 28.3 113.6 185.2 274.7 1.0 88.8 157.2 219.8 289.0 345.9 50.0 12 315.8 18.8 104.2 176.1 265.8 352.1 79.5 147.7 210.2 279.2 336.1 40.1 13 306.1 9.3 94.8 166.9 257.0 343.2 70.2 138.2 200.5 269.5 326.3 30.2 14 296.5 359.7 85.4 157.8 248.1 334.3 60.9 128.6 190.8 259.8 316.4 20.3 15 286.9 350.2 76.0 148.6 239.3 325.3 51.6 119.1 181.2 250.0 306.6 10.4

16 277.3 340.7 66.6 139.5 230.5 316.4 42.3 109.5 171.5 240.3 296.8 0.5 17 267.7 331.2 57.3 130.4 221.6 307.4 33.0 100.0 161.8 230.5 286.9 350.5 18 258.1 321.7 47.9 121.3 212.8 298.5 23.7 90.4 152.2 220.8 277.1 340.6 19 248.5 312.2 38.5 112.2 204.0 289.5 14.3 80.9 142.5 211.0 267.3 330.7 20 238.8 302.7 29.2 103.1 195.2 280.5 5.0 71.3 132.8 201.3 257.4 320.8

21 229.2 293.2 19.8 94.0 186.4 271.5 355.6 61.7 123.1 191.5 247.6 310.8 22 219.6 283.7 10.5 84.9 177.6 262.5 346.3 52.1 113.5 181.7 237.7 300.9 23 210.1 274.2 1.1 75.9 168.7 253.4 336.9 42.6 103.8 172.0 227.9 291.0 24 200.5 264.7 351.8 66.8 159.9 244.4 327.5 33.0 94.1 162.2 218.0 281.0 25 190.9 255.2 342.5 57.8 151.1 235.4 318.1 23.4 84.4 152.4 208.1 271.1

26 181.3 245.8 333.2 48.8 142.3 226.3 308.7 13.8 74.7 142.7 198.3 261.2 27 171.7 236.3 323.9 39.8 133.5 217.2 299.3 4.2 65.0 132.9 188.4 251.2 28 162.1 226.8 314.6 30.8 124.7 208.1 289.9 354.6 55.3 123.1 178.5 241.3 29 152.5 217.4 305.3 21.8 115.9 199.0 280.4 345.0 45.6 113.3 168.7 231.4 30 143.0 296.0 12.8 107.1 189.9 271.0 335.4 35.9 103.5 158.8 221.4

31 133.4 286.7 98.3 261.6 325.8 93.8 211.5

CHANGE OF LONGITUDE IN INTERVALS OF MEAN TIME

h ° h ° m ° m ° m ° 1 14.62 7 102.34 10 2.44 1 0.24 6 1.46 2 29.24 8 116.96 20 4.87 2 0.49 7 1.71 3 43.86 9 131.58 30 7.31 3 0.73 8 1.95 4 58.48 10 146.21 40 9.75 4 0.97 9 2.19 5 73.10 11 160.83 50 12.18 5 1.22 10 2.44 6 87.72 12 175.45 60 14.62

BAA Handbook 2016 Mars 43 ASTEROIDS

ORBITAL ELEMENTS

Observers with binoculars or small telescopes may find these data useful in locating some of the brighter asteroids.

The data below, for asteroids brighter than magnitude 9.5 at opposition, have been extracted from the Minor Planet Center’s Minor Planet and Comet Ephemeris Service at:

http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/MPEph/MPEph.html

Equinox of the elements J2000 Epoch of the elements JD 2457000.5, 2014 Dec. 09.0 TT

No. Name a e i Node Peri. M au º º º º 2 Pallas 2.772 0.231 34.841 173.096 309.930 78.229 4 Vesta 2.362 0.089 7.140 103.851 151.198 20.864 5 Astraea 2.574 0.191 5.369 141.595 358.929 260.190 7 Iris 2.387 0.231 5.523 259.621 145.461 72.149 8 Flora 2.202 0.156 5.888 110.922 285.467 71.839 10 Hygiea 3.139 0.115 3.841 283.421 312.458 228.704 11 Parthenope 2.453 0.100 4.630 125.567 196.018 227.837 15 Eunomia 2.644 0.187 11.739 293.187 97.554 277.530 18 Melpomene 2.295 0.219 10.134 150.472 227.932 173.781 27 Euterpe 2.347 0.172 1.584 94.800 356.540 256.566

WEBSITE More information on asteroids and dwarf planets can be found on the website of the Asteroids and Remote Planets Section at: http://www.britastro.org/asteroids/

44 Asteroids BAA Handbook 2016 ASTEROID EPHEMERIDES

The geocentric data below, for asteroids listed on p.44, have been extracted from the Minor Planet Center Ephemeris Service at: http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/MPEph/MPEph.html

Equinox J2000 Epoch JD 2457000.5, 2014 Dec. 09.0 TT

2 Pallas 2016 RA Dec. Δ r Elong. V h m s º ' " au au º May 10 21 45 34.5 +11 03 02 3.473 3.408 77.9 10.4 20 21 51 07.3 +11 56 55 3.337 3.405 85.2 10.4 30 21 55 15.1 +12 45 06 3.199 3.402 92.8 10.3 Jun. 9 21 57 47.9 +13 25 12 3.060 3.398 100.7 10.2 19 21 58 37.3 +13 54 22 2.926 3.394 108.9 10.0

29 21 57 37.7 +14 09 33 2.798 3.389 117.4 9.9 Jul. 9 21 54 46.8 +14 07 25 2.681 3.383 126.3 9.8 19 21 50 10.6 +13 44 46 2.579 3.377 135.2 9.6 29 21 44 04.5 +12 59 24 2.496 3.370 143.8 9.4 Aug. 8 21 36 53.6 +11 50 25 2.437 3.363 151.4 9.3

18 21 29 14.4 +10 19 21 2.405 3.355 156.0 9.2 28 21 21 47.4 +08 30 20 2.400 3.346 155.6 9.2 Sep. 7 21 15 12.4 +06 29 26 2.424 3.337 150.3 9.3 17 21 10 04.2 +04 23 58 2.476 3.327 142.2 9.4 27 21 6 45.5 +02 20 51 2.552 3.317 133.0 9.6

Oct. 7 21 5 28.9 +00 25 46 2.649 3.307 123.4 9.7 17 21 6 17.2 -01 17 15 2.762 3.295 113.9 9.8 27 21 9 04.8 -02 45 56 2.887 3.283 104.7 10.0 Nov. 6 21 13 43.2 -03 59 16 3.020 3.271 95.7 10.1 16 21 20 00.7 -04 57 12 3.156 3.258 87.0 10.2

26 21 27 44.2 -05 40 24 3.291 3.244 78.7 10.2 Dec. 6 21 36 42.3 -06 09 44 3.422 3.230 70.5 10.3 16 21 46 43.3 -06 26 21 3.547 3.216 62.7 10.3

BAA Handbook 2016 Asteroids 45 ASTEROID EPHEMERIDES

4 Vesta 2016 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Jan. 1 0 32 37.2 -04 24 14 2.365 2.497 86.0 7.9 11 0 42 31.9 -02 49 50 2.502 2.504 78.8 8.1 21 0 53 40.6 -01 11 10 2.637 2.511 71.9 8.2 31 1 05 50.8 +00 30 14 2.766 2.517 65.2 8.2 Feb. 10 1 18 54.0 +02 13 08 2.890 2.523 58.8 8.3

Vesta in Conjunction to the Sun: 2016 May 24

Sep. 17 7 25 29.4 +20 20 15 2.834 2.564 64.3 8.3 27 7 39 25.6 +20 00 43 2.709 2.561 70.8 8.3 Oct. 7 7 52 14.6 +19 40 49 2.579 2.558 77.6 8.2 17 8 03 43.8 +19 22 28 2.444 2.555 84.8 8.1 27 8 13 39.9 +19 07 50 2.308 2.551 92.4 7.9

Nov. 6 8 21 45.1 +18 59 22 2.172 2.547 100.5 7.8 16 8 27 41.0 +18 59 33 2.039 2.542 109.2 7.6 26 8 31 07.9 +19 10 46 1.913 2.537 118.6 7.4 Dec. 6 8 31 45.5 +19 34 57 1.797 2.532 128.7 7.2 16 8 29 20.9 +20 12 46 1.696 2.527 139.5 7.0

Dec. 26 8 23 53.0 +21 03 09 1.614 2.521 151.1 6.8

5 Astraea 2016 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Jan. 1 10 11 40.8 +09 19 16 1.331 2.087 128.2 10.1 11 10 12 47.5 +09 40 52 1.245 2.084 138.3 9.9 21 10 10 42.7 +10 25 28 1.175 2.082 149.2 9.6 31 10 05 43.8 +11 30 30 1.125 2.081 160.9 9.3 Feb. 10 9 58 33.9 +12 49 33 1.099 2.082 173.2 9.0

20 9 50 28.7 +14 12 35 1.098 2.084 174.3 8.9 Mar. 1 9 42 57.7 +15 28 48 1.122 2.087 162.1 9.3 11 9 37 20.1 +16 29 46 1.169 2.092 150.5 9.6 21 9 34 33.1 +17 10 34 1.236 2.098 139.7 9.9 31 9 34 58.4 +17 30 05 1.320 2.105 129.8 10.1

Apr. 10 9 38 32.2 +17 29 12 1.417 2.113 120.8 10.4

46 Asteroids BAA Handbook 2016 ASTEROID EPHEMERIDES

7 Iris 2016 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Apr. 20 16 57 32.1 -25 02 22 2.110 2.901 134.2 10.3 30 16 52 42.2 -24 47 38 2.010 2.893 145.0 10.0 May 10 16 45 23.0 -24 25 41 1.931 2.885 156.4 9.8 20 16 36 09.3 -23 56 10 1.877 2.875 168.1 9.5 30 16 25 53.3 -23 19 57 1.851 2.865 178.3 9.2

Jun. 9 16 15 36.8 -22 39 19 1.854 2.854 167.6 9.5 19 16 06 24.0 -21 57 57 1.884 2.842 155.9 9.7 29 15 59 04.2 -21 19 49 1.939 2.830 144.6 9.9 Jul. 9 15 54 09.3 -20 48 11 2.016 2.816 133.8 10.1 19 15 51 54.3 -20 25 13 2.108 2.802 123.7 10.3

29 15 52 18.1 -20 11 34 2.214 2.788 114.2 10.4

8 Flora 2016 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Apr. 30 17 53 03.1 -17 49 23 1.684 2.468 131.3 10.4 May 10 17 49 51.9 -17 46 37 1.584 2.457 141.6 10.1 20 17 43 37.9 -17 47 09 1.503 2.446 152.6 9.9 30 17 34 46.1 -17 51 18 1.444 2.434 163.9 9.6 Jun. 9 17 24 04.7 -17 59 01 1.410 2.422 174.0 9.4

19 17 12 47.5 -18 10 17 1.402 2.408 169.7 9.5 29 17 02 14.9 -18 25 16 1.420 2.395 158.4 9.7 Jul. 9 16 53 38.0 -18 44 24 1.462 2.381 147.1 9.9 19 16 47 49.0 -19 08 10 1.525 2.366 136.3 10.0 29 16 45 11.1 -19 36 33 1.603 2.351 126.3 10.2

Aug. 8 16 45 49.1 -20 08 59 1.694 2.335 116.9 10.4

BAA Handbook 2016 Asteroids 47 ASTEROID EPHEMERIDES

10 Hygiea 2016 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Jan. 31 11 58 49.0 -04 47 11 2.263 2.978 128.5 10.4 Feb. 10 11 56 34.5 -04 52 03 2.151 2.968 139.1 10.2 20 11 52 14.5 -04 41 46 2.060 2.958 150.1 10.0 Mar. 1 11 46 09.7 -04 17 10 1.992 2.948 161.3 9.8 11 11 38 54.0 -03 40 33 1.951 2.938 171.9 9.5

21 11 31 15.3 -02 56 08 1.939 2.929 171.8 9.5 31 11 24 05.5 -02 09 19 1.955 2.919 161.3 9.7 Apr. 10 11 18 10.3 -01 25 31 1.998 2.910 150.2 9.9 20 11 14 05.5 -00 49 29 2.064 2.901 139.4 10.1 30 11 12 09.6 -00 24 26 2.149 2.893 129.1 10.3

May 10 11 12 28.0 -00 12 05 2.250 2.884 119.5 10.4

11 Parthenope 2016 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Aug. 8 0 56 00.9 +00 45 31 1.519 2.233 122.3 10.3 18 0 57 44.4 +00 19 33 1.434 2.238 131.6 10.1 28 0 56 33.0 -00 24 32 1.363 2.244 141.6 9.9 Sep. 7 0 52 28.4 -01 24 10 1.309 2.251 152.3 9.6 17 0 45 57.5 -02 33 42 1.277 2.258 163.3 9.4

27 0 37 50.3 -03 45 04 1.269 2.266 172.2 9.2 Oct. 7 0 29 15.9 -04 48 59 1.286 2.274 168.3 9.3 17 0 21 31.1 -05 37 04 1.328 2.282 157.7 9.6 27 0 15 37.7 -06 04 15 1.394 2.291 146.7 9.9 Nov. 6 0 12 15.9 -06 08 39 1.480 2.300 136.2 10.1

16 0 11 42.7 -05 51 09 1.582 2.309 126.2 10.4

15 Eunomia 2016 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Jan. 1 0 26 51.7 +17 03 51 1.862 2.153 93.2 9.4 11 0 41 45.0 +17 32 05 1.978 2.157 86.6 9.5 21 0 57 58.3 +18 11 32 2.096 2.162 80.5 9.6 31 1 15 17.7 +18 59 27 2.213 2.169 74.5 9.8 Feb. 10 1 33 33.9 +19 53 16 2.328 2.176 68.8 9.8

20 1 52 39.2 +20 50 36 2.442 2.184 63.3 9.9 Mar. 1 2 12 25.9 +21 49 02 2.552 2.194 58.0 10.0

Eunomia in Conjunction to the Sun: 2016 Jun 29

Nov. 16 10 15 41.8 +06 42 21 2.626 2.648 80.5 10.4 26 10 23 20.0 +05 15 40 2.509 2.668 88.2 10.4 Dec. 6 10 29 05.9 +03 55 10 2.391 2.688 96.5 10.3 16 10 32 45.4 +02 42 41 2.275 2.707 105.3 10.1 26 10 34 04.8 +01 40 13 2.164 2.726 114.7 10.0

48 Asteroids BAA Handbook 2016 ASTEROID EPHEMERIDES

18 Melpomene 2016 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Jun. 9 0 08 19.6 +00 47 27 1.871 1.903 76.1 10.4 19 0 27 44.8 +02 02 50 1.759 1.885 80.7 10.3 29 0 46 46.4 +03 07 48 1.649 1.868 85.5 10.2 Jul. 9 1 05 14.9 +03 59 43 1.541 1.853 90.4 10.0 19 1 22 57.5 +04 35 53 1.436 1.839 95.6 9.9

29 1 39 39.1 +04 53 44 1.335 1.827 101.2 9.7 Aug. 8 1 54 57.1 +04 50 29 1.238 1.816 107.1 9.5 18 2 08 25.4 +04 23 51 1.147 1.808 113.5 9.3 28 2 19 35.1 +03 32 17 1.063 1.801 120.6 9.0 Sep. 7 2 27 51.1 +02 15 19 0.989 1.796 128.2 8.8

17 2 32 44.8 +00 35 17 0.926 1.794 136.5 8.6 27 2 33 57.5 -01 22 01 0.876 1.793 145.1 8.3 Oct. 7 2 31 30.4 -03 26 04 0.844 1.794 153.4 8.1 17 2 26 04.2 -05 21 43 0.830 1.797 159.5 8.0 27 2 18 52.7 -06 52 59 0.836 1.803 160.1 8.0

Nov. 6 2 11 33.1 -07 47 02 0.863 1.810 154.8 8.2 16 2 05 43.3 -07 58 09 0.909 1.819 146.8 8.4 26 2 02 29.3 -07 28 28 0.972 1.830 138.1 8.7 Dec. 6 2 02 25.1 -06 24 21 1.050 1.842 129.7 8.9 16 2 05 35.8 -04 54 09 1.140 1.857 121.7 9.2

26 2 11 44.8 -03 05 55 1.240 1.872 114.3 9.5

27 Euterpe

2016 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Jan. 1 6 05 16.9 +23 28 35 0.965 1.943 171.4 8.7 11 5 55 59.3 +23 41 24 0.995 1.945 159.1 9.1 21 5 49 40.2 +23 51 36 1.046 1.949 147.5 9.4 31 5 47 14.0 +24 00 30 1.116 1.953 136.8 9.7 Feb. 10 5 48 53.1 +24 08 42 1.200 1.960 127.0 10.0

20 5 54 25.4 +24 15 53 1.296 1.967 118.2 10.2

BAA Handbook 2016 Asteroids 49 ASTEROID OCCULTATIONS OCCULTATIONS OF STARS BY ASTEROIDS AND DWARF PLANETS Favourable events predicted by Edwin Goffin: Max Star Asteroid Asteroid Star Date UT ΔM Duration Magnitude Diameter hh:mm s km (41) Daphne UCAC4-459-006417 Jan-17 22:41 3.0 22.3 9.67 174 see page 51 for Chart

In the table above: ΔM The magnitude drop during occultation. Max Duration Duration of the occultation for an observer at the centre of the shadow path Star Magnitude Visual magnitude of the star

Regional predictions Predictions are selected for : Region 3 = Europe, North Africa and Middle East, where stars are brighter than V= 11.1, with maximum duration of 2 seconds and longer, and magnitude drop greater than 2.0. These are selected from E. Goffin’s global predictions.

TNO Global predictions Selected TNOs events all regions

Major planets All major planet events are listed.

Prediction uncertainties Predictions published a year in advance can be uncertain by several path widths. It’s desirable to monitor appulses even when located outside nominal geographical limits as, on some occasions, the unexpected can be found. e.g. double stars or unknown satellites.

Event duration The duration of an occultation depends on where the observer is positioned within the track. Negative and positive results are published on EURASTER.NET website : http://www.euraster.net/results/index.html – where there is a link to the BEST results. The (130) Elektra event from UK observers in 2010 is included.

Recording and reporting an observation Observations should be timed with a UT accuracy of typically 0.1 to 0.3 sec and reported to the Asteroids and Remote Planets Section and the PLANOCCULT list server. Negative observations (no occultation) should also be reported. European observers are strongly encouraged to subscribe to the PLANOCCULT mailing list for last-minute updates and observation reports : - visit : http://vps.vvs.be/mailman/listinfo/planoccult and follow the instructions to use the list server.

For more up-to-date information on predictions, finder charts and occultation news, consult the following home pages : - Steve Preston (IOTA) for global asteroidal occultations : http://www.asteroidoccultations.com/ - Oliver Klös European events : http://call4obs.iota-es.de/

50 Asteroids BAA Handbook 2016 ASTEROID OCCULTATIONS

BAA Handbook 2016 Asteroids 51 ASTEROID OCCULTATIONS REGIONAL PREDICTIONS Minor Planet Diam Max. Mag. Date Time No. Name (IRAS) Star ID V Dur. drop RoV 2016 h m " sec. Jan. 2 03 58 209 Dido 0.08 UCAC4-476-050158 10.81 19.4 3.1 3 4 03 34 622 Esther 0.05 UCAC4-511-025123 10.19 4.5 2.3 3 7 21 24 407 Arachne 0.07 UCAC4-503-052647 9.77 12.8 3.4 3 15 22 48 592 Bathseba 0.04 UCAC4-479-046847 10.88 6.2 2.9 3

16 21 28 34746 2001 QE91 0.01 UCAC4-547-014379 10.21 3.0 7.0 3 17 07 54 528 Rezia 0.05 HIP 49947 9.13 7.5 5.3 3 17 22 41 41 Daphne 0.10 UCAC4-459-006417 9.67 22.3 3.0 3 22 04 35 332 Siri 0.03 UCAC4-574-041205 11.16 3.3 2.6 3 26 23 57 1963 Bezovec 0.05 UCAC4-505-007188 10.52 3.5 3.5 3 27 00 16 723 Hammonia 0.02 UCAC4-531-010118 9.57 14.0 5.0 3 27 19 01 1867 Deiphobus 0.04 UCAC4-568-030390 10.48 8.0 5.5 3 Feb. 1 01 55 866 Fatme 0.05 HIP 34030 8.58 8.4 5.5 3 10 17 49 795 Fini 0.04 UCAC4-602-006630 10.87 4.4 4.5 3 22 18 40 329 Svea 0.06 UCAC4-471-017276 11.15 9.3 2.9 3 24 21 53 835 Olivia 0.02 UCAC4-563-041035 10.97 7.6 5.7 3 28 19 02 357 Ninina 0.07 UCAC4-532-050221 10.93 7.4 2.5 3 Mar. 3 19 57 36 Atalante 0.09 HIP 39219 8.42 10.7 4.1 3 10 23 14 3139 Shantou 0.02 HIP 33089 8.08 10.5 8.1 3

11 16 49 34746 2001 QE91 0.01 UCAC4-559-014630 9.86 3.5 7.9 3 14 22 52 2356 Hirons 0.03 UCAC4-468-039460 10.76 5.5 5.2 3 Apr. 11 21 14 164 Eva 0.06 UCAC4-581-048142 11.05 6.5 3.3 3 14 21 37 168 Sibylla 0.08 HIP 54675 9.41 16.8 4.2 3 15 21 43 202 Chryseïs 0.04 UCAC4-555-038072 11.00 3.9 2.0 3 May 4 02 50 503 Evelyn 0.06 UCAC4-429-056177 10.90 8.1 2.3 3 17 20 40 4489 1988AK 0.02 UCAC4-478-056263 9.19 4.0 7.1 3 21 00 57 1796 Riga 0.04 UCAC4-485-115373 10.82 8.5 4.7 3 23 00 38 583 Klotilde 0.06 UCAC4-330-083244 9.87 6.6 3.5 3 Jun. 30 21 33 1264 Letaba 0.06 UCAC4-533-128732 10.90 6.9 2.3 3 Aug. 6 02 19 526 Jena 0.03 UCAC4-365-185923 10.89 3.2 4.1 3 9 03 37 286 Iclea 0.04 UCAC4-482-008843 11.16 3.2 3.9 3 13 02 29 426 Hippo 0.06 UCAC4-650-021131 9.86 4.8 4.5 3 16 22 20 227 Philosophia 0.06 UCAC4-400-136664 9.95 6.9 3.2 3 27 22 11 58 Concordia 0.06 UCAC4-362-082822 10.47 8.7 3.4 3 Sep. 1 20 00 159 Aemilia 0.07 UCAC4-361-201322 10.31 11.8 3.0 3 4 02 05 218 Bianca 0.03 UCAC4-491-008824 11.05 3.7 3.0 3 13 19 06 76 Freia 0.06 UCAC4-367-067147 11.07 6.4 3.7 3 29 03 45 705 Erminia 0.06 HIP 44331 6.46 4.4 7.6 3 Oct. 3 23 33 143 Adria 0.04 UCAC4-596-044303 11.03 3.7 3.8 3 8 21 52 32 Pomona 0.06 UCAC4-491-000903 9.21 6.4 2.2 3

8 22 47 2010 RO64 0.01 HIP 6687 6.65 14.5 4.8 3 9 04 20 113 Amalthea 0.03 UCAC4-545-036092 10.42 3.1 3.0 3 12 01 37 9 Metis 0.13 HIP 45826 7.40 7.2 3.6 3 25 06 49 530 Turandot 0.04 UCAC4-533-043437 10.38 10.0 5.1 3 Nov. 1 19 22 193 Ambrosia 0.07 UCAC4-670-033289 9.42 8.5 2.7 3 8 02 31 564 Dudu 0.03 UCAC4-574-017385 10.43 4.3 5.3 3 13 00 51 564 Dudu 0.03 UCAC4-576-016651 10.43 3.8 5.2 3 14 05 28 102 Miriam 0.08 UCAC4-540-018679 9.85 12.1 2.9 3 16 05 28 33 Polyhymnia 0.03 UCAC4-473-047055 10.59 3.2 4.6 3 21 04 09 105 Artemis 0.07 UCAC4-406-054143 10.90 3.9 2.8 3 24 22 40 927 Ratisbona 0.04 UCAC4-562-003601 10.67 6.4 4.2 3 Dec. 14 05 51 9142 Rhesus 0.01 UCAC4-517-047274 10.56 3.4 7.6 3 16 00 06 861 Aida 0.04 FK6 2577 6.73 5.7 8.1 3 17 17 41 444 Gyptis 0.13 UCAC4-469-002499 10.04 48.9 2.1 3 52 Asteroids BAA Handbook 2016 ASTEROID OCCULTATIONS

TNO GLOBAL PREDICTIONS

Minor Planet Diam Max. Mag. Date Time No. Name (IRAS) Star ID V Dur. drop RoV 2016 h m " sec.

Mar. 24 19 20 20000 Varuna 0.03 UCAC4-585-041384 14.10 101.4 6.1 5 28 05 52 10199 Chariklo 0.02 UCAC4-281-197089 14.04 30.4 4.8 2 Apr. 22 01 28 50000 Quaoar 0.04 UCAC4-373-110044 13.93 106.5 5.0 3 Jun. 22 23 17 134340 Pluto 0.10 UCAC4-345-181667 14.34 101.3 0.8 3, 6 30 17 56 55576 Amycus 0.01 UCAC4-288-183652 14.92 5.1 5.8 8 Jul. 5 15 57 55576 Amycus 0.01 UCAC4-288-182412 14.81 5.2 6.0 8 7 01 09 10370 Hylonome 0.01 UCAC4-355-123292 14.09 4.7 7.6 2 7 05 53 10199 Chariklo 0.02 UCAC4-279-186300 12.86 11.2 5.6 2 23 05 15 50000 Quaoar 0.04 UCAC4-373-104756 14.52 62.4 4.3 1 Oct. 1 10 08 10199 Chariklo 0.02 UCAC4-285-174081 14.72 19.5 4.2 8 Dec. 15 13 40 54598 Bienor 0.01 PPMX 3828109 14.77 7.8 4.8 5

MAJOR PLANET PREDICTIONS Planet Max. Date Time Name Diam Star ID V Dur. RoV 2016 h m " sec. Feb. 11 02 27 Mars 7.38 UCAC4-369-069363 10.04 378.9 4 Apr. 12 16 00 Jupiter 42.65 HIP 54057 7.42 12978.9 5,6,7,8 Jul. 19 01 58 Mars 14.30 HIP 75755 9.26 1433.5 1 Aug. 30 05 12 Mars 10.59 UCAC4-325-087887 9.60 463.1 1 Oct. 10 13 32 Mars 8.34 HIP 91380 8.20 291.8 7, 8 25 02 48 Mars 7.75 UCAC4-330-190712 9.85 261.0 1 Dec. 2 16 39 Mars 6.47 UCAC4-365-187347 9.58 206.7 3 10 17 29 Jupiter 33.55 HIP 64147 8.67 5312.9 8 19 18 12 Venus 19.44 HIP 104230 8.43 413.1 4

Using the tables In the table of predictions : Time = UT of closest geocentric approach. Region of Visibility codes (RoV): 1 = North and Central America 2 = South America 3 = Europe, North Africa and the Middle East 4 = South Africa 5 = Russia 6 = Pakistan, India, and SE Asia 7 = Japan, China and Taiwan 8 = Australia and New Zealand Where diameters are not listed in the IRAS catalogue, an assumed value of A, the geometric albedo, has been used to calculate a value for the asteroid diameter. Predictions computed by Edwin Goffin. Track details are available from the Flemish Astronomical Association ftp site: ftp://ftp.ster.kuleuven.ac.be/dist/vvs/asteroids/2016

BAA Handbook 2016 Asteroids 53 ASTEROIDS: FAVOURABLE OBSERVING OPPORTUNITIES LIGHTCURVE OPPORTUNITIES Based on an analysis of both numbered and unnumbered objects in the Minor Planet Center MPCORB database by Brian D. Warner. Asteroids are listed which at opposition reach magnitude 14.5 or brighter, and for which the rotation period is very uncertain or unknown. Where a 'U' code is given as '1' or ‘1+’, the values given are based on fragmentary lightcurves and are likely to be incorrect.

Period/amplitude data are taken from the list maintained by Brian D. Warner and Alan W. Harris of the Space Science Institute and Petr Pravec of the Astronomical Institute, Ondrejov, Czech Republic, at:

http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html

Asteroid Opposition Amplitude Number Name Date V Δ Dec. U Period of Magnitude m d au ° Code h Variation 1271 Isergina 01 03.2 14.3 1.971 +19 2535 Hameenlinna 02 12.0 14.3 1.084 +11 2827 Vellamo 03 25.5 14.4 1.243 –7 1715 Salli 03 26.0 14.2 1.055 +10 1 11 0.5 3002 Delasalle 05 13.3 14.3 0.954 –7

1259 Ogyalla 05 17.1 13.9 1.701 –18 1 12 0.3 5355 Akihiro 05 22.9 14.5 0.966 –19 2271 Kiso 05 25.4 14.4 1.689 –16 0.12 2009 DL46 05 26.0 13.5 0.016 –31 722 Frieda 05 27.9 13.9 0.956 –26 0.04

318 Magdalena 06 01.5 14.3 2.440 –7 1 59.5 0.11 17711 1997 WA7 06 15.0 14.5 1.106 –17 6975 Hiroaki 06 18.6 14.4 1.094 –31 2831 Stevin 06 24.4 14.4 1.063 –25 1937 Locarno 06 28.5 13.6 1.027 –31

1821 Aconcagua 07 06.6 14.4 0.885 –24 1393 Sofala 07 06.9 14.5 1.222 –31 1 7.8 0.03 6916 Lewispearce 07 13.9 14.1 1.152 –36 1195 Orangia 07 16.0 14.5 0.880 –18 3500 Kobayashi 07 20.5 13.8 0.818 –23

54 Asteroids BAA Handbook 2016 ASTEROIDS: FAVOURABLE OBSERVING OPPORTUNITIES

Cont'd

Asteroid Opposition Amplitude Number Name Date V Δ Dec. U Period of Magnitude m d au ° Code h Variation 2349 Kurchenko 07 27.9 14.4 1.510 –15 991 McDonalda 07 28.3 14.5 1.640 –22 37802 1997 XD11 08 01.0 14.5 0.492 –19 1007 Pawlowia 08 01.6 14.3 1.583 –18 1 8.23 0.02 18301 Konyukhov 08 02.8 14.4 0.874 –18

7456 Doressoundiram 08 07.5 14.4 0.830 –25 5977 1992 TH1 08 11.2 14.4 1.328 –13 2286 Fesenkov 08 12.9 14.4 0.983 –17 437 Rhodia 08 17.3 11.8 0.795 +1 1 56 0.38 2109 Dhotel 08 19.3 13.8 1.028 –9 1 32 0.3

19516 1998 QF80 08 27.0 14.5 0.733 +8 2989 Imago 08 27.2 14.3 0.848 –17 4963 Kanroku 08 27.8 14.3 1.325 –9 3925 Tret'yakov 08 28.8 14.3 1.615 –6 2451 Dollfus 08 31.5 14.4 1.379 –7 1 48 0.1

8778 1931 TD3 09 08.2 14.5 0.739 –22 4775 Hansen 09 12.3 12.5 0.311 +7 319 Leona 09 27.0 13.7 1.839 +2 1 9.6 0.1 6016 1991 PA11 10 04.7 14.3 0.847 +4 58143 1983 VD7 10 14.7 14.3 0.938 +2

2022 West 10 21.7 14.4 1.395 +15 957 Camelia 10 22.5 13.8 1.826 +20 1+ 150 0.3 496 Gryphia 10 23.7 13.6 1.149 +11 1 18 0.05 2580 Smilevskia 11 11.5 14.5 0.967 +15 703 Noemi 11 12.7 13.7 0.902 +16

2407 Haug 12 11.0 14.4 1.757 +27 4293 Masumi 12 13.1 14.4 1.192 +30 0.1 2068 Dangreen 12 28.0 14.1 1.572 +23 0.04 467 Laura 12 28.1 14.4 1.715 +31 1 36.8 0.14

BAA Handbook 2016 Asteroids 55 ASTEROIDS: FAVOURABLE OBSERVING OPPORTUNITIES

OPPORTUNITIES AT LOW PHASE ANGLE AND AT OPPOSITION

Asteroids have been selected on the following criteria: V<14.0, Phase Angle ≤0.20° Asteroid Opposition Minimum Maximum Number Name Date Phase Angle V Dec. Period Change in m d ° ° h Magnitude 140 Siwa 01 09.2 0.02 12.8 +22 34.407 0.15 1069 Planckia 02 12.4 0.06 12.9 +14 8.665 0.42 169 Zelia 03 15.2 0.01 12.8 +2 14.537 0.14 94 Aurora 03 23.3 0.02 12.0 –1 7.22 0.18 160 Una 03 24.9 0.15 12.7 –1 11.033 0.23 238 Hypatia 03 25.0 0.07 12.3 –2 8.875 0.17 66 Maja 03 28.5 0.01 13.2 –3 9.735 0.45 425 Cornelia 05 20.0 0.08 13.1 –20 17.56 0.19 449 Hamburga 06 21.9 0.14 13.1 –24 18.263 0.17 462 Eriphyla 07 04.5 0.08 12.7 –23 8.64 0.39 868 Lova 07 19.5 0.07 13.7 –21 41.3 0.40 64 Angelina 07 25.2 0.08 11.6 –20 8.752 0.42 159 Aemilia 08 09.1 0.12 12.7 –16 24.476 0.26 4613 Mamoru 08 19.5 0.16 13.9 –13 5.388 0.41 1682 Karel 08 21.0 0.20 13.6 –12 3.375 0.47 149 Medusa 08 24.0 0.13 12.7 –11 26.023 0.56 2264 Sabrina 09 01.8 0.10 13.8 –8 43.41 0.30 167 Urda 09 11.2 0.05 12.6 –5 13.07 0.39 319 Leona 09 27.0 0.09 13.7 +2 9.6 0.10 518 Halawe 10 15.6 0.16 13.1 +9 14.31 0.55 551 Ortrud 10 19.7 0.08 12.9 +10 13.05 0.18 496 Gryphia 10 23.7 0.16 13.6 +11 18 0.05 1219 Britta 11 02.6 0.17 13.2 +15 5.575 0.75 849 Ara 11 09.9 0.11 12.6 +17 4.116 0.53 178 Belisana 11 15.7 0.05 12.4 +19 12.323 0.18 468 Lina 11 26.3 0.16 13.4 +21 16.33 0.18 1177 Gonnessia 12 03.2 0.12 13.8 +23 30.51 0.25 424 Gratia 12 30.9 0.02 12.4 +23 19.47 0.32

56 Asteroids BAA Handbook 2016 NEO CLOSE APPROACHES TO EARTH Prepared from data on the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Near Earth Object Program website at: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/ca/ This lists asteroids predicted to pass within 0.05 au (about 7.5 million km) of the Earth attaining magnitude 20.0 or brighter during 2016 (as of 2015 Jan 23). Especially favourable approaches are shown in bold. Newly- discovered objects may be added to the list available via the JPL NEO site, so do check this for recent updates. The Nominal Miss Distance is given in Lunar Distances (LD) and Astronomical Units (au). The apparent Elongation and Declination are geocentric. Ephemerides should be obtained near the time of observation from the MPC via its Minor Planet and Comet Ephemeris Service at: http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/MPEph/MPEph.html

For your local ephemerides, choose a location or observatory near your site. Note that the positions of some objects are subject to significant uncertainty.

Object Close Nominal Relative Magnitude Date Elongation Declination Approach Miss Distance Velocity H (brightest) when when when Date* brightest brightest brightest LD** au km s–1 ° ° 85990 Jan. 6.0 12.6 0.0324 9.62 20.0 14.5 Jan. 9 140 –18 2013 VA10 Feb. 7 8.5 0.0218 25.85 22.1 15.7 Feb. 6 144 +43 2014 EK24 Feb. 14.5 13.8 0.0356 3.15 23.2 17.4 Feb. 20 148 +41 2008 DL5 Feb. 27.7 17.9 0.0459 17.50 21.8 17.2 Feb. 29 130 –14 2011 EH17 Mar. 1.8 11.1 0.0284 16.71 24.6 18.3 Mar . 3 157 –15 2013 TX68 Mar. 5 1.3 0.0034 14.44 25.3 15.1 Mar. 6 128 +25 2010 FX9 Mar 19 6.9 0.0176 11.06 24.2 17.8 Mar. 20 128 +47 252P/LINEAR*** Mar. 21.5 13.9 0.0357 10.56 n/a 11.4 Mar. 21 95 –74 1994 UG Mar. 25.3 17.3 0.0444 7.38 21.0 17.3 Mar. 14 111 +55 2008 BX2 Mar. 30.1 19.1 0.0492 8.53 23.7 18.8 Mar. 23 151 –20 363599 Apr. 11.7 19.3 0.0496 24.51 21.0 17.1 Apr. 9 117 +36 2005 GR33 Apr 13.1 7.8 0.0199 15.88 22.0 15.9 Apr. 12 113 –53 2003 KO2 Apr. 25.0 17.9 0.0460 16.27 20.2 17.1 Apr. 28 87 +16 2002 CX58 Apr. 29 16.7 0.0428 11.04 22.1 17.8 May 3 119 +37 2006 UK May 3.6 17.8 0.0458 16.22 20.1 15.8 May 6 124 –29 388945 May 5.4 13.1 0.0337 9.65 20.4 14.8 May 2 141 –21 2009 DL46 May 24.5 5.9 0.0152 6.45 21.6 13.8 May 25 156 –23 2010 NY65 Jun. 24.4 10.7 0.0275 12.95 21.4 16.9 Jun. 27 100 +30 2005 OH3 Aug. 3 5.8 0.0150 3.53 26.0 18.0 Aug. 3 157 –35 2009 ES Sep. 5.8 18.8 0.0484 18.06 20.5 15.6 Sep. 6 141 –29 2009 UG Sep. 30 7.3 0.0188 8.89 23.2 15.9 Oct. 2 163 –9 2011 DU Oct. 6.8 15.2 0.0391 8.71 21.1 16.7 Oct. 13 122 –4 413260 Oct. 27.7 10.1 0.0259 10.35 19.4 15.1 Oct. 24 90 +76 164121 Oct. 31.4 13.5 0.0348 24.06 16.2 10.8 Oct. 30 129 +43 2002 UQ12 Nov. 7.3 19.4 0.0500 20.08 22.2 18.0 Nov. 4 131 –23 2004 KB Nov. 10 10.0 0.0257 13.52 21.1 17.4 Nov. 7 82 +66 1997 XR2 Nov. 18.6 18.5 0.0476 6.35 20.9 16.0 Nov. 29 158 +28 2008 UL90 Dec. 12.6 15.2 0.0391 13.15 18.6 16.7 Dec. 18 62 +5 2006 XD2 Dec. 21.3 18.9 0.0485 13.59 21.0 16.8 Dec. 17 121 +38 2012 YK Dec. 30.1 16.9 0.0433 10.51 23.0 18.8 Dec. 27 107 +44

* Dates are quoted to the nearest day if uncertainty in close approach date is greater than ±0.2 day ** Lunar Distance: 1.0 LD = 3.844 x 105 km or 0.00257 au *** 5th closest pass by a comet on record. Total magnitude when brightest indicated BAA Handbook 2016 Asteroids 57 JUPITER

Opposition: March 8 Conjunction: September 26 2016 Equat Polar RA Dec. Mag D Δ Diam. Diam. E h m º ' " " º au Jan. 3 11 37.0 +3 51 –2.2 39.3 36.7 –1.8 5.018 13 11 37.1 +3 53 –2.2 40.5 37.8 –1.9 4.872 23 11 36.0 +4 03 –2.3 41.6 38.9 –1.9 4.740 Feb. 2 11 33.8 +4 20 –2.4 42.6 39.8 –1.9 4.627 12 11 30.5 +4 44 –2.4 43.5 40.6 –1.9 4.537 22 11 26.5 +5 11 –2.5 44.1 41.2 –1.9 4.474 Mar. 3 11 21.9 +5 42 –2.5 44.4 41.5 –1.9 4.441 13 11 17.1 +6 13 –2.5 44.4 41.5 –1.9 4.438 23 11 12.4 +6 42 –2.5 44.1 41.3 –1.8 4.467 Apr. 2 11 8.2 +7 08 –2.4 43.6 40.7 –1.8 4.525 12 11 4.8 +7 29 –2.4 42.8 40.0 –1.7 4.610 22 11 2.2 +7 43 –2.3 41.8 39.1 –1.6 4.717 May 2 11 0.7 +7 50 –2.3 40.7 38.1 –1.6 4.844 12 11 0.4 +7 50 –2.2 39.6 37.0 –1.6 4.985 22 11 1.2 +7 43 –2.1 38.4 35.9 –1.5 5.135 Jun. 1 11 3.1 +7 29 –2.1 37.3 34.8 –1.5 5.291 11 11 5.9 +7 09 –2.0 36.2 33.8 –1.5 5.448 21 11 9.7 +6 43 –1.9 35.2 32.9 –1.5 5.602 Jul. 1 11 14.3 +6 12 –1.9 34.3 32.1 –1.6 5.751 11 11 19.6 +5 37 –1.8 33.5 31.3 –1.6 5.891 21 11 25.5 +4 58 –1.8 32.7 30.6 –1.6 6.020 31 11 32.0 +4 16 –1.7 32.1 30.0 –1.7 6.136 Aug. 10 11 38.9 +3 30 –1.7 31.6 29.6 –1.7 6.235 20 11 46.1 +2 43 –1.7 31.2 29.2 –1.8 6.318 30 11 53.6 +1 53 –1.7 30.9 28.9 –1.9 6.382 Sep. 9 12 1.4 +1 03 –1.7 30.7 28.7 –1.9 6.426 19 12 9.2 +0 11 –1.7 30.6 28.6 –2.0 6.450 29 12 17.2 – 0 40 –1.7 30.6 28.6 –2.1 6.452 Oct. 9 12 25.1 – 1 31 –1.7 30.6 28.7 –2.2 6.434 19 12 32.9 – 2 21 –1.7 30.8 28.8 –2.2 6.394 29 12 40.6 – 3 09 –1.7 31.1 29.1 –2.3 6.334 Nov. 8 12 48.1 – 3 56 –1.7 31.5 29.5 –2.4 6.253 18 12 55.2 – 4 39 –1.7 32.0 30.0 –2.5 6.154 28 13 1.9 – 5 20 –1.8 32.6 30.5 –2.6 6.038 Dec. 8 13 8.1 – 5 56 –1.8 33.4 31.2 –2.6 5.907 18 13 13.6 – 6 28 –1.9 34.2 32.0 –2.7 5.763 28 13 18.4 – 6 54 –1.9 35.1 32.9 –2.8 5.610

Description of the headings in the table can be found on page 110.

58 Jupiter BAA Handbook 2016 LONGITUDE OF CENTRAL MERIDIAN OF JUPITER SYSTEM I Day Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. º º º º º º º º º º º º 1 56.2 274.0 177.1 35.5 93.0 304.9 356.5 204.4 51.9 102.2 311.2 4.2 2 214.1 72.0 335.2 193.5 250.8 102.7 154.2 2.1 209.6 259.9 109.0 162.0 3 12.1 230.0 133.2 351.4 48.7 260.4 311.9 159.7 7.2 57.6 266.7 319.8 4 170.1 28.1 291.2 149.4 206.5 58.1 109.6 317.4 164.9 215.3 64.5 117.6 5 328.0 186.1 89.3 307.4 4.4 215.9 267.2 115.0 322.6 13.0 222.2 275.4 6 126.0 344.1 247.3 105.3 162.2 13.6 64.9 272.7 120.2 170.7 19.9 73.2 7 284.0 142.2 45.3 263.3 320.1 171.4 222.6 70.4 277.9 328.4 177.7 231.0 8 81.9 300.2 203.4 61.2 117.9 329.1 20.3 228.0 75.6 126.0 335.4 28.8 9 239.9 98.2 1.4 219.2 275.7 126.9 178.0 25.7 233.2 283.7 133.2 186.6 10 37.9 256.3 159.4 17.1 73.5 284.6 335.7 183.3 30.9 81.4 290.9 344.5 11 195.9 54.3 317.5 175.0 231.4 82.3 133.3 341.0 188.6 239.2 88.7 142.3 12 353.8 212.4 115.5 333.0 29.2 240.0 291.0 138.7 346.3 36.9 246.4 300.1 13 151.8 10.4 273.5 130.9 187.0 37.8 88.7 296.3 143.9 194.6 44.2 97.9 14 309.8 168.4 71.5 288.8 344.8 195.5 246.4 94.0 301.6 352.3 202.0 255.7 15 107.8 326.5 229.6 86.7 142.6 353.2 44.0 251.7 99.3 150.0 359.7 53.6 16 265.8 124.5 27.6 244.7 300.4 150.9 201.7 49.3 257.0 307.7 157.5 211.4 17 63.8 282.6 185.6 42.6 98.2 308.6 359.4 207.0 54.6 105.4 315.3 9.2 18 221.8 80.6 343.6 200.5 256.0 106.4 157.1 4.6 212.3 263.1 113.0 167.1 19 19.8 238.7 141.6 358.4 53.8 264.1 314.7 162.3 10.0 60.8 270.8 324.9 20 177.8 36.7 299.6 156.3 211.6 61.8 112.4 320.0 167.7 218.5 68.6 122.8 21 335.8 194.7 97.6 314.2 9.4 219.5 270.1 117.6 325.3 16.3 226.3 280.6 22 133.8 352.8 255.6 112.1 167.2 17.2 67.7 275.3 123.0 174.0 24.1 78.5 23 291.8 150.8 53.6 270.0 325.0 174.9 225.4 72.9 280.7 331.7 181.9 236.3 24 89.8 308.9 211.6 67.9 122.8 332.6 23.1 230.6 78.4 129.4 339.7 34.2 25 247.8 106.9 9.6 225.8 280.5 130.3 180.7 28.3 236.1 287.1 137.4 192.0 26 45.8 265.0 167.6 23.6 78.3 288.0 338.4 185.9 33.8 84.9 295.2 349.9 27 203.9 63.0 325.6 181.5 236.1 85.7 136.1 343.6 191.4 242.6 93.0 147.7 28 1.9 221.0 123.6 339.4 33.9 243.4 293.7 141.3 349.1 40.3 250.8 305.6 29 159.9 19.1 281.6 137.2 191.6 41.1 91.4 298.9 146.8 198.0 48.6 103.5 30 317.9 79.5 295.1 349.4 198.8 249.1 96.6 304.5 355.8 206.4 261.3 31 116.0 237.5 147.1 46.7 254.2 153.5 59.2

CHANGE OF LONGITUDE IN INTERVALS OF MEAN TIME

h º h º º m º m m º 1 36.58 7 256.05 10 6.10 1 0.61 6 3.66 2 73.16 8 292.63 20 12.19 2 1.22 7 4.27 3 109.74 9 329.21 30 18.29 3 1.83 8 4.88 4 146.32 10 365.79 40 24.39 4 2.44 9 5.49 5 182.90 11 402.37 50 30.48 5 3.05 10 6.10 6 219.48 12 438.95 60 36.58 System I applies to all objects situated on or between the north component of the South Equatorial Belt and the south component of the North Equatorial Belt.

BAA Handbook 2016 Jupiter 59 LONGITUDE OF CENTRAL MERIDIAN OF JUPITER SYSTEM II Day Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. º º º º º º º º º º º º 1 86.7 67.9 109.8 91.7 280.2 255.7 78.4 49.8 20.8 202.1 174.7 358.7 2 237.0 218.3 260.2 242.0 70.5 45.8 228.4 199.8 170.8 352.2 324.8 148.9 3 27.3 8.7 50.6 32.3 220.7 195.9 18.5 349.8 320.8 142.3 114.9 299.0 4 177.7 159.1 201.0 182.7 10.9 346.0 168.6 139.9 110.9 292.3 265.0 89.2 5 328.0 309.5 351.4 333.0 161.1 136.1 318.6 289.9 260.9 82.4 55.1 239.4 6 118.3 99.9 141.8 123.3 311.3 286.3 108.7 79.9 50.9 232.5 205.2 29.6 7 268.7 250.3 292.3 273.6 101.6 76.4 258.7 230.0 201.0 22.5 355.3 179.7 8 59.0 40.8 82.7 64.0 251.8 226.5 48.8 20.0 351.0 172.6 145.4 329.9 9 209.4 191.2 233.1 214.3 42.0 16.6 198.8 170.0 141.1 322.7 295.6 120.1 10 359.7 341.6 23.5 4.6 192.2 166.7 348.9 320.1 291.1 112.7 85.7 270.3 11 150.1 132.0 173.9 154.9 342.3 316.8 138.9 110.1 81.1 262.8 235.8 60.5 12 300.4 282.4 324.2 305.2 132.5 106.9 289.0 260.1 231.2 52.9 25.9 210.7 13 90.8 72.8 114.6 95.5 282.7 257.0 79.0 50.1 21.2 203.0 176.1 0.9 14 241.1 223.2 265.0 245.8 72.9 47.1 229.1 200.2 171.3 353.0 326.2 151.1 15 31.5 13.6 55.4 36.1 223.1 197.2 19.1 350.2 321.3 143.1 116.3 301.3 16 181.8 164.0 205.8 186.4 13.3 347.3 169.2 140.2 111.4 293.2 266.4 91.5 17 332.2 314.4 356.2 336.7 163.4 137.3 319.2 290.3 261.4 83.3 56.6 241.7 18 122.6 104.9 146.6 126.9 313.6 287.4 109.2 80.3 51.5 233.3 206.7 31.9 19 272.9 255.3 297.0 277.2 103.8 77.5 259.3 230.3 201.5 23.4 356.9 182.1 20 63.3 45.7 87.3 67.5 253.9 227.6 49.3 20.4 351.5 173.5 147.0 332.3 21 213.7 196.1 237.7 217.8 44.1 17.7 199.4 170.4 141.6 323.6 297.1 122.5 22 4.1 346.5 28.1 8.0 194.3 167.8 349.4 320.4 291.6 113.7 87.3 272.7 23 154.4 136.9 178.5 158.3 344.4 317.8 139.4 110.5 81.7 263.8 237.4 62.9 24 304.8 287.3 328.8 308.5 134.6 107.9 289.5 260.5 231.7 53.9 27.6 213.2 25 95.2 77.8 119.2 98.8 284.7 258.0 79.5 50.5 21.8 204.0 177.7 3.4 26 245.6 228.2 269.6 249.0 74.9 48.0 229.6 200.6 171.9 354.1 327.9 153.6 27 36.0 18.6 59.9 39.3 225.0 198.1 19.6 350.6 321.9 144.2 118.0 303.8 28 186.4 169.0 210.3 189.5 15.1 348.2 169.6 140.6 112.0 294.3 268.2 94.1 29 336.8 319.4 0.6 339.8 165.3 138.2 319.7 290.7 262.0 84.4 58.4 244.3 30 127.2 151.0 130.0 315.4 288.3 109.7 80.7 52.1 234.5 208.5 34.5 31 277.5 301.3 105.5 259.7 230.7 24.6 184.8 CHANGE OF LONGITUDE IN INTERVALS OF MEAN TIME

h º h º m º m º m º 1 36.26 7 253.83 10 6.04 1 0.60 6 3.63 2 72.52 8 290.09 20 12.09 2 1.21 7 4.23 3 108.78 9 326.35 30 18.13 3 1.81 8 4.83 4 145.05 10 362.61 40 24.17 4 2.42 9 5.44 5 181.31 11 398.87 50 30.22 5 3.02 10 6.04 6 217.57 12 435.14 60 36.26 System II applies to all objects situated north of the south component of the North Equatorial Belt or south of the north component of the South Equatorial Belt. 60 Jupiter BAA Handbook 2016 LONGITUDE OF CENTRAL MERIDIAN OF JUPITER SYSTEM III (2009) Day Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. º º º º º º º º º º º º 1 86.5 76.0 125.6 115.7 312.3 296.0 126.7 106.3 85.6 275.0 255.7 87.8 2 237.0 226.6 276.3 266.3 102.8 86.3 277.0 256.6 235.9 65.3 46.1 238.2 3 27.6 17.3 66.9 56.9 253.3 236.7 67.3 46.9 26.2 215.6 196.5 28.7 4 178.2 168.0 217.6 207.5 43.7 27.1 217.6 197.2 176.5 6.0 346.9 179.1 5 328.8 318.6 8.3 358.1 194.2 177.5 8.0 347.5 326.8 156.3 137.2 329.5 6 119.4 109.3 158.9 148.7 344.7 327.9 158.3 137.8 117.1 306.6 287.6 120.0 7 270.0 260.0 309.6 299.3 135.2 118.3 308.6 288.1 267.4 96.9 78.0 270.4 8 60.7 50.7 100.3 89.9 285.7 268.6 98.9 78.4 57.7 247.3 228.4 60.9 9 211.3 201.3 251.0 240.4 76.1 59.0 249.3 228.7 208.0 37.6 18.8 211.3 10 1.9 352.0 41.6 31.0 226.6 209.4 39.6 19.0 358.3 188.0 169.2 1.8 11 152.5 142.7 192.3 181.6 17.0 359.7 189.9 169.3 148.6 338.3 319.6 152.2 12 303.1 293.4 342.9 332.2 167.5 150.1 340.2 319.6 298.9 128.6 110.0 302.7 13 93.7 84.0 133.6 122.7 318.0 300.5 130.5 109.9 89.2 279.0 260.3 93.1 14 244.4 234.7 284.3 273.3 108.4 90.8 280.8 260.2 239.6 69.3 50.7 243.6 15 35.0 25.4 74.9 63.8 258.9 241.2 71.1 50.5 29.9 219.7 201.1 34.1 16 185.6 176.1 225.6 214.4 49.3 31.5 221.4 200.8 180.2 10.0 351.5 184.5 17 336.2 326.7 16.2 5.0 199.7 181.9 11.8 351.1 330.5 160.4 141.9 335.0 18 126.9 117.4 166.9 155.5 350.2 332.3 162.1 141.4 120.8 310.7 292.3 125.5 19 277.5 268.1 317.5 306.0 140.6 122.6 312.4 291.7 271.1 101.1 82.7 276.0 20 68.2 58.8 108.2 96.6 291.0 273.0 102.7 82.0 61.4 251.4 233.2 66.4 21 218.8 209.5 258.8 247.1 81.5 63.3 253.0 232.3 211.8 41.8 23.6 216.9 22 9.4 0.1 49.5 37.7 231.9 213.6 43.3 22.6 2.1 192.1 174.0 7.4 23 160.1 150.8 200.1 188.2 22.3 4.0 193.6 172.9 152.4 342.5 324.4 157.9 24 310.7 301.5 350.7 338.7 172.7 154.3 343.9 323.2 302.7 132.8 114.8 308.4 25 101.4 92.2 141.4 129.2 323.1 304.7 134.2 113.5 93.0 283.2 265.2 98.9 26 252.0 242.9 292.0 279.7 113.5 95.0 284.5 263.8 243.3 73.5 55.6 249.4 27 42.7 33.5 82.6 70.3 264.0 245.3 74.8 54.1 33.7 223.9 206.1 39.9 28 193.3 184.2 233.2 220.8 54.4 35.7 225.1 204.4 184.0 14.3 356.5 190.4 29 344.0 334.9 23.8 11.3 204.8 186.0 15.4 354.7 334.3 164.6 146.9 340.9 30 134.7 174.5 161.8 355.2 336.3 165.7 145.0 124.6 315.0 297.3 131.4 31 285.3 325.1 145.6 316.0 295.3 105.4 281.9

CHANGE OF LONGITUDE IN INTERVALS OF MEAN TIME h º h º m º m º m º 1 36.27 7 253.91 10 6.05 1 0.60 6 3.63 2 72.54 8 290.18 20 12.09 2 1.21 7 4.23 3 108.82 9 326.45 30 18.14 3 1.81 8 4.84 4 145.09 10 362.72 40 24.18 4 2.42 9 5.44 5 181.36 11 399.00 50 30.23 5 3.02 10 6.05 6 217.63 12 435.27 60 36.27 System III applies to the origin of radio emissions from the planet. See page 62 for a description. BAA Handbook 2016 Jupiter 61 LONGITUDE OF CENTRAL MERIDIAN OF JUPITER SYSTEM III – DEFINITION Radio radiation from Jupiter at around 20MHz was discovered in 1955. It varies with the rotation of the planet and this is known as "System III". It is of interest because it indicates rotation beneath the cloud cover. Radio radiation emanates from the magnetosphere of Jupiter, and the rotation is due to the fact that the magnetic poles are not situated exactly at the poles of rotation. (The position of the satellite Io and the DE value are also significant for predicting "radio storms" from Jupiter.) In 1976 the IAU adopted a rotation for System III of 870.536 degrees per day. More recent work suggested an improvement to 870.536642, adopted in 2000 and used in recent BAA Handbooks. However subsequent analysis of data from Galileo gives a different value, consistent with 870.536 and its implied accuracy but not with 870.536642. The IAU provisionally recommends that 870.536 be used.

SATELLITES OF JUPITER

The satellites move from east to west across the face of the planet, and from west to east behind it. After conjunction with the Sun and before opposition, the shadow of Jupiter falls to the west, eclipse precedes occultation, and shadow–transit precedes transit. After opposition, the order of phenomena is reversed, occultation preceding eclipse and transit preceding shadow–transit.

Both phases of eclipse (EcD and EcR) and of occultation (OcD and OcR) of satellites III and IV may be seen if not too near opposition. Satellite I is much closer to the planet, and eclipse and occultation merge into one, OcD being followed by EcR after opposition and before conjunction, while EcD is followed by OcR after conjunction and before opposition. Satellite II normally behaves in the same manner but on rare occasions the separate phenomena of II may be observed. This happens when the planet is near quadrature and is tilted at almost the maximum amount.

On a few occasions all three of the inner satellites may be involved simultaneously in these phenomena. The motions of these three satellites are related in such a way that it is impossible for all three to undergo the same phenomenon at the same time.

The Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides supplies event timings in Terrestrial Time (TT). These have been converted to Universal Time (UT), closely, by subtracting one minute (see tables on p.67–76), since ΔT is about one minute now. The times of phenomena are given for the centre of the satellite. The light of the satellite will therefore begin to fade before the times given here, and observation should commence several minutes before the predicted times.

Charts are included for all 12 months of the year, even though Jupiter will be in conjunction with the Sun on August 26, and therefore not observable for a few weeks either side of this date.

For all charts the satellites are labelled: I Io II Europa III Ganymede IV Callisto 62 Satellites of Jupiter BAA Handbook 2016 March February CONFIGURATION OF SATELLITES I – IV – I SATELLITES OF CONFIGURATION SATELLITES OF 2015 JUPITER OF SATELLITES January

BAA Handbook 2016 Satellites of Jupiter 63 June May CONFIGURATION OF SATELLITES I – IV – I SATELLITES OF CONFIGURATION SATELLITES OF 2015 JUPITER OF SATELLITES April

64 Satellites of Jupiter BAA Handbook 2016 September August CONFIGURATION OF SATELLITES I – IV – I SATELLITES OF CONFIGURATION SATELLITES OF 2015 JUPITER OF SATELLITES July

BAA Handbook 2016 Satellites of Jupiter 65 December November CONFIGURATION OF SATELLITES I – IV – I SATELLITES OF CONFIGURATION SATELLITES OF 2015 JUPITER OF SATELLITES October

66 Satellites of Jupiter BAA Handbook 2016 ECLIPSES, OCCULTATIONS AND TRANSITS The times are for mid–phenomena, i.e. for eclipses, the planet’s shadow bisecting the satellite; for other events, the Jupiter’s limb bisecting the satellite or the satellite shadow.

Abbreviations: OcD and OcR occultation disappearance and reappearance EcD and EcR eclipse disappearance and reappearance TrI and TrE transit ingress and egress ShI and ShE shadow–transit ingress and egress

January January

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. EcD EcR OcD OcR Date Sat. ShI ShE TrI TrE

1 III 14 12 17 39 19 06 22 19 0 II 10 30 13 19 12 54 15 39 1 I 15 39 19 06 0 I 18 32 20 48 19 42 21 56 2 II 05 35 10 41 2 I 13 01 15 16 14 10 16 24 2/3 IV 11 32 15 10 23 24 01 42 3/ 4 II 23 48 02 37 02 10 04 54 3 I 10 07 13 34 4 I 07 29 09 44 08 37 10 51 5 I 04 36 08 01 5 III 04 13 07 36 08 56 12 06 5 II 18 52 23 54 6 I 01 57 04 12 03 05 05 19 6/7 I 23 04 02 29 7 II 13 05 15 54 15 23 18 07 8 I 17 32 20 56 7 I 20 25 22 40 21 32 23 46 8/9 III 18 10 21 36 22 50 02 01 9 I 14 54 17 09 16 00 18 13 9 II 08 08 13 07 10/11 IV 21 12 00 43 08 05 10 12 10 I 12 01 15 24 11 II 02 23 05 12 04 37 07 21 12 I 06 29 09 51 11 I 09 22 11 37 10 27 12 41 12/13 II 21 25 02 19 12 III 08 10 11 33 12 37 15 46 14 I 00 57 04 18 13 I 03 50 06 05 04 54 07 08 15 I 19 26 22 45 14 II 15 40 18 29 17 50 20 34 15/16 III 22 08 01 34 02 30 05 40 14/15 I 22 18 00 33 23 21 01 35 16 II 10 42 15 31 16 I 16 47 19 02 17 48 20 02 17 I 13 54 17 12 18 II 04 58 07 47 07 03 09 47 19 IV 05 32 09 02 15 53 17 49 18 I 11 15 13 30 12 15 14 29 19 I 08 23 11 39 19 III 12 07 15 30 16 14 19 22 19/20 II 23 59 04 42 20 I 05 43 07 58 06 42 08 56 21 I 02 51 06 06 21 II 18 15 21 04 20 14 22 58 22/23 I 21 19 00 33 22 I 00 11 02 26 01 09 03 22 23 III 02 06 05 31 06 04 09 14 23 I 18 40 20 55 19 35 21 49 23 II 13 15 17 53 25 II 07 33 10 22 09 26 12 10 24 I 15 48 19 00 25 I 13 08 15 23 14 02 16 16 26 I 10 16 13 27 26 III 16 04 19 26 19 46 22 53 27 II 02 32 07 03 27 I 07 36 09 51 08 29 10 43 28 I 04 45 07 53 27/28 IV 15 11 18 34 00 03 01 55 29/30 I 23 13 02 20 28/29 II 20 51 23 39 22 37 01 21 30 III 06 05 09 29 09 35 12 44 29 I 02 04 04 20 02 55 05 09 30 II 15 49 20 12 30 I 20 33 22 48 21 22 23 36 31 I 17 41 20 46

BAA Handbook 2016 Satellites of Jupiter 67 ECLIPSES, OCCULTATIONS AND TRANSITS February February

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. EcD EcR OcD OcR Date Sat. ShI ShE TrI TrE

2 I 12 10 15 13 1 II 10 09 12 58 11 47 14 31 3 II 05 05 09 21 1 I 15 01 17 16 15 48 18 02 4 I 06 38 09 39 2/ 3 III 20 01 23 23 23 13 02 20 4/5 IV 23 33 02 55 07 19 09 03 3 I 09 29 11 44 10 14 12 28 6 I 01 07 04 06 4/ 5 II 23 26 02 15 00 57 03 41 6 III 10 03 16 10 5 I 03 57 06 13 04 41 06 55 6 II 18 22 22 30 6/ 7 I 22 26 00 41 23 07 01 21 7 I 19 35 22 32 8 II 12 44 15 33 14 07 16 51 9 I 14 04 16 59 8 I 16 54 19 09 17 33 19 47 10 II 07 39 11 38 9/10 III 23 59 03 21 02 37 05 45 11 I 08 32 11 25 10 I 11 22 13 38 11 59 14 14 13 I 03 01 05 51 12 II 02 02 04 51 03 15 06 00 13 III 14 01 19 32 12 I 05 51 08 06 06 26 08 40 13/14 II 20 56 00 46 13 IV 09 09 12 25 15 04 16 50 14/15 I 21 29 00 17 14 I 00 19 02 34 00 52 03 06 16 I 15 58 18 43 15 II 15 20 18 09 16 25 19 09 17 II 10 12 13 53 15 I 18 47 21 03 19 18 21 32 18 I 10 26 13 10 17 III 03 57 07 18 05 58 09 06 20 I 04 55 07 36 17 I 13 15 15 31 13 44 15 58 20 III 17 59 22 51 19 II 04 38 07 27 05 32 08 17 20/21 II 23 29 03 00 19 I 07 44 09 59 08 10 10 24 21 IV 17 36 20 49 21 53 23 38 21 I 02 12 04 28 02 36 04 50 21/22 I 23 23 02 02 22 II 17 56 20 45 18 41 21 26 23 I 17 52 20 28 22 I 20 41 22 56 21 02 23 16 24 II 12 46 16 07 24 III 07 56 11 16 09 17 12 25 25 I 12 20 14 54 24 I 15 09 17 24 15 28 17 42 27 I 06 49 09 20 26 II 07 14 10 03 07 48 10 33 27/28 III 21 57 02 08 26 I 09 37 11 53 09 53 12 08 28 II 02 03 05 14 28 I 04 06 06 21 04 19 06 34 29 I 01 17 03 46 29 II 20 33 23 21 20 57 23 42 29/ 1 I 22 34 00 50 22 45 01 00

March March

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. EcD EcR OcD OcR Date Sat. ShI ShE TrI TrE 1 I 19 46 22 12 1 IV 03 08 06 16 05 22 07 16 2 II 15 19 18 21 2 III 11 53 15 13 12 33 15 42 3 I 14 14 16 38 2 I 17 02 19 18 17 11 19 25 5 I 08 43 11 04 4 II 09 51 12 39 10 04 12 49 6 III 01 56 05 26 4 I 11 31 13 46 11 37 13 51 6 II 04 36 07 27 6 I 05 59 08 15 06 03 08 17 7 I 03 12 05 30 7/ 8 II 23 09 01 58 23 12 01 57 8 I 00 28 02 43 00 29 02 43 68 Satellites of Jupiter BAA Handbook 2016 ECLIPSES, OCCULTATIONS AND TRANSITS

Jupiter in Opposition to the Sun: 2016 March 8d 11h

March cont'd March cont'd

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. OcD OcR EcD EcR Date Sat. TrI TrE ShI ShE

8 I 21 40 23 57 9 III 15 48 18 58 15 51 19 10 9 IV 11 38 14 42 9 I 18 54 21 09 18 56 21 12 9 II 17 50 20 39 11 II 12 19 15 05 12 27 15 16 10 I 16 06 18 26 11 I 13 20 15 35 13 25 15 40 12 I 10 32 12 54 13 I 07 46 10 01 07 53 10 08 13 III 05 30 09 15 15 II 01 27 04 13 01 46 04 34 13 II 06 57 09 56 15 I 02 12 04 27 02 22 04 37 14 I 04 58 07 23 16 III 19 03 22 14 19 49 23 07 15/16 I 23 24 01 51 16 I 20 38 22 53 20 50 23 05 16 II 20 04 23 13 17/18 IV 19 24 21 36 21 10 00 08 17 I 17 50 20 20 18 II 14 34 17 21 15 04 17 52 19 I 12 16 14 49 18 I 15 04 17 19 15 18 17 34 20 III 08 47 13 14 20 I 09 30 11 45 09 47 12 02 20 II 09 10 12 29 22 II 03 43 06 29 04 23 07 11 21 I 06 42 09 17 22 I 03 56 06 11 04 15 06 31 23 I 01 09 03 46 23/24 III 22 20 01 32 23 47 03 05 23/24 II 22 17 01 46 23/24 I 22 22 00 37 22 44 00 59 24 I 19 35 22 15 25 I 16 48 19 03 17 12 19 28 26 IV 01 55 04 17 05 42 08 36 25 II 16 51 19 37 17 41 20 29 26 I 14 01 16 43 27 I 11 14 13 29 11 41 13 56 27 II 11 25 15 03 29 I 05 41 07 55 06 10 08 25 27 III 12 05 17 12 29 II 06 00 08 47 07 00 09 47 28 I 08 27 11 12 31 I 00 07 02 21 00 38 02 53 30 I 02 54 05 41 31 III 01 39 04 53 03 47 07 03 31 II 00 32 04 20 31/1 I 21 20 00 09

April April

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. OcD OcR EcD EcR Date Sat. TrI TrE ShI ShE 2 I 15 46 18 38 1 I 18 33 20 48 19 07 21 22 3 II 13 40 17 37 1 II 19 09 21 55 20 18 23 05 3 III 15 25 21 10 3 IV 09 41 12 13 15 11 17 59 4 I 10 13 13 07 3 I 12 59 15 14 13 35 15 50 6 I 04 39 07 35 5 I 07 26 09 40 08 04 10 19 7 II 02 48 06 54 5 II 08 18 11 05 09 37 12 24 7/8 I 23 06 02 04 7 I 01 52 04 07 02 32 04 47

BAA Handbook 2016 Satellites of Jupiter 69 ECLIPSES, OCCULTATIONS AND TRANSITS

April cont'd April cont'd

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. OcD OcR EcD EcR Date Sat. TrI TrE ShI ShE 9 I 17 33 20 33 7 III 05 01 08 16 07 45 11 01 10 II 15 57 20 11 8 I 20 19 22 33 21 01 23 16 10/11 III 18 48 01 08 8/ 9 II 21 28 00 15 22 55 01 42 11 I 11 59 15 02 10 I 14 45 17 00 15 29 17 44 11/12 IV 16 26 19 08 23 48 02 30 12 I 09 12 11 27 09 58 12 13 13 I 06 26 09 30 12 II 10 39 13 26 12 14 15 01 14 II 05 06 09 28 14 I 03 39 05 53 04 27 06 41 15 I 00 53 03 59 14 III 08 28 11 43 11 45 14 59 16 I 19 20 22 28 15/16 I 22 05 00 20 22 55 01 10 17 II 18 16 22 45 15/16 II 23 49 02 36 01 32 04 19 17/18 III 22 16 01 34 01 51 05 07 17 I 16 32 18 47 17 24 19 38 18 I 13 47 16 56 19 I 10 59 13 14 11 52 14 07 20 I 08 14 11 25 19 II 13 01 15 48 14 51 17 37 21 II 07 27 12 02 20 IV 00 38 03 27 09 14 11 50 22 I 02 41 05 54 21 I 05 26 07 41 06 21 08 35 23/24 I 21 08 00 23 21 III 11 57 15 14 15 44 18 57 24/25 II 20 37 01 19 22/23 I 23 53 02 08 00 50 03 04 25 III 01 48 05 07 05 51 09 06 23 II 02 12 04 59 04 10 06 55 25 I 15 35 18 51 24 I 18 20 20 35 19 18 21 33 27 I 10 02 13 20 26 I 12 47 15 02 13 47 16 01 28 IV 07 46 10 44 17 53 20 24 26 II 15 25 18 12 17 29 20 14 28 II 09 49 14 36 28 I 07 15 09 29 08 15 10 30 29 I 04 30 07 49 28 III 15 31 18 48 19 43 22 55 30/1 I 22 57 02 18 30 I 01 42 03 57 02 44 04 58 30 II 04 38 07 25 06 47 09 32

May May

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. OcD OcR EcD EcR Date Sat. TrI TrE ShI ShE

1/2 II 23 01 03 53 1 I 20 09 22 24 21 13 23 27 2 III 05 24 08 45 09 50 13 05 3 I 14 37 16 51 15 41 17 56 2 I 17 25 20 46 3 II 17 52 20 39 20 06 22 51 4 I 11 52 15 15 5 I 09 04 11 19 10 10 12 24 5 II 12 13 17 11 5/ 6 III 19 09 22 27 23 41 02 53 6 I 06 20 09 44 6/ 7 IV 16 29 19 31 03 18 05 42 8 I 00 48 04 13 7 I 03 32 05 47 04 39 06 53 9 II 01 26 06 28 7 II 07 05 09 53 09 24 12 09 9 III 09 06 12 27 13 51 17 04 8/ 9 I 22 00 00 14 23 07 01 21 9 I 19 16 22 42 10 I 16 27 18 42 17 36 19 50 11 I 13 44 17 10 10/11 II 20 20 23 08 22 43 01 27

70 Satellites of Jupiter BAA Handbook 2016 ECLIPSES, OCCULTATIONS AND TRANSITS

May cont'd May cont'd

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. OcD OcR EcD EcR Date Sat. TrI TrE ShI ShE 12 II 14 40 19 45 12 I 10 55 13 10 12 05 14 19 13 I 08 11 11 39 12/13 III 22 52 02 10 03 40 06 51 15 IV 00 05 03 14 12 00 14 17 14 I 05 23 07 38 06 33 08 47 15 I 02 40 06 08 14 II 09 35 12 23 12 01 14 45 16 II 03 54 09 03 15/16 I 23 51 02 06 01 02 03 16 16 III 12 51 16 13 17 50 21 03 17 I 18 19 20 34 19 31 21 45 16/17 I 21 08 00 37 17/18 II 22 51 01 39 01 20 04 04 18 I 15 36 19 05 19 I 12 47 15 02 13 59 16 13 19 II 17 09 22 20 20 III 02 40 05 59 07 40 10 50 20 I 10 04 13 34 21 I 07 15 09 30 08 28 10 42 22 I 04 32 08 03 21 II 12 07 14 54 14 38 17 22 23 II 06 24 11 38 23 I 01 43 03 58 02 57 05 11 23/24 III 16 41 20 03 21 49 01 01 23 IV 09 18 12 28 21 22 23 34 23/24 I 23 01 02 32 24 I 20 12 22 26 21 26 23 39 25 I 17 29 21 01 25 II 01 24 04 12 03 57 06 40 26/27 II 19 40 00 55 26 I 14 40 16 55 15 54 18 08 27 I 11 57 15 29 27 III 06 32 09 51 11 39 14 48 29 I 06 26 09 58 28 I 09 08 11 23 10 23 12 37 30 II 08 57 14 13 28 II 14 41 17 28 17 15 19 58 30/31 III 20 35 23 57 01 48 04 59 30 I 03 37 05 52 04 52 07 05 31 I 00 55 04 27 31/ 1 I 22 05 00 20 23 20 01 34 31/1 IV 17 23 20 38 06 08 08 10

June June

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. OcD OcR EcD EcR Date Sat. TrI TrE ShI ShE 1 I 19 23 22 56 1 II 03 59 06 46 06 34 09 17 2/3 II 22 14 03 30 2 I 16 34 18 49 17 49 20 03 3 I 13 52 17 24 3 III 10 28 13 48 15 39 18 47 5 I 08 21 11 53 4 I 11 03 13 17 12 18 14 31 6 II 11 31 16 48 4 II 17 17 20 04 19 52 22 35 7 III 00 33 03 56 05 48 08 58 6 I 05 31 07 46 06 46 09 00 7 I 02 50 06 22 8 I 00 00 02 15 01 15 03 29 8/9 I 21 19 00 51 8 II 06 36 09 23 09 11 11 53 10 II 00 49 06 05 9 IV 03 02 06 15 15 27 17 24 10 I 15 48 19 19 9 I 18 29 20 44 19 44 21 58 12 I 10 17 13 48 10 III 14 28 17 48 19 39 22 46 13 II 14 07 19 23 11 I 12 58 15 13 14 13 16 26 14 III 04 35 07 58 09 48 12 57 11/12 II 19 55 22 42 22 29 01 11 14 I 04 46 08 17 13 I 07 27 09 41 08 41 10 55 BAA Handbook 2016 Satellites of Jupiter 71 ECLIPSES, OCCULTATIONS AND TRANSITS

June cont'd June cont'd

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. OcD OcR EcD EcR Date Sat. TrI TrE ShI ShE 15/16 I 23 15 02 46 15 I 01 56 04 10 03 10 05 24 17 II 03 26 08 40 15 II 09 15 12 02 11 47 14 29 17/18 IV 11 35 14 51 00 17 02 02 16 I 20 25 22 40 21 39 23 52 17 I 17 44 21 14 17/18 III 18 32 21 51 23 38 02 44 19 I 12 13 15 43 18 I 14 54 17 09 16 07 18 21 20 II 16 46 21 58 18/19 II 22 34 01 21 01 05 03 47 21 I 06 42 10 12 20 I 09 23 11 38 10 36 12 50 21 III 08 41 12 04 13 48 16 56 22 I 03 52 06 07 05 05 07 19 23 I 01 12 04 41 22 II 11 55 14 41 14 24 17 05 24 II 06 05 11 16 23/24 I 22 21 00 36 23 34 01 47 24 I 19 41 23 09 24/25 III 22 38 01 58 03 37 06 42 26 I 14 10 17 38 25 I 16 51 19 05 18 02 20 16 27/28 II 19 26 00 34 25/26 IV 21 35 00 47 09 34 11 14 28 I 08 40 12 07 26 II 01 15 04 02 03 42 06 23 28 III 12 51 16 13 17 48 20 55 27 I 11 20 13 35 12 31 14 45 30 I 03 09 06 36 29 I 05 49 08 04 07 00 09 14 29 II 14 36 17 23 17 00 19 41

July July

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. OcD OcR EcD EcR Date Sat. TrI TrE ShI ShE 1 II 08 46 13 51 1 I 00 19 02 34 01 28 03 42 1/2 I 21 39 01 04 2 III 02 48 06 07 07 36 10 40 3 I 16 08 19 33 2 I 18 48 21 03 19 57 22 11 4 IV 06 33 09 45 18 27 19 52 3 II 03 57 06 43 06 18 08 59 4/5 II 22 07 03 09 4 I 13 18 15 33 14 26 16 40 5 I 10 38 14 02 6 I 07 47 10 02 08 55 11 08 5/6 III 17 03 20 25 21 47 00 54 6 II 17 19 20 05 19 36 22 17 7 I 05 07 08 30 8 I 02 17 04 32 03 23 05 37 8 II 11 28 16 27 9 III 07 02 10 21 11 36 14 40 8/9 I 23 37 02 59 9/10 I 20 46 23 01 21 52 00 06 10 I 18 07 21 28 10 II 06 40 09 26 08 54 11 35 12 II 00 50 05 45 11 I 15 16 17 31 16 21 18 35 12 I 12 36 15 56 12/13 IV 16 48 19 54 03 42 05 02 12/13 III 21 17 00 38 01 46 04 52 13 I 09 46 12 01 10 49 13 03 14 I 07 06 10 25 13/14 II 20 02 22 48 22 12 00 53 15 II 14 12 19 03 15 I 04 15 06 30 05 18 07 32 16 I 01 36 04 54 16 III 11 17 14 36 15 35 18 38

72 Satellites of Jupiter BAA Handbook 2016 ECLIPSES, OCCULTATIONS AND TRANSITS

July cont'd July cont'd

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. OcD OcR EcD EcR Date Sat. TrI TrE ShI ShE 17 I 20 06 23 22 16/17 I 22 45 01 00 23 47 02 01 19 II 03 35 08 21 17 II 09 25 12 10 11 30 14 10 19 I 14 36 17 51 18 I 17 15 19 30 18 16 20 30 20 III 01 34 04 54 05 45 08 50 20 I 11 45 14 00 12 44 14 58 21 IV 02 09 05 13 12 42 13 38 20/21 II 22 47 01 33 00 48 03 28 21 I 09 05 12 20 22 I 06 14 08 30 07 13 09 27 22 II 16 57 21 39 23 III 15 36 18 53 19 35 22 37 23 I 03 35 06 48 24 I 00 44 03 00 01 42 03 56 24/25 I 22 05 01 17 24 II 12 10 14 55 14 06 16 46 26 II 06 20 10 57 25 I 19 14 21 30 20 10 22 24 26 I 16 35 19 46 27 I 13 44 16 00 14 39 16 53 27 III 05 53 09 12 09 44 12 48 28 II 01 33 04 18 03 23 06 03 28 I 11 05 14 14 29 I 08 14 10 30 09 08 11 22 29/30 II 19 43 00 15 29 IV 12 33 15 29 30 I 05 35 08 43 30/31 III 19 56 23 12 23 34 02 35 31 I 02 44 05 00 03 37 05 51 31 II 14 56 17 41 16 41 19 21

August August

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. OcD OcR EcD EcR Date Sat. TrI TrE ShI ShE 1 I 00 05 03 12 1/ 2 I 21 14 23 30 22 05 00 19 2 II 09 07 13 33 3 I 15 44 18 00 16 34 18 48 2 I 18 35 21 40 4 II 04 19 07 04 05 59 08 38 3 III 10 15 13 33 13 44 16 47 5 I 10 14 12 30 11 03 13 17 4 I 13 05 16 09 7 III 00 17 03 33 03 33 06 33 5/6 II 22 31 02 51 7 I 04 44 07 00 05 31 07 46 6 I 07 35 10 37 7 II 17 42 20 27 19 16 21 56 6/7 IV 22 15 01 04 8/ 9 I 23 14 01 30 00 00 02 14 8 I 02 05 05 06 10 I 17 44 20 00 18 29 20 43 9 II 11 55 16 09 11 II 07 06 09 50 08 34 11 13 9 I 20 35 23 35 12 I 12 15 14 30 12 57 15 12 10 III 14 38 20 45 14 III 04 40 07 55 07 32 10 31 11 I 15 06 18 03 14 I 06 45 09 00 07 26 09 40 13 II 01 19 05 27 14/15 II 20 29 23 13 21 51 00 30 13 I 09 36 12 32 15 IV 08 45 11 25 15 I 04 06 07 00 16 I 01 15 03 31 01 55 04 09 16 II 14 43 18 45 17 I 19 45 22 01 20 23 22 38 16/17 I 22 36 01 29 18 II 09 53 12 37 11 09 13 47 17/18 III 19 03 00 44 19 I 14 15 16 31 14 52 17 06 BAA Handbook 2016 Satellites of Jupiter 73 ECLIPSES, OCCULTATIONS AND TRANSITS

August cont'd August cont'd

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. OcD OcR EcD EcR Date Sat. TrI TrE ShI ShE 18 I 17 06 19 57 21 I 08 46 11 01 09 21 11 35 20 II 04 08 08 03 21 III 09 04 12 18 11 30 14 30 20 I 11 36 14 26 21/22 II 23 17 02 00 00 26 03 05 22 I 06 06 08 55 23 I 03 16 05 31 03 49 06 04 23 II 17 33 21 21 24/25 I 21 46 00 02 22 18 00 32 23 IV 18 44 21 12 25 II 12 40 15 23 13 43 16 22 24 I 00 37 03 23 26 I 16 16 18 32 16 47 19 01 24/25 III 23 28 04 41 28 I 10 47 13 02 11 15 13 30 25 I 19 07 21 52 28 III 13 31 16 42 15 30 18 28 27 II 06 57 10 39 29 II 02 04 04 47 03 01 05 39 27 I 13 37 16 20 30 I 05 17 07 33 05 44 07 58 29 I 08 07 10 49 31/ 1 I 23 47 02 03 00 13 02 27 30 II 20 23 23 58 31 I 02 37 05 17

Jupiter in conjunction with the Sun: 2016 September 26d 7h

October October

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. EcD EcR OcD OcR Date Sat. ShI ShE TrI TrE 23 II 04 51 08 24 22 I 08 02 10 16 08 27 10 41 23 I 05 16 07 56 24 I 02 30 04 44 02 57 05 12 24/25 I 23 45 02 26 24/25 III 23 20 02 10 01 12 04 05 26 II 18 10 21 49 24/25 II 23 32 02 07 00 27 03 02 26 I 18 13 20 56 25 I 20 59 23 13 21 27 23 42 28 I 12 41 15 26 27 I 15 27 17 41 15 58 18 12 28 III 13 26 18 26 28 II 12 48 15 23 13 50 16 25 30 I 07 09 09 56 29 I 09 56 12 10 10 28 12 42 30 II 07 27 11 13 31 I 04 24 06 38 04 58 07 12

74 Satellites of Jupiter BAA Handbook 2016 ECLIPSES, OCCULTATIONS AND TRANSITS

November November

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. EcD EcR OcD OcR Date Sat. ShI ShE TrI TrE 1 I 01 38 04 26 1 II 02 05 04 40 03 13 05 48 2 I 20 06 22 55 1 III 03 19 06 08 05 39 08 28 2/3 II 20 46 00 38 1/ 2 I 22 53 01 06 23 28 01 42 4 I 14 34 17 25 3 I 17 21 19 35 17 58 20 12 4 III 17 24 22 48 4 II 15 22 17 56 16 36 19 10 6 I 09 03 11 55 5 I 11 50 14 03 12 28 14 42 6 II 10 04 14 01 7 I 06 18 08 32 06 58 09 12 8 I 03 31 06 25 8 II 04 38 07 13 05 59 08 32 9/10 I 21 59 00 55 8 III 07 17 10 05 10 03 12 50 9/10 II 23 22 03 26 9 I 00 47 03 00 01 28 03 42 11 I 16 28 19 24 10 I 19 15 21 29 19 58 22 12 11/12 III 21 23 00 11 00 23 03 09 11 II 17 55 20 29 19 22 21 55 13 I 10 56 13 54 12 I 13 44 15 57 14 28 16 42 13 II 12 40 16 49 14 I 08 12 10 26 08 58 11 11 15 I 05 24 08 24 15 II 07 12 09 45 08 44 11 17 16/17 I 23 52 02 53 15 III 11 15 14 02 14 26 17 09 17 II 01 59 06 13 16 I 02 41 04 54 03 28 05 41 18 I 18 21 21 23 17/18 I 21 09 23 22 21 58 00 11 19 III 01 21 04 08 04 46 07 28 18/19 II 20 28 23 02 22 07 00 38 20 I 12 49 15 53 19 I 15 37 17 51 16 28 18 41 20 II 15 16 19 36 21 I 10 06 12 19 10 58 13 10 22 I 07 17 10 22 22 II 09 45 12 18 11 29 14 00 24 I 01 46 04 52 22 III 15 13 17 58 18 48 21 27 24 II 04 35 08 59 23 I 04 34 06 48 05 27 07 40 25 I 20 14 23 21 24/25 I 23 03 01 16 23 57 02 10 26 III 05 19 08 05 09 06 11 46 25/26 II 23 02 01 35 00 51 03 21 27 I 14 42 17 51 26 I 17 31 19 44 18 27 20 39 27 II 17 52 22 22 28 I 12 00 14 13 12 56 15 09 29 I 09 10 12 20 29 II 12 18 14 51 14 12 16 42 29/30 III 19 11 21 55 23 07 01 43 30 I 06 28 08 41 07 26 09 38

BAA Handbook 2016 Satellites of Jupiter 75 ECLIPSES, OCCULTATIONS AND TRANSITS

December December

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. EcD EcR OcD OcR Date Sat. ShI ShE TrI TrE 1 I 03 39 06 49 2 I 00 57 03 10 01 56 04 08 1 II 07 11 11 44 3 II 01 35 04 08 03 34 06 03 2/3 I 22 07 01 19 3 I 19 25 21 38 20 25 22 37 3 III 09 16 12 02 13 24 16 00 5 I 13 53 16 06 14 55 17 07 4 I 16 35 19 48 6 II 14 52 17 24 16 55 19 24 4/5 II 20 28 01 06 6/ 7 III 23 09 01 52 03 25 05 57 6 I 11 03 14 17 7 I 08 22 10 35 09 24 11 36 8 I 05 32 08 47 9 I 02 50 05 03 03 53 06 05 8 II 09 46 14 28 10 II 04 08 06 40 06 16 08 44 10 I 00 00 03 16 10/11 I 21 19 23 31 22 23 00 35 10 III 13 13 15 58 17 40 20 12 12 I 15 47 18 00 16 52 19 04 11 I 18 28 21 45 13 II 17 25 19 57 19 36 22 04 11/12 II 23 04 03 49 14 III 03 07 05 49 07 40 10 08 13 I 12 56 16 14 14 I 10 15 12 28 11 21 13 33 15 I 07 24 10 43 16 I 04 44 06 56 05 51 08 02 15 II 12 22 17 10 17 II 06 42 09 13 08 56 11 24 17 I 01 53 05 12 17/18 I 23 12 01 25 00 20 02 31 17/18 III 17 10 19 54 21 53 00 21 19 I 17 41 19 53 18 49 21 00 18 I 20 21 23 41 20/21 II 19 58 22 30 22 16 00 43 19 II 01 39 06 30 21 III 07 06 09 46 11 52 14 17 20 I 14 49 18 10 21 I 12 09 14 21 13 18 15 29 22 I 09 17 12 39 23 I 06 37 08 50 07 47 09 58 22 II 14 58 19 51 24 II 09 15 11 46 11 36 14 02 24 I 03 46 07 08 25 I 01 06 03 18 02 16 04 27 24/25 III 21 08 23 50 02 02 04 27 26 I 19 34 21 46 20 45 22 56 25/26 I 22 14 01 37 27/28 II 22 32 01 03 00 55 03 21 26 II 04 15 09 10 28 III 11 03 13 43 16 00 18 21 27 I 16 42 20 05 28 I 14 02 16 15 15 14 17 25 29 I 11 10 14 34 30 I 08 31 10 43 09 43 11 53 29 II 17 33 22 29 31 II 11 48 14 19 14 14 16 39 31 I 05 38 09 03 32 I 02 59 05 11 04 11 06 22 32 III 01 06 03 47 06 10 08 31

76 Satellites of Jupiter BAA Handbook 2016 SATURN Opposition: June 3 Conjunction: December 10

2016 Rings Equat Polar Major Minor RA Dec. Mag D Δ Diam. Diam. Axis Axis E h m º ' " " " " º au Jan. 3 16 40.2 -20 31 0.5 15.3 14.1 34.8 15.3 +26.1 10.844 13 16 44.6 -20 39 0.5 15.5 14.3 35.1 15.5 +26.2 10.747 23 16 48.7 -20 46 0.5 15.6 14.4 35.5 15.7 +26.2 10.631 Feb. 2 16 52.3 -20 51 0.5 15.8 14.6 35.9 15.9 +26.3 10.496 12 16 55.4 -20 55 0.5 16.1 14.8 36.4 16.1 +26.3 10.348 22 16 58.0 -20 58 0.5 16.3 15.0 37.0 16.4 +26.3 10.189 Mar. 3 16 59.9 -21 00 0.5 16.6 15.3 37.6 16.7 +26.3 10.024 13 17 01.1 -21 00 0.4 16.9 15.5 38.3 16.9 +26.3 9.857 23 17 01.7 -21 00 0.4 17.1 15.8 38.9 17.2 +26.3 9.694 Apr. 2 17 01.5 -20 59 0.3 17.4 16.1 39.5 17.5 +26.2 9.539 12 17 00.6 -20 56 0.3 17.7 16.3 40.1 17.7 +26.2 9.396 22 16 59.1 -20 53 0.2 17.9 16.5 40.7 18.0 +26.2 9.271 May 2 16 57.0 -20 50 0.2 18.1 16.7 41.1 18.1 +26.2 9.168 12 16 54.5 -20 45 0.1 18.3 16.9 41.5 18.3 +26.1 9.089 22 16 51.6 -20 41 0.1 18.4 17.0 41.7 18.4 +26.1 9.038 Jun. 1 16 48.5 -20 36 0.0 18.4 17.0 41.8 18.4 +26.1 9.016 11 16 45.3 -20 31 0.0 18.4 17.0 41.8 18.3 +26.0 9.024 21 16 42.3 -20 27 0.1 18.3 16.9 41.6 18.2 +26.0 9.061 Jul. 1 16 39.6 -20 23 0.1 18.2 16.8 41.3 18.1 +26.0 9.126 11 16 37.2 -20 20 0.2 18.0 16.6 40.9 17.9 +26.0 9.218 21 16 35.4 -20 18 0.3 17.8 16.4 40.4 17.7 +26.0 9.332 31 16 34.2 -20 18 0.3 17.6 16.2 39.9 17.5 +26.0 9.464 Aug. 10 16 33.6 -20 19 0.4 17.3 15.9 39.2 17.2 +26.0 9.612 20 16 33.7 -20 21 0.4 17.0 15.7 38.6 16.9 +26.0 9.771 30 16 34.4 -20 25 0.5 16.7 15.4 38.0 16.7 +26.1 9.935 Sep. 9 16 35.9 -20 30 0.5 16.5 15.2 37.3 16.5 +26.2 10.101 19 16 37.9 -20 36 0.5 16.2 14.9 36.7 16.2 +26.2 10.264 29 16 40.6 -20 43 0.5 16.0 14.7 36.2 16.0 +26.3 10.419 Oct. 9 16 43.8 -20 51 0.5 15.7 14.5 35.7 15.9 +26.4 10.564 19 16 47.5 -20 59 0.5 15.5 14.3 35.3 15.7 +26.5 10.694 29 16 51.6 -21 08 0.5 15.4 14.2 34.9 15.6 +26.5 10.806 Nov. 8 16 56.1 -21 16 0.5 15.3 14.1 34.6 15.5 +26.6 10.898 18 17 00.8 -21 24 0.5 15.2 14.0 34.4 15.4 +26.7 10.966 28 17 05.7 -21 32 0.5 15.1 13.9 34.3 15.4 +26.7 11.011 Dec. 8 17 10.7 -21 39 0.4 15.1 13.9 34.2 15.4 +26.7 11.030 18 17 15.8 -21 45 0.5 15.1 13.9 34.2 15.4 +26.8 11.023 28 17 20.8 -21 51 0.5 15.1 14.0 34.3 15.4 +26.8 10.990

Description of the headings in the table can be found on page 110.

BAA Handbook 2016 Saturn 77 LONGITUDE OF CENTRAL MERIDIAN OF SATURN

SYSTEM I Day Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. º º º º º º º º º º º º 1 101.5 353.2 358.1 253.3 25.3 281.7 52.5 305.5 196.2 321.2 209.5 333.9 2 225.7 117.4 122.4 17.7 149.7 46.1 176.8 69.7 320.4 85.3 333.6 98.0 3 349.9 241.7 246.8 142.1 274.1 170.4 301.1 194.0 84.6 209.5 97.8 222.2 4 114.1 6.0 11.1 266.5 38.5 294.8 65.4 318.2 208.8 333.6 221.9 346.3 5 238.4 130.3 135.4 30.9 162.9 59.2 189.8 82.5 333.0 97.7 346.1 110.5

6 2.6 254.6 259.8 155.3 287.3 183.6 314.1 206.7 97.1 221.9 110.2 234.7 7 126.8 18.9 24.1 279.7 51.7 308.0 78.4 331.0 221.3 346.0 234.3 358.8 8 251.0 143.2 148.5 44.0 176.1 72.3 202.7 95.2 345.5 110.2 358.5 123.0 9 15.3 267.4 272.8 168.4 300.5 196.7 327.0 219.4 109.7 234.3 122.6 247.1 10 139.5 31.7 37.2 292.8 64.9 321.1 91.3 343.7 233.8 358.5 246.8 11.3

11 263.7 156.0 161.5 57.2 189.3 85.5 215.6 107.9 358.0 122.6 10.9 135.5 12 28.0 280.3 285.9 181.6 313.7 209.8 339.9 232.1 122.2 246.7 135.0 259.7 13 152.2 44.6 50.2 306.0 78.1 334.2 104.2 356.3 246.3 10.9 259.2 23.8 14 276.5 168.9 174.6 70.4 202.5 98.6 228.5 120.6 10.5 135.0 23.3 148.0 15 40.7 293.2 299.0 194.8 327.0 222.9 352.8 244.8 134.7 259.2 147.5 272.2

16 164.9 57.6 63.3 319.2 91.4 347.3 117.1 9.0 258.8 23.3 271.6 36.3 17 289.2 181.9 187.7 83.6 215.8 111.6 241.4 133.2 23.0 147.4 35.8 160.5 18 53.4 306.2 312.0 208.0 340.2 236.0 5.7 257.4 147.2 271.6 159.9 284.7 19 177.7 70.5 76.4 332.4 104.6 0.4 130.0 21.6 271.3 35.7 284.0 48.9 20 302.0 194.8 200.8 96.8 229.0 124.7 254.3 145.9 35.5 159.9 48.2 173.1

21 66.2 319.1 325.2 221.2 353.4 249.1 18.5 270.1 159.6 284.0 172.3 297.2 22 190.5 83.4 89.5 345.6 117.8 13.4 142.8 34.3 283.8 48.1 296.5 61.4 23 314.7 207.8 213.9 110.0 242.1 137.8 267.1 158.5 48.0 172.3 60.6 185.6 24 79.0 332.1 338.3 234.4 6.5 262.1 31.4 282.7 172.1 296.4 184.8 309.8 25 203.2 96.4 102.6 358.8 130.9 26.4 155.6 46.9 296.3 60.5 308.9 74.0

26 327.5 220.7 227.0 123.3 255.3 150.8 279.9 171.1 60.4 184.7 73.1 198.2 27 91.8 345.1 351.4 247.7 19.7 275.1 44.2 295.3 184.6 308.8 197.2 322.4 28 216.1 109.4 115.8 12.1 144.1 39.5 168.4 59.5 308.7 72.9 321.4 86.5 29 340.3 233.7 240.2 136.5 268.5 163.8 292.7 183.7 72.9 197.1 85.5 210.7 30 104.6 4.5 260.9 32.9 288.1 57.0 307.9 197.0 321.2 209.7 334.9

31 228.9 128.9 157.3 181.2 72.0 85.4 99.1

CHANGE OF LONGITUDE IN INTERVALS OF MEAN TIME h º h º m º m º m º 1 35.18 7 246.25 10 5.86 1 0.59 6 3.52 2 70.36 8 281.43 20 11.73 2 1.17 7 4.10 3 105.54 9 316.61 30 17.59 3 1.76 8 4.69 4 140.72 10 351.79 40 23.45 4 2.35 9 5.28 5 175.90 11 386.97 50 29.32 5 2.93 10 5.86 6 211.07 12 422.15 60 35.18

System I applies to all objects situated on or between the south component of the North Equatorial Belt and the north component of the South Equatorial Belt. 78 Saturn BAA Handbook 2016 LONGITUDE OF CENTRAL MERIDIAN OF SATURN

SYSTEM II Day Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. º º º º º º º º º º º º 1 236.8 207.1 355.2 329.1 212.0 187.0 68.8 40.6 10.2 246.2 213.3 88.7 2 328.7 299.1 87.3 61.2 304.1 279.1 160.9 132.6 102.1 338.0 305.1 180.6 3 60.6 31.0 179.3 153.2 36.2 11.2 252.9 224.5 193.9 69.9 37.0 272.4 4 152.5 123.0 271.3 245.3 128.3 103.3 344.9 316.5 285.8 161.7 128.8 4.3 5 244.4 215.0 3.4 337.4 220.4 195.4 76.9 48.4 17.7 253.6 220.7 96.1

6 336.4 307.0 95.4 69.5 312.5 287.4 169.0 140.4 109.6 345.4 312.5 188.0 7 68.3 39.0 187.5 161.6 44.6 19.5 261.0 232.3 201.5 77.3 44.3 279.9 8 160.2 131.0 279.5 253.7 136.7 111.6 353.0 324.3 293.4 169.1 136.2 11.7 9 252.2 223.0 11.6 345.8 228.8 203.7 85.0 56.2 25.2 261.0 228.0 103.6 10 344.1 315.0 103.6 77.9 320.9 295.7 177.0 148.1 117.1 352.8 319.9 195.5

11 76.0 46.9 195.7 170.0 53.0 27.8 269.0 240.1 209.0 84.7 51.7 287.3 12 168.0 138.9 287.7 262.1 145.1 119.9 1.0 332.0 300.9 176.5 143.6 19.2 13 259.9 230.9 19.8 354.2 237.2 212.0 93.0 63.9 32.7 268.3 235.4 111.1 14 351.8 322.9 111.8 86.2 329.3 304.0 185.0 155.8 124.6 0.2 327.2 202.9 15 83.8 54.9 203.9 178.3 61.4 36.1 277.0 247.8 216.5 92.0 59.1 294.8

16 175.7 147.0 295.9 270.4 153.5 128.1 9.0 339.7 308.3 183.9 150.9 26.7 17 267.7 239.0 28.0 2.5 245.6 220.2 101.0 71.6 40.2 275.7 242.8 118.6 18 359.6 331.0 120.1 94.6 337.7 312.3 193.0 163.5 132.1 7.5 334.6 210.4 19 91.6 63.0 212.1 186.7 69.8 44.3 285.0 255.4 223.9 99.4 66.5 302.3 20 183.5 155.0 304.2 278.8 161.9 136.4 17.0 347.4 315.8 191.2 158.3 34.2

21 275.5 247.0 36.2 10.9 254.0 228.4 109.0 79.3 47.6 283.1 250.2 126.1 22 7.4 339.0 128.3 103.0 346.1 320.5 201.0 171.2 139.5 14.9 342.0 218.0 23 99.4 71.0 220.4 195.1 78.2 52.5 292.9 263.1 231.4 106.7 73.9 309.8 24 191.3 163.1 312.5 287.2 170.3 144.6 24.9 355.0 323.2 198.6 165.7 41.7 25 283.3 255.1 44.5 19.3 262.4 236.6 116.9 86.9 55.1 290.4 257.6 133.6

26 15.3 347.1 136.6 111.5 354.5 328.7 208.9 178.8 146.9 22.3 349.4 225.5 27 107.2 79.1 228.7 203.6 86.6 60.7 300.8 270.7 238.8 114.1 81.3 317.4 28 199.2 171.2 320.8 295.7 178.7 152.7 32.8 2.6 330.6 205.9 173.1 49.3 29 291.2 263.2 52.8 27.8 270.8 244.8 124.7 94.5 62.5 297.8 265.0 141.2 30 23.1 144.9 119.9 2.9 336.8 216.7 186.4 154.3 29.6 356.8 233.1

31 115.1 237.0 94.9 308.7 278.3 121.5 325.0 CHANGE OF LONGITUDE IN INTERVALS OF MEAN TIME h º h º m º m º m º 1 33.83 7 236.83 10 5.64 1 0.56 6 3.38 2 67.67 8 270.67 20 11.28 2 1.13 7 3.95 3 101.50 9 304.50 30 16.92 3 1.69 8 4.51 4 135.33 10 338.33 40 22.56 4 2.26 9 5.08 5 169.17 11 372.17 50 28.19 5 2.82 10 5.64 6 203.00 12 406.00 60 33.83 System II applies to all objects situated north of the south component of the North Equatorial Belt or south of the north component of the South Equatorial Belt. However System III is used more often for these regions. BAA Handbook 2016 Saturn 79 LONGITUDE OF CENTRAL MERIDIAN OF SATURN

SYSTEM III Day Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. º º º º º º º º º º º º 1 322.4 255.4 8.5 305.0 151.7 89.3 295.0 229.4 161.5 1.4 291.1 130.3 2 53.1 346.1 99.3 35.8 242.6 180.2 25.8 320.1 252.2 92.0 21.7 221.0 3 143.8 76.9 190.2 126.7 333.5 271.1 116.6 50.9 342.9 182.7 112.4 311.6 4 234.6 167.7 281.0 217.6 64.4 2.0 207.4 141.6 73.6 273.3 203.0 42.3 5 325.3 258.5 11.8 308.5 155.3 92.9 298.3 232.4 164.3 3.9 293.6 132.9

6 56.0 349.2 102.7 39.4 246.2 183.7 29.1 323.1 254.9 94.6 24.3 223.6 7 146.7 80.0 193.5 130.3 337.1 274.6 119.9 53.8 345.6 185.2 114.9 314.2 8 237.4 170.8 284.3 221.1 68.0 5.5 210.7 144.6 76.3 275.9 205.5 44.9 9 328.2 261.6 15.2 312.0 158.9 96.3 301.5 235.3 166.9 6.5 296.2 135.6 10 58.9 352.4 106.0 42.9 249.8 187.2 32.3 326.0 257.6 97.1 26.8 226.2

11 149.6 83.2 196.9 133.8 340.7 278.1 123.1 56.8 348.3 187.8 117.4 316.9 12 240.4 173.9 287.7 224.7 71.6 8.9 213.9 147.5 79.0 278.4 208.1 47.5 13 331.1 264.7 18.6 315.6 162.5 99.8 304.7 238.2 169.6 9.1 298.7 138.2 14 61.8 355.5 109.4 46.5 253.3 190.7 35.5 328.9 260.3 99.7 29.4 228.9 15 152.6 86.3 200.3 137.4 344.2 281.5 126.3 59.6 350.9 190.3 120.0 319.5

16 243.3 177.1 291.1 228.2 75.1 12.4 217.1 150.4 81.6 281.0 210.6 50.2 17 334.0 267.9 22.0 319.1 166.0 103.2 307.9 241.1 172.3 11.6 301.3 140.9 18 64.8 358.7 112.8 50.0 256.9 194.1 38.6 331.8 262.9 102.2 31.9 231.5 19 155.5 89.5 203.7 140.9 347.8 284.9 129.4 62.5 353.6 192.9 122.6 322.2 20 246.3 180.3 294.5 231.8 78.7 15.8 220.2 153.2 84.2 283.5 213.2 52.9

21 337.0 271.2 25.4 322.7 169.6 106.6 311.0 243.9 174.9 14.1 303.8 143.6 22 67.8 2.0 116.3 53.6 260.5 197.5 41.8 334.6 265.5 104.8 34.5 234.2 23 158.5 92.8 207.1 144.5 351.4 288.3 132.5 65.3 356.2 195.4 125.1 324.9 24 249.3 183.6 298.0 235.4 82.3 19.2 223.3 156.0 86.8 286.0 215.8 55.6 25 340.0 274.4 28.9 326.3 173.2 110.0 314.1 246.7 177.5 16.7 306.4 146.3

26 70.8 5.2 119.7 57.2 264.0 200.8 44.8 337.4 268.1 107.3 37.1 237.0 27 161.5 96.0 210.6 148.1 354.9 291.7 135.6 68.1 358.8 197.9 127.7 327.6 28 252.3 186.9 301.5 239.0 85.8 22.5 226.4 158.8 89.4 288.6 218.4 58.3 29 343.1 277.7 32.3 329.9 176.7 113.3 317.1 249.5 180.1 19.2 309.0 149.0 30 73.8 123.2 60.8 267.6 204.2 47.9 340.2 270.7 109.8 39.7 239.7

31 164.6 214.1 358.5 138.6 70.9 200.5 330.4 CHANGE OF LONGITUDE IN INTERVALS OF MEAN TIME h º h º m º m º m º 1 33.78 7 236.48 10 5.63 1 0.56 6 3.38 2 67.57 8 270.26 20 11.26 2 1.13 7 3.94 3 101.35 9 304.05 30 16.89 3 1.69 8 4.50 4 135.13 10 337.83 40 22.52 4 2.25 9 5.07 5 168.92 11 371.61 50 28.15 5 2.82 10 5.63 6 202.70 12 405.40 60 33.78 System III also applies to all objects situated north of the south component of the North Equatorial Belt or south of the north component of the South Equatorial Belt. This longitude system is based upon the rotation period of the planet’s magnetic field as defined by the International Astronomical Union. 80 Saturn BAA Handbook 2016 SATELLITES OF SATURN

MIMAS, ENCELADUS AND TETHYS Mimas Enceladus Tethys Each fourth eastern elongation Each third eastern elongation Each second eastern elongation d h d h d h d h d h d h Jan. 1 17.5 Jul. 4 10.5 Jan. 1 15.6 Jul. 4 14.8 Jan. 2 07.3 Jul. 5 07.1 5 12.0 8 05.0 5 18.3 8 17.5 6 02.0 9 01.7 9 06.5 11 23.4 9 21.0 12 20.1 9 20.7 12 20.3 13 01.0 15 17.9 13 23.7 16 22.8 13 15.3 16 14.9 16 19.5 19 12.3 18 02.4 21 01.4 17 10.0 20 09.5 20 14.0 23 06.8 22 05.1 25 04.0 21 04.7 24 04.1 24 08.5 27 01.3 26 07.8 29 06.7 24 23.3 27 22.7 28 03.0 30 19.7 30 10.4 Aug. 2 09.4 28 18.0 31 17.3 31 21.5 Aug. 3 14.2 Feb. 3 13.1 6 12.0 Feb. 1 12.6 Aug. 4 11.9 Feb. 4 16.0 7 08.7 7 15.8 10 14.7 5 07.3 8 06.6 8 10.4 11 03.2 11 18.5 14 17.3 9 01.9 12 01.2 12 04.9 14 21.6 15 21.2 18 20.0 12 20.5 15 19.8 15 23.4 18 16.1 19 23.8 22 22.7 16 15.2 19 14.4 19 17.9 22 10.6 24 02.5 27 01.3 20 09.8 23 09.1 23 12.4 26 05.1 28 05.2 31 04.0 24 04.5 27 03.7 27 06.9 29 23.6 Mar. 3 07.8 Sep. 4 06.7 27 23.1 30 22.3 Mar. 2 01.4 Sep. 2 18.1 7 10.5 8 09.4 Mar. 2 17.7 Sep. 3 17.0 5 19.8 6 12.6 11 13.1 12 12.1 6 12.3 7 11.6 9 14.3 10 07.0 15 15.8 16 14.7 10 07.0 11 06.2 13 08.8 14 01.5 19 18.4 20 17.4 14 01.6 15 00.9 17 03.3 17 20.0 23 21.1 24 20.1 17 20.2 18 19.5 20 21.7 21 14.5 27 23.7 28 22.8 21 14.8 22 14.2 24 16.2 25 09.0 Apr. 1 02.4 Oct. 3 01.5 25 09.4 26 08.9 28 10.7 29 03.5 5 05.0 7 04.2 29 04.0 30 03.5 Apr. 1 05.1 Oct. 2 22.0 9 07.7 11 06.9 Apr. 1 22.6 Oct. 3 22.2 4 23.6 6 16.5 13 10.3 15 09.6 5 17.2 7 16.8 8 18.1 10 11.0 17 12.9 19 12.3 9 11.8 11 11.5 12 12.5 14 05.5 21 15.6 23 15.0 13 06.4 15 06.2 16 07.0 18 00.0 25 18.2 27 17.7 17 01.0 19 00.8 20 01.4 21 18.5 29 20.8 31 20.4 20 19.6 22 19.5 23 19.9 25 13.0 May 3 23.4 Nov. 4 23.1 24 14.1 26 14.2 27 14.4 29 07.5 8 02.1 9 01.8 28 08.7 30 08.9 May 1 08.8 Nov. 2 02.1 12 04.7 13 04.5 May 2 03.3 Nov. 3 03.5 5 03.3 5 20.6 16 07.3 17 07.2 5 21.9 6 22.2 8 21.7 9 15.1 20 09.9 21 09.9 9 16.5 10 16.9 12 16.2 13 09.6 24 12.6 25 12.6 13 11.0 14 11.6 16 10.6 17 04.1 28 15.2 29 15.4 17 05.6 18 06.2 20 05.1 20 22.6 Jun. 1 17.8 Dec. 3 18.1 21 00.2 22 00.9 23 23.5 24 17.1 5 20.4 7 20.8 24 18.8 25 19.6 27 18.0 28 11.6 9 23.1 11 23.5 28 13.3 29 14.3 31 12.4 Dec. 2 06.1 14 01.7 16 02.2 Jun. 1 07.9 Dec. 3 08.9 Jun. 4 06.9 6 00.6 18 04.3 20 04.9 5 02.5 7 03.6 8 01.3 9 19.1 22 06.9 24 07.6 8 21.1 10 22.3 11 19.8 13 13.7 26 09.6 28 10.3 12 15.6 14 17.0 15 14.2 17 08.2 30 12.2 16 10.2 18 11.7 19 08.7 21 02.7 20 04.8 22 06.3 23 03.1 24 21.2 23 23.4 26 01.0 26 21.6 28 15.7 27 18.0 29 19.7 30 16.0 Jul. 1 12.5

Note: For intervening eastern elongations add: Mimas 0d 22.6h or 1d 21.2h or 2d 19.9h Enceladus 1d 08.9h or 2d 17.8h Tethys 1d 21.3h

BAA Handbook 2016 Satellites of Saturn 81 SATELLITES OF SATURN

DIONE AND RHEA Dione Rhea Each second eastern elongation Each second eastern elongation d h d h d h d h d h d h Jan. 1 03.2 Apr. 19 15.3 Aug. 7 01.6 Jan. 5 04.8 May 10 17.4 Sep. 14 03.9 6 14.6 25 02.7 12 12.9 14 06.0 19 18.1 23 04.9 12 02.1 30 14.0 18 00.3 23 07.1 28 18.7 Oct. 2 06.0 17 13.6 May 6 01.3 23 11.7 Feb. 1 08.2 Jun. 6 19.3 11 07.1 23 01.1 11 12.6 28 23.1 10 09.2 15 19.9 20 08.2 28 12.5 16 23.9 Sep. 3 10.5 19 10.2 24 20.5 29 09.4 Feb. 3 00.0 22 11.1 8 22.0 28 11.2 Jul. 3 21.2 Nov. 7 10.5 8 11.4 27 22.4 14 09.4 Mar. 8 12.1 12 21.9 16 11.7 13 22.9 Jun. 2 09.7 19 20.9 17 13.0 21 22.6 25 12.9 19 10.3 7 21.0 25 08.3 26 13.9 30 23.4 Dec. 4 14.1 24 21.7 13 08.3 30 19.8 Apr. 4 14.6 Aug. 9 00.2 13 15.3 Mar. 1 09.1 18 19.6 Oct. 6 07.2 13 15.4 18 01.0 22 16.5 6 20.5 24 06.9 11 18.7 22 16.1 27 02.0 31 17.7 12 07.9 29 18.2 17 06.2 May 1 16.8 Sep. 5 02.9 17 19.3 Jul. 5 05.5 22 17.7 23 06.6 10 16.8 28 05.2 28 18.0 16 04.2 Nov. 2 16.7 Note: For an intervening eastern elongation add: Apr. 3 05.3 21 15.5 8 04.2 8 16.7 27 02.8 13 15.7 Dione 2d 17.7h 14 04.0 Aug. 1 14.2 ------Rhea 4d 12.4h

TITAN AND HYPERION Titan Hyperion E. Elong. Inf. Conj’n W. Elong. Sup. Conj’n E.Elong. W Elong. d h d h d h d h d h d h Jan. 2 14.4 Jan. 6 10.4 Jan. 10 14.7 Jan. 14 18.6 Jan. 4 01.4 Jan. 14 06.3 18 15.1 22 10.9 26 15.2 30 18.9 25 13.8 Feb. 4 18.7 Feb. 3 15.4 Feb. 7 11.2 Feb. 11 15.4 Feb. 15 18.9 Feb. 16 01.6 26 06.3 19 15.3 23 11.0 27 15.2 Mar. 2 18.5 Mar. 8 12.4 Mar. 18 16.5 Mar. 6 14.8 Mar. 10 10.3 Mar. 14 14.5 18 17.6 29 21.9 Apr. 9 01.4 22 13.8 26 09.2 30 13.2 Apr. 3 16.3 Apr. 20 06.1 30 08.8 Apr. 7 12.2 Apr. 11 07.6 Apr. 15 11.4 19 14.4 May 11 12.9 May 21 15.0 23 10.2 27 05.6 May 1 09.1 May 5 12.2 Jun. 1 18.9 Jun. 11 20.5 May 9 07.8 May 13 03.2 17 06.5 21 09.6 23 00.3 Jul. 3 01.8 25 05.2 29 00.5 Jun. 2 03.7 Jun. 6 07.0 Jul. 14 05.7 24 07.4 Jun. 10 02.4 Jun. 13 21.9 18 00.9 22 04.3 Aug. 4 11.5 Aug. 14 13.5 25 23.8 29 19.3 Jul. 3 22.3 Jul. 8 01.9 25 17.9 Sep. 4 20.4 Jul. 11 21.4 Jul. 15 17.1 19 20.0 23 23.8 Sep. 16 00.8 26 04.0 27 19.3 31 15.2 Aug. 4 18.2 Aug. 8 22.2 Oct. 7 08.2 Oct. 17 12.1 Aug. 12 17.8 Aug. 16 13.8 20 16.8 24 21.0 28 16.0 Nov. 7 20.6 28 16.7 Sep. 1 12.8 Sep. 5 16.0 Sep. 9 20.3 Nov. 19 00.0 29 05.3 Sep. 13 16.1 17 12.3 21 15.7 25 20.1 Dec. 10 07.9 Dec. 20 13.8 29 16.0 Oct. 3 12.3 Oct. 7 15.8 Oct. 11 20.2 31 15.7 Oct. 15 16.2 19 12.6 23 16.3 27 20.7 31 16.8 Nov. 4 13.1 Nov. 8 17.1 Nov. 12 21.4 Nov. 16 17.5 20 13.9 24 18.1 28 22.3 Dec. 2 18.4 Dec. 6 14.8 Dec. 10 19.1 Dec. 14 23.2 18 19.4 22 15.8 26 20.2 31 00.0

Position-angle and angular-distances can be obtained from JPL’s Horizons web page at: http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?horizons (see page 115) 82 Satellites of Saturn BAA Handbook 2016 TITAN

Saturn is in conjunction with Sun during December.

BAA Handbook 2016 Satellites of Saturn 83 IAPETUS Iapetus shows variations in brightness, and is always brighter at western elongation than at eastern. The diagrams show the apparent path of Iapetus relative to Saturn, the units being in seconds of arc. Conjunction of Saturn is indicated by the faint portion of the orbit path from Nov.10 to Dec.31.

E. Elong. Inf. Conj’n. W. Elong. Sup. Conj’n.

d h d h d h d h Jan. 16 03.1 Feb. 6 00.5 Feb. 25 21.2 Mar. 15 17.8 Apr. 5 08.3 Apr. 25 14.1 May 14 18.8 Jun. 2 09.2 Jun. 22 05.7 Jul. 12 18.4 Jul. 31 18.4 Aug. 20 00.1 Sep. 9 01.7 Sep. 30 08.7 Oct. 19 21.2 Nov. 8 12.6 Nov. 29 07.8 Dec. 20 15.3

84 Satellites of Saturn BAA Handbook 2016 URANUS Uranus is at opposition on October 15, magnitude 5.7, diameter 3.7"

BAA Handbook 2016 Uranus 85 NEPTUNE Neptune is at opposition on September 2, magnitude 7.8, diameter 2.4"

86 Neptune BAA Handbook 2016 Trans–Neptunian & Scattered–Disk Objects

The list comprises the date, magnitude, geocentric position and apparent motion, when at opposition in 2016, of the 25 most intrinsically bright objects known as of 2015 January 25. The sizes of the smaller objects listed are speculative given that they are based on an estimated albedo only. If you wish to observe an object then go to the website of the Minor Planet and Comet Ephemeris Service at: http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/MPEph/MPEph.html

Here you enter the date and the designation of the object(s) you wish to observe. Given the extreme distance of these objects, the geocentric position will be sufficiently accurate for any location on the Earth.

Object Opposition Approx. Motion Number/Name Prov ID Date V H Diam. Δ RA Dec. Speed P km au h m º ' "/min º (136199) Eris 2003 UB313 Oct. 16 18.7 -1.2 2330 95.27 1 43.0 -2 44.3 0.025 252 (134340) Pluto - Jul. 8 14.4 -0.8 2370 32.12 19 08.6 -21 07.2 0.062 259 (136472) Makemake 2005 FY9 Mar. 22 16.9 -0.4 1450 51.57 12 55.4 +25 45.0 0.042 296 (136108) Haumea 2003 EL61 Apr. 12 17.2 0.1 1500* 49.76 14 05.7 +17 38.7 0.043 294 (90377) Sedna 2003 VB12 Nov. 18 20.8 1.5 1000 84.56 3 43.7 +7 22.3 0.025 257 (225088) 2007 OR10 Aug. 26 21.4 2.0 1240 86.59 22 22.6 -12 43.8 0.026 251 (90482) Orcus 2004 DW Feb. 26 19.1 2.2 940 47.12 10 05.6 -9 15.9 0.046 290 (50000) Quaoar 2002 LM60 Jun. 19 18.7 2.4 890 41.95 17 52.5 -15 23.1 0.049 271 2013 FY27 Mar. 5 22.1 3.0 900 79.25 10 42.7 -6 58.3 0.029 295 (55636) 2002 TX300 Oct. 24 19.6 3.3 300 41.45 1 11.6 +34 02.7 0.051 247 (202421) 2005 UQ513 Oct. 16 20.3 3.4 500 47.31 0 39.9 +32 07.4 0.045 245 (174567) Varda 2003 MW12 Jun. 8 20.2 3.4 700 46.02 17 13.6 -1 47.8 0.045 276 (229762) 2007 UK126 Nov. 30 19.8 3.4 610 41.88 4 39.6 +0 25.6 0.050 264 (55565) 2002 AW197 Feb. 17 20.1 3.5 730 44.76 9 41.8 -0 07.6 0.048 286 (303775) 2005 QU182 Oct. 10 20.7 3.5 420 50.81 1 20.8 -5 08.8 0.041 249 (120178) 2003 OP32 Aug. 31 19.9 3.6 230 41.16 22 17.3 +3 06.5 0.051 244 (28978) Ixion 2001 KX76 Jun. 14 19.6 3.6 650 38.94 17 30.4 +27 46.0 0.053 270 (20000) Varuna 2000 WR106 Jan. 19 20.0 3.6 1000 42.81 8 05.7 +26 48.0 0.050 285 (307261) 2002 MS4 Jun. 30 20.4 3.7 870 45.83 18 33.2 -7 03.0 0.046 268 (208996) 2003 AZ84 Jan. 22 20.3 3.8 700 43.83 8 04.1 +9 35.3 0.049 281 (55637) 2002 UX25 Nov. 4 19.9 3.8 680 39.76 2 44.4 +9 34.2 0.053 249 2010 EK139 Apr. 27 19.5 3.8 470 36.12 13 41.8 -36 50.8 0.056 288 (84522) 2002 TC302 Nov. 5 20.3 3.8 580 43.87 2 22.5 +27 49.3 0.049 256 (278361) 2007 JJ43 May 31 20.0 3.8 700 40.14 16 30.0 -26 41.6 0.051 281 (145452) 2005 RN43 Sep. 4 20.0 3.9 680 39.63 22 38.3 +0 52.0 0.052 244

*Haumea is asymmetric in shape being roughly 1940km x 1530km x 993km in size.

BAA Handbook 2016 Trans-Neptunian Objects 87 DWARF PLANETS (134340) Pluto

Pluto is at opposition, in Sagittarius, on July 7 at magnitude 14.1. Its brightness varies little throughout the year, ranging in visual magnitude from 14.1 to 14.3. Charts prepared using GUIDE 8.0. Stars down to magnitude 12.0 are shown.

88 Dwarf Planets BAA Handbook 2016 DWARF PLANETS (134340) Pluto Detailed charts around the time of opposition. Jun. 7 to Jul. 7 Jul. 7 to Aug. 7

The charts show stars down to magnitude 14. BAA Handbook 2016 Dwarf Planets 89 DWARF PLANETS ORBITAL ELEMENTS The geocentric data below have been extracted from the Minor Planet Center Ephemeris Service at: http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/MPEph/MPEph.html

Equinox J2000, Epoch of the elements, JD 2457000.5, 2014 Dec. 09.0 TT No. Name a e i Node Peri. M au ° ° ° ° 1 Ceres 2.768 0.076 10.593 80.329 72.522 95.989 134340 Pluto 39.420 0.249 17.168 110.285 113.240 36.914 136108 Haumea 43.217 0.191 28.192 121.792 240.200 209.075 136199 Eris 67.782 0.441 44.044 35.953 150.978 204.161 136472 Makemake 45.712 0.156 29.007 79.366 297.227 156.369 More information on asteroids and dwarf planets can be found on the website of the Asteroid and Remote Planets Section at: http://www.britastro.org/asteroids/

EPHEMERIDES The data below have been extracted from the Minor Planet Center Ephemeris Service at: http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/MPEph/MPEph.html

Equinox J2000, Epoch of the elements, JD 2457000.5, 2014 Dec. 09.0 TT

1 Ceres 2016 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Apr. 30 0 33 40.5 -05 29 16 3.727 2.961 35.2 9.3 May 10 0 47 12.9 -04 12 30 3.644 2.958 41.1 9.3 20 1 00 23.3 -03 00 44 3.550 2.955 47.1 9.3 30 1 13 08.2 -01 54 38 3.445 2.952 53.2 9.3 Jun. 9 1 25 22.8 -00 54 59 3.332 2.948 59.4 9.2

19 1 37 0.4 -00 02 33 3.211 2.944 65.8 9.2 29 1 47 54.1 +00 42 00 3.083 2.940 72.4 9.1 Jul. 9 1 57 54.7 +01 17 55 2.950 2.936 79.3 9.1 19 2 06 51.1 +01 44 32 2.814 2.931 86.4 9.0 29 2 14 31.4 +02 01 17 2.676 2.927 93.9 8.9

Aug. 8 2 20 40.8 +02 07 40 2.540 2.922 101.8 8.7 18 2 25 04.0 +02 03 27 2.408 2.917 110.2 8.6 28 2 27 26.2 +01 48 50 2.284 2.911 119.0 8.4 Sep. 7 2 27 33.3 +01 24 28 2.170 2.906 128.4 8.2 17 2 25 18.1 +00 52 01 2.071 2.900 138.3 8.0

27 2 20 43.1 +00 14 13 1.991 2.894 148.5 7.8 Oct. 7 2 14 03.8 -00 25 04 1.935 2.888 158.5 7.6 17 2 05 54.7 -01 00 49 1.905 2.882 166.1 7.5 27 1 57 03.7 -01 27 57 1.902 2.875 165.6 7.5 Nov. 6 1 48 26.6 -01 42 05 1.928 2.869 157.4 7.6

16 1 40 57.9 -01 40 21 1.981 2.862 147.1 7.8 26 1 35 17.9 -01 21 59 2.057 2.855 136.6 8.0 Dec. 6 1 31 52.0 -00 47 38 2.152 2.848 126.3 8.2 16 1 30 50.3 +00 00 54 2.263 2.841 116.4 8.4 26 1 32 09.3 +01 01 20 2.384 2.834 107.1 8.5

90 Dwarf Planets BAA Handbook 2016 DWARF PLANETS

134340 Pluto 2016 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Apr. 10 19 13 56.7 -20 51 44 33.007 33.076 93.1 14.6 30 19 13 52.6 -20 52 55 32.688 33.088 112.6 14.6 May 20 19 13 00.4 -20 55 40 32.413 33.101 132.2 14.5 Jun. 9 19 11 29.1 -20 59 45 32.216 33.113 151.7 14.5 29 19 09 32.3 -21 04 47 32.121 33.126 171.2 14.4

Jul. 19 19 07 27.4 -21 10 14 32.140 33.138 169.1 14.4 Aug. 8 19 05 32.8 -21 15 35 32.273 33.151 149.6 14.5 28 19 04 05.6 -21 20 22 32.505 33.163 130.0 14.5 Sep. 17 19 03 19.2 -21 24 12 32.812 33.176 110.4 14.6 Oct. 7 19 03 22.0 -21 26 49 33.160 33.189 90.8 14.6

136108 Haumea 2016 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Jan. 21 14 08 25.9 +16 50 57 50.552 50.663 95.9 17.3 Feb. 10 14 08 28.9 +17 02 25 50.255 50.659 113.7 17.3 Mar. 1 14 08 00.5 +17 15 12 50.007 50.655 130.5 17.3 21 14 07 05.7 +17 27 33 49.837 50.652 144.5 17.2 Apr. 10 14 05 52.7 +17 37 50 49.765 50.648 151.5 17.2

30 14 04 32.2 +17 44 40 49.797 50.644 146.9 17.2 May 20 14 03 15.3 +17 47 11 49.928 50.640 134.3 17.3 Jun. 9 14 02 12.6 +17 45 05 50.140 50.636 118.8 17.3 29 14 01 32.5 +17 38 37 50.407 50.632 102.3 17.3

136199 Eris 2016 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Jul. 19 01 44 55.6 -02 28 09 96.199 96.259 93.1 18.7 Aug. 8 01 44 50.8 -02 30 39 95.875 96.255 111.7 18.7 28 01 44 31.3 -02 34 14 95.593 96.251 130.4 18.7 Sep. 17 01 43 59.2 -02 38 26 95.386 96.247 148.8 18.7 Oct. 7 01 43 18.5 -02 42 38 95.279 96.243 164.6 18.7

27 01 42 33.8 -02 46 14 95.287 96.239 163.4 18.7 Nov. 16 01 41 51.0 -02 48 41 95.409 96.236 146.6 18.7 Dec. 6 01 41 15.5 -02 49 34 95.632 96.232 127.3 18.7 26 01 40 51.9 -02 48 40 95.928 96.228 107.5 18.7

136472 Makemake 2016 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Jan. 1 12 58 03.0 +24 58 27 52.316 52.432 96.3 17.0 21 12 58 07.1 +25 09 19 52.027 52.434 114.0 16.9 Feb. 10 12 57 39.5 +25 21 49 51.788 52.436 130.7 16.9 Mar. 1 12 56 44.7 +25 34 09 51.628 52.439 144.6 16.9 21 12 55 30.8 +25 44 36 51.567 52.441 151.0 16.9

Apr. 10 12 54 08.6 +25 51 39 51.611 52.443 145.8 16.9 30 12 52 49.8 +25 54 19 51.753 52.445 133.0 16.9 May 20 12 51 44.9 +25 52 15 51.975 52.447 117.3 16.9 Jun. 9 12 51 02.6 +25 45 38 52.251 52.449 100.7 17.0

BAA Handbook 2016 Dwarf Planets 91 COMETS The date of perihelion (T), perihelion distance (q), period (P), the number of previously observed returns (N), and the parameters for calculating magnitude (H1 and K1) (see below), are given for each comet. These data are followed by approximate values for: the brightest magnitude during 2016, the date and elongation at this time, the period when the comet is brighter than 14th magnitude and the period of visibility when the comet is brighter than 20th magnitude for the UK (52°N) and Southern Hemisphere (35°S). Some periodic comets show a flat light curve with the comet at a similar brightness for over a month and the figures are more approximate for these than for others which have a much more sharply defined maximum brightness. Ephemerides for comets due to return are no longer given in the Handbook. Orbital elements and/or ephemerides are available at the Minor Planet Center at http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/MPEph/MPEph.html or the Comet Section web page at : http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/~jds and the Comet Orbit Home Page : http://jcometobs.web.fc2.com/ and the JPL Small-Body Database Browser: http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi#top Further information about the visibility of the brighter objects will be included in the 2015 December BAA Journal. The SOHO comets are only likely to be visible in the STEREO or SOHO fields, and are brightest close to the Sun near the time of perihelion; no details are given for them. 1884 O1 (D/Barnard), 1894 F1 (D/Denning), 1918 W1 (D/Schorr), 1978 R1 (D/Haneda-Campos) have not been seen since their discovery apparitions, but may be recovered by chance. The relation between perihelion (q), aphelion (Q) and semi–major axis (a) is: a = (Q + q)/2. If required, the mean daily motion (n, expressed in degrees) can be computed from: n = 0.985608/ (a3/2). The period is given by Kepler’s third law: P2 = a3 (where P is expressed in sidereal years and a in Astronomical Units). Magnitude parameters are from determinations by the BAA’s Comet Section or from the Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams; the magnitude is usually given by

V = H1 + 5 (log Δ) + K1 (log r), where Δ is the distance of the comet from Earth and r is its distance from the Sun, both in Astronomical Units. Note that some PC ephemeris programs require K1/2.5 to be entered rather than K1. The BAA’s Computing Section website has charts for many comets, updated monthly: http://britastro.org/computing/charts_comet.html and also the ability to see which comets are visible on any night using "What’s observable": http://britastro.org/computing/applets_ecliptic.html

Comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann This annual comet has frequent outbursts and over the past few years seems to be more often active than not, though it rarely gets brighter than 12m. This comet is an ideal target for those equipped with CCDs and it should be observed at every opportunity.

92 Comets BAA Handbook 2016 SCHWASSMANN-WACHMANN [29P] SCHWASSMANN-WACHMANN

BAA Handbook 2016 Comets 93

‡

† † † † † † † † Jan Dec Dec Jan, Dec Jan, Dec Jul – Oct Jan – Jun Jan – Oct Jan – Oct Jan – Feb Jan – Sep Jun – Dec Jan – Nov Jan – Nov Apr – Sep Feb – Dec Apr – Aug Apr – Aug – Dec Nov – Dec Apr – May May – Dec May – Dec May – Dec Visible SH Visible Jan, Mar – Oct

† † † † † † † † Jan Jan Jan Jul – Sep Jan – Oct Jul – Dec Jul – Dec Jan – Feb Jan – Feb Apr – Jun Jan - May Jan – Mar Jan – May Jan – May Jan – May Aug – Dec Aug – Dec Aug – Dec Aug – Dec Aug – Dec Visible UK Visible Jan – Feb, Dec Jan – May, Jul - Dec Jan – May, Jan – Feb, Oct - Dec Jan – Mar, Oct - Dec Jan – Mar,

† † † † † † † † † † † † † † † † † † † † † † than 14 Brighter Jan – Jul Jan – Feb Jan – Dec Jan – Aug Jan – Jan – Mar Jan – Aug Jan – Jan – May Mar – Apr Mar – Apr – May

6 8 ° 28 41 80 76 90 54 38 15 15 45 10 54 140 120 179 130 130 135 145 160 145 150 170 170 165 150 160 140 105 Elong. at peak * * @ Jul Jul Jul Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jun Jan Jun Jun Jun Jun Oct Apr Apr Sep Sep Sep Feb Apr Mar Mar Mar May May peak Date of 1 * * @ 11 13 12 12 15 17 15 16 20 18 14 10 12 14 19 15 20 15 21 14 19 17 17 17 20 20 15 18 17 Peak Mag.

1 7.7 5.0 9.3 5.0 9.6 15.0 12.4 25.0 10.0 10.0 15.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 15.0 10.0 15.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 COMETS K 1 7.0 8.6 0.6 2.5 9.5 9.5 7.5 9.8 8.9 8.0 7.0 4.5 9.3 11.0 12.5 10.0 14.0 16.0 14.0 10.0 20 19.5 13.0 10.5 12.5 15.5 13.5 12.4 14.0 13.5 16.5 15.0 16.0 2 4 2 8 3 2 1 2 1 4 2 5 5 1 2 3 5 2 6 2 1 3 2 3 3 1 4 3 2 N H 16 22

P 5.67 6.40 5.36 6.50 6.71 8.25 7.42 8.01 8.30 4.12 5.40 6.41 5.34 5.89 6.35 8.51 8.74 3.77 8.85 6.88 6.31 8.92 8.62 7.63 6.29 7.33 5.47 6.44 8.11 7.64 years 12.60 238.00

q au 0.05 1.56 1.42 0.82 2.18 2.24 2.35 1.92 2.58 2.75 1.70 1.38 0.58 1.57 2.67 2.21 1.00 1.18 2.01 2.85 2.03 0.05 1.33 2.43 3.30 2.34 1.99 4.88 2.52 2.98 2.15 1.36 2.52 1.55 1.98 1.43 0.94

T Jul 1.5 Jul 1.1 Jan 12.2 Jan 17.6 Jan 27.3 Jun 10.4 Jun 10.6 Jun 14.0 Oct 25.1 Jun 17.0 Jun 30.0 Feb 11.4 Feb 8.2 Feb 27.3 Apr 2.0 Apr 6.6 Apr 7.8 Apr 10.4 Apr 23.9 Apr 29.9 Mar 2.4 Mar 6.7 Mar 9.4 Mar 10.1 Mar 10.6 Mar 17.8 Mar Mar 17.8 Mar 26.1 Nov 14.3 Nov 15.7 May 1.4 May 13.6 May 24.4 May 26.9 May 27.4 May 31.2 May 31.2 2016 2015

Comet 22P/Kopff 10P/Tempel Catalina (2013 US10) 116P/Wild PanSTARRS (2014 Y1) (2014 PanSTARRS 211P/Hill 50P/Arend Lemmon-PanSTARRS (2014 W5) (2014 Lemmon-PanSTARRS 147P/Kushida-Muramatsu 194P/LINEAR D/Denning (1894 F1) P/SOHO (2003 T12 / 2012 A3) T12 / 2012 P/SOHO (2003 P/Ikeya-Murakami (2010 V1) P/Ikeya-Murakami (2010 PanSTARRS (2014 W2) (2014 PanSTARRS 127P/Holt-Olmstead 252P/LINEAR 104P/Kowal 100P/Hartley D/Schorr (1918 W1) D/Schorr (1918 190P/Mueller P/SOHO (2001 D1) PANSTARRS (2013 X1) PANSTARRS 53P/Van Biesbroeck 53P/Van 302P/Lemmon-PanSTARRS 77P/Longmore 224P/LINEAR-NEAT Spacewatch (2011 KP36) Spacewatch (2011 P/Gibbs (2007 R3) 136P/Mueller 216P/LINEAR 157P/Tritton 202P/Scotti P/Scotti (2011 A2) P/Scotti (2011 118P/Shoemaker-Levy 146P/Shoemaker-LINEAR 207P/NEAT P/SOHO (1999 N5 / 2005 E4) 94 Comets BAA Handbook 2016

‡

† † † Jan Dec Jan – Jun Jul – Dec Jan – Oct Jan – Feb Jan – Feb Jul – Aug Jul – Jun – Dec Jun – Dec Jun – Aug Jun – Jan – Nov Feb – Dec Mar – Oct Sep – Dec Apr – Dec Apr – Dec Feb – Apr, Apr, Feb – Apr – Aug Apr – Mar – Dec Nov – Dec Aug – Dec Nov – Dec Nov – Dec May – Dec May – Nov Visible SH Visible Jan – Feb, Dec Jan – Mar, Nov – Dec Jan – Mar,

† † † † † † Dec Jan – Jun Jul – Dec Jul – Dec Jul – Dec Jul – Dec Jul – Dec Jul – Dec Jan – Apr Jan – Apr – Jun Jan – Dec Jan – Dec Oct – Dec Oct – Dec Oct – Dec Sep – Dec Sep – Dec Jan – May Aug – Oct Aug – Dec Aug – Dec Visible UK Visible Jan – Apr, Oct – Dec Apr, Jan – Jan – Mar, Sep – Dec Jan – Mar, Jan – Apr, Nov – Dec Apr, Jan – Jul – Aug, Nov – Dec Jul –

† † † † † † † † † † † † † † † † † † † † † † Dec than 14 Brighter Jan – Dec Jun – Dec Oct – Dec Feb – Dec Apr – Dec Feb – Nov Mar – Dec Nov – Dec

° 70 45 46 28 85 31 93 80 68 40 34 55 112 114 175 170 165 156 170 170 145 155 165 130 120 125 139 125 130 139 140 Elong. at peak * * Jul Jul Jul Jun Jun Jun Jun Oct Oct Oct Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Apr Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Nov Aug Aug Aug Nov May peak Date of * * 7 11 11 19 16 18 15 19 19 19 18 18 16 16 12 20 15 19 18 19 19 19 12 12 12@ 12 17 10 20 18 17 # Alternative solutions for the same object Southern Hemisphere (35°S) # Peak Mag. ‡

1 5.0 6.9 5.0 8.0 5.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 15.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 15.0 19.7 10.0 19.1 10.0 10.0 25.3 10.0 10.0 32.1 15.0 10.0 COMETS K 1 9.0 9.9 8.5 8.7 6.6 6.5 8.9 7.2 7.3 4.3 6.0 9.0 11.0 11.0 11.5 14.5 12.0 16.0 15.5 17.0 14.0 12.0 17.0 10.0 13.5 12.6 18.0 10.2 10.0 17.0 14.5 @ Subject to outburst 2 2 3 5 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 5 6 3 1 1 4 5 1 2 1 3 4 2 2 2 N H 11 11 11 11 62 10

P 5.76 5.63 5.31 6.58 8.15 5.32 3.47 5.95 6.44 8.76 6.78 7.71 6.41 4.15 7.09 7.66 7.32 5.58 5.26 5.41 6.98 3.30 6.13 5.42 8.07 7.57 7.32 7.76 6.57 years 11.50 11.20 10.8 16.90 19.60

q au 0.05 2.36 0.05 2.82 2.23 2.54 2.43 2.01 1.63 1.29 3.06 2.16 2.30 2.51 1.59 0.04 1.34 2.42 6.24 1.76 2.24 1.54 7.27 0.53 1.31 1.32 0.34 1.36 1.05 2.16 2.96 1.43 1.78 1.65 4.24 1.98 Orbit too uncertain to predict.

T Jul 1.9 Jul 2.1 Jul 8.0 Jul 14.5 Jul 18.4 Jul 20.3 Jul 24.7 Jul 25.0 11.7 Oct Oct 11.7 Oct 22.8 Oct 27.7 Oct 7.1 Sep 5.1 Sep 10.2 Apr 11.4 Dec 7.5 Dec 10.7 Dec 15.2 Dec 31.2 Mar 10.1 Nov 11.2 Nov 1.5 Nov 8.9 Nov 8.5 Nov 18.2 Nov 23.0 Nov 23.8 Aug 2.6 Aug 7.8 Aug 10.8 Aug 16.8 Aug 19.7 Aug 22.5 Aug 30.3 Aug 31.0 2017

omet 238P/Read 2016 C P/SOHO (2000 O3) 94P/Russell P/Read (2005 S3) 208P/McMillan 288P/Spacewatch (300163) LINEAR (2010 A2) LINEAR (2010 P/WISE (2010 N1) D/Haneda-Campos (1978 R1) P/Boattini (2008 T1) P/Boattini (2008 279P/La Sagra P/McNaught (2008 J3) 56P/Slaughter-Burnham 81P/Wild P/SOHO (1999 X3) P/Gibbs (2009 K1) P/LONEOS (2004 VR8) P/LONEOS (2004 PanSTARRS (2014 OE4) PanSTARRS 150P/LONEOS 89P/Russell 9P/Tempel PanSTARRS (2014 R3) PanSTARRS 45P/Honda-Mrkos-Pajdusakova D/Barnard (1884 O1) 225P/LINEAR 2P/Encke 43P/Wolf-Harrington 41P/Tuttle-Giacobini-Kresak 33P/Daniel P/Catalina (1999 V1) P/Catalina (1999 144P/Kushida 226P/Pigott-LINEAR-Kowalski † Not visible or not brighter than 14th magnitude. * 212P/NEAT 314P/Montani 237P/LINEAR P/SOHO (1999 N5 / 2005 G2) BAA Handbook 2016 Comets 95 COMETS Comets at small phase angle or near 180° Comet name Designation From To V m d m d

Palomar C/2012 LP26 1 12 1 16 19.1 Hill 211P/ 1 15 1 25 16.9 Schwartz C/2014 B1 1 19 2 18 18.9 LINEAR-NEAT 204P/ 1 21 1 29 14.9 Clark 71P/ 1 27 1 29 16.6

LINEAR-Hill P/2008 QP20 1 28 2 11 19.1 PANSTARRS C/2012 K1 2 11 2 13 16.1 Spitaler 113P/ 2 18 2 30 16.5

Palomar C/2012 LP26 2 25 2 29 19.1 PANSTARRS C/2014 G3 2 28 3 23 19.9 Holvorcem C/2013 U2 3 3 3 23 19.2 Jedicke 269P/ 3 3 3 25 17.7 PANSTARRS C/2013 W2 3 5 4 2 19.3 PANSTARRS C/2012 K1 3 12 3 16 16.3 Van Ness 213P/ 3 23 3 27 18.6 Longmore 77P/ 4 6 4 14 15.1 Borisov C/2013 V2 4 18 5 22 18.5 Russell 89P/ 4 26 5 10 19.1 Comas Sola 32P/ 5 4 5 30 19.0 Wild 116P/ 5 13 5 23 11.3 Borisov C/2014 Q3 5 18 5 20 20.0

LINEAR P/2004 FYE0 5 18 6 9 18.2 Schwartz C/2014 B1 7 1 7 21 19.1 Boattini P/2008 T1 7 19 8 4 17.5 Van Biesbroeck 53P/ 7 31 8 14 15.2

Palomar C/2012 LP26 8 3 9 12 18.9 Catalina-PANSTARRS 299P/ 8 14 8 22 20.0 LINEAR 176P/ 8 18 9 1 18.4 Schwartz C/2014 B1 8 18 9 5 19.0 Vaisala-Oterma 139P/ 8 18 9 7 18.3 Lovas 93P/ 8 21 9 2 15.0 PANSTARRS C/2012 F3 8 25 9 26 17.6 Gehrels 90P/ 8 29 9 12 18.8 LINEAR-Mueller 188P/ 8 29 9 10 13.5 Spacewatch (300163) 288P/ 9 6 9 14 18.8 Lemmon-PANSTARRS 302P/ 9 10 9 24 19.7

Spacewatch C/2011 KP36 9 20 10 14 14.5 Echeclus (60558) 174P/ 9 24 10 30 17.2 Read 238P/ 9 29 10 11 18.9 McMillan 208P/ 9 30 10 14 15.2 Gibbs P/2007 R3 10 8 10 22 19.1 La Sagra 279P/ 10 17 10 23 18.1 Kopff 22P/ 11 2 11 16 17.2 Shoemaker-Holt 128P-B 11 8 11 24 15.0 Catalina-LINEAR 227P/ 11 12 11 24 19.4 Read P/2005 S3 11 14 11 28 17.8 Tempel 10P/ 12 14 12 24 14.8 Comets reaching small phase angles can become significantly brighter than given by the standard simple light curve. The photometric parameters over the period when the comet is at a small phase angle provide information about the nature of the material in the coma. Daily photometric observations during the indicated periods are encouraged. 96 Comets BAA Handbook 2016 METEORS This diary includes all regular major and some of the more reliable minor streams. Radiant data (UT, Alt.) and twilight data are for observers at the standard latitudes 52°N and 35°S, on the Greenwich meridian. Moonrise and moonset may be determined from the data on pages 24–27. Where two radiants are given for one shower, the radiant on the same line as the times of twilight has been used for calculating the altitudes. All times are in UT. Normal limits are the dates between which the shower rates are normally greater than 25 per cent of the sporadic rate for the period. Zenithal Hourly Rate (ZHR) is the probable hourly rate for a single experienced observer watching a clear sky with limiting magnitude 6.5 with the shower radiant in the zenith. To a first approximation, the observed hourly rate (OHR) is given by: OHR = ZHR sin a where a is the radiant elevation. Hence high rates cannot be expected if the radiant is low. Sky conditions can alter rates considerably and consequently observers should record the approximate naked eye limiting magnitude in the areas being watched during each observing session. The rates given are the maximum ones, and are only a guide in view of the inherent variability of showers. Twilight here is nautical, starting and ending when the Sun is 12° below the horizon. Telescopic Activity: If a number is given this is an approximate relative telescopic rate (sporadic rate = 1.0). If there is no entry the shower is deficient in faint meteors. However, many of the numbers are speculative. Observations using wide-field CCD imaging may help augment telescopic meteor work in the future. Radiant Daily Motion: Where available, these come from the Working List of Meteor Showers published by the IAU Meteor Data Center (MDC). Meteor radiants are not stationary because of the Earth’s motion around the Sun. They move about one degree of ecliptic longitude per day. The daily motions should be applied to determine the radiant positions at dates other than maximum. The positions of several shower radiants at maximum have been revised following analysis of recent video meteor data by Alex Pratt, William Stewart and Leonard Entwisle.

Special Notes for 2016: Bright moonlight has an adverse effect on meteor observing, and for about five days to either side of Full Moon, lunar glare swamps all but the brighter meteors. Visual observers may, however, minimize the effects of moonlight by positioning themselves so the Moon is behind them and hidden behind a wall or other suitable obstruction. In 2016, the maxima of the Lyrids, Northern Taurids, Leonids and Geminids will all suffer interference by moonlight. Lyrid maximum on Apr. 21 coincides with a virtually full Moon in Virgo. In autumn, the broad peak of the Northern Taurids around Nov. 12 occurs just before full Moon, although the Southern Taurids which peak five days earlier will be less affected. Observations of the Leonids later in November will be hampered by a Moon only a couple of days past full on the Taurus/Gemini border, which is a pity as the peak is near 04h, a good time for UK observers. The Geminids, which are now the richest of the annual meteor showers, also coincide with a virtually full Moon in Taurus. There are many excellent observing opportunities in 2016. The peak of the Quadrantids occurs just after dawn in the UK on Jan. 04, but good rates should be seen in the early morning hours, weather permitting. The Eta Aquarids in early May coincide with new Moon, and shower members may be observed in the eastern sky as the radiant rises before dawn. The complex of showers which peak in late July and early August, e.g. the Capricornids, Delta Aquarids, Piscis Australids, Alpha Capricornids and Iota Aquarids, are very well placed with respect to the Moon this year, and the combined activity of all these showers should provide observers with good observed rates at this time. Perseid maximum occurs during daylight hours from the UK, but high activity should be seen on the nights of Aug. 11/12 and Aug. 12/13. The Moon will be a waxing gibbous in Ophiuchus, setting at around midnight. Of the autumn showers, conditions are quite favourable for the later parts of the broad Orionid peak, although maximum itself will be affected by a waning last quarter Moon in Cancer. Taurid activity in late October/early November should also be relatively unaffected by moonlight. The Ursids in late December are also quite favourable this year and, although rates are low, this is a shower badly in need of observation.

As always, observations away from the major shower maxima, and of year-round sporadic activity, are every bit as important to the work of the Association’s Meteor Section as those obtained when high rates are anticipated.

BAA Handbook 2016 Meteor Diary 97 METEORS METEORS

Radiant Position Latitude 52°N Latitude 35°S Epoch Maximum Daily Motion Twilight Radiant Twilight Radiant

λ☉ Local Time Age of Normal Telescopic Shower (2000.0) Maximum R.A. Dec. R.A. Dec. of Transit Date Moon Ends Begins UT Alt. Ends Begins UT Alt. Notes Limits ZHR Activity ° at Max. hh:mm (°) ° ° ° h d h h h ° h h h ° Quadrantids 283.2 Jan. 4d 09h Jan. 1-6 80? 15:20 (230) +50 +0.4 –0.2 1.5 8.5 Jan. 4 24 17.4 6.7 00 21 – – – – Blue and yellow meteors. Diffuse radiant 03 40 except at peak. Strong in 1992. 06 46 Quite favourable. Virginids 022 Apr. 11-12 Mar.-Apr. 5 14:04 (211) –09 ? 0.7 Apr. 11 4 20.2 3.8 22 20 18.6 5.4 20 21 The two most prominent of several radiants in Apr. 6-17 5 13:36 (204) –11 0.3 01 29 00 62 Virgo, active March-April. Slow, long paths. 04 16 04 38 Lyrids 032 Apr. 21d 22h Apr. 18-25 10 18:08 (272) +33 +1.10 0.0 4.2 Apr. 21 14 20.6 3.4 21 15 18.4 5.6 01 09 Normally rather moderate activity, but fine – 00 41 03 21 displays in 1803, 1922, 1982. 03 66 05 22 Unfavourable. η Aquarids 045 May 5-6 Apr. 24- 40 22:30 (338) –01 +0.70 +0.3 7.6 May 5 28 21.1 2.8 02 03 18.2 5.7 02 05 Fine southern shower, poorly seen from the May 20 – 03 12 04 29 UK. Broad maximum and multiple radiant.

06 49 Telescopic peak λ☉=042°. α-Scorpiids 038 Apr. 28 Apr. 20- 5 16:31 (248) –24 +0.50 –0.19 1.5 2.0 Apr. 28 21 21.4 2.5 22 07 18.1 5.8 20 30 Part of the Scorpiid-Sagittarius complex. 052 May 12 May 19 16:04 (241) –24 1.6 May 12 6 00 14 00 77 Several weak radiants. April-July. 02 12 03 57 Ophiuchids 079 Jun. 10 May 19- 5 17:56 (269) –23 Jun. 10 6 22.5 1.5 22 15 17.9 6.1 21 54 Weak activity from several radiants. Best for 089 Jun. 20 Jul. 17:20 (260) –20 – 23.5 Jun. 20 16 00 18 00 74 southern observers. 02 10 03 42 Rather unfavourable. α-Cygnids 118 Jul. 20 Jul.-Aug. 5 21:00 (315) +48 ? 1.1 Jul. 20 16 21.8 2.3 22 62 18.1 6.1 23 03 Weak, apparently stationary radiant producing 148 Aug. 21 23.0 Aug. 21 19 00 80 01 07 steady activity throughout northern summer. 02 79 02 06 Capricornids 106 Jul. 7 Jul.-Aug. 5 20:44 (311) –15 1.6 Jul. 7 3 22.2 2.1 22 11 18.1 6.1 21 54 Bright yellow-blue meteors. May have three 113 Jul. 15 – 1.2 Jul. 15 11 00 21 00 64 maxima and multiple radiant. 123 Jul. 25 0.5 Jul. 25 21 02 22 03 06 δ-Aquarids 126 Jul. 28 Jul.15- 20 22:36 (339) –17 +0.80 +0.18 1.0 2.2 Jul. 28 24 21.6 2.6 23 09 18.2 6.0 23 44 Fine southern shower with double radiant. S. 134 Aug. 6 Aug.20 10 23:04 (346) +02 +1.00 +0.20 2.1 Aug. 6 4 01 19 02 72 component is the richer. Meteors tend to be 03 20 05 49 faint. Favourable. Piscis 128 Jul. 31 Jul. 15- 5 22:40 (340) –30 ? 2.1 Jul. 31 27 21.5 2.7 00 03 18.3 6.0 23 51 Southern shower in need of observation. Australids Aug. 20 01 07 02 85 Favourable. 02 08 05 53

α-Capricornids 130 Aug. 2-3 Jul. 15- 5 20:36 (309) –10 +0.90 +0.30 23.8 Aug. 2 0 21.4 2.8 22 23 18.3 5.9 23 43 Maxima at λ☉ =123°, 129°, 137°. Long, slow Aug. 20 – 00 28 02 65 fireballs are often seen. 02 22 05 41 Favourable. ι-Aquarids 134 Aug. 6 Jul.-Aug. 8 22:10 (333) –15 +1.07 +0.18 1.0? 1.2 Aug. 6 4 21.2 2.9 22 12 18.3 5.9 22 38 Rich in faint meteors. Double radiant. 22:04 (331) –06 +1.03 +0.13 1.1 00 21 01 68 Favourable. 02 22 04 52 Perseids 140 Aug. 12d 12h Jul. 23- 80+ 03:13 (048) +58 +1.38 +0.18 0.5 5.8 Aug. 12 10 21.0 3.2 21 27 – – – – Rich shower of fast meteors. High proportion Aug. 20 00 44 of bright events leaving persistent trains. 03 66 Quite favourable. Piscids 166 Sep. 8 Sep.-Oct. 10 00:36 (009) +07 ? 1.3 Sep. 8 8 19.7 4.1 21 21 18.7 5.2 21 16 Another multiple-radiant ecliptic complex with 178 Sep. 20 5 00:24 (006) 00 0.3 Sep. 20 20 00 42 low rates. 200 Oct. 13 ? 01:44 (026) +14 0.1 Oct. 13 13 03 41 Orionids 209 Oct. 21-24 Oct. 16-30 25 06 24 (096) +16 +0.70 +0.11 1.0 4.5 Oct. 22 21 18.1 5.4 00 26 19.3 4.2 00 09 Fast meteors, many with persistent trains. Flat 02 43 02 29 maximum, with several sub-peaks. Good in 04 53 04 40 2006. Quite favourable. Taurids (S) 223 Nov. 5 Oct. 20- 10 03:33 (056) +13 +0.73 +0.18 ? 0.6 Nov. 5 6 17.7 5.7 21 33 19.5 3.9 21 19 Slow meteors. Double radiant. Broad peak

(N) 230 Nov. 12 Nov. 30 03:54 (059) +22 +0.80 +0.16 0.6 Nov. 12 13 00 51 00 36 λ☉ =220°–230°. Sometimes more bright events, 03 42 03 30 as in 2005. Leonids 235 Nov. 17d 04h Nov. 15-20 20? 10:16 (154) +22 +0.60 –0.29 0.5? 6.5 Nov. 17 17 17.4 6.1 01 23 19.8 3.7 02 05 Very fast meteors, many with persistent trains. 03 41 03 15 Enhanced activity unlikely until the late 2020s, 05 56 04 24 but observations still important. Unfavourable. Puppids-Velids 257 Dec. 8 Nov. 27-Jan. 15 09:00 (135) –48 ? 6.4 Dec. 8 9 – – – – 20.2 3.5 23 13 Two of several radiants in Puppis, Vela and 274 Dec. 25 09:20 (140) –65 Dec. 25 26 01 31 Carina from November to January. 03 50 Geminids 262 Dec. 13d 20h Dec. 8-17 100+ 07:33 (113) +32 +1.02 –0.15 1.5 1.9 Dec. 13 14 17.2 6.6 21 34 20.2 3.6 23 12 Richest of the annual showers, with slow 00 61 01 22 meteors and a good proportion of bright events. 03 67 03 31 Unfavourable. Ursids 271 Dec. 22-23 Dec. 17-25 10? 14:28 (217) +78 +0.88 –0.45 1.0? 8.4 Dec. 22 23 17.3 6.7 22 41 – – – – Under-observed shower which has produced 02 49 outbursts in 1945, 1982 and 1986. 06 61 Favourable.

98 Meteor Diary BAA Handbook 2016 METEORS METEORS

Radiant Position Latitude 52°N Latitude 35°S Epoch Maximum Daily Motion Twilight Radiant Twilight Radiant

BAA Handbook 2016 Meteor Diary 99 VARIABLE STARS Heliocentric Times of Primary Minima RZ Cassiopeiae: Magnitude 6.2 to 7.7, Duration 4.8 hours h h h h h h Jan. 1 15.7 Feb. 1 17.5 Mar. 1 10.0 Apr. 1 11.8 May 1 9.0 Jun. 1 10.8 2 20.4* 2 22.2* 2 14.7 2 16.5 2 13.7 2 15.5 4 1.1* 4 2.9* 3 19.4 3 21.2* 3 18.4 3 20.2 5 5.8* 5 7.6 5 0.1* 5 1.9* 4 23.1* 5 0.9 6 10.5 6 12.3 6 4.7* 6 6.6 6 3.7 6 5.6 7 15.1 7 17.0 7 9.4 7 11.3 7 8.4 7 10.3 8 19.8* 8 21.7* 8 14.1 8 16.0 8 13.1 8 14.9 10 0.5* 10 2.3* 9 18.8 9 20.6 9 17.8 9 19.6 11 5.2* 11 7.0 10 23.5* 11 1.3* 10 22.5* 11 0.3 12 9.9 12 11.7 12 4.2* 12 6.0 12 3.2 12 5.0 13 14.6 13 16.4 13 8.9 13 10.7 13 7.9 13 9.7 14 19.3* 14 21.1* 14 13.6 14 15.4 14 12.5 14 14.4 15 23.9* 16 1.8* 15 18.2 15 20.1 15 17.2 15 19.1 17 4.6* 17 6.5 16 22.9* 17 0.8* 16 21.9 16 23.8 18 9.3 18 11.1 18 3.6* 18 5.4 18 2.6* 18 4.4 19 14.0 19 15.8 19 8.3 19 10.1 19 7.3 19 9.1 20 18.7 20 20.5* 20 13.0 20 14.8 20 12.0 20 13.8 21 23.4* 22 1.2* 21 17.7 21 19.5 21 16.7 21 18.5 23 4.1* 23 5.9 22 22.4* 23 0.2* 22 21.3 22 23.2 24 8.7 24 10.6 24 3.0* 24 4.9 24 2.0 24 3.9 25 13.4 25 15.3 25 7.7 25 9.6 25 6.7 25 8.6 26 18.1 26 19.9* 26 12.4 26 14.3 26 11.4 26 13.2 27 22.8* 28 0.6* 27 17.1 27 18.9 27 16.1 27 17.9 29 3.5* 29 5.3* 28 21.8* 28 23.6* 28 20.8 28 22.6 30 8.2 30 2.5* 30 4.3 30 1.5 30 3.3 31 12.9 31 7.2 31 6.1

Jul. 1 8.0 Aug. 1 9.8 Sep. 1 11.7 Oct. 1 8.8 Nov. 1 10.7 Dec. 1 7.8 2 12.7 2 14.5 2 16.3 2 13.5 2 15.3 2 12.5 3 17.4 3 19.2 3 21.0 3 18.2 3 20.0* 3 17.2 4 22.0 4 23.9* 5 1.7* 4 22.9* 5 0.7* 4 21.9* 6 2.7 6 4.6 6 6.4 6 3.6* 6 5.4* 6 2.5* 7 7.4 7 9.3 7 11.1 7 8.2 7 10.1 7 7.2 8 12.1 8 13.9 8 15.8 8 12.9 8 14.8 8 11.9 9 16.8 9 18.6 9 20.5 9 17.6 9 19.4* 9 16.6 10 21.5 10 23.3* 11 1.1* 10 22.3* 11 0.1* 10 21.3* 12 2.2 12 4.0 12 5.8 12 3.0* 12 4.8* 12 2.0* 13 6.8 13 8.7 13 10.5 13 7.7 13 9.5 13 6.7 14 11.5 14 13.4 14 15.2 14 12.4 14 14.2 14 11.3 15 16.2 15 18.1 15 19.9 15 17.0 15 18.9 15 16.0 16 20.9 16 22.7* 17 0.6* 16 21.7* 16 23.6* 16 20.7* 18 1.6 18 3.4 18 5.3 18 2.4* 18 4.3* 18 1.4* 19 6.3 19 8.1 19 10.0 19 7.1 19 8.9 19 6.1* 20 11.0 20 12.8 20 14.6 20 11.8 20 13.6 20 10.8 21 15.6 21 17.5 21 19.3 21 16.5 21 18.3 21 15.5 22 20.3 22 22.2* 23 0.0* 22 21.2* 22 23.0* 22 20.2* 24 1.0 24 2.9 24 4.7 24 1.8* 24 3.7* 24 0.8* 25 5.7 25 7.5 25 9.4 25 6.5 25 8.4 25 5.5* 26 10.4 26 12.2 26 14.1 26 11.2 26 13.1 26 10.2 27 15.1 27 16.9 27 18.8 27 15.9 27 17.7 27 14.9 28 19.8 28 21.6 28 23.4* 28 20.6* 28 22.4* 28 19.6* 30 0.5 30 2.3* 30 4.1 30 1.3* 30 3.1* 30 0.3* 31 5.1 31 7.0 31 6.0 31 5.0*

Minima marked with an asterisk (*) are favourable from the British Isles, taking into account the altitude of the variable and the distance of the Sun below the horizon (based on longitude 0° and latitude 52° N).

Heliocentric times must be UTC corrected for the light–time to the Sun. To calculate this, use the program on the Computing Section website. http://britastro.org/computing/applets_dt.html 100 Variable Stars BAA Handbook 2016 VARIABLE STARS

b Persei (Algol): Magnitude 2.1 to 3.4, Duration 9.6 hours

h h h h h h Jan. 1 11.7 Feb. 2 0.7* Mar. 1 16.9 Apr. 2 5.8 May 3 18.8 Jun. 1 11.0 4 8.5 4 21.5* 4 13.7 5 2.6 6 15.6 4 7.8 7 5.3* 7 18.3 7 10.5 7 23.5 9 12.4 7 4.6 10 2.2* 10 15.1 10 7.3 10 20.3 12 9.3 10 1.4 12 23.0* 13 12.0 13 4.1 13 17.1 15 6.1 12 22.2 15 19.8* 16 8.8 16 0.9* 16 13.9 18 2.9 15 19.0 18 16.6 19 5.6 18 21.7* 19 10.7 20 23.7 18 15.9 21 13.4 22 2.4* 21 18.6 22 7.5 23 20.5 21 12.7 24 10.2 24 23.2* 24 15.4 25 4.4 26 17.3 24 9.5 27 7.1 27 20.0* 27 12.2 28 1.2 29 14.2 27 6.3 30 3.9* 30 9.0 30 22.0 30 3.1

Jul. 2 23.9 Aug. 3 12.9 Sep. 1 5.1 Oct. 2 18.1 Nov. 3 7.0 Dec. 1 23.2* 5 20.8 6 9.7 4 1.9* 5 14.9 6 3.9* 4 20.0 8 17.6 9 6.6 6 22.7* 8 11.7 9 0.7* 7 16.8 11 14.4 12 3.4* 9 19.5 11 8.5 11 21.5* 10 13.6 14 11.2 15 0.2* 12 16.3 14 5.3 14 18.3 13 10.5 17 8.0 17 21.0 15 13.2 17 2.1* 17 15.1 16 7.3 20 4.8 20 17.8 18 10.0 19 23.0* 20 11.9 19 4.1* 23 1.7 23 14.6 21 6.8 22 19.8 23 8.8 22 0.9* 25 22.5 26 11.5 24 3.6 25 16.6 26 5.6 24 21.7* 28 19.3 29 8.3 27 0.4* 28 13.4 29 2.4* 27 18.5 31 16.1 29 21.2* 31 10.2 30 15.4

l Tauri: Magnitude 3.4 to 3.9, Duration 14.2 hours

h h h h h h Jan. 4 5.1 Feb. 4 20.1 Mar. 3 12.2 Apr. 4 3.2 May 1 19.3 Jun. 2 10.2 8 4.0* 8 19.0 7 11.1 8 2.0 5 18.1 6 9.1 12 2.9* 12 17.8 11 9.9 12 0.9 9 17.0 10 8.0 16 1.8* 16 16.7 15 8.8 15 23.8 13 15.9 14 6.8 20 0.6* 20 15.6 19 7.7 19 22.6 17 14.7 18 5.7 23 23.5* 24 14.5 23 6.6 23 21.5 21 13.6 22 4.6 27 22.4* 28 13.3 27 5.4 27 20.4 25 12.5 26 3.4 31 21.1* 31 4.3 29 11.3 30 2.3

Jul. 4 1.2 Aug. 4 16.1 Sep. 1 8.2 Oct. 2 23.2* Nov. 3 14.2 Dec. 1 6.3 8 0.1 8 15.0 5 7.1 6 22.1* 7 13.0 5 5.1* 11 22.9 12 13.9 9 6.0 10 20.9 11 11.9 9 4.0* 15 21.8 16 12.8 13 4.9 14 19.8 15 10.8 13 2.9* 19 20.7 20 11.6 17 3.7 18 18.7 19 9.6 17 1.7* 23 19.6 24 10.5 21 2.6 22 17.6 23 8.5 21 0.6* 27 18.4 28 9.4 25 1.5 26 16.4 27 7.4 24 23.5* 31 17.3 29 0.3 30 15.3 28 22.4*

BAA Handbook 2016 Variable Stars 101 MIRA STARS Approximate dates of maxima and minima for Mira stars on the programme of the BAA Variable Star Sec- tion, together with (usually) the mean visual range, period, and fraction of the period taken in rising from minimum to maximum for each star. The predictions, which are subject to inevitable uncertainty, use data from the American Association of Variable Star Observers.

Star Range Period Max–Min Date of Max. Date of Min. Max Min Period d R And 6.9 14.3 409 0.38 Apr./May - W And 7.4 13.7 396 0.42 Jan. Aug./Sep. RW And 8.7 14.8 430 0.36 Sep./Oct. Apr./May R Aqr 6.5 10.3 387 0.42 May/Jun. - R Aql 6.1 11.5 284 0.42 Jun. Feb. UV Aur* 7.4 10.6 394 0.50 Aug. Jan./Feb. V Cam 9.9 15.4 522 0.31 Feb./Mar. - X Cam 8.1 12.6 144 0.49 Feb./Mar., May, Sep./Oct. Jul./Aug.,Dec. SU Cnc* 10.5 [15.4 187 0.43 Jan., Jul. Apr./May, Oct./Nov. U CVn 9.9 14.6 346 0.37 Sep. May RT CVn* 9.9 [15.0 254 0.45 Apr./May, 2015 Dec./2016 Jan., Dec./2017 Jan. Sep. S Cas 9.7 14.8 612 0.43 - Oct. T Cas 7.9 11.9 445 0.56 Jan./Feb. Aug. ο Cet 3.4 9.3 332 0.38 Mar./Apr. Oct./Nov. R Com 8.5 14.2 363 0.38 Jul./Aug. Mar. S CrB 7.3 12.9 360 0.35 Aug./Sep. Apr./May V CrB 7.5 11.0 358 0.41 Sep./Oct. May W CrB 8.5 13.5 238 0.45 Jul. Mar./Apr., Nov. R Cyg 7.5 13.9 426 0.35 Jan. Oct./Nov. S Cyg 10.3 16.0 323 0.50 Jan., Nov./Dec. Jun. V Cyg 9.1 12.8 421 0.46 2015 Dec./2016 Jan. Aug. χ Cyg 5.2 13.4 408 0.41 Oct. Apr./May T Dra 9.6 12.3 422 0.44 Apr. Nov./Dec. RU Her 8.0 13.7 485 0.43 Jun. - SS Her 9.2 12.4 107 0.48 Jan, Apr./May, Feb./Mar., Aug., Nov./Dec. Jun., Sep./Oct. R Hya 4.5 9.5 389 0.49 Dec./2017 Jan. Jun. SU Lac* 10.3 [15.0 302 0.40 Feb., Dec. Aug. RS Leo* 9.7 [15.5 208 0.31 Mar./Apr., Oct. Jan., Aug. W Lyn 9.9 ≈15 295 0.40 Sep. May/Jun. X Lyn 10.2 ≈15 321 0.40 Aug. Apr. X Oph 6.8 8.8 329 0.53 May Oct. U Ori 6.3 12.0 368 0.38 Mar./Apr. Nov. R Ser 6.9 13.4 356 0.41 Jul. Feb. T UMa 7.7 12.9 257 0.41 Jan., Sep./Oct. Jun.

* Extreme range is given [ Fainter than ≈ Approximately

102 Variable Stars BAA Handbook 2016 VARIABLE STAR OF THE YEAR

Variable Star of the Year – Z Andromedæ

In 1901 Scottish astronomer and curator of astronomical photographs at Harvard University Williamena Fleming, came across an unusual spectrum of a star during an investigation into observatory spectrum plates. She noted that the spectrum resembled that of the recently discovered Nova Persei 1901 (GK Per) and Nova Oph 1898 (RS Oph), and catalogued it as a ‘star with peculiar spectrum’. Further investigations were carried out at Harvard, most notably by Annie Cannon, but it was to be another 30 years before the star in question – Z Andromedæ – was grouped with other stars of similar peculiar spectra (AX Per, CI Cyg and RW Hya) by Paul Merrill and Milton Humason into a new classification of variable star – termed Symbiotic Stars by Merrill – in which Z And was to be the prototype.

The variations observed in Z And can be quite dramatic. At intervals of 10-20 years, the star will undergo a bright outburst by as much as 3 magnitudes, followed by a series of fainter outbursts decreasing in amplitude before the system returns to its quiescent state. Photographic plate searches have allowed the visual observation data to be extended back to the beginning of the 20th century, and from these combined data we can see from observations collected by the AAVSO that there have been five major outbursts brighter than magnitude 8 since that time, with the brightest occurring in 1939 when the magnitude reached 7.2. BAA data began in 1985, but as the accompanying light curve shows, Z And has been in almost a constant active state since that time.

A century of observations have revealed that all ‘ZAND’ stars are binary systems consisting of a hot compact star which is usually a white dwarf, and a cool red giant star orbiting the hotter component, with both stars lying within a common envelope of nebulosity. Usually in eruptive binary systems, accretion takes place directly between the hot and cool stars resulting in an accretion disc forming around the white dwarf which powers any outburst activity. In the Z And system it would appear that the white dwarf is accreting material from the red giant via its stellar wind, with the presence of an accretion disk yet to be confirmed! If this is the case then the observed outbursts are due solely to a build-up of material on the white dwarf itself. The spectrum during outburst is dominated by the hot primary, where blue-shifted P Cygni absorption lines reveal the presence of an expanding gase- ous shell, rather like a nova (hence Fleming’s attraction to the spectrum in 1901). As the shell fades and the star returns to quiescence, TiO (titanium oxide) bands emerge as light from the red-giant star dominates, and small amplitude semi-regular variations can be observed. It was this combination spectrum that led Merrill to suggest the term ‘Symbiotic’.

The field in which Z And lies is easily located being some 40 arc minutes SE of the open cluster NGC 7686 (mag. 5.6) and 2d 40m North of the 4th magnitude star lambda And. The catalogued range is 7.7-11.3, so the whole cycle can be observed with a small telescope or medium-sized binoculars. As the star is of an eruptive nature, observations should be carried out at every opportunity. Z And is circumpolar from mainland Britain, although it is very difficult to observe during the Spring months.

BAA Handbook 2016 Variable Stars 103 Z ANDROMEDÆ LIGHT CURVE LIGHT ANDROMEDÆ Z

104 Variable Stars BAA Handbook 2016 Z ANDROMEDÆ FINDER CHART

BAA Handbook 2016 Variable Stars 105 EPHEMERIDES OF VISUAL BINARY STARS Inspection of the two–point ephemeris will indicate whether a pair is closing, relatively static, or opening up, and whether motion is direct or retrograde. A fast–mover of long period is probably near periastron, while a slow–mover of short period is likely to be near apastron. The orbital elements employed for the computation are those published in the Sixth Catalog of Orbits of Visual Binary Stars, by William I. Hartkopf and Brian D. Mason, U.S. Naval Observatory:

http://ad.usno.navy.mil/wds/orb6.html

2000.0 2016.0 2017.0 Star Name ADS RA Dec. Mags. Period PA Dist. PA Dist. h m ° ′ y ° ″ ° ″

85 Peg 17175 0 02.2 +27 05 5.8 8.9 26 44.3 0.36 78.9 0.48 OΣ 4 221 0 16.7 +36 29 7.9 9.9 109 25.1 0.16 11.6 0.15 λ Cas 434 0 31.8 +54 31 5.3 5.6 246 226.2 0.17 230.8 0.16 β 395 520 0 37.3 –24 46 6.2 6.6 25 113.1 0.75 115.5 0.69 η Cas 671 0 49.1 +57 49 3.5 7.4 480 324.2 13.38 324.8 13.40

36 And 755 0 55.0 +23 38 6.1 6.5 168 330.3 1.13 331.4 1.14 Howe 4 1223 1 33.7 –12 13 9.2 9.3 146 331.0 0.93 330.8 0.93 Dunlop 5 .. 1 39.8 –56 12 5.8 5.9 484 187.0 11.70 186.8 11.73 Σ 186 1538 1 55.9 +1 51 6.8 6.8 166 71.0 0.73 71.9 0.71 α Psc 1615 2 02.0 +2 46 4.1 5.2 933 260.2 1.75 259.5 1.75

10 Ari 1631 2 03.7 +25 56 5.8 7.9 325 347.1 1.51 347.6 1.52 Σ 228 1709 2 14.0 +47 29 6.6 7.2 144 302.0 0.68 304.0 0.65 h 3494 .. 2 19.8 –35 27 9.0 9.1 475 242.3 2.28 241.9 2.30 ι Cas AB 1860 2 29.1 +67 24 4.6 6.9 620 228.0 2.62 227.8 2.62 Σ 305 2122 2 47.5 +19 22 7.5 8.2 531 305.9 3.73 307.1 3.60

α For 2402 3 12.1 –28 59 4.0 7.2 269 300.4 5.38 300.5 5.40 Σ 367 2416 3 14.0 +0 44 8.1 8.2 753 127.4 1.16 130.3 1.25 7 Tau 2616 3 34.4 +24 28 6.6 6.9 522 351.4 0.75 351.1 0.76 OΣ 65 2799 3 50.3 +25 35 5.7 6.5 61 201.4 0.45 201.7 0.48 40 Eri BC 3093 4 15.3 –7 39 9.5 11.2v 252 332.4 9.04 332.2 9.01

OΣ 77 AB 3082 4 15.9 +31 42 8.0 8.2 188 301.4 0.51 302.6 0.50 Hu 445 3614 5 01.7 +20 50 8.4 9.3 166 148.5 0.36 150.6 0.35 14 Ori 3711 5 07.9 +8 30 5.8 6.7 197 289.3 0.94 287.7 0.96 η Gem 4841 6 14.9 +22 30 3.5v 6.2 474 252.5 1.61 252.3 1.61 OΣ 149 5234 6 36.4 +27 17 7.1 9.0 119 281.8 0.74 280.7 0.74

12 Lyn AB 5400 6 46.2 +59 27 5.4 6.0 908 66.6 1.90 66.2 1.90 1 Lyn 5514 6 53.1 +59 27 6.0 6.5 316 350.5 0.28 352.5 0.29 α Gem 6175 7 34.6 +31 53 1.9 3.0 460 54.4 5.12 53.7 5.18 9 Pup 6420 7 51.8 –13 54 5.6 6.5 23 296.3 0.54 298.4 0.52 ζ Cnc AB 6650 8 12.2 +17 39 5.3 6.2 60 16.8 1.12 13.5 1.13

ζ Cnc AB–C 6650 8 12.2 +17 39 5.1 6.2 1115 65.8 5.93 65.4 5.93 β 208 6914 8 39.1 –22 40 5.4 6.8 123 52.1 0.62 55.0 0.57 I 314 .. 8 39.4 –36 36 6.4 7.9 66 241.8 0.83 241.6 0.85 δ Vel .. 8 44.7 –54 43 2.1 5.1 147 224.5 0.48 215.5 0.54 ε Hya AB–C 6993 8 46.8 +6 25 3.5 6.7 589 307.7 2.82 308.4 2.82

Σ 1338 7307 9 21.0 +38 11 6.7 7.1 303 314.8 1.00 316.6 1.00 ω Leo 7390 9 28.5 +9 03 5.7 7.3 118 110.5 0.83 111.6 0.85 γ Sex 7555 9 52.5 –8 06 5.4 6.4 78 42.1 0.53 40.7 0.52 γ Leo 7724 10 20.0 +19 50 2.4 3.6 510 126.3 4.63 126.4 4.63 β 411 7846 10 36.1 –26 41 6.7 7.8 158 304.5 1.34 304.1 1.34

106 Double Stars BAA Handbook 2016 EPHEMERIDES OF VISUAL BINARY STARS 2000.0 2016.0 2017.0 Star Name ADS RA Dec. Mags. Period PA Dist. PA Dist. h m ° ′ y ° ″ ° ″ ξ UMa AB 8119 11 18.2 +31 32 4.3 4.8 60 171.2 1.85 165.9 1.92 ι Leo 8148 11 23.9 +10 32 4.1 6.7 186 95.1 2.13 94.3 2.15 BrsO 5 .. 11 24.7 –61 39 7.7 8.8 399 248.3 7.54 248.5 7.58 OΣ 235 8197 11 32.3 +61 05 5.7 7.6 73 37.4 0.90 39.7 0.92 Σ 1639 8539 12 24.4 +25 35 6.7 7.8 575 323.0 1.83 322.9 1.84

β 28 8573 12 30.1 –13 24 6.5 9.6 151 345.5 2.20 346.1 2.20 γ Cen .. 12 41.5 –48 58 2.8 2.9 83 108.8 0.11 59.5 0.17 γ Vir 8630 12 41.7 –1 27 3.5 3.5 169 3.9 2.41 2.0 2.55 35 Com 8695 12 53.3 +21 15 5.2 7.1 359 201.8 1.03 202.9 1.02 I 83 .. 12 56.7 –47 41 7.4 7.7 173 235.0 0.86 236.2 0.86

78 UMa 8739 13 00.7 +56 22 5.0 7.9 105 123.4 0.78 128.9 0.73 A1609 AB 8901 13 25.8 +44 30 8.8 9.5 44 57.6 0.36 62.8 0.34 25 CVn 8974 13 37.5 +36 18 5.0 7.0 228 94.8 1.69 94.5 1.68 α Cen .. 14 39.6 –60 50 0.1 1.2 80 301.9 4.03 315.3 4.16 ζ Boo 9343 14 41.1 +13 44 4.5 4.6 125 289.2 0.40 287.6 0.36

φ309 .. 14 46.2 –21 11 7.3 7.3 13 149.3 0.27 158.6 0.25 ξ Boo 9413 14 51.4 +19 06 4.8v 7.0 152 301.6 5.56 300.4 5.47 OΣ 288 9425 14 53.4 +15 42 6.9 7.6 313 158.1 1.00 157.5 0.99 H 4707 .. 14 54.2 –66 25 7.5 8.1 346 268.6 1.20 267.9 1.22 44 Boo 9494 15 03.8 +47 39 5.2 6.1v 210 69.9 0.84 73.8 0.68

η CrB 9617 15 23.2 +30 17 5.6 6.0 42 214.3 0.60 224.5 0.53 γ Lup .. 15 35.1 –41 10 3.0 4.4 190 276.4 0.83 276.3 0.83 π2 UMi 9769 15 39.6 +79 59 7.3 8.2 172 21.7 0.61 21.4 0.61 ξ Sco AB 9909 16 04.4 –11 22 4.9 5.2 46 5.5 1.09 7.0 1.10 σ CrB AB 9979 16 14.7 +33 52 5.6 6.5 726 238.3 7.20 238.4 7.22

λ Oph 10087 16 30.9 +1 59 4.2 5.2 129 41.9 1.42 42.7 1.42 ζ Her 10157 16 41.3 +31 36 3.0 5.4 34 130.8 1.25 124.0 1.28 20 Dra 10279 16 56.4 +65 02 7.1 7.3 422 66.6 1.14 66.5 1.14 MlbO 4 AB .. 17 19.0 –34 59 6.4 7.4 42 133.1 0.98 114.8 0.77 BrsO 13 .. 17 19.1 –46 38 5.6 8.9 953 257.8 10.48 258.1 10.55

26 Dra 10660 17 35.0 +61 53 5.3 8.5 76 278.2 0.40 257.4 0.33 τ Oph 11005 18 03.1 –8 11 5.3 5.9 257 287.4 1.54 287.9 1.52 70 Oph 11046 18 05.5 +2 30 4.2 6.2 88 125.2 6.36 124.3 6.43 h 5014 .. 18 06.8 –43 25 5.6 5.7 450 359.5 1.73 359.1 1.74 OΣ 358 11483 18 35.9 +16 59 6.9 7.1 380 145.9 1.50 145.3 1.50

ε1 Lyr AB 11635 18 44.3 +39 40 5.0 6.1 1804 345.6 2.26 345.2 2.24 ε2 Lyr CD 11635 18 44.4 +39 37 5.2 5.4 724 75.6 2.39 75.2 2.39 γ CrA .. 19 06.4 –37 04 4.5 6.4 122 344.9 1.42 340.6 1.44 δ Cyg 12880 19 45.0 +45 08 2.9 6.3 918 216.9 2.74 216.5 2.74 λ Cyg 14296 20 47.4 +36 29 4.7 6.3 391 359.1 0.92 358.7 0.92

4 Aqr 14360 20 51.4 –5 38 6.4 7.4 200 30.1 0.77 30.9 0.76 ε Equ AB 14499 20 59.1 +4 18 6.0 6.3 101 281.2 0.19 279.5 0.12 τ Cyg 14787 21 14.8 +38 03 3.8 6.6 50 201.0 0.93 196.4 0.96 μ Cyg 15270 21 44.1 +28 45 4.8 6.2 789 322.1 1.54 323.1 1.52 53 Aqr 15934 22 26.6 –16 45 6.3 6.4 3500 64.9 1.28 69.2 1.29

Kr 60 15972 22 28.0 +57 42 9.6 11.4v 45 281.0 1.42 261.6 1.49 ζ Aqr AB 15971 22 28.8 –0 01 4.3 4.5 487 163.7 2.27 162.5 2.29 π Cep 16538 23 07.9 +75 23 4.6 6.8 163 0.2 1.12 1.0 1.12 β 80 16665 23 18.9 +5 24 8.4 9.4 97 245.8 0.72 247.9 0.75 72 Peg 16836 23 34.0 +31 20 5.7 6.1 492 104.6 0.57 105.2 0.58

BAA Handbook 2016 Double Stars 107 BRIGHT STARS FOR EPOCH 2016.5 Name RA Dec. V Name RA Dec. V h m s º ' " h m s º ' " α And 0 09 14.6 +29 10 53 2.06 α UMa 11 04 44.0 +61 39 42 1.80 β Cas* 0 10 04.1 +59 14 27 2.27 β Leo 11 49 54.0 +14 28 47 2.14 α Cas 0 41 27.2 +56 37 39 2.23 α Cru† 12 27 31.7 –63 11 25 0.77 β Cet 0 44 25.0 –17 53 47 2.04 γ Cru* 12 32 05.5 –57 12 19 1.63 β And 1 10 39.7 +35 42 27 2.06 γ Cen† 12 42 26.1 –49 03 01 2.17

α Eri 1 38 19.6 –57 09 12 0.46 β Cru* 12 48 41.8 –59 46 43 1.25 γ And 2 04 55.1 +42 24 29 2.10 ε UMa* 12 54 45.0 +55 52 14 1.77 α Ari 2 08 06.4 +23 32 23 2.00 ζ UMa 13 24 35.2 +54 50 22 2.27 α UMi* 2 52 14.5 +89 20 02 2.02 α Vir* 13 26 03.9 –11 14 49 0.98 α Per* 3 09 14.9 +41 01 05 2.12 ε Cen 13 40 56.6 –53 32 59 2.30

α Per 3 25 30.6 +49 55 07 1.79 η UMa 13 48 11.4 +49 13 53 1.86 η Tau 3 48 28.1 +24 09 18 2.87 β Cen* 14 05 00.1 –60 27 06 0.61 α Tau 4 36 52.2 +16 32 28 0.85 θ Cen 14 07 39.5 –36 27 01 2.06 β Ori 5 15 19.9 –08 11 01 0.12 α Boo 14 16 24.9 +19 05 50 –0.04 α Aur* 5 17 54.7 +46 00 47 0.08 η Cen* 14 36 33.7 –42 13 46 2.31

γ Ori 5 26 01.0 +06 21 48 1.64 α Cen cg* 14 40 44.0 –60 54 10 –0.28 β Tau 5 27 20.2 +28 37 12 1.65 α Lup* 14 43 02.1 –47 27 29 2.30 δ Ori* 5 32 51.0 –00 17 17 2.23 ε Boo 14 45 42.5 +27 00 19 2.35 ε Ori 5 37 03.1 –01 11 33 1.70 β UMi 14 50 40.4 +74 05 17 2.08 ζ Ori 5 41 35.5 –01 56 06 1.74 α CrB* 15 35 23.2 +26 39 36 2.23

κ Ori 5 48 32.4 –09 39 54 2.06 δ Sco 16 01 18.7 –22 40 03 2.32 α Ori* 5 56 03.9 +07 24 32 0.50 α Sco* 16 30 25.3 –26 28 02 0.96 β Aur* 6 00 44.4 +44 56 51 1.90 α TrA 16 50 25.5 –69 03 20 1.92 β CMa* 6 23 25.6 –17 57 55 1.98 ε Sco 16 51 14.1 –34 19 18 2.29 α Car* 6 24 19.1 –52 42 19 –0.62 λ Sco* 17 34 43.8 –37 06 51 1.63

γ Gem 6 38 39.8 +16 23 01 1.93 α Oph 17 35 42.1 +12 32 57 2.08 α CMa 6 45 52.8 –16 44 20 –1.46 θ Sco 17 38 30.3 –43 00 24 1.87 ε CMa 6 59 16.5 –28 59 44 1.50 γ Dra 17 56 59.4 +51 29 15 2.23 δ CMa 7 09 03.8 –26 25 13 1.84 ε Sgr 18 25 16.0 –34 22 31 1.85 α Gem† 7 35 38.7 +31 51 01 1.58 α Lyr 18 37 29.9 +38 48 00 0.03

α CMi 7 40 10.0 +05 10 53 0.38 σ Sgr 18 56 17.2 –26 16 29 2.02 β Gem 7 46 19.4 +27 59 06 1.14 β Cyg† 19 31 23.2 +27 59 43 3.08 ζ Pup 8 04 09.9 –40 03 01 2.25 α Aql 19 51 35.3 +08 54 47 0.77 γ Vel* 8 10 02.5 –47 23 09 1.78 γ Cyg 20 22 49.3 +40 18 37 2.20 ε Car* 8 22 51.1 –59 33 47 1.86 α Pav 20 26 56.6 –56 40 51 1.94

δ Vel 8 45 09.6 –54 46 11 1.96 α Cyg 20 41 59.7 +45 20 24 1.25 λ Vel* 9 08 36.2 –43 29 59 2.21 α Cep 21 18 58.3 +62 39 21 2.44 β Car 9 13 22.5 –69 47 07 1.68 ε Peg* 21 44 59.8 +09 57 05 2.39 ι Car* 9 17 31.9 –59 20 41 2.25 β Gru 22 09 15.9 –46 52 49 1.74 α Hya 9 28 23.9 –08 43 51 1.98 α Gru* 22 43 38.7 –46 47 52 2.10

α Leo 10 09 14.9 +11 53 10 1.35 α PsA 22 58 33.5 –29 32 04 1.16 γ Leo† 10 20 52.8 +19 45 27 2.01 β Peg* 23 04 34.6 +28 10 21 2.42 β UMa 11 02 49.6 +56 17 37 2.37 α Peg 23 05 35.0 +15 17 39 2.49

* = Variable star † = Double star

Note: For double stars the co–ordinates refer to the brighter component but magnitude refers to the combined light. 108 Bright Stars BAA Handbook 2016 ACTIVE GALAXIES

Object RA Dec. Const. Type V* U.2000 (2000.0) Chart No. h m ° 3C 66A 2 22 +43.0 And BL Lac 14.0 – 16.3 62 NGC 1275 3 20 +41.5 Per Seyfert 13.2 – 13.7 63 3C 120 (BW Tau) 4 33 +05.4 Tau BL Lac 13.7 – 14.6 178 S5 0716+71 7 22 +71.3 Cam BL Lac 12.3 – 15.3 21 OJ+287 8 54 +20.1 Cnc BL Lac 12.4 – 16.0 142 Markarian 421 11 04 +38.2 UMa BL Lac 12.3 – 14.2 106 NGC 4151 12 10 +39.4 CVn Seyfert 11.0 – 12.4 74 W Comae 12 21 +28.2 Com BL Lac 11.5 – 16.0 148 3C 273 12 26 +02.3 Vir Quasar 12.3 – 13.3 238 3C 279 12 56 –05.8 Vir Quasar 11.5 – 17.0 239 BL Lacertae 22 02 +42.3 Lac BL Lac 12.5 – 15.5 87

*Approximate range

FINDER CHARTS FOR ACTIVE GALAXIES

Charts for all of the active galaxies listed above have been included in previous BAA Handbooks and are listed below.

Object BAA VSS Chart Handbook Year 3C 66A 309.01 2010 NGC1275 296.01 2008 BW Tau 320.01 2011 S5 0716+71 310.01 2009 OJ+287 208.02 2004 Markarian 421 243.01 2001 NGC4151 297.01 2007 W Com 148.03 2002 3C 273 244.01 2003 3C 279 151.02 2006 BL Lac 242.01 2005

Direct links to individual BAA VSS charts for the Active Galaxies can be found in a more detailed table of these galaxies, on the Computing Section website at:

http://britastro.org/computing/handbooks_active.html

BAA Handbook 2016 Active Galaxies 109 PLANETS The ephemerides of all the planets (except the dwarf planets and the minor planets), and also the diagrams for Uranus and Neptune, are referred to the apparent equinox, so that the RA and Dec. required for setting on the telescope are obtained directly from the ephemeris. For the minor planets and comets, astrometric ephemerides referred to the equinox of 2000.0 are given. Thus they are directly comparable with star catalogues and atlases referred to this epoch; however, precession should be applied to their positions before setting on a telescope. The magnitudes given are visual. For the minor planets, it should be noted that photographic magnitudes are fainter by about 0.7. The Sky Diary lists other phenomena in chronological order. Relative positions in the Diary are geocentric. Some headings in the tables are abbreviated, as follows: a = Length of semi–major axis of orbit au CM = The longitude of central meridian °

DE = Planetocentric declination of the Earth (called ‘Tilt’ in previous Handbooks) °

DS = Planetocentric declination of the Sun ° e = Eccentricity of orbit Elong. = Elongation of the planet from the Sun (where + is east and – is west) ° H = Mean absolute asteroid magnitude i = Inclination °

LS = The planetocentric longitude of the Sun, measured in the plane of the orbit from its ascending node on the Martian equator and given as a direct and exact indicator of the Martian season. The Martian Vernal

Equinox (N. Hemisphere) occurs when LS = 0°. ° M = Mean anomaly at the epoch ° V = Visual magnitude Node = Longitude of the ascending node ° P = Position angle of the axis of rotation, or of an occultation, measured eastwards from the north point of the disk ° Peri. = Argument of perihelion ° Ph. = Phase, the fraction of the disk area that is illuminated Q = Position angle of the point of greatest defect of illumination. The position angle of the line of cusps is Q±90°. ° r = Heliocentric distance au U = Uncertainty code Δ = Distance from Earth au

λ☉ = Solar longitude ° Longitudes of central meridians refer to the geometric disks.

110 Planets BAA Handbook 2016 ELEMENTS OF PLANETARY ORBITS

KEPLERIAN ELEMENTS FOR THE EPOCH 2016 JAN. 0.5 TT

Mean Longitude Mean Longitude Mean Longitude Inclination at the of the of the to the Mean Planet Epoch Perihelion Ascending Node Ecliptic Eccentricity Distance L ϖ Ω i e a º º º º au Mercury 46.056 77.705 48.521 7.005 0.20564 0.387 Venus 184.253 131.788 76.824 3.395 0.00676 0.723 Earth 100.097 103.212 - - 0.01670 1.000 Mars 177.842 336.355 49.682 1.850 0.09342 1.524 Jupiter 160.118 14.589 100.628 1.302 0.04852 5.203 Saturn 245.822 93.371 113.806 2.488 0.05549 9.555 Uranus 22.827 173.243 74.089 0.773 0.04638 19.218 Neptune 339.527 48.348 131.96 1.768 0.00946 30.110

Keplerian elements are referred to the mean ecliptic and adjusted for best fit. The elements can be used for the determination of approximate positions of the planets according to Standish, E.M. and Williams, J.G.: http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/txt/aprx_pos_planets.pdf

Sidereal Mean Mean Perihelion Aphelion Mean Daily Sidereal Synodic Orbital Distance Distance Motion Period Period Velocity q Q n P au au ° d d km/s Mercury 0.30750 0.46670 4.09234 87.9681 115.88 47.87 Venus 0.71844 0.72822 1.60214 224.697 583.91 35.02 Earth 0.98330 1.0167 0.98561 365.253 - 29.78 Mars 1.3813 1.6660 0.52404 686.963 779.94 24.13 Jupiter 4.9502 5.4551 0.08306 4334.35 398.87 13.06 Saturn 9.0247 10.085 0.03337 10787.8 378.05 9.64 Uranus 18.327 20.110 0.01170 30773.0 369.64 6.79 Neptune 29.826 30.395 0.00597 60348.7 367.48 5.43

BAA Handbook 2016 Elements of Planetary Orbits 111 ASTRONOMICAL AND PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Gaussian gravitational constant 0.01720209895 Astronomical unit (au) 149,597,870,700 metres Speed of light in vacuo 299,792.458 km s–1 Dynamical form–factor J2 for the Earth 0.001082636 Product of gravitational constant and mass of the Earth 398,600.5 km3 s–2 Earth–Moon mass ratio 81.3006 Moon’s sidereal mean motion 2.661699489x10–6 radians s–1 = 0.5490149294" s–1 Obliquity of the ecliptic (2000) 23° 26' 21.448" Constant of nutation in obliquity (2000) 9.2052331" Solar parallax 8.794143" Light–time for unit distance 499.004784 s = 0.005775518 d Constant of aberration 20.49551" Mean distance Earth to Moon 384,400 km Constant of sine Moon’s parallax 3422.451" Lunar inequality 6.43987" Parallactic inequality 124.986" Length of the year: Tropical (equinox to equinox) 365.24219d Sidereal (fixed star to fixed star) 365.25636d Anomalistic (apse to apse) 365.25964d Eclipse (Moon’s node to Moon’s node) 346.62003d Gaussian (Kepler’s law for a = 1) 365.25690d Length of the month: Tropical (equinox to equinox) 27.32158d Sidereal (fixed star to fixed star) 27.32166d Anomalistic (apse to apse) 27.55455d Draconic (node to node) 27.21222d Synodic (New Moon to New Moon) 29.53059d Length of the day: Mean solar day 24h 03m 56.555s = 1.00273791d mean sidereal time Mean sidereal day 23h 56m 04.091s = 0.99726957d mean solar time Sidereal rotation period of the Earth 23h 56m 04.099s = 0.99726966d mean solar time Solar radiation: Solar constant 1.366 x 103 J m–2 s–1 Radiation emitted 3.84 x 1026 J s–1 Radiation emittance at surface 6.32 x 107 J m–2 s–1 Total internal radiant energy 2.8 x 1040 J Radiation emitted per unit mass 1.932 x 10–4 J s–1 kg–1

Visual absolute magnitude (Mv) +4.82 Colour indices (B–V, U–B) +0.65, +0.19 Spectral type G2V Effective temperature 5,800 K

112 Astronomical and Physical Constants BAA Handbook 2016 ASTRONOMICAL AND PHYSICAL CONSTANTS The Galaxy: Pole of galactic plane (2000) 12h 51m 26.28s, δ +27° 07' 42.0" Point of zero longitude (2000) 17h 45m 37.22s, δ –28° 56' 10.2" Galactic Longitude of North Celestial Pole (2000) 122.93° Mass 1.1 x 1011 solar masses = 2.2 x 1041 kg Average density 0.1 solar mass pc–3 = 7 x 10–21 kg m–3 Diameter 25,000 pc Thickness 4,000 pc Distance of Sun from centre 8,200 pc Distance of Sun above galactic plane 24 ±6 pc Solar apex (2000) (from radio astronomy) RA 18h 03.8m , Dec. 30° 00' Solar motion (from bright stars) 19.7 km s–1 Period of revolution of Sun about centre 2.2 x 108 yr Conversion factors: Light–year (ly) 9.4607 x 1012 km = 63,240 au = 0.30660 pc Parsec (pc) 30.857 x 1012 km = 206,265 au = 3.2616 ly Figure of the Earth: Equatorial radius 6,378,136.6 m Polar radius 6,356,751.9 m Flattening 0.0033528197 * ρ sin φ' = S sin φ, ρ cos φ' = C cos φ where: S = 0.99497418 – 0.00167082 cos 2φ +10–8 (210 cos 4φ + 15.7 h) C = 1.00167997 – 0.00168208 cos 2φ +10–8 (212 cos 4φ + 15.7 h) ρ = 0.99832707 + 0.00167644 cos 2φ –10–8 (352 cos 4φ – 15.7 h) + 10–8 cos 6φ tan φ' = [0.9933054 + (0.11 x 10–8 h)] tan φ φ – φ' = 692.74" sin 2φ – 1.16" sin 4φ 1° of latitude = [111.1333 – 0.5598 cos 2 φ + 0.0012 cos 4φ] km 1° of longitude = [111.4133 cos φ – 0.0935 cos 3 φ + 0.0001 cos 5φ] km Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.780310 [1 + 0.00530239 sin2φ – 0.00000587 sin2 2φ – (31.55 x 10–8) h] m s–2 Length of seconds pendulum l = [0.9935769 – 0.0026272 cos 2φ + 0.0000029 cos 4φ – (3133 x 10–10) h] m

Constant of gravitation 6.67428 x 10–11 kg–1 m3 s–2 Centennial general precession p = 5028.796195" + 2.2108696" T† ______* φ = Geographic or geodetic latitude ρ = Geocentric distance in equatorial radii φ' = Geocentric latitude h = Height in metres † T = Time measured in Julian centuries from J2000.0

BAA Handbook 2016 Astronomical and Physical Constants 113 INTERNET RESOURCES The following internet resources may be of interest to Handbook users. Mention here does not imply that the BAA sanctions the contents of these web pages.Web addresses can change and sites may not always be available. BAA Section home pages can be accessed from the BAA home page (see back cover).

BAA Computing Section website http://britastro.org/computing

Iau Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (main page) http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/index.html

The Astronomer (main page) http://www.theastronomer.org

Astronomical data and catalogues Centre de Données Astronomiques de Strasbourg http://cdsportal.u-strasbg.fr/ National Space Science Data Center (USA) http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov Astronomical Data Archives Center (Japan) http://dbc.nao.ac.jp/index.html.en

The Sun, eclipses and space weather SOHO web site http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov Solar Terrestrial Dispatch http://www.spacew.com Aurorae http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/aurora Space Weather Prediction Center http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/forecasts Space Weather http://www.spaceweather.com NASA Eclipse Home Page http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse.html Eclipses and Transits http://xjubier.free.fr/en/index_en.html Eclipse maps http://www.eclipse-maps.com/Eclipse-Maps/Welcome.html Eclipse weather http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~jander/

Lunar Phases Lunar Terminator Visualisation Tool (LVTV) http://ltvt.wikispaces.com/LTVT+Download

Comet and meteor information Latest IAU comet ephemerides http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/Ephemerides/Comets/ Weekly Information about Bright Comets http://www.aerith.net/comet/weekly/current.html Comets http://www.cometography.com Meteors http://meteorshowersonline.com International Meteor Organisation http://www.imo.net

Minor planets (asteroids) Lowell Observatory http://asteroid.lowell.edu Solar System Dynamics on-line Tools http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?tools Near Earth Object Confirmation page http://www.minorplanetcenter.org/iau/NEO/ToConfirm.html IAU Minor Planet Center http://www.minorplanetcenter.org/iau/mpc.html

Timing occultations and other dynamical events IOTA Europe http://www.iota-es.de/ IOTA USA and rest of world http://www.occultations.org General information http://www.lunar-occultations.com/iota/iotandx.htm European asteroid occultation resource and results http://www.euraster.net

Recent Supernovae http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/lists/RecentSupernovae.html

114 Internet Resources BAA Handbook 2016 body. Further details INTERNET RESOURCES Variable star information AAVSO http://www.aavso.org BAA Variable Star Section http://www.britastro.org/vss/ General Catalogue of Variable Stars http://www.sai.msu.su/gcvs/cgi-bin/search.htm

Artificial satellite visibility Heavens Above http://www.heavens-above.com

Atmospheric phenomena http://www.atoptics.co.uk Noctilucent cloud observers http://nlcnet.co.uk

Equipment reviews Excelsis http://www.excelsis.com/1.0/catalog.php?categoryid=6

Astronomical and space news Astronomy Now http://www.astronomynow.com Sky and Telescope http://www.skyandtelescope.com ESO http://www.eso.org/public/outreach Space.com http://www.space.com NASA http://science.nasa.gov ESA http://www.esa.int/ESA Science Daily http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/space_time/astronomy/

Dark Skies BAA Campaign for Dark Skies http://www.britastro.org/dark-skies International Dark-Sky Association http://www.darksky.org

Astronomy Picture of the Day http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/astropix.html

Detailed ephemerides for solar system bodies http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?horizons (The website includes a tutorial explaining how to access detailed data for any solar-system body.)

Time http://stjarnhimlen.se/comp/time.html

GREEK ALPHABET

α alpha β beta γ gamma δ delta ε epsilon ζ zeta η eta θ theta ι iota κ kappa λ lamda μ mu ν nu ξ xi ο omicron π pi ρ rho σ sigma τ tau υ upsilon φ phi χ chi ψ psi ω omega

BAA Handbook 2016 Internet Resources and Greek Alphabet 115 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Handbook would not be possible without the work of its many contributors :

Andrew Sinclair contributed the diagrams showing the visibility of planets and their appearances and also data and diagrams for Saturn's satellites. Barry Legget supplied data for Jupiter satellites eclipses and transits. Des Loughney provided Heliocentric Times of Primary Minima. Fred Espenak (previously of the NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center), Xavier Jubier and Sheridan Williams provided data and diagrams for eclipses. John Isles contributed the data on Mira stars and double stars. John Mason provided the meteor data. John Toone provided data on active galaxies and, with colleagues (Gary Poyner), provided data for variable stars and for the variable star of the year. Jonathan Shanklin provided data on comets, using a program written by himself. Ken Hall provided lunar libration data. Richard Miles provided data for asteroids, near–earth objects, trans–neptunian and dwarf planets, and diagrams for Pluto. Asteroid Favourable Observing Opportunities data were prepared by him, using data from the MPCORB database by Brian D. Warner (Minor Planet Center); Dr. Alan W. Harris (Space Science Institute); and Petr Pravec (Astronomical Institute, Odrejov, Czech Republic). Richard Kaye provided the System III Jupiter data, using a program written by himself. Robert Mackenzie provided the start dates for Carrington rotations. Sheridan Williams provided data for the Moon phases, apsides and selenographic colongitude. Saturn and Jupiter ephemerides as well as Time data. Susan Stewart of the United States Naval Observatory provided the Bright Stars positional data. Tim Haymes provided lunar occultation data and, with Edwin Goffin and Eberhardt Riedel (International Occultation Timing Association), the tables and maps for asteroid occultations and grazing lunar occultations. Tony Evans provided data for Mercury, Venus and Mars. William Thuillot (Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides) supplied the diagrams of Jupiter’s satellites.

Contributors have checked their own and others’ contributions and their comments have greatly improved the Handbook. The Editor gratefully acknowledges contributors’ support in answering any queries. Any data not mentioned above have been provided by the Editor and Director. STEVE HARVEY Editor/Director

ERRATA

Handbook 2015 p. 11 in ‘Locations experiencing totality’, the heading ‘Start of totality’ should have read ‘Middle of totality’. p.18 & 19 the heading ‘Diam.’ should read ‘Semi-Diam.’

116 Acknowledgements & Errata BAA Handbook 2016 The British Astronomical Association The British Astronomical Association was founded in 1890 and now has about 3,000 members. Its leading features are:

Membership – Open to all persons interested in astronomy.

Objectives – (1) The organisation of observers, including those using small telescopes or binoculars, for mutual help. (2) The analysis and publication of observations. (3) The circulation of current astronomical information. (4) The encouragement of a popular interest in astronomy.

Methods – (1) The organisation of members in sections under experienced directors. (2) The publication of a Journal, Newsletters, a Handbook, Circulars and Bulletins. (3) The holding of meetings. (4) The maintenance of a collection of astronomical instruments for loan to members. (5) The affiliation of schools and societies.

Annual Subscriptions These are due August 1 each year. Current rates are available from the Office.

MEETINGS Meetings are held at approximately monthly intervals, excluding July and August. Many are in London on either Wednesdays (starting at 17.30) or Saturdays (starting at 14.30). Meetings are also held at venues around the country. A very popular weekend meeting is held near Winchester in the spring and an Exhibition is normally held evey two years in June. Back–to–Basics meetings for beginners are held outside London each year, usually in March and October. Observers’ workshops are also held twice per year. Many observing sections hold meetings every few years, some annually. Full details of the current programme are available from the office and the website.

PUBLICATIONS The principal publications are the Journal and the Handbook. In addition, e–mailed bulletins, paper circulars and section newsletters are available to members. The Journal is published six times a year. It contains reports of meetings, reports of the sections, papers, reviews, letters, images and notes on current astronomical news. The complete set of Journals from 1890 is available on DVD. Occasional longer Memoirs containing detailed section reports. This Handbook, prepared by the Computing Section, is published annually. The e–bulletins/Circulars give early information on new and predicted events such as planetary phenomena and the discovery of novae and comets. The complete set of Circulars is available on CD.

REGISTERED OFFICE The Registered Office of the Association is at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W1J 0DU. Email: [email protected] Telephone 020 7734 4145. Hours are 09.00 to 17.00, Monday to Friday. The BAA on the Internet BAA Home Page http://britastro.org

This website contains information about the BAA and how to become a member; it gives details about the meetings, publications and merchandise for sale. There is a “members only” area, plus links to pages maintained by the Observing Sections. You can find news items, data on new comets, asteroid occultations and other topical events, plus photo galleries and links to many other sources of astronomical information. BAA Computing Section http://britastro.org/computing

This website complements the Handbook by providing extra material for which there is not room in the Handbook. This includes charts for many minor planets, calculational forms, graphical applications such as what is observable at any time and positions of satellites of major planets. Constant data that do not need to be printed every year in the Handbook together with links to other websites. Plus lunar limb profiles and star charts for the 2016 Total Solar Eclipse and the Transit of Mercury . BAA Journal http://britastro.org/journal

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