Horse Ridge Research Natural Area—Southeast-Facing View from Midslope on Horse Ridge Looking Into Millican Valley

United States Department of Agriculture Horse Ridge Forest Service Research Natural Area Pacific Northwest Research Station General Technical Report Guidebook Supplement 37 PNW-GTR-771 October 2008 Reid Schuller and Ron Halvorson

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P R A U R T LT MENT OF AGRICU The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of multiple use management of the Nation’s forest resources for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation with the States and private forest owners, and management of the National Forests and National Grasslands, it strives—as directed by Congress—to provide increasingly greater service to a growing Nation. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Authors Reid Schuller is a plant ecologist, Western Stewardship Science Institute, P.O. Box 1173, Bend, Oregon 97709. Ron Halvorson is a botanist, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Prineville District, 3050 NE 3rd Street, Prineville, Oregon 97754.

The Pacific Northwest Research Station is publishing this guidebook as part of a continuing series of guidebooks on federal research natural areas begun in 1972.

Cover: Horse Ridge Research Natural Area—Southeast-facing view from midslope on Horse Ridge looking into Millican Valley. The lower slopes of Pine Mountain are visible in the distance. Foreground of western juniper woodland with western juniper saplings and juveniles mixed with older trees. An understory of big sagebrush, threadleaf sedge, Idaho fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass is mixed with a relatively inconspicuous herbaceous layer. Bare soil surface alternates with patches of (barely visible) microbiotic crust in foreground. Abstract Schuller, Reid; Halvorson, Ron. 2008. Horse Ridge Research Natural Area: guidebook supplement 37. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-771. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 25 p.

This guidebook describes Horse Ridge Research Natural Area, a 243-ha (600-ac) tract established to represent an example of the western juniper/big sagebrush/ threadleaf sedge (Juniperus occidentalis/Artemisia tridentata/Carex filifolia) plant association. Keywords: Research natural area, Juniperus occidentalis, western juniper, Artemisia tridentata, big sagebrush, Carex filifolia, threadleaf sedge, relict vegetation, juniper invasion, juniper woodland, sagebrush steppe, Northern Great Basin, Oregon High Desert. Preface The research natural area (RNA) described in this supplement1 is administered by the Prineville District, Bureau of Land Management (BLM), U.S. Department of the Interior. Scientists and educators wishing to visit or use the RNA for scientific or educational purposes should contact the Prineville BLM field office manager in advance and provide information about research or educational objectives, sampling procedures, and other prospective activities. Research projects, educational visits, and collection of specimens from the RNA all require prior approval. There may be limitations on research or educational activities. Horse Ridge RNA is part of a federal system of such tracts established for research and educational purposes. Each RNA is a site where natural features are protected or managed for scientific purposes and natural processes are allowed to dominate. Their main purposes are to provide: • Baseline areas against which effects of human activities can be measured or compared. • Sites for study of natural processes in undisturbed ecosystems. • Gene pool preserves for all types of organisms, especially rare and endangered types.

The federal system is outlined in A Directory of the Research Natural Areas on Federal Lands of the United States of America.2 Of the 183 federal RNAs established in Oregon and Washington, 45 are described in Federal Research Natural Areas in Oregon and Washington: A Guidebook for Scientists and Educators (see footnote 1). Supplements to the guidebook such as this publication constitute additions to the system or comprehensive revisions of previously published guidebooks. The guiding principle in management of RNAs is to prevent unnatural encroachments or activities that directly or indirectly modify ecological processes or conditions. Logging and uncontrolled grazing are not allowed, for example, nor is public use that might impair scientific or educational values. Management practices necessary to maintain or restore ecosystems may be allowed.

1 Supplement No. 37 to Franklin, J.F.; Hall, F.C.; Dyrness, C.T.; Maser, C. 1972. Federal research natural areas in Oregon and Washington: a guidebook for scientists and educators. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 498 p. 2 Federal Committee on Ecological Reserves. 1977. A directory of the research natural areas on federal lands of the United States of America. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. [Irregular pagination]. Federal RNAs provide a unique system of publicly owned and protected examples of undisturbed ecosystems where scientists can conduct research with minimal interference and reasonable assurance that investments in long-term studies will not be lost to logging, land development, or similar activities. In return, a scientist wishing to use an RNA is obligated to: • Obtain permission from the appropriate administering agency before using the area.3 • Abide by the administering agency’s regulations governing use, including specific limitations on the type of research, sampling methods, and other procedures. • Inform the administering agency on progress of the research, published results, and disposition of collected materials.

The purpose of these limitations is to: • Ensure that the scientific and educational values of the tract are not impaired. • Accumulate a documented body of knowledge and information about the tract. • Avoid conflict between studies and activities.

Research must be essentially nondestructive; destructive analysis of vegetation is generally not allowed, nor are studies requiring extensive modification of the ground surface or extensive excavation of soil. Collection of plant and animal specimens should be restricted to the minimum necessary to provide voucher specimens and other research needs. Under no circumstances may collecting significantly reduce populations of species. Collecting also must be carried out in accordance with agency regulations. Within these broad guidelines, appropriate uses of RNAs are determined by the administering agency. Prineville BLM management direction is to preserve, protect, or restore native species composition and ecological processes of biological communities including terrestrial and aquatic cells4 listed in the 2003 Oregon Natural Heritage Plan. These RNAs are available for short- or long-term scientific study, research, and education and will serve as a baseline against which human impacts on natural systems can be measured.

3 Six federal agencies cooperate in this program in the Pacific Northwest: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Fish and Wildlife Service, and National Park Service; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; U.S. Department of Energy; and U.S. Department of Defense. 4 Cells are the basic units that must be represented in a natural area system. A cell can be an ecosystem, community, habitat, or organism. Taken from Dyrness, C.T.; Franklin, J.F.; Maser, C.; Cook, S.A.; Hall, J.D.; Faxon, G. 1975. Research natural area needs in the Pacific Northwest: a contribution to land-use planning. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-38. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 231 p. Contents 1 Introduction 1 Access and Accommodations 1 Environment 4 Climate 5 Vegetation 10 Fauna 10 Disturbance History 10 Research History 12 Site History 13 Maps 13 Acknowledgments 13 English Equivalents 13 References 18 Appendix 1: Vascular Plants and Ferns 21 Appendix 2: Lichens and Mosses 22 Appendix 3: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals Horse Ridge Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 37

Introduction Horse Ridge Research Natural Area (RNA) is a 243-ha (600-ac)1 tract that occupies predominantly north- to northeast-facing slopes on Horse Ridge in southeast Deschutes County, Oregon. The site was originally established as an RNA in 1967. A guidebook was written for the area in 1972 (Hall 1972, Franklin et al. 1972). The tract supports a late-seral example of the western juniper/big sagebrush/ threadleaf sedge (Juniperus occidentalis/Artemisia tridentata/Carex filifolia) plant association (Hall 1972), and limited examples of the western juniper/big sagebrush/ Idaho fescue (Juniperus occidentalis/Artemisia tridentata/Festuca idahoensis) plant association, and the western juniper/big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass (Juniperus occidentalis/Artemisia tridentata/Pseudoroegneria spicata) plant association. The RNA is located in the extreme southwest portion of the Blue Mountains Ecological Province in central Oregon (Oregon Natural Heritage Program 2003, USDA FS 2008).

Access and Accommodations From the intersection of U.S. Highway 97 and U.S. Highway 20 in Bend, Oregon, proceed east-southeast for 32.2 km (20 mi) to Millican Valley. Turn south (right) on County Road 2015 (all season, gravel) and proceed 0.9 km (0.6 mi) south to Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Road 6515-A. Turn northwest (right) onto BLM Road 6515-A (dirt, seasonal) and proceed for 3.5 km (2.2 mi) paralleling the northwest- southeast trending ridge of Horse Ridge and park your vehicle in the turnaround next to the fence just east of the southeast corner of Horse Ridge RNA (fig. 1). Permission for public access must be obtained prior to entering the site. Inquiries should be directed to the Prineville District Office, Bureau of Land Management in Prineville, Oregon. Lodging is available in Bend, Redmond, and Prineville, Oregon.

Environment Elevations within the RNA range from 1210 m (3,970 ft) near the northeast corner of the perimeter fence to 1455 m (4,774 ft) along the west-central portion of the perimeter fence. About 85 percent of the RNA is enclosed by a barbed-wire fence. Terrain is generally oriented in an east to north direction on steep to moderately inclined mid to upper slopes. These canyons do not support seasonal streams and lack streambed development (fig. 2). The long axis of the RNA extends 2 km (1.25 mi) in a north- south orientation. The shorter, east-west axis extends for 1.2 km (0.75 mi).

1 These data are on file at the Bureau of Land Management, Prineville District Office, and at the USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, Oregon.

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-771

Figure 1—Horse Ridge Research Natural Area location and access.

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Figure 2—Horse Ridge Research Natural Area topography and boundary.

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-771

Bedrock consists of highly fractured Columbia River basalt. Soils within the RNA are primarily classified as Stookmoor-Westbutte complex, taxonomic class ashy, glassy, frigid Vitritorrandic Haploxerolls. The soil is moderately deep and somewhat excessively drained. It is formed in pumiceous ash and loamy mixed material (Miller et al., n.d.). Depth to lithic bedrock is 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 in). Generalized soil profiles for the Stookmoor-Westbutte complex, 25 to 50 percent north slopes are (USDA NRCS 2008): Soil depth Soil texture Centimeters Inches Westbutte north 0 to 23 0 to 9 Stony loam 23 to 53 9 to 21 Very cobbly loam 53 to 76 21 to 30 Cobbly clay loam 76 to 102 30 to 40 Unweathered bedrock Stookmoor north 0 to 20 0 to 6 Loamy sand 20 to 61 6 to 14 Sandy loam 61 to 74 14 to 24 Sandy loam 74 to 84 24 to 34 Unweathered bedrock

Climate Climate within the RNA is continental and semiarid, modified by marine air cur- rents from the Pacific Ocean that provide precipitation as rain and snow. Located 32 km (20 mi) west of Horse Ridge, the Bend 7 NE, Oregon (350699) weather station for the 1991–2007 period provides the most comparable data (table 1). In winter, precipitation is a mixture of rain and snow (Driscoll 1964). Annual precipitation is low. Summers are dry with warm days and cool nights. Frost occurs rarely during the summer but may occur anytime between October and June. Twenty-five percent of annual precipitation occurs during the 3-month growing period from April through June. Snowfall occurs from October through March and occasionally into April. Snow depths accumulate to 25 mm (1 in) in December and January. January receives the highest average monthly snowfall of 114 mm (4.5 in) (Western Regional Climate Center 2008).

Table 1—Temperature and precipitation summary, 5/01/1991 to 6/30/2007—Bend 7 NE, OR (350699) Average minimum January temperature -3.9 °C (25.0 °F) Average maximum January temperature 6.4 °C (43.6 °F) Average minimum July temperature 9.1 °C (48.3 °F) Average maximum July temperature 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) Average annual precipitation 245 mm (9.63 in) Average July–September precipitation 35 mm (1.39 in)

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Vegetation The RNA is situated along the boundary of three major ecological provinces (Franklin and Dyrness 1988). Depending on the mapping scheme and criteria used to define major physiographic, geologic, and vegetation zones, Horse Ridge may be placed within the Blue Mountains, the Eastern Cascades, or the High Lava Plains province. Vegetation within the RNA is characteristic of portions of all three provinces. The distinctive feature at Horse Ridge RNA is the abundance of threadleaf sedge (Carex filifolia) as an understory dominant or co-dominant (Hall 1972). The primary basis for designation of Horse Ridge as an RNA is based on the presence of the western juniper/big sagebrush/threadleaf sedge (Juniperus occidentalis/Artemisia tridentata/Carex filifolia plant association (Oregon Natural Heritage Program 2003, Dyrness et al. 1975). Driscoll (1964) did not find this plant association sufficiently widespread or common enough to warrant inclusion in his study of central Oregon plant communities. The relative abundance of threadleaf sedge throughout most of the site indicates the area has only been lightly grazed by livestock over the years. The relatively steep slopes at Horse Ridge, coupled with lack of a nearby water source for cattle has resulted in low grazing pressure from domestic livestock over the years. All but the extreme southeastern part of the RNA has been essentially ungrazed by domestic animals and consequently has great value as a reference area or baseline area to compare with other more intensively managed juniper woodlands in central Oregon (Hall 1972). Minor amounts of the western juniper/big sagebrush/Idaho fescue (Juniperus occidentalis/Artemisia tridentata/Festuca idahoensis), and the western juniper/big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass (Juniperus occidentalis/Artemisia tridentata/ Pseudoroegneria spicata) plant associations also occur within the RNA (Miller et al., n.d.; Oregon Natural Heritage Program 2003). In addition to the threadleaf sedge, the herb layer is dominated by native bunchgrasses, including Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda), prairie junegrass (Koeleria macrantha), and bottlebrush squirreltail (Elymus elymoides). Horse Ridge is the best example of hybridization between bluebunch wheatgrass, bottlebrush squirreltail, and possibly, thickspike wheatgrass (Elymus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus) in central Oregon (Hall 1972). In June 2005, four 0.1-ha circular plots were established to monitor structural and compositional change over time within the western juniper/big sagebrush/ threadleaf sedge, and the western juniper/big sagebrush/Idaho fescue plant associations. Table 2 provides a summary of the physical characteristics of the plots.

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-771

Table 2—Physical features of four permanent plots within Horse Ridge Research Natural Area Plot Feature 993 995 996 997 Elevation (m) 1357 1397 1405 1431 Aspect (°) 217 76 58 42 Slope grade (°) 7 10 18 16 Slope position Mid Upper 1/3 Upper 1/3 Upper 1/3

Table 3 shows soil, rock, litter, and microbiotic crust2 aerial cover and frequency within the four plots. Table 4 summarizes shrub and herb foliar cover and herb frequency. Big sagebrush averages 5 percent cover and the principal graminoids are Idaho fescue, threadleaf sedge, bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, and prairie junegrass. Other grasses, such as Cusick’s bluegrass (Poa cusickii), bottlebrush squirreltail, and the invasive cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) are occasionally represented. Typical herbs include maiden blue-eyed Mary (Collinsia parviflora), obscure cryptantha (Cryptantha ambigua), broadleaf milkvetch (Astragalus lentiginosus), and woolly groundsel (Senecio canus) (fig. 3).

2 Microbiotic crust is composed of ground-surface-dwelling mosses and lichens.

Table 3—Soil, rock, litter, and microbiotic crusta cover and frequency within four permanent plots, Horse Ridge Research Natural Area Plot 993 995 996 997 Cover type Coverb Frequency Cover Frequency Cover Frequency Cover Frequency Percent Rock c 2 18 4 18 9 32 6 43 Gravel 1 21 + 11 0 0 2 21 Bare soil 59 86 46 75 54 75 55 86 Litter 20 100 27 89 8 57 26 89 Moss 8 54 7 32 16 64 10 43 Lichen 11 57 5 54 10 64 7 39 Note: + = <0.5 percent cover. a The combined foliar cover of ground-surface-dwelling mosses and lichens. b Cover is expressed as percentage of aerial cover; frequency is expressed as percentage of occurrence within 28 2- by 5-dm microplots. Zero values are not included. c Rock = particles >8 cm, gravel = 2 mm to 8 cm, bare soil = <2 mm.

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Table 4—Plant association, understory coverage and frequency within four permanent plots in Horse Ridge Research Natural Area Plant association JUOC/ARTR/CAFI a JUOC/ARTR/CAFI JUOC/ARTR/CAFI JUOC/ARTR/FEID Plot 993 Plot 995 Plot 996 Plot 997 Species Coverb Frequency Cover Frequency Cover Frequency Cover Frequency Percent Shrub cover: Artemisia tridentatac 5 — 4 — 6 — 15 — Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus 3 — — 1 — — Tetradymia canescens 2 — — — 3 Grass and sedge cover and frequency: Festuca idahoensis 9 61 15 57 13 71 9 43 Carex filifolia 3 + 9 25 3 21 Pseudoroegneria spicata 4 29 + 11 1 21 1 11 Poa secunda 1 29 1 36 1 25 1 7 Koeleria macrantha + 11 1 25 2 32 1 21 Elymus elymoides + 4 Poa cusickii 1 4 2 18 Bromus tectorum + 4 + 7 Achnatherum thurberianum 1 21 Hesperostipa comata 1 7 Herb cover and frequency: Cryptantha ambigua + 7 2 18 1 4 + 4 Collinsia parviflora 1 32 + 7 1 39 + 14 Astragalus lentiginosus 1 11 + 4 + 7 Senecio canus + 11 + 7 1 11 + 4 Eriogonum strictum + 4 + 4 + 7 Descurainia pinnata + 4 + 4 + 7 Arabis puberula + 7 + 4 Lomatium triternatum + 7 + 7 Achillea millefolium + 4 Leucocrinum montanum + 4 Fritillaria atropurpurea + 4 Leptosiphon septentrionalis + 4 Phlox gracilis + 4 Antennaria dimorpha + 4 Calochortus macrocarpus + 4 Lupinus argenteus + 7 + 4 Arabis sp. + 4 Eriogonum umbellatum 1 4 Antennaria geyeri + 7 Eriogonum microthecum + 4 Gilia sinuata + 7 Note: JUOC = Juniperus occidentalis, ARTR = Artemisia tridentata, CAFI = Carex filifolia, FEID = Festuca idahoensis, + = trace (<0.5 percent foliar cover), — = not recorded. a Plant association names and acronyms follow Driscoll (1964) and Hall (1972), but have been modified to incorporate current nomenclature employed in the Flora of North America (1993+). b Cover is expressed as percentage of foliar cover; frequency is expressed as percentage of occurrence within 28 2- by 5-dm microplots. Zero values are not included. c See appendix 1 for a listing of scientific and common names.

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-771

Figure 3—Example of typical expression of western juniper/big sagebrush/threadleaf sedge plant association taken in plot 993. Exposed surface soil is sandy loam with high stone content. Native bunchgrasses predominate in the understory. Grasses include Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Sandberg bluegrass mixed with threadleaf sedge.

Plot 997 (western juniper/big sagebrush/Idaho fescue plant association) was similar in overall appearance to the other plots, except for the presence of Thurber’s needlegrass (Achnatherum thurberianum) and needle-and-thread (Hesperostipa comata), and the absence of threadleaf sedge (table 4, fig. 4). Western juniper sapling3 and live tree density data recorded in the four, 0.1-ha plots in 2005 are shown in table 5. Small sapling densities average 180 per ha (445 per ac), with a range from 110 to 340 per ha (272 to 840 per ac). Large sapling densities average 117.5 per ha (290 per ac), with a range from 70 to 120 per ha (173 to 297 per ac). Western juniper live tree density averages 202.5 per ha (500 per ac), with a range from 140 to 280 per ha (346 to 692 per ac). Western junipers that

3 “Saplings” refers to two groups of small trees (a) those > 10 cm and < 1.47 m (> 4 in and < 4.8 ft) in height but less than 5 cm (2 in) diameter at breast height and (b) those trees > 1.47 m in height but less than 5 cm (2 in) diameter at breast height.

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Figure 4—An example of the western juniper/big sagebrush/Idaho fescue plant association (plot 997). Note concentration of Idaho fescue beneath western juniper canopy in foreground.

Table 5—Western juniper density per hectare by size class and other stand structure attributes, Horse Ridge Research Natural Area Plot 993 995 996 997 Mean Number per hectare Small sapling 340 150 110 120 180 Large sapling 120 80 70 100 117.5 Live trees 280 140 190 200 202.5 Standing dead trees 0 0 0 0 0 Multibranched trees 60 80 20 30 47.5 branched below 1.47 m average 47.5 per ha (117 per ac), with a range from 20 to 80 per ha (49 to 198 per ac). Based on field observations elsewhere in central Oregon, these densities appear to be average for these associations. No standing dead trees or large coarse woody debris were found in these plots.

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-771

A list of soil crust moss and lichen scientific names appears at the end of the text in appendix 2.

Fauna Reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals known or expected to occur within the RNA are listed in appendix 3. These lists have been compiled from a combination of field observations and knowledge of species’ geographic ranges and habitat affinities (Csuti et al 1997). Species on this list are likely within the RNA for at least some portions of their life cycles.

Disturbance History Lightning-ignited fire has played a role at Horse Ridge as evidenced by scattered, large fire-scarred, burned-out western juniper. It is unclear whether recent fires were small, burning in patches around individual trees, or were more extensive. Lack of surface fuels has been offered as an explanation for lack of fire spread in this region (Hall 1972). Long-lived individuals of big sagebrush can be periodically subjected to infes- tation by Aroga websteri, a leaf-defoliating moth. This was observed throughout eastern and parts of central Oregon from 1962 to 1966 (Gates 1964). The dominance and vigor of the grazing-sensitive threadleaf sedge coupled with the minor presence of invasive grasses (i.e., cheatgrass) suggests that the role of disturbance from grazing by domestic livestock appears to have played only a minor role at Horse Ridge and that the RNA has been relatively undisturbed. One notable exception to this is in the extreme southeast portion of the RNA, which was grazed by cattle prior to construction of the fenced exclosure. The impact of invasive species on sagebrush ecosystems and juniper woodlands throughout the Northern Great Basin and the Intermountain West has been well documented (Young et al. 1972)

Research History Research on vegetation classification, community ecology, and inventory: • Biotic Soil Crusts of Oregon’s Shrub Steppe (Ponzetti 2000). • Horse Ridge Western Juniper Permanent Plot (Miller et al., n.d.). • Plant Associations of the Crooked River National Grassland (Hopkins and Kovalchik 1983). • Vegetation-Soil Units in the Central Oregon Juniper Zone (Driscoll 1964).

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Research on Juniperus occidentalis (western juniper) growth and expansion: • Occurrence of Sustained Droughts in the Interior Pacific Northwest (A.D. 1733–1980) Inferred From Tree-Ring Data (Knapp et al. 2004). • Comparative Rates of Western Juniper Afforestation in South-Central Oregon and the Role of Anthropogenic Disturbance (Soulé et al. 2003). • Climatic Regionalization and the Spatio-Temporal Occurrence of Extreme Single-Year Drought Events (1500–1998) in the Interior Pacific Northwest, USA (Knapp et al. 2002).

• Detecting Potential Regional Effects of Increased Atmospheric CO2 on Growth Rates of Western Juniper (Knapp et al. 2001a). • Post-Drought Growth Responses of Western Juniper (Juniperus occidentalis var. occidentalis) in Central Oregon (Knapp et al. 2001b). • Juniperus occidentalis (Western Juniper) Establishment History on Two Minimally Disturbed Research Natural Areas in Central Oregon (Soulé and Knapp 2000). • Geographical Distribution of an 18th Century Heart Rot Outbreak in Western Juniper (Juniperus occidentalis ssp. occidentalis Hook.) (Knapp and Soulé 1999). • Recent Juniperus occidentalis (Western Juniper) Expansion on a Protected Site in Central Oregon (Knapp and Soulé 1998).

Research on primary production: • Environmental Limits on Aboveground Net Primary Production, Leaf Area, and Biomass in Vegetation Zones of the Pacific Northwest (Gholz 1982, see also Greene et al. 1986). • Structure and Productivity of Juniperus occidentalis in Central Oregon (Gholz 1980, see also Greene et al. 1986). • Limits on Aboveground Net Primary Production, Leaf Area, and Biomass In Vegetational Zones of the Pacific Northwest (Gholz 1979, see also Greene et al. 1986).

Other research • Pogonomyrmex owyheei Nest Site Density and Size on a Minimally Impacted Site in Central Oregon (Soulé and Knapp 1996) • Remote Sensing of the Leaf Area Index of Temperate Coniferous Forests (Spanner et al. 1984, see also Greene et al. 1986). • Studies on the Incidence of Coniferous Needle Endophytes in the Pacific Northwest (Carroll and Carroll 1978, see also Greene et al. 1986).

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• Bird Populations in Four Vegetational Types in Central Oregon (Gashwiler 1977, see also Greene et al 1986).

In addition to the research and monitoring described above, four permanent vegetation plots were established in 2005 to characterize and monitor change in forest/shrub steppe composition and structure (this project summarized, in part, in tables 1 through 4.) Data are on file at the Prineville District Office, Bureau of Land Management, and the Pacific Northwest (PNW) Research Station, USDA Forest Service (USFS), Corvallis, Oregon.

Site History Subsequent to designation as an RNA in 1967 (Hall 1972), Horse Ridge RNA was established as a research natural area and as an area of critical environmental concern (ACEC) in 1989 with publication of the Brothers/LaPine Resource Horse Ridge RNA was Management Plan and Record of Decision (USDI BLM 1989). This management further designated designation was subsequently revalidated in 2005 in the Upper Deschutes Resource as a national natural Management Plan and Record of Decision (USDI BLM 2005). landmark in 1968. The land that is now the RNA was withdrawn from all forms of appropria- tion under the public land laws, including the mining laws, and designated as the “Juniper Natural Area” in 1962 based on its representation of a “juniper savannah.” There is no information in the record as to the history of or motivation for this designation. In 1967, the area was formally designated as the Horse Ridge RNA as an “example of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis)–big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) vegetation within the juniper zone of central Oregon” (Hall 1972, Franklin et al. 1972). Designation as a national natural landmark by the National Park Service followed in 1968 along with installation of a plaque in the southeast corner (USDI BLM 1996). The designation of Horse Ridge ACEC/RNA in the Brothers/LaPine Resource Management Plan (1989) was to formalize Horse Ridge RNA as both an RNA and an ACEC. The RNA was evaluated for potential wilderness designation as an “instant study area” in 1979 (ISA OR-5-5) but was determined to not have wilderness characteristics, mainly related to its small size and the noise intrusion from Highway 20 to the north. This evaluation was sent to Congress as part of a national package in 1985. Congress has yet to take action on this package. The extreme southeastern part of the RNA has been grazed by domestic livestock in the past. Prior to designation as an RNA, western juniper trees were cut for fenceposts and firewood in this same area in the southeastern part of the RNA. Traces of the access road into this area still exist (USDA USFS 2008).

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In the early 1970s, a barbed-wire perimeter fence was constructed, which further restricted livestock access into the RNA from adjacent lands. Recent use of the area includes trail riding within the RNA by mountain bikers, especially during the late winter and early spring.

Maps Maps applicable to Horse Ridge RNA: topographic—Horse Ridge, Oregon 7.5 minute, 1:24,000 scale, 1962; Brothers/LaPine Planning Area–west half, 1:100,000, 1998.

Acknowledgments We thank BLM specialists Rick Demmer and Bill Dean for assistance in creat- ing appendix 2. We thank Sarah Greene, Todd Wilson, and Craig Obermiller for reviewing the manuscript. We also thank the Prineville District BLM for funding this project and the USFS PNW Research Station for publishing this guidebook supplement.

English Equivalents 1 hectare (ha) = 2.47 acres (ac) 1 kilometer (km) = 0.62 miles (mi) 1 meter (m) = 3.28 feet (ft) 1 decimeter (dm) = 3.94 inch (in) 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.394 inch 1 millimeter (mm) = 0.0394 inch

References Brodo, I.M.; Sharnoff, S.D.; Sharnoff, S. 2001. Lichens of North America. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 795 p.

Carroll, G.C.; Carroll, F.E. 1978. Studies on the incidence of coniferous needle endophytes in the Pacific Northwest. Canadian Journal of Botany. 56(24): 3034–3043.

Csuti, B.; Kimerling, A.J.; O’Neil, T.A.; Shaughnessy, M.M.; Gaines, E.P.; Huso, M.M.P. 1997. Atlas of Oregon wildlife. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press. 427 p. + map.

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Driscoll, R.S. 1964. Vegetation-soil units in the central Oregon juniper zone. Res. Pap. PNW-19. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 60 p.

Dyrness, C.T.; Franklin, J.F.; Maser, C.; Cook, S.A.; Hall, J.D.; Faxon, G. 1975. Research natural area needs in the Pacific Northwest: a contribution to land-use planning. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-38. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 231 p.

Esslinger, T.L. 2006. A cumulative checklist for the lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi of the continental United States and Canada. North Dakota State University: http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/esslinge/chcklst/chcklst7. htm (First Posted 1 December 1997, Most Recent Update 10 April 2006), Fargo, North Dakota. (January 31, 2008).

Federal Committee on Ecological Reserves. 1977. A directory of the research natural areas on federal lands of the United States of America. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.

Flora of North America. 1993+. Partial nomenclature of vascular plants, ferns, and fern allies within Oregon. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1. (November 3, 2006).

Franklin, J.F.; Dyrness, C.T. 1988. 2nd ed. Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press. 452 p.

Franklin, J.F.; Hall, F.C.; Dyrness, C.T.; Maser, C. 1972. Federal research natural areas in Oregon and Washington: a guidebook for scientists and educators. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 498 p.

Gashwiler, J.S. 1977. Bird populations in four vegetational types in central Oregon. Special Scientific Report Wildlife 205. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 20 p.

Gates, D.H. 1964. Sagebrush infested by leaf defoliating moth. Journal of Range Management. 17(4): 209–210.

Gholz, H.L. 1979. Limits on aboveground net primary production, leaf area, and biomass in vegetational zones of the Pacific Northwest. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. Ph.D. dissertation. 61 p.

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Gholz, H.L. 1980. Structure and productivity of Juniperus occidentalis in central Oregon. American Midland Naturalist. 103(2): 251–261.

Gholz, H.L. 1982. Environmental limits on aboveground net primary production, leaf area, and biomass in vegetation zones of the Pacific Northwest. Ecology. 62(2): 469–481.

Greene, S.E.; Blinn, T.; Franklin, J.F. 1986. Research natural areas in Oregon and Washington: past and current research and related literature. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-197. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 115 p.

Hall, F.C. 1972. Horse Ridge Research Natural Area. In: Franklin, J.F.; Hall, F.C.; Dyrness, C.T.; Maser, C. Federal research natural areas in Oregon and Washington. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 7 p.

Hopkins, W.E.; Kovalchik, B.L. 1983. Plant associations of the Crooked River National Grassland. PNWR6Ecol. 133-1983. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 98 p.

Johnson, C.G., Jr.; Swanson, D.K. 2005. Bunchgrass plant communities of the Blue and Ochoco Mountains: a guide for managers. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW- GTR-641. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Research Station. 119 p.

Knapp, P.A.; Soulé, P.T. 1998. Recent Juniperus occidentalis (western juniper) expansion on a protected site in central Oregon. Global Change Biology. 4(3): 347–357.

Knapp, P.A.; Soulé, P.T. 1999. Geographical distribution of an 18th century heart rot outbreak in western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis ssp. occidentalis Hook.) Journal of Arid Environments. 41(3): 247-256.

Knapp, P.A.; Grissino-Mayer, H.D; Soulé P.T. 2002. Climatic regionalization and the spatio-temporal occurrence of extreme single-year drought events (1500– 1998) in the interior Pacific Northwest, USA. Quaternary Research. 58: 226–233.

Knapp, P.A.; Soulé P.T.; Grissino-Mayer, H.D. 2001a. Detecting potential regional effects of increased atmospheric CO2 on growth rates of western juniper. Global Change Biology. 7: 902–917.

Knapp, P.A.; Soulé P.T.; Grissino-Mayer, H.D. 2001b. Post-drought growth responses of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis var. occidentalis) in central Oregon. Geophysical Research Letters. 28(13): 2657–2660. 15 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-771

Knapp, P.A.; Soulé P.T.; Grissino-Mayer, H.D. 2004. Occurrence of sustained droughts in the interior Pacific Northwest (A.D. 1733–1980) inferred from tree ring data. Journal of Climate. 17(1): 140-150.

Miller, R.; Rose, J.; Van Pelt, B.; Acker, S. [N.d.]. Horse Ridge western juniper permanent plot. Unpublished report. On file at: Bureau of Land Management Prineville District Office. 3050 NE rd3 Street, Prineville, OR 97754.

Missouri Botanical Garden. 2008. W3MOST database. Current moss nomenclature and authorities, MOSs TROPICOS. http://mobot.mobot.org/ W3T/Search/most.html. (January 31, 2008).

Oregon Flora Project. 2008. The Oregon plant atlas. http://www.oregonflora.org/ oregonplantatlas.html. (January 11, 2008).

Oregon Natural Heritage Program. 2003. Oregon natural heritage plan. Salem, OR: Department of State Lands. 167 p.

Ponzetti, J.M. 2000. Biotic soil crusts of Oregon’s shrub steppe. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 112 p.

Soulé, P.T.; Knapp, P.A. 2000. Juniperus occidentalis (western juniper) establishment history on two minimally disturbed research natural areas in central Oregon. Western North American Naturalist. 60(1): 26–33.

Soulé, P.T.; Knapp, P.A. 1996. Pogonomyrmex owyheei nest site density and size on a minimally impacted site in central Oregon. Great Basin Naturalist. 56(2): 162–166.

Soulé, P.T.; Knapp, P.A.; Grissino-Mayer, H.D. 2003. Comparative rates of western juniper afforestation in south-central Oregon and the role of anthropogenic disturbance. The Professional Geographer. 55(1): 43-55.

Spanner, M.A.; Teuber, K.; Acevedo, W. [et al.]. 1984. Remote sensing of the leaf area index of temperate coniferous forests. In: Machine processing remotely sensed data. Proceedings of a symposium. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University: 362–370.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service [USDA NRCS]. 2008. Soil maps from Deschutes County, Oregon. http:// websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/. (February 5, 2008).

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service [USDA FS]. 2008. Horse Ridge Research Natural Area. http://www.fsl.orst.edu/rna/sites/horseridge.htm. (February 7, 2008).

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U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management [USDI BLM]. 1989. Brothers/LaPine resource management plan record of decision and rangeland program summary. On file with: Prineville District Office, 3050 NE 3rd Street, Prineville, OR 97754.

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management [USDI BLM]. 1996. Horse Ridge ACEC/RNA management plan. Unpublished document. On file with: BLM, Prineville District Office, 3050 NErd 3 Street, Prineville, OR 97754.

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management [USDI BLM]. 2005. Upper Deschutes resource management plan record of decision and rangeland program summary. On file with: Prineville District Office, 3050 NE 3rd Street, Prineville, OR 97754.

Western Region Climate Center. 2008. Oregon climate data. http://www.wrcc.dri. edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?orfall (February 5, 2008).

Young, J.A.; Evans, R.A.; Major, J. 1972. Alien plants in the Great Basin. Journal of Range Management. 25(3): 195–201.

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Appendix 1: Vascular Plants and Ferns a b

Scientific name Common name Coniferous trees: Juniperus occidentalis Hook. Western juniper Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. & C. Laws. var. ponderosa Ponderosa pine Medium shrubs 0.5 to 2 m (1.6 to 6.6 ft) tall: Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Big sagebrush Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt. Yellow rabbitbrush Ericameria bloomeri (Gray) Macbr. Bloomer’s goldenbush Ericameria humilis (Greene) L.C. Anderson Truckee rabbitbrush Ericameria nauseosa (Pallas ex Pursh) Nesom & Baird Gray rabbitbrush Grayia spinosa (Hook.) Moq. Spiny hopsage Linanthus pungens (Torr.) J.M. Porter & L.A. Johnson Granite prickly phlox Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC. Antelope bitterbrush Ribes cereum Dougl. Wax currant Tetradymia canescens DC. Spineless horsebrush Tetradymia glabrata T. & G. Smooth horsebrush Low shrubs <0.5 m (1.6 ft) tall: Ericameria resinosa Nutt. Columbia goldenweed Ferns: Cheilanthes gracillima D.C. Eaton Lace lipfern Herbs: Achillea millefolium L. Common yarrow Agoseris glauca (Pursh) Raf. var. glauca Pale agoseris Alyssum alyssoides (L.) L. Pale madwort Amsinckia lycopsoides Lehm. Tarweed fiddleneck Antennaria dimorpha (Nutt.) T. & G. Low pussytoes Antennaria geyeri Gray Pinewoods pussytoes Antennaria microphylla Rydb. Littleleaf pussytoes Arabis holboellii Hornem. Holboell’s rockcress Arabis puberula Nutt. Silver rockcress Arabis sparsiflora Nutt. Engelm. Sicklepod rockcres Arceuthobium campylopodum Western dwarf mistletoe Astragalus curvicarpus (Heller) J.F. Macbr. Curve-pod milkvetch Astragalus filipes Torr. ex Gray Basalt milkvetch Astragalus lentiginosus Dougl. ex Hook. var. chartaceus M.E. Jones Broadleaf milkvetch Astragalus purshii Dougl. ex Hook. Woollypod milkvetch Calochortus macrocarpus Dougl. Sagebrush mariposa lily Castilleja chlorotica Piper Greentinge Indian paintbrush Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook. Giant red Indian paintbrush Chaenactis douglasii (Hook.) Hook. & Arn. Douglas’ dustymaiden Chenopodium fremontii S. Wats. Fremont’s goosefoot Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. ex S. Wats. Narrowleaf goosefoot Collinsia parviflora Dougl. ex Lindl. Maiden blue-eyed Mary Collomia grandiflora Dougl. ex Lindl. Grand collomia Collomia linearis Nutt. Tiny trumpet Crepis acuminata Nutt. Tapertip hawksbeard Cryptantha ambigua (Gray) Greene Obscure cryptantha Cryptantha circumscissa (Hook. & Arn.) I.M. Johnston Cushion cryptantha

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Scientific name Common name Cryptantha pterocarya (Torr.) Greene Wingnut cryptantha Cryptantha torreyana (Gray) Greene Torrey’s cryptantha Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt. Western tansymustard Dieteria canescens (Pursh) Nutt. Hoary tansyaster Draba verna L. Spring draba Eriastrum sparsiflorum (Eastw.) Mason ssp. sparsiflorum Great Basin woollystar Erigeron chrysopsidis Gray Dwarf yellow fleabane Erigeron filifolius (Hook.) Nutt. Threadleaf fleabane Erigeron linearis (Hook.) Piper Desert yellow fleabane Erigeron poliospermus Gray Cushion fleabane Erigeron speciosus (Lindl.) DC. Aspen fleabane Eriogonum microthecum Nutt. var. laxiflorum Hook. Slender buckwheat Eriogonum ovalifolium Nutt. var. ovalifolium Cushion buckwheat Eriogonum strictum Benth. ssp. proliferum (T. & G.) Stokes Blue Mountain buckwheat var. anserinum (Greene) R.J. Davis Eriogonum strictum Benth. ssp. strictum Blue Mountain buckwheat Eriogonum umbellatum Torr. Sulphur-flower buckwheat Eriogonum vimineum Dougl. ex. Benth. Wickerstem buckwheat Eriophyllum lanatum (Pursh) J. Forbes Common woolly sunflower Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Her. ex Ait. Redstem storksbill Erysimum sp. Wallflower Fritillaria atropurpurea Nutt. Spotted fritillary Gayophytum racemosum T. & G. Blackfoot groundsmoke Gayophytum ramosissimum T. & G. Pinyon groundsmoke Gilia sinuata Dougl. ex Benth. Rosy gilia Hesperolinon micranthum (Gray) Sm. Tidytips Holosteum umbellatum L. Jagged chickweed Layia glandulosa (Hook.) Hook. & Arn. Whitedaisy tidytips Leptosiphon septentrionalis (Mason) J.M. Porter & L.A. Johnson Northern linanthus Leucocrinum montanum Nutt. ex Gray Common starlily Lithospermum ruderale Dougl. ex Lehm. Western stoneseed Lomatium nevadense (S. Wats.) Coult. & Rose Nevada biscuitroot Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) Coult. & Rose Nineleaf biscuitroot Lupinus argenteus Pursh Silvery lupine Melilotus albus Medik. White sweet clover Mentzelia albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitestem blazingstar Mimulus cusickii (Greene) Rattan Cusick’s monkeyflower Mimulus nanus Hook. & Arn. Dwarf purple monkeyflower Nothocalais troximoides (Gray) Greene False agoseris Orobanche corymbosa (Rydb.) Ferris ssp. corymbosa Flat-top broomrape Orobanche fasciculata Nutt. Clustered broomrape Penstemon humilis Nutt. ex Gray Low beardtongue Phacelia hastata Dougl. ex Lehm. Silverleaf phacelia Phacelia linearis (Pursh) Holz. Threadleaf phacelia Phlox gracilis (Hook.) Greene Slender phlox Plectritis macrocera T. & G. Longhorn plectritis Polemonium micranthum Benth. Annual polemonium Ranunculus occidentalis Nutt. var. occidentalis Western buttercup Ranunculus testiculatus Crantz Curveseed butterwort Scutellaria nana Gray Dwarf skullcap Senecio canus Hook. Woolly groundsel

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Scientific name Common name Silene douglasii Hook. Seabluff catchfly Sisymbrium altissimum L. Tall tumblemustard Stephanomeria minor (Hook.) Nutt. var. minor Narrowleaf wirelettuce Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers Common dandelion Townsendia florifer (Hook.) Gray Showy Townsend daisy Tragopogon dubius Scop. Yellow salsify Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats. Meadow deathcamas Grasses and sedges: Achnatherum hymenoides (Roem. & Schult.) Barkw. Indian ricegrass Achnatherum occidentale (Thurb.) Barkw. Common western needlegrass Achnatherum thurberianum (Piper) Barkw. Thurber’s needlegrass Bromus tectorum L. Cheatgrass Carex filifolia Nutt. Threadleaf sedge Carex rossii Boott in Hook. Ross’ sedge Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey Bottlebrush squirreltail Elymus lanceolatus (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Gould ssp. lanceolatus Thickspike wheatgrass Festuca idahoensis Elmer Idaho fescue Hesperostipa comata (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkw. ssp. comata Needle-and-thread Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult. Prairie junegrass Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. Love Basin wildrye Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) Barkw. & Dewey Western wheatgrass Poa cusickii Vasey ssp. cusickii Cusick’s bluegrass Poa secunda J. Presl ssp. juncifolia Big bluegrass Poa secunda J. Presl ssp. secunda Sandberg bluegrass Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) A. Love Bluebunch wheatgrass a Scientific names taken from Flora of North America. 1993+. b Common names take from Oregon Flora Project. 2008.

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Appendix 2: Lichens and Mossesa b c

Scientific name Authority Lichens: Amandinea punctata (Hoffm.) Coppins & Scheid. Arthonia glebosa Tuck. Aspicilia filiformis Rosent. Aspicilia hispida Mereschk. Aspicilia reptans (Looman) Wetmore Caloplaca jungermanniae (Vahl) Th. Fr. Caloplaca tominii Savicz Candelariella terrigena Rasanen Cladonia spp. P. Browne Diploschistes muscorum (Scop.) R. Sant. Lecanora spp. Ach. Leprocaulon subalbicans (Lamb) Lamb & Ward Leptochidium albociliatum (Desmaz.) M. Choisy Leptogium spp. (Ach.) A. Gray Megaspora verrucosa (Ach.) Hafellner & V. Wirth Ochrolechia upsaliensis (L.) A. Massal. Peltigera spp. Willd. Psora montana Timdal Pterygoneuron ovatum (Hedw.) Dix. Mosses: Bryum argenteum Hedw. Bryum spp. Hedw. Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid. Encalypta rhaptocarpa Schwagr. Tortula ruralis (Hedw.) G.Gaertn. B. Mey. & Scherb. Tortula caninervis (Mitt.) Broth. a Taken from Ponzetti, J.M. 2000. b Lichen nomenclature follows Brodo et al. (2001), Lichens of North America. c Moss nomenclature follows Missouri Botanical Garden W3MOST database (2008) for mosses and Esslinger (2006) for lichens.

21 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-771

Appendix 3: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammalsa

Family Scientific name Common name Amphibians: Bufonidae Bufo boreas Western toad Hylidae Pseudacris regilla Pacific chorus frog Pelobatidae Scaphiopus intermontanus Great Basin spadefoot

Reptiles: Anguidae Elgaria multicarinata Southern alligator lizard Boidae Charina bottae Rubber boa Colubridae Coluber constrictor Racer Hypsiglena torquata Night snake Masticophis taeniatus Striped whipsnake Pituophis melanoleucus Gopher snake Thamnophis elegans Western terrestrial garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis Common garter snake Iguanidae Phrynosoma douglasii Short-horned lizard Sceloporus graciosus Sagebrush lizard Sceloporus occidentalis Western fence lizard Uta stansburiana Side-blotched lizard Scincidae Eumeces skiltonianus Western skink Teiidae Cnemidophorus velox Plateau striped whiptail Viperidae Crotalus viridis Western rattlesnake

Birds: Accipitridae Accipiter cooperii Cooper’s hawk Accipiter gentilis Northern goshawk Accipiter striatus Sharp-shinned hawk Aquila chrysaetos Golden eagle Buteo jamaicensis Red-tailed hawk Circus cyaneus Northern harrier Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bald eagle Pandion haliaetus Osprey Cathartidae Cathartes aura Turkey vulture Falconidae Falco mexicanus Prairie falcon Falco peregrinus Peregrine falcon Falco sparverius American kestrel Phasianidae Alectoris chukar Chukar Callipepla californica California quail Oreortyx pictus Mountain quail Perdix perdix Gray partridge Charadriidae Charadrius vociferus Killdeer Columbidae Columbia livia Rock dove Zenaida macroura Mourning dove Tytonidae Tyto alba Barn owl

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Family Scientific name Common name Strigidae Asio otus Long-eared owl Athene cunicularia Burrowing owl Bubo virginianus Great-horned owl Glaucidium gnoma Northern pygmy owl Otus kennicottii Western screech-owl Caprimulgidae Chordeiles minor Common nighthawk Apodidae Aeronautes saxatalis White-throated swift Chaetura vauxi Vaux’s swift Trochilidae Archilochus alexandri Black-chinned hummingbird Stellula calliope Calliope hummingbird Selasphorus rufus Rufous hummingbird Picidae Colaptes auratus Northern flicker Picoides pubescens Downy woodpecker Picoides villosus Hairy woodpecker Sphyrapicus nuchalis Red-naped sapsucker Tyrannidae Contopus sordidulus Western wood peewee Empidonax oberholseri Dusky flycatcher Empidonax wrightii Gray flycatcher Sayornis saya Say’s phoebe Myiarchus cinerascens Ash-throated flycatcher Tyrannus verticalis Western kingbird Alaudidae Eremophila alpestris Horned lark Hirundinidae Hirundo pyrrhonota Cliff swallow Hirundo rustica Barn swallow Stelgidopteryx serripennis Northern rough-winged swallow Tachycineta bicolor Tree swallow Tachycineta thalassina Violet-green swallow Corvidae Aphelocoma californica Western scrub-jay Corvus brachyrhynchos American crow Corvus corax Common raven Cyanocitta stelleri Steller’s jay Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus Pinyon jay Nucifraga columbiana Clark’s nutcracker Pica hudsonia Black-billed magpie Paridae Parus atricapillus Black-capped chickadee Parus gambeli Mountain chickadee Aegithalidae Psaltriparus minimus Bushtit Sittidae Sitta canadensis Red-breasted nuthatch Troglodytidae Catherpes mexicanus Canyon wren Salpinctes obsoletus Rock wren Troglodytes aedon House wren Muscicapidae Myadestes townsendi Townsend’s solitaire Sialia mexicana Western bluebird Sialia currucoides Mountain bluebird Turdus migratorius American robin Mimidae Oreoscoptes montanus Sage thrasher Bombycillidae Bombycilla cedrorum Cedar waxwing

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Family Scientific name Common name Laniidae Lanius ludovicianus Loggerhead shrike Sturnidae Sturnus vulgaris European starling Vireonidae Vireo solitarius Blue-headed vireo Emberizidae Agelaius phoeniceus Red-winged blackbird Chondestes grammacus Lark sparrow Dendroica coronata Yellow-rumped warbler Dendroica nigrescens Black-throated gray warbler Euphagus cyanocephalus Brewer’s blackbird Icterus bullockii Bullock’s oriole Junco hyemalis Dark-eyed junco Molothrus ater Brown-headed cowbird Passerculus sandwichensis Savannah sparrow Passerella iliaca Fox sparrow Pipilo chlorurus Green-tailed towhee Pipilo maculatus Spotted towhee Pooecetes gramineus Vesper sparrow Spizella breweri Brewer’s sparrow Spizella passerina Chipping sparrow Sturnella neglecta Western meadowlark Zonotrichia leucophrys White-crowned sparrow Fringillidae Carduelis pinus Pine siskin Carduelis psaltria Lesser goldfinch Carduelis tristis American goldfinch Carpodacus cassinii Cassin’s finch Carpodacus mexicanus House finch Mammals: Soricidae Sorex merriami Merriam’s shrew Sorex preblei Preble’s shrew Sorex vagrans Vagrant shrew Talpidae Scapanus orarius Coast mole Vespertilionidae Antrozous pallidus Pallid bat Corynorhinus townsendii Townsend’s big-eared bat Eptesicus fuscus Big brown bat Lasionycteris noctivagans Silver-haired bat Myotis californicus California myotis Myotis ciliolabrum Western small-footed myotis Myotis evotis Long-eared myotis Myotis lucifugus Little brown myotis Myotis thysanodes Fringed myotis Myotis volans Long-legged myotis Myotis yumanensis Yuma myotis Leporidae Lepus californicus Black-tailed jackrabbit Sylvilagus nuttallii Mountain cottontail Sciuridae Spermophilus beecheyi California ground squirrel Spermophilus beldingi Belding’s ground squirrel Spermophilus townsendii Townsend’s ground squirrel Tamias townsendii Townsend’s chipmunk

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Family Scientific name Common name Geomyidae Thomomys talpoides Northern pocket gopher Heteromyidae Dipodomys ordii Ord’s kangaroo rat Perognathus parvus Great Basin pocket mouse Muridae Lemmiscus curtatus Sagebrush vole Marmota flaviventris Yellow-bellied marmot Microtus longicaudus Long-tailed vole Neotoma cinerea Bushy-tailed woodrat Onychomys leucogaster Northern grasshopper mouse Peromyscus crinitus Canyon mouse Peromyscus maniculatus Deer mouse Peromyscus truei Pinyon mouse Erethizontidae Erethizon dorsatum Common porcupine Canidae Canis latrans Coyote Vulpes vulpes Red fox Procyonidae Procyon lotor Common raccoon Mustelidae Mephitis mephitis Striped skunk Mustela frenata Long-tailed weasel Spilogale gracilis Western spotted skunk Taxidea taxus American badger Felidae Felis concolor Mountain lion Lynx rufus Bobcat Cervidae Odocoileus hemionus ssp. hemionus Black-tailed deer a Nomenclature, distribution and habitat characteristics taken from Csuti et al. 1997.

Pacific Northwest Research Station Web site http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/ Telephone (503) 808-2592 Publication requests (503) 808-2138 FAX (503) 808-2130 E-mail [email protected] Mailing address Publications Distribution Pacific Northwest Research Station P.O. Box 3890 Portland, OR 97208-3890 U.S. Department of Agriculture Pacific Northwest Research Station 333 SW First Avenue P.O. Box 3890 Portland, OR 97208-3890 Official Business Penalty for Private Use, $300