The Effect of Socio-Economy Towards Conservation at Ci Tanduy Watershed

THE EFFECT OF SOCIO-ECONOMY TOWARDS CONSERVATION AT CI TANDUY WATERSHED

Dede Sugandi [email protected] Geography Education, University of Education Indonesia

ABSTRACT

The aims of the study are: 1) Analyzing positive effect of resident’s income towards resident’s participation on conserving Ci Tanduy watershed 2) Analyzing negative effect of resident’s knowledge towards resident’s participation in conserving Ci Tanduy watershed, 3) Analyzing negative effect of land possession towards resident’s participation in conserving Ci Tanduy watershed 4) Analyzing effort to improve resident’s socio-economy which supports maintenance and protection effort of Ci Tanduy watershed. Study method which is used is survey with analysis with quantitative method. Analysis technique which is used is linear Regression. Area population is Ci Tanduy Watershed. Resident population is farmers and fishermen around the wwatershed. Analysis conclusion shows that 1) There is positive effect of income towards participation, 2) There is negative effect of knowledge towards participation, 3) There is negative effect of land possession toward participation, 4) Area physical condition, which affects erosion and participation, requires resident participation.

Key Words: Income, Knowledge, Land possession, Participation and Empowerment

ABSTRAK

Tujuan penelitian yaitu 1) Menganalisis pengaruh positif tingkat pendapatan penduduk terhadap Partisipasi penduduk dalam konservasi daerah aliran Ci Tanduy.2) Menganalisis pengaruh negatif pengetahuan penduduk terhadap partisipasi penduduk dalam konservasi daerah aliran Ci Tanduy.3) Menganalisis pengaruh negatif dari luas kepemilikan lahan penduduk terhadap partisipasi penduduk dalam konservasi daerah aliran Ci Tanduy. 4) Menganalisis upaya meningkatkan keadaan sosial ekonomi penduduk yang menunjang upaya pemeliharaan dan perlindungan daerah aliran Ci Tanduy. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah survey dengan analisis dengan metode kuantitatif. Teknik analisis digunakan Regresi linier. Populasi wilayah adalah Daerah aliran Ci Tanduy. Populasi penduduk adalah petani dan nelayan pada DAS Citanduy.Kesimpulannya bahwa 1) Terdapat pengaruh positif tingkat pendapatan terhadap partisipasi, 2) Terdapat pengaruh negatif pengetahuan terhadap partisipasi, 3) Terdapat pengaruh negatif luas kepemilikan lahan terhadap partisipasi, 4) Keadaan fisis daerah memengaruhi terjadinya erosi dan konservasi perlu partisipasi penduduk.

Kata Kunci : Pendapatan. Pengetahuan, Kepemilikan lahan, Partisipasi dan pemberdayaan.

Indonesian Journal of Geography, Vol 45, No.1, June 2013 : 90 - 99 INTRODUCTION forest along with conservation in manifesting continual development The utilization of land always changes [Rahmawaty, S, 2004]. Meanwhile, Dietz together with residents’ growth, which is T, [1998:23] stated effort in protecting also causing the increaseing needs of forest through regulation will be in vain, settlement, especially forest area and because farmers who do not have other agricultural field which becomee people living resources will exploit forest to fulfill settlement and also other necessity. Collier their needs. W. I, [1996:98] stated that the decreasing of agriculture area gives impact towards Such statement describes that the changes the decreasing of production. Meadows H of land usage can cause the changes of et.al, [1980:8] stated that residents, food function. The changes of land usage from production, industrialization, pollution, and forest to farm and settlement bring impact exploitation of natural resources are towards erosion risk [Dewi A.K, 2004:6]. increasing which following exponential Meanwhile, Ismawan I, [1999:23] stated growth, while process to fulfill it is that deforestation and the exploitation of following arithmetic growth. The increase natural resources can cause the decrease of of Residents is accompanied by the land resource quality. One of the decreases decrease of forest area for farming is erosion. The amount of precipitation, [Soemarwoto O, 2001: 23]. intensity, and rain distribution can determine rain dispersion towards soil, The statement above shows that to fulfill amount and velocity of surface flow and their needs, land area is decreasing. This erosion [Sinatala A, 1989:72]. decrease arises several problems. Ismawan, [1999:22] stated that main issues, which Sagara Anakan is coastal area from Ci are related with the environment problems, Tanduy and other rivers which is affected are namely, water, deforestation, erosion, by erosion and surface flow from such critical land and the damage of natural watershed. Bahari, [2003] stated that resources. Soeriatmadja R.E.,[1997: 59] Sagara Anakan undergoes silting up stated that forest gives impact towards because of Ci Tanduy and other rivers three environment factors which are related bring mud around 5 million m3/year in each other, namely, weather, soil and water average and flow into Sagara Anakan supply for various areas. Forest is very around 1 million m3/year. Ci Tanduy, useful for life if forest keep exist. which every year contributes 740.000 m3 muds from sediment total of 1 million Land usage alteration causes the changes m3/year,is brought flow into other rivers. of environment function. Stipulation of Sedimentation can threat mangrove forest Forestry Minister No. 677/Kpts-II/1998 and the decline of fish and shrimps stated that forest which is conserved by production which are bred [Satyana A, minister must be managed by residents 2010]. Ci Tanduy BBW in Sukardi,Y who live on that area with the aim to use [2010] stated that changeed area at Sagara the forest in accordance with its function Anakan in 1984 is 2.906 ha, in 1994, this and emphasize on the people’s prosperity. area reduced 1.575 ha and in 2003 this area Indonesia Constitution No. 32, 2009 about reduced to 600 ha, it means that this area Basic Stipulation of Environment reduced around 104,8182 ha/year. Management stated that environment is Meanwhile, mangrove forest in 1974 with integrated with all things, resources, area 15,551 ha, in 2003 reduced to 8.506 condition and living things including ha [BPKSA, 2007:27]. Erftemeijer P, human and their behavior. Functions of Balen, Bas Van, Djuharsa. E, [1988:350]. ecologyial, economyical and social from This Sagara Anakan mangrove has area forest will give the real role if natural around 13.500 ha, and undergoes reduction resources management in the form of

91 THE EFFECT OF SOCIO - EKONOMI Dede Sugandi because of land reclamation and with reason 1) Development for people’s deforestation. interest, but not understood by people, 3) the implementation which is not in Such opinion describes that silting up and accordance with such understanding, 4) stricture in Sagara Anakan waters are People do not participate. caused by big erosion from Ci Tanduy. Because of it, it is needed an effort in Such opinion shows that development must reducing erosion level through be in the side of residents’ interest, so, conservation. Conservation is an effort in residents’ participation can be relied on, protecting, conserving and using all things and so, it is needed socialization. in the environment. Conservation is not Development, which is continuing, is not meant that we are forbidden to manage the only physical, but also related with land, but is an effort in reducing erosion income, so participation in conserving and level which is begun at upstream and protecting environment. In conserving midstream of the watershed. Sagara Anakan as central of resident’s activity, residents have significant role, Such conservation effort needs to involve because it involves resident’s involvement. residents, because with residents’ Conyers, [1991] stated that, first, residents’ participation, it can minimize erosion level. participation is a tool in obtaining Participation is related with information information about condition, needs; about residents condition, residents second, residents will trust to development involvement in development program in program if they are involved in preparation the preparation and planning, because and planning process; third, it is a right of without their involvement can cause failure democracy if residents are involved in the [Conyers, 1991]. Thus, participation development. With comprehension and should be enhanced through economy participation, conservation program can be empowerment, stakeholder empowerment, implemented effectively. nature conservation and law enforcement in the frame of sustainable environmental Residents’ participation, in conducting management [Suryanto, E, 2004]. conservation on the land which is Participation, according to Sastropoetro managed, is related with socio-economy (1988), is spontaneous involvement with condition, namely: Income, knowledge and awareness and also responsible towards land possession. group interest in achieving shared goals. Wazir W.A. et. al., [1999] stated that Efforts in saving environment from erosion participation can be interpreted as one’s through conservation, is related with involvement consciously into certain resident activity in working on field. In situation. Based on such interpretation, working on field, residents try to work on someone can participate if he finds himself field in accordance with field condition, with or in the group, through various because it is related with physical and processes sharing with each other in the socio-economy nature. Field work is terms of shared value, tradition, feeling, conducted to make a living, so residents try and solidarity, obedience, and to save the damaged field. But, responsibility. Other opinion stated that unconsciously what they do otherwise Citizen Participation is citizen power cause the erosion. [Sherry, R.A, 1969]. To reduce level of This study arises questions as follows: erosion and silting up, we need not only 1. Is there positive effect towards knowledge, but also residents’ resident’s income towards participation in land management. resident’s participation in Kartasasmita, [1997], stated that the conservation of Ci Tanduy failure on development cannot achieve the watershed? goals because of residents’ participation

92 Indonesian Journal of Geography, Vol 45, No.1, June 2013 : 90 - 99 2. Is there negative effect towards resident’s involvement in managing resident’s knowledge towards agriculture. resident’s participation in 3. This study gives contribution for conserving Ci Tanduy watershed? social study, especially, Geography 3. Is there negative effect towards that continual development must be resident’s land possession towards conducted with inter disciplinary resident’s participation in approach and cross-sectoral. conserving Ci Tanduy watershed? 4. How to improve resident’s socio- THE METHODS economy condition which supports maintenance and protection effort The study area is Ci Tanduy Watershed through conservation of Ci Tanduy with geographical location between 108 watershed? 01’ 15,66” E - 109 00’00”” E and 7 01’12,96” S - 7 46’44,4” S. Ci Tanduy This study based on problems that Ci has brooks, namely Ci Kawung and Ci Tanduy River undergoes erosion which Seel. gives impact towards silting up and stricture of Sagara Anakan waters. To Area population in this study is Ci Tanduy reduce such silting up and stricture, it Watershed and resident’s population is needs conservation at Ci Tanduy River, so, residents who work on the field with the aims of the study are: sample are taken from upstream, 1. Analyzing positive effect of downstream and midstream. Amount of residents’ income towards sample are 180 respondents. resident’s participation on conserving Ci Tanduy watershed? Data is obtained from respondents by using 2. Analyzing negative effect of Questionnaires and field check which is resident’s knowledge towards related with: resident’s participation in 1. Free Variable, namely: conserving Ci Tanduy watershed? Level of income, Knowledge and Land 3. Analyzing negative effect of land possession possession towards resident’s 2. Bound Variable, namely: participation in conserving Ci Participation Tanduy watershed? To obtain primary data from residents at Ci 4. Analyzing effort to improve Tanduy watershed who work on field is by resident’s socio-economy which using survey method. Instruments which supports maintenance and are developed based on variable, namely; protection effort of Ci Tanduy income, knowledge, land possession, watershed? attitude, participation and conservation.

This study is aimed to describe about Statistic Analysis use linear Regression conservation effort which requires Analysis. This analysis is assisted with resident’s involvement, because it is useful SPSS version 16 software with Structural for Equation is:

1. Developing theory and effort to Y = yx1X1 + yx2X2 + yx3X3 + Є1 improve resident’s socio-economic with little erosion. While conservation analysis is begun by 2. For academic, this study has calculating physical condition, model and significant meaning as learning conservation form. material to improve participation, because conservation of agricultural land is influenced by

93 THE EFFECT OF SOCIO - EKONOMI Dede Sugandi

RESULT AND DISCUSSION namely: a) Class 1, with steepness around 0 - 8%, soft materials from limestone until Study Location sand, b) Class 2, with steepness of slope Ci Tanduy Watershed flow into Sagara around > 8 - 15%, c) Class 3, with Anakan Sea. Ci Tanduy is a river which steepness of slope around > 15 - 25, d) has its upper reaches at Garut Regency. Class 4, with the steepness of slopes This Watershed gives significant around > 25 - 40% and e) Class 5, with the contribution towards Sagara Anakan Sea, steepness of slopes around >40%. because of erosion on Watershed. The study location is shown at Map 1. Soil Ci Tanduy Watershed consists of various Weather type of soils, namely: 1) Alluvial; is type This area has tropical weather with of soil in the form of sediment, 2) Regosol; Precipitation > 1.500 mm/year and average is a type of young soil which has high temperature > 18 C. Precipitation will porosity, 3) Andosol; develop at area flow to the surface that has potency to which is above 3.000 meter, 4) Gleysol; cause erosion, especially at rainy season, in which is formed because of sediment which around month October until April. process, 5) Organosol; which is formed by fossil material from plant and animal, 6) Geology and Morphology Grumusol; which develop with wavy Ci Tanduy Watershed has rocky riverbed, morphology - hilly, 7) Latosol; which has namely: a) QTv is rock which is originated undergone washing, 8) Mediteran; which from volcano eruption which is divided develop form main material of limestone. into QTvs, QTvk, QTvb, QTvd, QTvr, and QTvc which has resistance nature towards Hydrograph erosion. Qa and Qf is rock which is Ci Tanduy flow into Sagara Anakan Sea resulted from deposit process. Qv with and has brooks namely, Ci Seel and Ci rocks which are originated from young Kawung. This stream is dammed by volcano eruption and Tmpk with material Maganti Dam to irrigate rice field at have resistance nature towards erosion, b) Cilacap and Ciamis Regency. The upper Tpt, Tmph, Tmkl, Tml, Tpc and Tmhg stream with erosion material is brought and with limestone material with insertion. deposited at Ci Tanduy estuary, namely; With limestone which is dissolved by Sagara Anakan Sea which undergoes water, and napal insertion, flake which is silting up and stricture. vulnerable towards erosion. The steepness of watershed is classified into 5 classes,

94 Indonesian Journal of Geography, Vol 45, No.1, June 2013 : 90 - 99

Figure 1. Study Location

Land Usage Amount and Density of Residents Land at wwatershed is used for various Watershed boundary is based on natureal usages. These usages are classified into; boundary as separator of water flowing a) Forest; that function to system which is come from precipitation in balance environment the form of ridge. ecosystem b) Mangrove forest; which is Study Result Description spread at midstream and Data analysis of Watershed is analyzed by downstream area using Kolgomorov-Smirnov test statistic c) Plantation; which is which is analyzed for data normality. managed by residents in Homogeneity or Heteros-cedasticity and small area while plantation Multicolinearity or Heteroscedasticity. Tes in the wide area is managed result is 0.219 > 0.05, so H0 is acceptable, by government or private. normal distribution. Multicolinearity d) None irrigated dry field; is among variable is fulfilled. Homogeneity dry agriculture with is concluded that there is no seasonal plants which is heteroscedasticity or homogenous. worked on by residents. Hypothesis test has been done towards e) Settlements; are spread variable contribution X1, 2, 3 (income, around Watershed by knowledge and land possession) towards Y flatting the soil. (Participation). Sub structure analysis f) Rice field; s is terrace through statistic test is obtained R2 = 0, 05 fields, but with waterproof (rounding off), F = 3, 97 sig value = 0,000 soil. (significant) with level of trust 5% and g) Bushes; are not worked on 95% which is influenced by other factors. by residents. Sub structure shows square effect multiplied by 100%.

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Table 2. Development of Participation

Area Development L % SM % I % C % Upstream Watershed 36 60 17 28,33 3 5 4 6,67 Midstream Watershed 28 46,67 18 30 1 1,67 13 21,7 Downstream Watershed 14 23,33 10 16,67 25 41,7 11 18,8 Annotation: L : Livestock SM : Seed and Manure I : Irrigation C : Cooperative

From Sub structure statistic test result 2 is Discussion obtained R2 = 0.29 (rounding off), F = The study results show that conservation at 23,977 sig value = 0,000 (significant). Sagara Anakan Sea is influenced by Simultaneous effect X123 towards Y around variable, level of income (X1), knowledge 8, 41% and around 91, 59% is influenced (X2) and land possession (X3) which tend by other factors. to affect towards participation (Y). 1) Hypothesis 1 test, X1 Effect towards Y. Test results is obtained The Impact of Income towards that t value = 3,609 with sig value Participation (X1 towards Y) = 0,000 (significant). It means that Hypothesis "There is a positive effect on the effect around (0, 2962) = 9% the income level of the population and around 91% is influenced by participation in conservation" (X1 to Y). other factors. Statistical tests obtained probability value 2) Hypothesis 2 test, X2 Effect is greater than the value of sig (0.05> towards Y. Test result is obtained t 0.000) with a Beta value of 0.296, the Hi value = -2,001 with sig value = Ho rejected and accepted with positive 0,047 (significant). It means that influences. Revenue has positive influence around (-0, 1252) = 2% and around on the level of participation in the 98% is influenced by other factors. conservation of the relationship enough. 3) Hypothesis 3 test, X3 Effect The meaning of the positive influence towards Y. Test result is obtained t suggests that the higher the level of income value = - 0,213 with sig value = will be greater participation of the 0,034 (significant). It means that population. Since participation can be done the effect around (0, 1712) = 3% in the form of money, goods / capital, and around 97% is influenced by labor, ideas / ideas and social. other factors. 4) To implement conservation by The Impact of Land Possession towards increasing income, knowledge and Participation (X3 towards Y) land possession. Conservation with The research hypothesis states "There is a method and form always be widespread negative impact of land conducted, but land area which is ownership on participation of the worked on is limited and will cut population in conservation" (X3 to Y). The down area which is not intended for test results obtained over Esar an idea of agriculture. the probability of sig (0.05> 0.034) with a Beta value of - .171, the Hi Ho rejected and accepted by the influence is negative. Describe the meaning of the negative influences reverse effect, where the higher

96 Indonesian Journal of Geography, Vol 45, No.1, June 2013 : 90 - 99 land under cultivation, the lower Effect of Tenure on Participation (X3 to participation. To obtain higher income, Y). they are trying to increase the area of the The research hypothesis states "There is a land, although the land is physically widespread negative impact of land unconditional. ownership on participation of the population in conservation" (X3 to Y). The The results of the analysis illustrates that test results obtained over Esar an idea of water conservation Sagara tillers the probability of sig (0.05> 0.034) with a influenced variable, income level (X1), Beta value of - .171, the Hi Ho rejected knowledge (X2) and tenure (X3) tend to and accepted by the influence is negative. affect the participation of (Y). Describe the meaning of the negative influences reverse effect, where the higher Effect of Income Level for Participation land under cultivation, the lower (X1 to Y). participation. To obtain higher income, they Hypothesis "There is a positive effect on are trying to increase the area of the land, the income level of the population although the land is physically participation in conservation" (X1 to Y). unconditional. Statistical tests obtained probability value is greater than the value of sig (0.05> Efforts to improve the socioeconomic 0.000) with a Beta value of 0.296, the Hi circumstances of the Ci Tanduy Ho rejected and accepted with positive watershed can be done through influences. Revenue has positive influence education by developing a side business on the level of participation in the in accordance with local circumstances. conservation of the medium relationship. Physically, rainfall, rock, slope, land and The meaning of the positive influence hydrography of the watershed are suggests that the higher the level of income influencing erosion. The rocks are easily will be greater participation of the eroded by high rainfall, although population. Since participation can be done conservation methods farmers have always in the form of money, goods / capital, done, as a requirement of agriculture. The labor, ideas and social. impact of the erosion is sedimentation in the Sagara Anakan Sea.. In coastal Effect of Knowledge of Participation (X2 conservation, planting is not implemented, to Y). dredging, waste disposal, not catching fish The research hypothesis states "There is a at certain size, not catching fish in certain negative effect on the participation of the season, and usage of chemical and poison people of knowledge in conservation." (X2 are found. Superficiality and narrowing of to Y). Statistical tests obtained probability the river can be seen during the dry season, value is greater than the value of sig (0.05> because the delta appears that arise. Things 0.047) with a Beta value of - 0.125, then to consider that the flow in the border area Ho is rejected and accept Hi with negative Ci Tanduy Lakbok and Cipari, the runoff influences. It describes the meaning of the decreases because the water is dammed negative influences reverse effect, where allocated farms in the district Ciamis and the higher the knowledge, the participation Cilacap. To develop a basic input without of the lower. Conservation is a need to interfering with the work, it is necessary to conduct land management, without the develop a sideline. Upstream watersheds conservation tilled land will fail. should be developed farm 60% 28.33% Knowledge in agriculture will only be seed and fertilizer, the center developed done on the land without considering the watershed farms 46.67%, 30% seeds and land tilled land affecting working on. fertilizer, irrigation downstream watersheds 42.7%, 23.22% farms. The success of preserving and protecting the environment is influenced by socio-

97 THE EFFECT OF SOCIO - EKONOMI Dede Sugandi economic situation of the population, require regulation for re- because it is the cutting edge of forestation, is mainly area which is conservation needs. belongs to government. It is based on the benefit obtained by residents CONCLUSION is fewer that its negative impact. So, government intervention and Ci Tanduy Watershed is a river which also social figures is needed. gives impact towards Sagara Anakan Sea. 2. Vocation in agricultural sector has Effort to reduce erosion is made through significant role in implementing integrated conservation. Conservation conservation, because most of involves resident’s participation, but farmers conducted conservation participation is influenced by socio- method. Working hours of farmers economy condition. It means that erosion are limited until 12 pm. The rest of which is occurred at watershed is affected the time can be used to do other by physical and social factors. This study activities. Thus, to empower suggests several conclusions. residents, especially for developing 1. Conservation program needs to side job, it is possible to be concern to the socio economy conducted by giving guidance, condition, because of the elucidation, and aids in developing fulfillment of residents necessity. livestock, seed and manure and also Socio-economy life is related with irrigation. conservation which involves residents, namely: The Impact of ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Income (X1), Knowledge (X2), and Land possession (X3) towards This article is made possible through the Participation (Y). guidance, encouragement from various 2. Ci Tanduy watershed has parties, as the author expressed his precipitation around 1691 mm/year gratitude to the honorable Prof. Dr. H. - 3398 mm/year and average Disman, M.Si, Prof. Dr. H. Dadang temperature around 24, 1C - 31, Supardan, M.Pd, Prof. Dr. H. Darsiharjo, 3C. M.S and Prof. Dr. H. Bunyamin Maftuh 3. Conservation towards land with MA. physical condition which is vulnerable towards erosion needs to REFERENCES be overcome. Bahari (2003), Segara Anakan Need Help. 4. Land physical condition which [Online]. Available: www. affects conservation and treatment sinarharapan.co.id. [20 Mei 2011]. towards physical condition must be distinguished based on necessity. BPKSA (2007), Report of Population and Population Control Activities in the RECOMMENDATION Area Immigrants Segara Anakan, Ci Tanduy is a river which gives impact Cilacap. towards erosion, while to reduce level of erosion, it is related with resident’s socio- Collier W.L at al (1996), New Approach to economy. The development of socio- Rural Development in Java. Obor economy needs to give concerns towards Indonesia Press, Jakarta. land characteristic, thus, this study is proposed several recommendations. Conyers, D (1991), Social Planning in the 1. Area which has base rock and soil Third World. Yogyakarta: UGM which is vulnerable towards Press. erosion, with slopes steepness which is wavy - very steep and

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