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VOCABULARY TERMS

abiotic - Nonliving, physical features of amino acids - Building blocks of the environment, including air, , . , , temperature, and . amniotic - Egg covered with a acid - leathery shell that provides a complete Precipitation with a pH environment for the 's below 5.6; occurs when development; for , a pollutants from burning for living on . react with amniotic sac - Thin, liquid-filled, water in the air to acids; pollutes protective membrane that forms around water, kills and , damages soil. the embryo. active - Long-lasting anaerobe - Any that is able to immunity that results when the live without . makes its own in response to angiosperms - Flowering vascular a specific antigen. plants that produce a containing one active transport - -requiring or more seeds; monocots and dicots. process in which transport proteins bind -Chemicals produced by with and move them through a some that are used to limit the membrane. growth of other bacteria. adaptation - Any variation that makes - A made in response an organism better suited to its to a specific antigen that can attach to environment. the antigen and cause it to be useless. aerobe - Any organism that uses oxygen antigen - Complex that is for respiration. foreign to your body. aggression - Forceful behavior, such as anus - Opening at the end of the fighting, used by an to control or digestive tract through which wastes dominate another animal in to leave the body. protect young, defend appendages - Jointed of , or get . , such as , wings, or - antennae. containing, plantlike artery - Blood vessel that carries blood that produce away from the and has thick, oxygen as a result of elastic walls made of connective . and smooth . allele - An alternate form that a ascus - Saclike, -producing may have for a single trait; can be of sac fungi. dominant or recessive. asexual - A of allergen - Substance that causes an reproduction--, , and allergic reaction. --in which a new organism allergy - Overly strong reaction of the is produced from one parent and has immune to a foreign substance. DNA identical to the parent. alveoli - Tiny, thin-walled, grapelike asthma - Lung disorder in which the clusters at the end of each bronchiole bronchial tubes contract quickly and that are surrounded by capillaries, where cause shortness of breath, wheezing, or dioxide and oxygen exchange coughing; may occur as an allergic takes place. reaction. LIFE SCIENCE VOCABULARY TERMS

-Air surrounding ; bladder - Elastic, muscular that made of , including 78 percent holds urine until it the body , 21 percent oxygen, and 0.03 through the urethra. percent . brain stem - Connects the brain to the atriums - Two upper chambers of the spinal cord and is made up of the heart that contract at the same midbrain, the pons, and the medulla. during a heartbeat. bronchi - Two short tubes that branch - that causes plant off the lower end of the and leaves and stems to exhibit positive carry air into the lungs. phototropisms. budding - Form of axon - structure that carries in which a new, genetically identical messages away from the cell body. organism forms on the side of its parent. basidium Club - shaped, reproductive cambium - Vascular tissue that structure in which club fungi produce produces and phloem cells as a . plant grows. behavior - The way in which an capillary - Microscopic blood vessel organism interacts with other that connects arteries and veins, has and its environment; can be innate or walls one cell thick, through which learned. and oxygen diffuse into body bilateral - Body parts cells and waste materials and carbon arranged in a similar way on both sides dioxide diffuse out. of the body, with each half a - that usually is mirror image of the other half. the body's main source of energy. binomial - Two-word Carbon cycle - Model describing how naming system for organisms; first word carbon move between the is the and second word is the living and nonliving . . cardiac muscle - Striated, involuntary - that living things muscle found only in the heart. can come only from other living things. - Animal that eats only other biological vector - -carrying or the remains of other animals. organism, such as a , , or , carrying capacity - Largest number of that spreads infectious disease. of a particular species that an - Large geographic with can support over time. similar and ; cartilage - Tough, flexible tissue that includes tundra, , desert, temperate joins vertebrae and makes up all or part , tropical and temperate of the . forest, and . cell - Smallest unit of a living thing that - Part of Earth that supports can perform the functions of life; has an life, including the top portion of Earth's orderly structure and contains hereditary , the atmosphere, and all the water material. on Earth's surface. - Protective outer biotic - Features of the environment that covering of all cells that is made up of a are alive or were once alive. double layer of fatlike molecules and regulates the interaction between the cell and the environment. LIFE SCIENCE VOCABULARY TERMS

- States that all organisms cilia - Short, threadlike structures that are made up of one or more cells, the extend from the cell membrane of a cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells and allow the organism to move come from other cells. quickly. - Rigid structure that encloses, climate – Average supports, and protects the cells of plants, conditions of algae, fungi, and most bacteria. an area over time, cellulose - made including , out of ; forms tangled fibers in the temperature, and cell walls of many plants and provides rainfall or other types of structure and support. precipitation such as , wind, or central - of sleet. the nervous system, made up of the brain - Stable, end stage and spinal cord. of ecological succession in which the cerebellum - Part of the brain that plants and animals of a community use controls voluntary muscle movements, efficiently and balance is maintains muscle tone, and helps maintained by disturbances such as fire. maintain balance. closed circulatory system - Blood cerebrum - Largest part of the brain, circulation system in which blood moves where memory is stored, movements are through the body in closed vessels. controlled, and impulses from the cochlea Fluid - filled structure in the are interpreted. inner ear in which sound vibrations are chemical - Occurs when converted into impulses that are and other chemicals break sent to the brain. down large food molecules into smaller commensalism - A type of symbiotic ones. relationship in which one organism – Process in which benefits and the other organism is not producers make energy-rich nutrient affected. molecules from chemicals. community - All the of chemotherapy - Use of chemicals to different species that live in an destroy cells. ecosystem. chlorophyll – , -trapping conditioning - Occurs when the in plant what is response to a becomes important in photosynthesis. associated with another stimulus. - Green, chlorophyll- condensation – Process that takes place containing, plant-cell that when a changes into liquid. converts sunlight, carbon dioxide, and - Organism that cannot create water into sugar. energy-rich molecules but obtains its - Animal that has a notochord, food by other organisms. a nerve cord, gill slits, and a postanal contour - Strong, lightweight present at some stage in its development. feathers that give their coloring and - Structure in a cell's shape and that are used for flight. nucleus that contains genetic material. control - In an experiment, the standard chyme - Liquid product of digestion. to which the outcome of the test will be compared. LIFE SCIENCE VOCABULARY TERMS

reef – Diverse ecosystem formed - A type of passive transport in from the calcium carbonate shells cells in which molecules move from secreted by . areas where there are more of them to courtship behavior - Behavior that areas where there are fewer of them. allows males and of the same diploid – Cell whose species to recognize each other and occur in pairs. prepare to mate. DNA - Deoxyribonucleic - Digestive system sac in which acid, which is the genetic store ingested soil. material of all organisms, cuticle - Waxy protective layer that made up of two twisted covers the stems, leaves, and of strands of sugar- many plants and helps prevent water molecules and nitrogen loss. bases. cyclic behavior - Behavior that occurs dominant - Describes a trait that covers in repeated patterns. over another form of that trait. - Constantly moving -like down feathers - Soft, fluffy feathers that mixture inside the cell membrane that provide an insulating layer next to the contains hereditary material and is the of adult birds and that cover the location of most of a cell's life processes. bodies of young birds. day neutral plant - Plant that doesn't - Study of the interactions that require a specific photoperiod and can take place among organisms and their begin the flowering process over a wide environments. range of lengths. ecosystem - All the living organisms dendrite - Neuron structure that receives that live in an area and the nonliving messages and sends them to the cell features of their environment. body. - Vertebrate animal whose dermis - Skin layer below the internal temperature changes when the that contains blood vessels, , oil temperature of its environment changes. and sweat glands, and egg - Haploid cell formed in the other structures. reproductive organs. desert - Driest embryo - Fertilized egg that has on Earth with less attached to the wall of the uterus. than 25 cm of rain - Study of and each year; has dunes their development. or thin soil with little organic and emphysema - Lung disease in which the plants and animals specially adapted to alveoli enlarge. survive extreme conditions. endocytosis - Process by which a cell diaphragm - Muscle beneath the lungs takes in a substance by surrounding it that contracts and relaxes to move gases with the cell membrane. in and out of the body. - Cytoplasmic dicot - Angiosperm with two cotyledons organelle that moves materials around in inside its seed, parts in multiples a cell and is made up of a complex of four or five, and vascular bundles in of folded membranes; can be rough or rings. smooth. LIFE SCIENCE VOCABULARY TERMS

endoskeleton - Supportive framework of fermentation - Process by which some and/or cartilage that provides an oxygen-lacking cells and some one- internal place for muscle attachment and celled organisms release small amounts protects a vertebrate's internal organs. of energy from molecules and endospore - Thick-walled, protective produce wastes such as alcohol, carbon structure produced by a when dioxide, and lactic acid. conditions are unfavorable for survival. fertilization - In , endotherm - Vertebrate animal with a the joining of a and egg. constant internal temperature. fetal stress – Can occur during the birth energy pyramid – Model that shows the process or after birth as an infant adjusts amount of energy available at each from the watery , dark, constant- feeding level in an ecosystem. temperature environment to its new - A type of protein that environment. regulates nearly all chemical reactions in fetus - A developing baby after the first cells. two months of pregnancy until birth. epidermis - Outer, thinnest skin layer fin - Fanlike structure used by fish for that constantly produces new cells to steering, balancing, and movement. replace the dead cells rubbed off its fission - Simplest form of asexual surface. reproduction in which two new cells are equilibrium - Occurs when molecules produced with genetic material identical of one substance are spread evenly to each other and identical to the throughout another substance. previous cell. - Movement of soil from one - Long, thin whiplike structure place to another. of some protists that helps them move estivation - Inactivity in hot, dry months through moist or wet surroundings. during which hide in cooler food group - Group of --such as ground. bread, cereal, , and pasta--containing estuary - Extremely fertile area where a the same type of nutrients. meets an ; contains a mixture - Model that shows the of freshwater and water and serves complex feeding relationships among as a nursery for many species of fish. organisms in a community. evaporation – Process that takes place fossil fuels - Nonrenewable energy when a liquid changes to a gas. sources--coal, oil, and natural gas--that - Change in inherited formed in Earth's crust over hundreds of characteristics over time. millions of years. exocytosis - Process by which vesicles free living organism - Organism that release their contents outside the cell. does not depend on another organism for - Thick, hard outer covering food or a place to live. that protects and supports frond - of a that grows from bodies and provides places for muscles the rhizome. to attach. gametophyte stage - Plant life cycle Nutrient that stores energy, cushions stage that begins when cells in organs, and helps the body absorb reproductive organs undergo and . produce haploid cells (spores). LIFE SCIENCE VOCABULARY TERMS

gene - of DNA on a greenhouse effect - Heat-trapping chromosome that contains instructions feature of the atmosphere that keeps for making specific proteins. Earth warm enough to support life. - Biological and guard cells - Pairs of cells that surround chemical methods to change the the stomata and control their opening arrangement of a gene's DNA to and closing. improve crop production, produce large - Vascular plants that do volumes of , and change how not flower, generally have needlelike or cells perform functions. scalelike leaves, and produce seeds that - Study of how traits are are not protected by fruit; , inherited through the actions of alleles. , ginkgoes, and gnetophytes. - An organism's genetic - Place where an organism makeup. and that provides the types of food, genus - A group of similar species. shelter, moisture, and temperature - Heat energy within needed for survival. Earth's crust, available only where haploid – cell that has only each type of natural geysers or volcanoes are located. one chromosome. – Series of events that hazardous wastes - Waste materials, results in the growth of a plant from a such as and leftover paints, seed. that are harmful to health or period - Period during which poisonous to living organisms. the embryo develops in the uterus; the hemoglobin - Chemical in red blood length of time varies among species. cells that carries oxygen from the lungs gills - Organs that exchange carbon to body cells and carries some carbon dioxide for oxygen in water. dioxide from body cells back to the gill slits - In developing , the lungs. paired openings found in the area - Animal that eats only plants between the mouth and digestive tube. or parts of plants. gizzard - Muscular digestive system - The passing of traits from structure in which earthworms grind soil parent to offspring. and . - Animal that produces golgi bodies - that package both sperm and in the same body, cellular materials and transport them but its own sperm cannot fertilize its within the cell or out of the cell. own eggs. gradualism - Model describing heterozygous - Describes an organism evolution as a slow process by which with two different alleles for a trait. one species changes into a new species - Cyclic response of through a continuing series of inactivity and slowed that and variations over time. occurs during periods of cold - Temperate and tropical temperatures and limited food supplies. regions with 25 cm to 75 cm of - Regulation of an precipitation each year; dominated by organism's internal, life-maintaining climax communities of grasses; for conditions despite changes in its growing and raising and environment. . LIFE SCIENCE VOCABULARY TERMS

hominid - Humanlike that incomplete - Production of appeared about 4 million to 6 million a that is intermediate between years ago, ate both plants and , and the two homozygous parents. walked upright on two legs. incubate - To keep eggs warm until they sapiens - Early that likely hatch; the length of time varies among evolved from Cro-Magnons. species. homologous - Body parts that are infectous disease -Disease caused by a similar in structure and origin and can be vius, bacterium, , or protest that is similar in . spread from an infected organism ot the homozygous - Describes an organism environment to another organism. with two alleles that are the same for a innate behavior - Behavior that an trait. organism is born with and does not have hormone - Chemical produced by the to learn, such as a reflex or . , released directly into - Compound, such the bloodstream by ductless glands; as water, that is made from elements affects specific target tissues, and can other than carbon and whose can speed up or slow down cellular usually be arranged in only one activities. structure. cell - Living cell in which a insight - Form of reasoning that allows can actively reproduce or in which a animals to use past experiences to solve virus can hide until activated by new problems. environmental stimuli. instinct - Complex pattern of innate – An offspring that was given behavior, such as spinning a web, that different genetic for a trait can take weeks to complete. from each parent. intertidal zone - Part of the shoreline hydroelectric power - that is under water at high and Electricity produced exposed to the air at low tide. when the energy of - Animal without a falling water turns the backbone. blades of a generator involuntary muscle - Muscle, such as turbine. heart muscle, that cannot be consciously hyphae - Mass of many-celled, controlled. threadlike tubes forming the body of a joint - Any place where two or more fungus. come together; may be movable or - A prediction that can be immovable. tested. kidney - shaped urinary system - Complex group of organ that is made up of about 1 million defenses that protects the body against nephrons and filters blood, producing --includes the skin and urine. respiratory, digestive, and circulatory - First and largest category in . the scientific classification system of imprinting - Occurs when an animal groups: , , order, , forms a social attachment to another genus, and species. organism during a specific period larynx - Airway to which the vocal following birth or hatching. cords are attached. LIFE SCIENCE VOCABULARY TERMS

law - A scientific statement about how shell or protects the body of mollusks things happen in and that seems without shells. to be true at all . - A - Organism made up of a fungus with an external pouch and a green alga or a cyanobacterium. for the development of ligament - Tough band of tissue that its immature young. holds bones together at joints. mechanical digestion - limiting factor - Anything that can Breakdown of food restrict the size of a , through chewing, including living and nonliving features mixing, and churning. of an ecosystem, such as predators or medusa - Cnidarian drought. body type that is bell-shaped and free- long day plant - Plant that generally swimming. requires short --less than ten to 12 meiosis - Reproductive process that hours of darkness--to begin the produces four haploid sex cells from one flowering process. diploid cell and ensures offspring will lymph - Tissue fluid that has diffused have the same number of chromosomes into the capillaries. as the parent organisms. lymph node - Bean-shaped organ found - Pigment produced by the throughout the body that filters out epidermis that protects skin from and foreign materials damage and gives skin and their taken up by the lymphocytes. color. lymphatic system - Carries lymph menstrual cycle - Hormone-controlled through a network of lymph capillaries suited to their environment are more and vessels and drains it into large veins likely to survive and reproduce; includes near the heart; helps fight and concepts of variation, overproduction, . and . lymphocyte - A type of white blood cell nervecord – Tubelike structure above that fights . the notochord that in most chordates - develops into the brain and spinal cord. Endothermic neuron - Tiny filtering unit of the that kidney. have , teeth niche - In an ecosystem, refers to the specialized for unique ways an organism survives, eating certain obtains food and shelter, and avoids foods, and whose danger. females have nitrogen cycle - Model describing how mammary glands that produce for nitrogen moves from the atmosphere to feeding their young. the soil, to living organisms, and then mammary glands - Milk-producing back to the atmosphere. glands of female mammals used to feed – process in which their young. some types of bacteria in the soil change - Thin layer of tissue that covers nitrogen gas into a form of nitrogen that a mollusk's body organs; secretes the plants can use. LIFE SCIENCE VOCABULARY TERMS

nitrogen fixing bacteria - Bacteria that organelles - Structure in the cytoplasm convert nitrogen in the air into forms of a eukaryotic cell that can act as a that can be used by plants and animals. storage site, process energy, move noninfectious disease - Disease, such as materials, or manufacture substances. cancer, diabetes, or asthma, that is not organic compounds - Compounds that spread from one person to another. always contain and carbon; nonrenewable resources - Natural include , , proteins, resources, such as petroleum, , and nucleic acids. and metals, that are used more quickly organism - Any living thing; uses than they can be replaced by natural energy, is made of cells, reproduces, processes. responds, grows, and develops. Nonvascular plant - Plant that absorbs - A type of passive transport water and other substances directly that occurs when water diffuses through through its cell walls instead of through a cell membrane. tubelike structures. ovary - Female reproductive organ that notochord - Firm but flexible structure produces eggs and is located in the lower that extends along the upper part of a part of the body. chordate's body. ovary - Female reproductive organ that nuclear energy - Energy produced from produces eggs and is located in the lower the splitting apart of billions of uranium part of the body. nuclei by a nuclear fission reaction. ovulation - Monthly process in which an nucleus - Organelle that controls all the egg is released from an ovary and enters activities of a cell and contains the oviduct, where it can become hereditary material made of proteins and fertilized by sperm. DNA. ovule - In gymnosperms, the female nutrients - Substances in foods-- reproductive part that produces eggs and proteins, carbohydrates, , vitamins, food-storage tissues. minerals, and water--that provide energy depletion - Thinning of Earth's and materials for cell development, caused by growth, and repair. chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) leaking into olfactory cell - Nasal nerve cell that the air and reacting chemically with becomes stimulated by molecules in the ozone, breaking the ozone molecules air and sends impulses to the brain for apart. interpretation of odors. A type of symbiotic - Animal that eats plants and relationship in which one organism animals or animal flesh. benefits and the other organism is open circulatory system - Blood harmed. circulation system in which blood moves - Immunity that through vessels and into open results when antibodies produced in one around the body organs. animal are introduced into another's organ - Structure, such as the heart, body; does not last as long as active made up of different types of tissues that immunity. all work together. pasteurization - Process in which a liquid is heated to a temperature that kills most bacteria. LIFE SCIENCE VOCABULARY TERMS

passive transport - Movement of pioneer species - First organisms to substances through a cell membrane grow in a new or disturbed area; break without the use of cellular energy; down and build soil. includes diffusion, osmosis, and pistil - Female facilitated diffusion. reproductive organ inside pathogen - Disease-producing organism. the flower of an periosteum - Tough, tight-fitting angiosperm; consists of a membrane that covers a bone's surface sticky stigma, where and contains blood vessels that transport pollen grains land, and an nutrients to the bone. ovary. peripheral nervous system - Division placenta - A saclike organ in which a of the nervous system, made up of all the placental embryo develops and that nerves outside the CNS; connects the absorbs food and oxygen from the brain and spinal cord to other body parts. mother's blood. - Waves of muscular placental - A mammal whose offspring contractions that move food through the develop inside a placenta in the female's digestive tract. uterus. petroleum – Nonrenewable - Liquid part of blood, made formed over hundreds of millions of mostly of water, in which oxygen, years, mostly from the remains of nutrients, and minerals are dissolved. microscopic marine organisms buried in platelet - Irregularly shaped cell Earth’s crust. fragment that helps clot blood and pharynx – Tube-like passageway for releases chemicals that help form fibrin. food, liquid, and air. pollen grain - Small structure produced phenotype - Outward physical by the male reproductive organs of a appearance and behavior of an organism. seed plant; has a water-resistant coat, pheromone - Powerful chemical can develop from a spore, and contains produced by an animal to influence the gametophyte parts that will produce behavior of another animal of the same sperm. species. - Transfer of pollen grains to phloem - Vascular tissue that forms the female part of a seed plant by agents tubes that transport dissolved sugar such as gravity, water, wind, and throughout a plant. animals. - A plant's response to pollutant - Substance that contaminates the lengths of daylight and darkness each any part of the environment. day. polygenic inheritance - Occurs when a photosynthesis - Food-making process group of gene pairs acts together and by which plants and many other produces a specific trait, such as human producers use light energy to produce color, skin color, or height. glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide polyp - Cnidarian body type that is vase- and water. shaped and is usually sessile. phylogeny - Evolutionary history of an population - All the organisms that organism; used by scientists to group belong to the same species living in a organisms into kingdoms. community. LIFE SCIENCE VOCABULARY TERMS

postanal tail – Muscular structure at the punnett square - A tool to predict the end of a developing chordate. probability of certain traits in offspring preening - Process in which a rubs that shows the different ways alleles can oil from an oil gland over its feathers to combine. condition them and make them water radial symmetry - Body parts arranged repellent. in a circle around a central point. pregnancy - Period of development-- radioactive element - Element that usually about 38 or 39 weeks in humans- gives off a steady amount of as -from fertilized egg until birth. it slowly changes into a nonradioactive - Group of mammals including element. humans, monkeys, and that share radula - In gastropods, the tonguelike characteristics such as organ with rows of teeth used to scrape opposable thumbs, and tear food. binocular vision, and recessive - Describes a trait that is flexible shoulders. covered over, or dominated, by another producer - Organism, form of that trait and seems to disappear. such as a green plant or - alga, that uses an outside source of Conservation method energy like the Sun to create energy-rich that is a form of reuse food molecules. and requires changing protein - Nutrient made up of amino or reprocessing an acids that is used by the body for growth item or natural and for replacement and repair of body resource. cells. reflex - Simple innate behavior, such as prothallus - Small, green, heart-shaped yawning or blinking, that is an automatic gametophyte plant form of a fern that response and does not involve a message can make its own food and absorb water to the brain. and nutrients from the soil. renewable resources - Natural - One- or many-celled eukaryotic resources, such as water, sunlight, and organism that can be plantlike, animal- crops, that are constantly being recycled like, or funguslike. or replaced by nature. protozoan - One-celled, animal-like respiration - Series of chemical protist that can live in water, soil, and reactions used to release energy stored in living and dead organisms. food molecules. pseudopods - Temporary cytoplasmic retina - Light-sensitive tissue at the back extensions used by some protists to of the eye; contains rods and cones. move about and trap food. rhizoids - Threadlike structures that pulmonary circulation - Flow of blood anchor nonvascular plants to the ground. through the heart to the lungs and back rhizome - Underground stem of a fern. to the heart. - Small structure on which - Model cells make their own proteins. describing the rapid evolution that RNA - Ribonucleic acid, which carries occurs when of a few codes for making proteins from the results in a species suddenly changing nucleus to the . into a new species. LIFE SCIENCE VOCABULARY TERMS

saprophyte - Organism that feeds on skeletal system - All the bones in the dead or decaying tissues of other body; forms an internal, living organisms. framework that provides shape and scales - Hard, thin plates that cover a support, protects internal organs, moves fish's skin and protect its body. bones, forms blood cells, and stores - Problem-solving certain minerals. techniques used to investigate smooth muscle - Involuntary, that can be made about nonstriated muscle that controls living and nonliving things. movement of internal organs. - A type of rock, such - Interactions among as limestone, that is most likely to members of the same species, including contain ; formed when layers of courtship and , getting food, , silt, clay, or are cemented caring for young, and protecting each together or minerals are deposited from a other. . society - A group of animals of the same - Mixture of sperm and a fluid species that live and work together in an that helps sperm move and supplies them organized way, with each member doing with an energy source. a specific job. sessile - Describes an organism that soil – Mixture of and rock remains attached to one place during its particles, the remains of dead organisms, lifetime. air, and water that forms the topmost setae - Bristlelike structures on the layer of Earth’s crust and supports plant outside of each body segment that help growth. segmented move. sori - Fern structures in which spores are sex linked gene - An allele inherited on produced. a sex chromosome; can cause human species - Group of organisms that share genetic disorders such as color blindness imilar characteristics and can reproduce and hemophilia. among themselves. sexual reproduction - A type of sperm - Haploid sex cells formed in the reproduction in which two sex cells, male reproductive organs. usually an egg and a sperm, join to form spiracles - Openings in the abdomen and a , which will develop into a new thorax of through which air organism with a unique identity. enters and waste gases leave. sexually transmitted disease - spores- Haploid cells produced in the Infectious disease, such as , gametophyte stage of a plant that can AIDS, or genital , that is passed divide by and form structures or from one person to another during sexual an entire new plant or can develop into contact. sex cells. short day plant - Plant that generally - Theory that requires long nights--12 or more hours living things can come from nonliving of darkness--to begin the flowering things. process. sporangium - Round spore case of a - Voluntary, striated zygote fungus. muscle that moves bones, works in pairs, spore - Waterproof reproductive cell of and is attached to bones by . a fungus. LIFE SCIENCE VOCABULARY TERMS

sporophyte stage - Plant life cycle stage average temperatures between 9-12 that begins when an egg is fertilized by a degrees C, and forest dominated by sperm. with needle-like leaves. stamen - Male reproductive organ inside - Thick band of tissue that the flower of an angiosperm; consists of attaches bones to muscles. an anther, where pollen grains form, and – Arm-like structures that have a filament. stinging cells and surround the mouths stomata - Small openings in the surface of most cnidarians. of most plant leaves that allow carbon testis - Male organ that produces sperm dioxide, water, and oxygen to enter and and testosterone. exit. theory - An explanation of events or stinging cells – Capsules with coiled things based on scientific knowledge trigger-like structures that help resulting from repeated observations and cnidarians capture food. tests. succession – natural gradual changes in tissue - Group of similar cells that work the types of species that live in an area: together to do one job. can be primary or secondary. - Poisonous substance produced by - Any close relationship some pathogens. between species, including , trachea - Air-conducting tube that commensalism, and parasitism. connects the larynx with the bronchi, is synapse - Small across which an lined with mucous membranes and cilia, impulse moves from an axon to the and contains strong cartilage rings. dendrites or cell body of another neuron. tropical rain forest - Most biologically systemic circulation - Largest part of diverse biome; has an average the circulatory system in which oxygen- temperature of 25 degrees C and rich blood flows to all organs and body receives 200-600 cm of precipitation tissues, except the heart and lungs, and each year. oxygen-poor blood is returned to the - Positive or negative plant heart. response to an external stimulus such as taiga World's largest biome located touch, light, or gravity. south of the tundra between 50 and 60 tube feet - Hydraulic, hollow, thin- degrees N ; has long, cold walled tubes that end in suction cups and , precipitation of 35-100 cm each enable to move. year, cone-bearing trees, and tundra - Cold, dry, treeless biome with dense . less than 25 cm of precipitation each taste bud - Major sensory receptor on year, a short growing season, permafrost, the tongue; contains taste that send and winters that can be six to nine impulses to the brain for interpretation of months long. tastes. umbilical cord - Connects the embryo deciduous forest - Biome usually to the placenta; moves food and oxygen having four distinct seasons, temperate from the placenta to the embryo and annual precipitation of 75-150 cm, and removes the embryo's waste products. climax communities of deciduous trees. ureter - Tube that carries urine from temperate rain forest – Biome with urethra - Tube that carries urine from 200-400 cm of precipitation each year, the bladder to the outside of the body. LIFE SCIENCE VOCABULARY TERMS

urine - Wastewater that contains excess vertebrae – backbones that are joined water, , and other wastes that are not by flexible cartilage and protect a reabsorbed by the body. vertabrate’s spinal nerve cord. urinary system - System of excretory vertebrate - Animal with a backbone. organs that rids the blood of wastes, vestigial structure - Structure, such as controls blood volume by removing the human appendix, that doesn't seem to excess water, and balances have a function and may once have concentrations of salts and water. functioned in the body of an ancestor. uterus - Hollow, muscular, -shaped villi - Fingerlike projections covering the organ where a fertilized egg develops wall of the small intestine that increase into a baby. the surface area for food absorption. - Process of giving a virus - Extremely tiny piece of genetic by mouth or by injection to material that infects and multiplies in provide active immunity against a host cells; surrounded by a protein disease. coating. vaccine - Preparation made from killed - Water-soluble or fat-soluble bacteria or damaged particles from organic nutrient needed in small bacterial cell walls that can prevent some quantities for growth, for preventing bacterial diseases. some diseases, and for regulating body vaccine - A solution made from functions. damaged virus or bacteria particles or voluntary muscle - Muscle, such as a from killed or weakened or or arm muscle, that can be bacteria; can prevent, but not cure, many consciously controlled. viral and bacterial diseases. - Model describing how vagina -Muscular tube that connects the water moves from Earth's surface to the lower end of the uterus to the outside of atmosphere and back to the surface again the body; the birth canal through which a through evaporation, condensation, and baby travels when being born. precipitation. variable - In an experiment, the one water vascular system - Network of thing that can change. water-filled canals that allows variation - Inherited trait that makes an echinoderms to move, capture food, give different from other members off wastes, and exchange carbon dioxide of the same species and results from a and oxygen. mutation in the organism's genes. – A region that is wet most or - Plant with tubelike all of the year. structures that move minerals, water, and xylem - Vascular tissue that forms other substances throughout the plant. hollow vessels that transport substances, vein - Blood vessel that carries blood other than sugar, throughout a plant. back to the heart and has one-way valves zygote - New diploid cell formed when a that keep blood moving toward the heart. sperm fertilizes an egg; will divide by ventricles Two lower chambers of the mitosis and develop into a new heart that contract at the same time organism. during a heartbeat.