United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission Official Hearing Exhibit Entergy Nuclear Operations, Inc. In the Matter of: (Indian Point Nuclear Generating Units 2 and 3) NYS000009 ASLBP #: 07-858-03-LR-BD01 Submitted: December 12, 2011 Docket #: 05000247 | 05000286 EXCERPT Exhibit #: NYS000009-00-BD01 Identified: 10/15/2012 Admitted: 10/15/2012 Withdrawn: Rejected: Stricken: Other: Handbook Second E(lItlOn

HfCTRIC POWfH TRANSfORMfR fNGINHRING Second Edition

Edited by James H. Harlow

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Power engineering / editor. James H. Hadow. -- 2nd ed. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8493-9186-6 (alk. paper) ISBN-IO: 0-8493-9186-5 (alk. paper) 1. ElecLric . I. Harlow, James H. ll. Tille.

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OAGI0001239_00002 Table of COl1tel1ts

Preface ...... vii Editor ...... ix Contributors...... _ ...... xi

Theory and Principles ...... I-I Dennis l. Allan and Harold Moore 2 Power Transfonners ...... ' ...... 2-1 H. lin Sim and Scott H. Digby 3 Distribution Transfonners ...... 3-1 Dudley L. Galloway and Dan Mulkey 4 Phase-Shifting Transformers ...... 4-1 Gustav Preininger 5 Transfonners ...... 5-1 Sheldon P. Kennedy 6 Dry-lfpe Transformers ...... 6-1 Paulette Payne Powell

7 Instrument Transform.ers ...... 7-1 Randy Mullikin

8 Step-Voltage Regulators...... :...... 8-1 Craig A. Colopy

9 Constant-Voltage Transformers ...... 9-1 Arindam Ma;tra, Anish Gaikwad, Arshad Mansoor, Douglas Don, and Ralph Ferraro

10 Reactors ...... 10-1 Richard F. Dudley, Michael Sharp, Antonio Castanheira, and Behdad B. Biglar

II Insulating Media ...... 11-1 Leo j. Savio, Ted Haupert. and Dave Hanson

12 Electrical Bushings ...... 12-1 Loren B. Wagenaar

v

OAGI0001239_00003 vi

13 load Tap Changers ...... 13-1 Dieter Dohnal

14 loading and Tbermal Performance ...... 14-01 Robert F. TiJ1man

15 Transformer Connections ...... 1s- t Dan D. Pereo

16 Transformer Testing ...... 16-1 Shirish P. Mehta and WIlliam R. Henning

17 load-Tap-Change Control and Transformer Paralleling ...... 17-1 James H. Harlow 18 Power Transformer Protection ...... 18-1 Armando Guzman, Hector J. Aituve, and Gabriel Benmouyai

19 Causes and Effects of TnlDsformer Sound Levels ...... 19-1 Jeewan L. Purj

20 Transient-Voltage Response ...... 10-1 Robert C. Degeneff

11 Transformer Installation and Maintenance ...... 21-1 Awn C. Oswalt

22 Problem and Failure Investigation ...... 22-1 Wallace B. Binder and Harold Moore

23 On-Line Monitoring of Uquid-lDlmersed Transformers ...... 23-1 Andre Lux

24 United States Power Transformer Equipment Standards and Processes ...... 24-1 Philip f. Hopkinson

Index .. :...... I-I

OAGI0001239_00004 Power Transformers

2.1 Introduction ...... 2-1 2.2 Rating and Classifications ...... 2-2 Rating· Insulation Classes' Cooling Classes 2.3 Short-Circuit Duty ...... 2-5 2.4 Effidency, Losses, and Regulation ...... 2-6 Efficiency· Losses· Economic Evaluation of Losses' Regulation 2.5 Construction ...... 2-8 Core' Windings' Taps-Thrns Ra[io Adjustment 2.6 Accessory Equipment ...... 2-17 Accessories • Liquid· Preservation Systems 2.7 Inrush Current ...... 2-20 H. Jin Sim 2.8 Transformers Connected Directly to Generators ...... 2-20 Wal!kesha Electric Systems 2.9 Modern and Future Developments ...... 2-22 Scott H. Digby High-Voltage Generator • High-Temperature City of Wilson, NC Superconducling (H'fS) 'fransformer

2.1 Introduction

ANSI/IEEE defines a transformer as a static electrical "device, involving no continuously moving parts, used in electric power systems to transfer power between circuits through the use of electromagnetic induction. The term power transformer is used to refer to those transformers used between the generator and the distribution circuits, and these are usually rated at 500 kVA and above. Power systems typically consist of a large number of generation locations, distribution points, and interconnections within the system or \'lith nearby systems, such as a neighboring utility. The complexity of the system leads to a variety of transmission and distribution voltages. Power transformers must be used at each of these points where there is a transition between voltage levels. Power transformers are selected based on the application, with the emphasis toward custom design being more apparent the larger the unit. Power transformers are available for step-up operation, primarily used at the generator and referred to as generator step-up (GSU) transformers, and for step-down operation, mainly used to feed distribution circuits. Power transformers are available as Single-phase or three-phase apparatus. The construction of a transformer depends upon the application. Transformers intended for indoor use are primarily of the dry type but can also be liquid immersed. For outdoor use, transformers are usually liquid immersed. This section focuses on the outdoor, liquid-immersed transformers, such as those shown in Figure 2.1.

2-1

OAGI0001239_00005 2·2 Electric Power Transformer Engineering. Second Edition

FIGURE 2.1 20 MVA, 161:26.4 x 13.2 kV with LTC, three phase transformers.

2.2 Rating and Classifications 2.2.1 Rating In the U.s" transfouners are rated based on the power output they are capable of delivering continu­ ously at a specified rated voltage and frequency under "usual" operating conditions without exceeding prescribed internal temperature limitations. "Insulation is known to deteriorate with increases in temperature, so the insulation chosen for use in transfouners is based on how long it can be expected to last by limiting the operating temperature. The temperature that insulation is allowed to reach under operating conditions essentially deteunines the output rating of the transformer, called the kVA rating. Standardization has led to temperatures within a transformer being expressed in teuns of the rise above ambient temperature, since the ambient temperature can vary under operating or test conditions. Transformers are designed to limit the temperature based on the desired load, including the average temperature rise of a winding, the hottest-spot temperature rise of a winding, and, in the case of liquid­ filled units, the top liquid temperature rise. To obtain absolute temperatures from these values, simply add the ambient temperature. Standard temperature limits for liquid-immersed power transformers are listed in Table 2.1. The nonnallife expectancy of a power transformer is generally assumed to be about 30 years of service when operated within its rating. However, under certain conditions, it may be overloaded and operated beyon<:l its rating, with mOderately predinable ~loss oflife." Situations that might involve operation beyond rating include emergency rerouting of load or through-faolts prior to dearing of the faolt condition. Outside the U.S., the transformer rating may have a slightly different meaning. Based on some standards, the kVA rating can refer to the power that can be input to 11 transformer, the rated output being equal to the input minus the uansformer losses.

TABLE 2.1 Standard LiInits for Temperature Rises Above Ambient

Avet"age winding temperature rise Hot spot temperature rise Top liquid temperalUfl: rise

'The base rating is frequently specified and tested as a 55"C rise.

OAGI0001239_00006