MĀUI FIELD ACTIVITIES IMPACT ASSESSMENT Annexes Shell Todd Oil Services Limited

Final Report April 2017

0356643

www.erm.com

The business of sustainability Annex A

EPA Section 20 Completeness Tool Marine Consent Completeness Assessment Table

Company Name Shell Todd Oil Services Limited

Date of application 13-Apr-17

Title of application Māui Activities

Contact details

Key contact Shell Todd Oil Services Limited

Address 167 Devon Street West, Private Bag 2035, New Plymouth, 4342

List of associated documents

Māui Activities Marine Consent - Impact Assessment Applicant Name #REF!

Application #REF!

Is the activity taking place in the exclusive economic zone or in or on the continental shelf? Is the activity taking place in the waters of the exclusive economic zone?

s 20(4)(a) ‐ the construction, mooring or s 20(2)(b) ‐ the construction, placement, alteration, extension, s 20(2)(g) ‐ the destruction, damage, or disturbance of the seabed s 20(4)(b) ‐ the causing of vibrations (other than vibrations caused by the normal s 20(2)(a) ‐ the construction, placement, alteration, extension, s 20(2)(c) ‐ the placement, alteration, extension, or removal of a s 20(2)(d) ‐ the removal of non‐living material from the s 20(2)(e) ‐ the disturbance of the seabed or subsoil in a manner that is likely to s 20(2)(f) ‐ the deposit of any thing or anchoring long‐term, placement, alteration, removal, or demolition of a submarine pipeline on or under the or subsoil in a manner that is likely to have an adverse effect on operation of a ship) in a manner that is likely to have an adverse effect on marine removal, or demolition of a structure on or under the seabed submarine cable on or from the seabed seabed or subsoil have an adverse effect on the seabed or subsoil organism in, on, or under the seabed extension, removal, or demolition of a structure seabed marine species or their habitat life Description of the activity for which the application is sought (this description should include matters relating to each of or part of a structure in the waters of the EEZ the elements and indicate the nature of the activity) Is it the construction, Is it the construction, Could the Could the destruction, Is it the construction, Is it a structure (s 4 ‐ Is it the placement, Is it destruction, Are the vibrations Could the placement, alteration, placement, alteration, Is the material from Is the disturbance disturbance have Is there a deposit damage or disturbance mooring or anchoring long‐ Is it of a structure Is the above Is it on or under the any building, Is it on or under the Is it a submarine Is it on or under the Is it a submarine alteration, extension or Is it non‐living Are they removing Is there a Is the adverse Is the deposit of a damage or Is the adverse Is it the causing of caused by the vibrations have any extension, removal or extension, removal or the seabed or on the seabed or any adverse effect on or under the have any adverse effect on term, placement, or part of a adverse effect seabed? equipment or seabed? pipeline? seabed? cable? removal of the submarine natural material? it? disturbance? effect above likely? thing or organism? disturbance of effect above likely? vibrations? normal operation adverse effect on demolition of the demolition of the subsoil? subsoil? on the seabed or seabed? marine species or their alteration, extension, structure? likely? device)? cable? seabed or subsoil? of a ship? marine life? structure? submarine pipeline? subsoil? habitat? removal or demolition?

Element met? yy y yyyyyyyYYY Y Y Y Yyyyy

Pre‐installation Works: Construction, placement, alteration and removal on and under the seabed of structures, including debris, associated with pre‐installation of a drill rig. Construction, placement, alteration and removal on and under the seabed of structures associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. Removal of non‐living natural material from the seabed and subsoil associated with the removal of structures, including debris, associated with pre‐installation of a drill rig. Removal of non‐living natural material from the seabed and subsoil associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. Disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with pre‐installation of a drill rig. Activity 1 Disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. X X X X XX X Deposit in, on and under the seabed of all structures, including debris, associated with pre‐installation of a drill rig. Deposit in, on and under the seabed of all structures associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. Destruction, damage and disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with pre‐installation of a drill rig. Destruction, damage and disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. Construction, placement, alteration and removal of structures or part of a structure, including debris, associated with pre‐installation of a drill rig. Construction, placement, alteration and removal of structures or part of a structure associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. Vibrations associated with surveys, sampling and measurement, and other pre‐installation works.

Drill Rig Installation, Operation and Removal: Construction, placement, alteration and removal on and under the seabed of structures, including debris, anchors, chains and wires, associated with the installation, operation and removal of a drill rig. Construction, placement, alteration and removal on and under the seabed of structures associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. Removal of non‐living natural material from the seabed and subsoil associated with the removal of structures, including debris, associated with installation, operation and removal of a drill rig. Removal of non‐living natural material from the seabed and subsoil associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. Disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with installation, operation and removal of a drill rig. Disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with the deposit of inert geological material in, on or under the seabed associated with installation, operation and removal of a drill rig. Disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. Activity 2 Deposit in, on and under the seabed of all structures, including debris, anchors, chains and wires, associated with the installation, operation and X XXXXX X removal of a drill rig. Deposit in, on and under the seabed of all structures associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. Deposit of inert geological material in, on or under the seabed associated with installation, operation and removal of a drill rig. Destruction, damage and disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with installation, operation and removal of a drill rig. Destruction, damage and disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with the deposit of inert geological material in, on or under the seabed associated with installation, operation and removal of a drill rig. Destruction, damage and disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. Construction, placement, alteration and removal of structures or part of a structure, including debris, anchors, chains and wires, associated with installation, operation and removal of a drill rig. Construction, placement, alteration and removal of structures or part of a structure associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. Vibrations associated with installation, operation and removal of a drill rig.

Activities Associated with Well Drilling, Servicing and Commissioning: Disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with the deposit of cementing products, metal fragments, elastomer and sediments in, on and under the seabed associated with well drilling, servicing and commissioning. Activity 3 Deposit of cementing products, metal fragments, elastomer and sediments in, on and under the seabed associated with well drilling, servicing XXX and commissioning. Damage and disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with the deposit of cementing products, metal fragments, elastomer and sediments in, on and under the seabed associated with well drilling, servicing and commissioning.

Logistics Support: Construction, placement, alteration and removal on and under the seabed of structures, including anchors, chains and wires associated with holding support vessels. Disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with structures, including anchors, chains and wires, associated with holding support vessels. Deposit in, on and under the seabed of all structures, including anchors, chains and wires associated with holding support vessels. Activity 4 Damage and disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with structures, including anchors, chains and wires, associated with holding X XXXX X support vessels. Construction, mooring and anchoring long‐term, placement, alteration and removal of structures, including anchors, chains and wires, associated with holding support vessels. Vibrations associated with construction, placement, alteration and removal of structures, including anchors, chains and wires, associated with holding support vessels.

General Field Activities: Construction, placement, alteration and removal on and under the seabed of temporary structures associated with subsea works. Construction, placement, alteration and removal on and under the seabed of structures associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. Removal of non‐living natural material from the seabed and subsoil associated with the removal of temporary structures associated with subsea works. Removal of non‐living natural material from the seabed and subsoil associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. Disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with temporary structures associated with subsea works. Disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with the deposit of inert geological material in, on and under the seabed. Activity 5 Disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. X XXXXX Deposit in, on and under the seabed of temporary structures associated with subsea works. Deposit in, on and under the seabed of structures associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. Deposit of inert geological material in, on and under the seabed associated with subsea works. Damage and disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with temporary structures associated with subsea works. Damage and disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with the deposit of inert geological material in, on and under the seabed. Destruction, damage and disturbance of the seabed or subsoil associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. Construction, placement, alteration and removal of temporary structures associated with subsea works. Construction, placement, alteration and removal of structures or part of a structure associated with surveys, sampling and measurement.

January 2017 EEZ100014_Completeness_tool_pre‐lodgement FINAL FOR PRINTING.xlsm V6.0 Activity 1

Applicant Shell Todd Oil Services Limited Application Māui Activities ACTIVITY 1 - PRE-INSTALLATION WORKS Pre-installation works: Construction, placement, alteration and removal on and under the seabed of structures, including debris, associated with pre-installation of a drill rig. Construction, placement, alteration and removal on and under the seabed of structures associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. Removal of non-living natural material from the seabed and subsoil associated with the removal of structures, including debris, associated with pre-installation of a drill rig. Removal of non-living natural material from the seabed and subsoil associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. Disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with pre-installation of a drill rig. Disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. Deposit in, on and under the seabed of all structures, including debris, associated with pre-installation of a drill rig. Deposit in, on and under the seabed of all structures associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. Destruction, damage and disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with pre-installation of a drill rig. Describe the activity for which consent is sought Destruction, damage and disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. (s 39(1)(a)) Construction, placement, alteration and removal of structures or part of a structure, including debris, associated with pre-installation of a drill rig. Construction, placement, alteration and removal of structures or part of a structure associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. Vibrations associated with surveys, sampling and measurement, and other pre-installation works. Environment

See Section 6 of the Impact Assessment for a general description of the current state of the area in which the activities will be undertaken.

Sections 7.1 and 7.2 of the Impact Assessment describes the specific environmental resources that will potentially be affected by the activities and characterises the Describe the current state of the area where it is proposed that sensitivity of these receptors to the activities. the activity will be undertaken and the environment Environmental resources considered to be potentially affected by the activities include marine mammals, fish, benhic communities, and water quality. surrounding the area (s 39(1)(b)) Potential impacts on iwi and hapu cultural values are described in Section 10.

Section 11 describes potential cumulative effects on the environment and existing interests. Existing interests

See Section 6 of the Impact Assessment for a general description of the current state of the area in which the activities will be undertaken.

Sections 7.1 and 7.2 of the Impact Assessment describes the specific environmental resources that will potential Environment

Identify the effects of the activity on the environment and existing interests (including cumulative effects and effects that may occur in NZ or in the waters above or beyond the continental shelf beyond the outer limits of the EEZ) (s 39(1)(c)) Refer to the Impact Assessment Section 7.1.1 (Scope of the Impact Assessment), Section 10 (Impacts of Proposed Activities on Iwi and Hapū Cultural Values) and Section 11 (Cumulative Impacts).

Fisheries and navigation are potential existing interests for unplanned events, refer to section 8 (Impact Assessment Unplanned Events). No interaction with fisheries and navigation specific to this activity was identified. Existing interests

Magnitude of respective effects has been assessed as Negligible - Small (Section 7.3.2 Underwater Noise Impacts on Marine Mammals and Fish), Negligible (Section 7.3.3 Disturbance Impacts on Marine Mammals and Fish), Medium (Section 7.3.4 Impacts on Benthic Communities), and Medium (Section 7.3.5 impacts on Water Quality).

Significance of respective effects has been assessed as Negligible - Minor (Section 7.3.2 Underwater Noise Impacts on Marine Mammals and Fish), Negligible Environment (Section 7.3.3 Disturbance Impacts on Marine Mammals and Fish), Minor (Section 7.3.4 Impacts on Benthic Communities), and Minor (Section 7.3.5 Impacts on Water Quality).

Scale & significance of the effects that the activity may have on the environment and existing interests (see s 39(2)(a))

Magnitude of impacts on iwi and hapū cultural values, as assessed by Te Kahui o Taranaki and Ngati Tara Hapū, range from Negligible - Medium. Refer to the Impact Assessment Section Section 10 (Impacts of Proposed Activities on Iwi and Hapū Cultural Values).

Refer to Section 8 (Impact Assessment Unplanned Events) for impacts on fisheries and navigation for unplanned events. No interaction with fisheries and navigation specific to this activity was identified. Existing interests

Identify persons whose existing interests are likely to be Refer to the Impact Assessment Section 1.3 and 1.4 for a description of the activities to identify existing interests and the stakeholder engagement activities adversely affected by activity undertaken in relation to the marine consent application. (s 39(1)(d))

Effort taken to identify the persons whose existing interests Refer to the Impact Assessment Section 1.3 and 1.4 for a description of the activities to identify existing interests and the stakeholder engagement activities are likely to be adversely affected by activity undertaken in relation to the marine consent application.

Describe any consultation undertaken with persons whose existing interests are likely to be adversely affected by the Refer to the Impact Assessment Section 1.3 and 1.4 for a description of the activities to identify existing interests and the stakeholder engagement activities activity undertaken in relation to the marine consent application. (s 39(1)(e))

Specify those persons whose existing interests are likely to be adversely affected by the activity who have given written No written approvals included. approval to the activity (s 39(1)(e))

Include copies of any written approvals to the activity No written approvals included. (s 39(1)(f))

Specify possible alternative locations for, or methods for Refer to the Impact Assessment Section 1.2.8 and 1.2.9 for a discussion of the aternative locations and methods considered for the proposed activities. undertaking the activity that would avoid, remedy, or mitigate No feasible alternatives have been identified. the effects (s 39(1)(g))

Specify the measures required by another marine management Refer to the Impact Assessment Section 2 for a discussion of the marine management regimes and the Health and Safety at Work Act that have been considered as regime and any measures required by or under the Health and part of the integral mitigation measures that are inherent in the proposed activities design or address specific impacts as identified in Section 7 of the Impact Safety in Employment Act 1992 that may have the effect of Assessment. avoiding, remedying, or mitigating the adverse effect (s 39(4) and (1)(h))

Other measures the applicant intends to take to avoid, remedy Inherent mitigation measures are described under the relevant Activities Descriptions in Section 4 of the Impact Assessment. Specific mitigation measures to avoid, or mitigate the effect remedy and mitigate effects are described throughout Section 7 of the Impact Assessment and summarised in Section 12 of the Impact Assessment. Cultural Impact (s39(1)(h)) mitigation measures are discussed in Section 10.

January 2017 V6.0 Activity 2

Applicant Shell Todd Oil Services Limited Application Māui Activities

ACTIVITY 2 - DRILL RIG INSTALLATION, OPERATION AND REMOVAL

Rig Installation, Operation and Removal in the Permit Area: Construction, placement, alteration and removal on and under the seabed of structures, including debris, anchors, chains and wires, associated with the installation, operation and removal of a drill rig. Construction, placement, alteration and removal on and under the seabed of structures associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. Removal of non-living natural material from the seabed and subsoil associated with the removal of structures, including debris, associated with installation, operation and removal of a drill rig. Removal of non-living natural material from the seabed and subsoil associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. Disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with installation, operation and removal of a drill rig. Disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with the deposit of inert geological material in, on or under the seabed associated with installation, operation and removal of a drill rig. Describe the activity for which consent is sought Disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. (s 39(1)(a)) Deposit in, on and under the seabed of all structures, including debris, anchors, chains and wires, associated with the installation, operation and removal of a drill rig. Deposit in, on and under the seabed of all structures associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. Deposit of inert geological material in, on or under the seabed associated with installation, operation and removal of a drill rig. Destruction, damage and disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with installation, operation and removal of a drill rig. Destruction, damage and disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with the deposit of inert geological material in, on or under the seabed associated with installation, operation and removal of a drill rig. Destruction, damage and disturbance of the seabed or subsoil associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. Construction, placement, alteration and removal of structures or part of a structure, including debris, anchors, chains and wires, associated with installation, operation and removal of a drill rig. Construction, placement, alteration and removal of structures or part of a structure associated with surveys, sampling and measurement in the waters of the EEZ. Vibrations associated with installation, operation and removal of a drill rig. Environment

See Section 6 of the Impact Assessment for a general description of the current state of the area in which the activities will be undertaken.

Describe the current state of the area where it is Sections 7.1 and 7.2 of the Impact Assessment describes the specific environmental resources that will potentially be affected by the activities and characterises the sensitivity of proposed that the activity will be undertaken and these receptors to the activities. the environment surrounding the area (s 39(1)(b)) Environmental resources considered to be potentially affected by the activities include marine mammals, fish, benhic communities, and water quality. Existing interests

Refer to Impact Assessment Section 7.1.1 (Scope of the Impact Assessment), Section 7.4.2 (Impacts on Marine Mammals, Fish and Benthic Communities), Section 7.4.3 (Impacts on Water Quality) and Section 11 (Cumulative Impacts).

Identify the effects of the activity on the Environment environment and existing interests (including cumulative effects and effects that may occur in NZ or in the waters above or beyond the continental shelf beyond the outer limits of the EEZ) (s 39(1)(c)) Refer to the Impact Assessment Section 7.1.1 (Scope of the Impact Assessment), Section 10 (Impacts of Proposed Activities on Iwi and Hapū Cultural Values) and Section 11 (Cumulative Impacts).

Magnitude of respective effects has been assessed as Small ‐ Medium (Section 7.4.2 Impacts on Marine Mammals, Fish and Benthic Communities) and Small (Section 7.4.3 Impacts on Water Quality).

Significance of respective effects has been assessed as Negligible ‐ Minor (Section 7.4.2 Impacts on Marine Mammals, Fish and Benthic Communities) and Negligible (Section

Environment 7.4.3 Impacts on Water Quality).

Scale & significance of the effects that the activity may have on the environment and existing interests (see s 39(2)(a))

Identify persons whose existing interests are likely Refer to the Impact Assessment Section 1.3 and 1.4 for a description of the activities to identify existing interests and the stakeholder engagement activities undertaken in relation to be adversely affected by activity to the marine consent application. (s 39(1)(d))

Effort taken to identify the persons whose existing Refer to the Impact Assessment Section 1.3 and 1.4 for a description of the activities to identify existing interests and the stakeholder engagement activities undertaken in relation interests are likely to be adversely affected by to the marine consent application. activity

Describe any consultation undertaken with persons whose existing interests are likely to be Refer to the Impact Assessment Section 1.3 and 1.4 for a description of the activities to identify existing interests and the stakeholder engagement activities undertaken in relation adversely affected by the activity to the marine consent application. (s 39(1)(e))

Specify those persons whose existing interests are likely to be adversely affected by the activity No written approvals included. who have given written approval to the activity (s 39(1)(e))

Include copies of any written approvals to the activity No written approvals included. (s 39(1)(f))

Specify possible alternative locations for, or methods for undertaking the activity that would Refer to the Impact Assessment Section 1.2.8 and 1.2.9 for a discussion of the aternative locations and methods considered for the proposed activities. avoid, remedy, or mitigate the effects No feasible alternatives have been identified. (s 39(1)(g))

Specify the measures required by another marine management regime and any measures required by or under the Health and Safety in Employment Refer to the Impact Assessment Section 2 for a discussion of the marine management regimes and the Health and Safety at Work Act that have been considered as part of the Act 1992 that may have the effect of avoiding, integral mitigation measures that are inherent in the proposed activities design or address specific impacts as identified in Section 7 of the Impact Assessment. remedying, or mitigating the adverse effect (s 39(4) and (1)(h))

Other measures the applicant intends to take to Inherent mitigation measures are described under the relevant Activities Descriptions in Section 4 of the Impact Assessment. Specific mitigation measures to avoid, remedy and avoid, remedy or mitigate the effect mitigate effects are described throughout Section 7 of the Impact Assessment and summarised in Section 12 of the Impact Assessment. Cultural Impact mitigation measures are (s39(1)(h)) discussed in Section 10.

January 2017 V6.0 Activity 3

Applicant Shell Todd Oil Services Limited Application Māui Activities

ACTIVITY 3 - ACTIVITIES ASSOCIATED WITH WELL DRILLING. SERVICING AND COMMISSIONING

Activites associated with Well Drilling, Servicing and Commissioning: Disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with the deposit of cementing products, metal fragments, elastomer and sediments in, on and under the seabed Describe the activity for which consent is sought associated with well drilling, servicing and commissioning. (s 39(1)(a)) Deposit of cementing products, metal fragments, elastomer and sediments in, on and under the seabed associated with well drilling, servicing and commissioning. Damage and disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with the deposit of cementing products, metal fragments, elastomer and sediments in, on and under the seabed associated with well drilling, servicing and commissioning. Environment

See Section 6 of the Impact Assessment for a general description of the current state of the area in which the activities will be undertaken. Describe the current state of the area where it is proposed Sections 7.1 and 7.2 of the Impact Assessment describes the specific environmental resources that will potentially be affected by the activities and characterises the that the activity will be undertaken and the environment sensitivity of these receptors to the activities. surrounding the area (s 39(1)(b)) Environmental resources considered to be potentially affected by the activities include marine mammals, fish, benhic communities, and water quality. Existing interests

Refer to Impact Assessment Section 7.1.1 (Scope of the Impact Assessment), Section 7.5.2 (Impacts of Deposit of Material on the Seabed on Marine Mammals, Fish and Benthic Communities), Section 7.5.3 (Impacts on Water Quality) and Section 11 (Cumulative Impacts). Environment

Magnitude of respective effects has been assessed as Negligible ‐ Medium (Section 7.5.2 Impacts of Deposit of Material on the Seabed on Marine Mammals, Fish and Benthic Communities) and Negligible (Section 7.5.3 Impacts on Water Quality).

Significance of respective effects has been assessed as Negligible ‐ Minor (Section 7.5.2 Impacts of Deposit of Material on the Seabed on Marine Mammals, Fish and

Environment Benthic Communities) and Negligible (Section 7.5.3 Impacts on Water Quality).

Scale & significance of the effects that the activity may have on the environment and existing interests (see s 39(2)(a))

Specify those persons whose existing interests are likely to be adversely affected by the activity who have given written No written approvals included. approval to the activity (s 39(1)(e))

Include copies of any written approvals to the activity No written approvals included. (s 39(1)(f))

Specify possible alternative locations for, or methods for Refer to the Impact Assessment Section 1.2.8 and 1.2.9 for a discussion of the aternative locations and methods considered for the proposed activities. undertaking the activity that would avoid, remedy, or mitigate the effects No feasible alternatives have been identified. (s 39(1)(g))

Specify the measures required by another marine management regime and any measures required by or Refer to the Impact Assessment Section 2 for a discussion of the marine management regimes and the Health and Safety at Work Act that have been considered as under the Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992 that part of the integral mitigation measures that are inherent in the proposed activities design or address specific impacts as identified in Section 7 of the Impact may have the effect of avoiding, remedying, or mitigating Assessment. the adverse effect (s 39(4) and (1)(h))

Other measures the applicant intends to take to avoid, Inherent mitigation measures are described under the relevant Activities Descriptions in Section 4 of the Impact Assessment. Specific mitigation measures to avoid, remedy or mitigate the effect remedy and mitigate effects are described throughout Section 7 of the Impact Assessment and summarised in Section 12 of the Impact Assessment. Cultural Impact (s39(1)(h)) mitigation measures are discussed in Section 10.

January 2017 V6.0 Activity 4

Applicant Shell Todd Oil Services Limited Application Māui Activities

ACTIVITY 4 - LOGISTIC SUPPORT

Logistics Support: Construction, placement, alteration and removal on and under the seabed of structures, including anchors, chains, and wires associated with holding support vessels. Disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with structures, including anchors, chains and wires, associated with holding support vessels. Describe the activity for which consent is sought Deposit in, on and under the seabed of all structures, including anchors, chains and wires associated with holding support vessels. (s 39(1)(a)) Damage and disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with structures, including anchors, chains and wires, associated with holding support vessels. Construction, mooring and anchoring long‐term, placement, alteration and removal of structures, including anchors, chains and wires, associated with holding support vessels in the waters of the EEZ. Vibrations associated with construction, placement, alteration and removal of structures, including anchors, chains and wires, associated with holding support vessels in the waters of the EEZ. Environment

See Section 6 of the Impact Assessment for a general description of the current state of the area in which the activities will be undertaken.

Describe the current state of the area where it is proposed Sections 7.1 and 7.2 of the Impact Assessment describes the specific environmental resources that will potentially be affected by the activities and characterises the that the activity will be undertaken and the environment sensitivity of these receptors to the activities. surrounding the area (s 39(1)(b)) Environmental resources considered to be potentially affected by the activities include marine mammals, fish, benhic communities, and water quality. Existing interests

Refer to Impact Assessment Section 7.1.1 (Scope of the Impact Assessment), Section 7.6.2 (Impacts during Logistic Activities on Marine Mammals, Fish, Benthic Communities and \Water Quality) and Section 11 (Cumulative Impacts). Environment

Refer to the Impact Assessment Section 7.1.1 (Scope of the Impact Assessment), Section 10 (Impacts of Proposed Activities on Iwi and Hapū Cultural Values) and Section 11 (Cumulative Impacts). Fisheries and navigation are potential existing interests for unplanned events, refer to section 8 (Impact Assessment Unplanned Events). No interaction with fisheries and navigation specific to this activity was identified. Existing interests

Magnitude of respective effects has been assessed as Negligible ‐ Small (Section 7.6.2 Impacts during Logistic Activities on Marine Mammals, Fish, Benthic Communities and Water Quality).

Significance of the respective effects has been assessed as Negligible (Section 7.6.2 Impacts during Logistic Activities on Marine Mammals, Fish, Benthic

Environment Communities and Water Quality).

Scale & significance of the effects that the activity may have on the environment and existing interests (see s 39(2)(a))

Specify those persons whose existing interests are likely to be adversely affected by the activity who have given written No written approvals included. approval to the activity (s 39(1)(e))

Include copies of any written approvals to the activity No written approvals included. (s 39(1)(f))

Specify possible alternative locations for, or methods for undertaking the activity that would avoid, remedy, or Refer to the Impact Assessment Section 1.2.8 and 1.2.9 for a discussion of the aternative locations and methods considered for the proposed activities. mitigate the effects No feasible alternatives have been identified. (s 39(1)(g))

Specify the measures required by another marine management regime and any measures required by or under Refer to the Impact Assessment Section 2 for a discussion of the marine management regimes and the Health and Safety at Work Act that have been considered as the Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992 that may have part of the integral mitigation measures that are inherent in the proposed activities design or address specific impacts as identified in Section 7 of the Impact the effect of avoiding, remedying, or mitigating the adverse Assessment. effect (s 39(4) and (1)(h))

January 2017 V6.0 Activity 5

Applicant Shell Todd Oil Services Limited Application Māui Activities

ACTIVITY 5 - GENERAL FIELD ACTIVITIES

General field activities: Construction, placement, alteration and removal on and under the seabed of temporary structures associated with subsea works. Construction, placement, alteration and removal on and under the seabed of structures associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. Removal of non‐living natural material from the seabed and subsoil associated with the removal of temporary structures associated with subsea works. Removal of non‐living natural material from the seabed and subsoil associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. Disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with temporary structures associated with subsea works. Disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with the deposit of inert geologicalmaterial in, on and under the seabed. Describe the activity for which consent is sought Disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. (s 39(1)(a)) Deposit in, on and under the seabed of temporary structures associated with subsea works. Deposit in, on and under the seabed of structures associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. Deposit of inert geological material in, on and under the seabed associated with subsea works. Damage and disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with temporary structures associated with subsea works. Damage and disturbance of the seabed and subsoil associated with the deposit of inert geological material in, on and under the seabed. Destruction, damage and disturbance of the seabed or subsoil associated with surveys, sampling and measurement. Construction, placement, alteration and removal of temporary structures associated with subsea works. Construction, placement, alteration and removal of structures or part of a structure associated with surveys, sampling and measurement in the waters of the EEZ. Environment

See Section 6 of the Impact Assessment for a general description of the current state of the area in which the activities will be undertaken.

Describe the current state of the area where it is proposed that the Sections 7.1 and 7.2 of the Impact Assessment describes the specific environmental resources that will potentially be affected by the activities and characterises the activity will be undertaken and the environment surrounding the sensitivity of these receptors to the activities. area (s 39(1)(b)) Environmental resources considered to be potentially affected by the activities include marine mammals, fish, benhic communities, and water quality. Existing interests

Refer to Impact Assessment Section 7.1.1 (Scope of the Impact Assessment), Section 7.7.2 (Impacts of Temporary Structures on Benthic Communities), Section 7.7.3 (Impacts of Deposit of Material on the Seabed on Marine Mammals, Fish and Benthic Communities), Section 7.7.4 (Impacts on Water Quality) and 11 (Cumulative Impacts). Environment

Magnitude of respective effects has been assessed as ‐ Negligible (Section 7.7.2 Impacts of Temporary Structures on Benthic Communities), Small ‐ Medium (Section 7.7.3 Impacts of Deposit of Material on the Seabed on Marine Mammals, Fish and Benthic Communities) and Negligible (Section 7.7.4 Impacts on Water Quality).

Significance of respective effects has been assessed as ‐ Negligible (Section 7.7.2 Impacts of Temporary Structures on Benthic Communities), Negligible ‐ Minor (Section 7.7.3 Impacts of Deposit of Material on the Seabed on Marine Mammals, Fish and Benthic Communities) and Negligible (Section 7.7.4 Impacts on Water Environment Quality).

Scale & significance of the effects that the activity may have on the environment and existing interests (see s 39(2)(a))

Identify persons whose existing interests are likely to be adversely Refer to the Impact Assessment Section 1.3 and 1.4 for a description of the activities to identify existing interests and the stakeholder engagement activities undertaken affected by activity in relation to the marine consent application. (s 39(1)(d))

Effort taken to identify the persons whose existing interests are Refer to the Impact Assessment Section 1.3 and 1.4 for a description of the activities to identify existing interests and the stakeholder engagement activities undertaken likely to be adversely affected by activity in relation to the marine consent application.

Describe any consultation undertaken with persons whose existing Refer to the Impact Assessment Section 1.3 and 1.4 for a description of the activities to identify existing interests and the stakeholder engagement activities undertaken interests are likely to be adversely affected by the activity in relation to the marine consent application. (s 39(1)(e))

Specify those persons whose existing interests are likely to be adversely affected by the activity who have given written approval to No written approvals included. the activity (s 39(1)(e))

Include copies of any written approvals to the activity No written approvals included. (s 39(1)(f))

Specify possible alternative locations for, or methods for undertaking the activity that would avoid, remedy, or mitigate the Refer to the Impact Assessment Section 1.2.8 and 1.2.9 for a discussion of the aternative locations and methods considered for the proposed activities. effects No feasible alternatives have been identified. (s 39(1)(g))

Specify the measures required by another marine management regime and any measures required by or under the Health and Refer to the Impact Assessment Section 2 for a discussion of the marine management regimes and the Health and Safety at Work Act that have been considered as Safety in Employment Act 1992 that may have the effect of avoiding, part of the integral mitigation measures that are inherent in the proposed activities design or address specific impacts as identified in Section 7 of the Impact remedying, or mitigating the adverse effect Assessment. (s 39(4) and (1)(h))

Other measures the applicant intends to take to avoid, remedy or Inherent mitigation measures are described under the relevant Activities Descriptions in Section 4 of the Impact Assessment. Specific mitigation measures to avoid, mitigate the effect remedy and mitigate effects are described throughout Section 7 of the Impact Assessment and summarised in Section 12 of the Impact Assessment. Cultural Impact (s39(1)(h)) mitigation measures are discussed in Section 10.

January 2017 V6.0 Discharge Activity

Applicant Shell Todd Oil Services Limited Application Māui Activities

Describe the activity for which consent is sought Deck Drain Discharges (s 39(1)(a))

See Section 6 of the Impact Assessment for a general description of the current state of the area in which the activities will be undertaken. Environment

Section 9 of the Impact Assessment describes the specific environmental resources that will potentially be affected by the activities and characterises the sensitivity of these receptors to the activities. Describe the current state of the area where it is proposed that the activity will be undertaken and the Environmental resources considered to be potentially affected by the activities include marine mammals, fish, benhic communities, and water environment surrounding the area (s 39(1)(b)) quality.

Potential impacts on iwi and hapu cultural values are described in Section 10.

Section 11 describes potential cumulative effects on the environment and existing interests. Existing interests Existing

Refer to Impact Assessment Section 9.3 (Evaluation of Potential Impacts of Deck Drain Discharges), Section 9.3.1 (Potential Impacts on Marine Fauna and Sea Birds - Deck Drain Discharges), Section 9.3.2 (Potential Impacts on Water Quality and Planktonic Communities - Deck Drain Discharges), Section 9.3.3 (Potential Impacts on Sediment Quality and Bentic Communities - Deck Drain Discharges), and Section 11 (Cumulative Impacts). Environment Identify the effects of the activity on the environment and existing interests (including cumulative effects and effects that may occur in NZ or in the waters above or beyond the continental shelf beyond the outer limits of the EEZ) (s 39(1)(c))

Refer to the Impact Assessment Section 9.3.4 (Potential Impacts on Fisheries Interests - Deck Drain Discharges), Section 10 (Impacts of Proposed Activities on Iwi and Hapū Cultural Values) and Section 11 (Cumulative Impacts). Existing interests

Magnitude of respective effects has been assessed as ‐ Negligible (Section 9.3.1 Potential Impacts on Marine Fauna and Sea Birds - Deck Drain Discharges), Small (Section 9.3.2 Potential Impacts on Water Quality and Planktonic Communities - Deck Drain Discharges) and Negligible (Section 9.3.3 Potential Impacts on Sediment Quality and Bentic Communities - Deck Drain Discharges).

Significance of respective effects has been assessed as ‐ Negligible (Section 9.3.1 Potential Impacts on Marine Fauna and Sea Birds - Deck Drain Discharges), Negligible (Section 9.3.2 Potential Impacts on Water Quality and Planktonic Communities - Deck Drain Discharges) and Negligible Environment (Section 9.3.3 Potential Impacts on Sediment Quality and Bentic Communities - Deck Drain Discharges).

Scale & significance of the effects that the activity may have on the environment and existing interests (see s 39(2)(a)) Magnitude of respective effects has been assessed as ‐ Negligible (Section 9.3.4 Potential Impacts on Fisheries Interests - Deck Drain Discharges).

Magnitude of impacts prior to mitigation on iwi and hapū cultural values, as assessed by Te Kahui o Taranaki and Ngati Tara Hapū, range from Negligible - Medium. Refer to the Impact Assessment Section Section 10 (Impacts of Proposed Activities on Iwi and Hapū Cultural Values).

Significance of respective effects has been assessed as ‐ Negligible (Section 9.3.4 Potential Impacts on Fisheries Interests - Deck Drain Existing interests Existing Discharges).

Identify persons whose existing interests are likely to Refer to the Impact Assessment Section 1.3 and 1.4 for a description of the activities undertaken to identify existing interests and the stakeholder be adversely affected by activity engagement activities undertaken in relation to the marine consent application. (s 39(1)(d))

Effort taken to identify the persons whose existing Refer to the Impact Assessment Section 1.3 and 1.4 for a description of the activities to identify existing interests and the stakeholder engagement interests are likely to be adversely affected by activity activities undertaken in relation to the marine consent application.

Describe any consultation undertaken with persons whose existing interests are likely to be adversely Refer to the Impact Assessment Section 1.3 and 1.4 for a description of the activities to identify existing interests and the stakeholder engagement affected by the activity activities undertaken in relation to the marine consent application. (s 39(1)(e))

Specify those persons whose existing interests are likely to be adversely affected by the activity who have No written approvals included. given written approval to the activity (s 39(1)(e))

Include copies of any written approvals to the activity No written approvals included. (s 39(1)(f))

Specify possible alternative locations for, or methods Refer to the Impact Assessment Section 1.2.8 and 1.2.9 for a discussion of the alternative locations and methods considered for the proposed for undertaking the activity that would avoid, remedy, activities. or mitigate the effects (s 39(1)(g)) No feasible alternatives have been identified.

Specify the measures required by another marine management regime and any measures required by or Refer to the Impact Assessment Section 2 for a discussion of the Marine Management Regimes and the Health and Safety at Work Act that have under the Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992 been considered as part of the integral mitigation measures that are inherent in the proposed activities design or address specific impacts as that may have the effect of avoiding, remedying, or identified in Section 9 of the Impact Assessment. mitigating the adverse effect (s 39(4) and (1)(h))

Other measures the applicant intends to take to avoid, Inherent mitigation measures are described under the relevant Activities Descriptions in Section 4 of the Impact Assessment. Specific mitigation remedy or mitigate the effect measures to avoid, remedy and mitigate effects are described throughout Section 9 of the Impact Assessment and summarised in Section 12 of (s39(1)(h)) the Impact Assessment. Cultural Impact mitigation measures are discussed in Section 10.

January 2017 V6.0

Annex B

Summary of Stakeholder Engagement

Stakeholder Date Engagement Response/Feedback

Te Kahui o Taranaki 25-10-16 Meeting and follow up email – discussion around Iwi to consider consultant to undertake review review of draft Impact Assessment and input into Cultural Impacts 10-11-16 Email update, follow up on consultant to review IA Consultant confirmed and shared with STOS 9-12-16 Email update on status of draft Impact Assessment for Iwi review 11-01-17 Email update on draft Impact Assessment timing, request to meet, copy of brochure and letter attached. 25-01-17 Meeting – copy of IA provided for review Feb/Mar 17 Email correspondence around IA review and Queries regarding: queries regarding the content • Consent duration Removal of structures Subsea suction device and impact on benthic communities • Water jetting activities • Use of existing well slots/conductors • Disposal of unsuitable cement batches Review of associated Marine Discharge consent Review of comments from EPA 17-03-17 Feedback report from Iwi and Hapū sent to STOS 21-03-17 Meeting to discuss IA feedback Marine and Coastal Area application Referencing Cultural Impact statement Integrating Te Ao Māori with Western Science Hapū monitoring Disposal of unsuitable cement batches Removal of structures and sourcing gravel Non-hazardous deck drain areas Relationship agreement 28-03-17 Meeting to discuss inclusion of cultural impacts into STOS to incorporate discussed cultural impacts into IA and send to the iwi for final IA review Final copy of full IA to follow this 06-04-17 Draft cultural impacts section sent to iwi for review

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 B1 Stakeholder Date Engagement Response/Feedback

07-04-17 Final draft copy of full IA sent to iwi Ngāti Tara Hapū 11-01-17 Email – brochure and letter 03-02-17 Meeting to discuss marine consent as part of broader Māui update 17-03-17 Feedback report from Iwi and Hapū sent to STOS 21-03-17 Meeting to discuss IA feedback Marine and Coastal Area application Referencing Cultural Impact statement Integrating Te Ao Māori with Western Science Hapū monitoring Disposal of unsuitable cement batches Removal of structures and sourcing gravel Non-hazardous deck drain areas Relationship agreement 28-03-17 Meeting to discuss inclusion of cultural impacts into STOS to incorporate discussed cultural impacts into IA and send to the hapū for final IA review Final copy of full IA to follow this 06-04-17 Draft cultural impacts section sent to hapū for review 07-04-17 Final draft copy of full IA sent to hapū Te Atiawa 11-01-17 Email – brochure and letter Ngāti Rāhiri 11-01-17 Email – brochure and letter Ngāti Te Whiti Hapū 11-01-17 Email – brochure and letter Te Korowai o 11-01-17 Email – brochure and letter, note to say the hapū Ensure details are passed onto Policy team when they become available Ngāruahine Trust have been sent the same info Ngāti Manuhiakai 11-01-17 Email – brochure and letter Information received with thanks and will be shared at next hapū hui Okahu-Inuawai Hapū 11-01-17 Email – brochure and letter Ngāti Tū Hapū 11-01-17 Email – brochure and letter Kanihi-Umutahi Hapū 11-01-17 Email – brochure and letter Will table information with the hapū at their next meeting Ngāti Ruanui 12-01-17 Email – brochure and letter Would like a copy of the application when submitted Māui Community 17-01-16 Meeting as part of regular engagement programme Advisory Group 11-01-17 Email – brochure and letter, noting this will be

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 B2

Stakeholder Date Engagement Response/Feedback

(CAG) covered at the next CAG meeting and hardcopies of brochure to be provided 06-03-17 Meeting as part of regular engagement programme Māui neighbours (1km 13-01-17 Mail drop – brochure and letter radius) Egmont Seafood 11-01-17 Email – brochure and letter Cape Egmont Boat 11-01-17 Email – brochure and letter club Seafood NZ 11-01-17 Email – brochure and letter Deepwater Group 11-01-17 Email – brochure and letter Email received and will pass onto Deepwater Groups operating in the Taranaki area Clarification that it is the same existing permit/area Southern Inshore 11-01-17 Email – brochure and letter Fisheries Talleys 11-01-17 Email – brochure and letter Sealord 11-01-17 Email – brochure and letter Te Ohu Kaimoana 11-01-17 Email – brochure and letter Marine Farming NZ 11-01-17 Email – brochure and letter Department of 12-01-17 Email – brochure and letter Information forwarded to the appropriate person Conservation (DoC) Taranaki Regional 12-01-17 Email – brochure and letter Council (TRC) New Plymouth 18-01-17 Email – brochure and letter District Council (NPDC) South Taranaki 12-01-17 Email – brochure and letter Will circulate information within council, including elected council members Regional Council (STDC) Barbara Kuriger – 11-01-17 Brochure shared as an FYI Taranaki – King Country MP Chester Burrows = 11-01-17 Brochure shared as an FYI Confirmation of receipt Whanganui MP

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 B3

Stakeholder Date Engagement Response/Feedback

Port Taranaki 11-01-17 Brochure shared as an FYI Venture Taranaki 11-01-17 Brochure shared as an FYI PEPANZ 11-01-17 Brochure shared as an FYI Top of the South 12-01-17 Email – brochure and letter, highlighting potential Biosecurity – Admiralty Bay consent Admiralty Bay French Pass Residents 12-01-17 Email – brochure and letter, highlighting potential – Admiralty Bay Admiralty Bay consent Ngāti Koata 12-01-17 Email – brochure and letter, highlighting potential Admiralty Bay consent Ngāti Kuia 12-01-17 Email – brochure and letter, highlighting potential Admiralty Bay consent Ngāti Apa 12-01-17 Email – brochure and letter, highlighting potential Admiralty Bay consent Ngāti Rarua 12-01-17 Email – brochure and letter, highlighting potential Admiralty Bay consent Rangitane 12-01-17 Email – brochure and letter, highlighting potential Admiralty Bay consent Ngāti Toa 12-01-17 Email – brochure and letter, highlighting potential Admiralty Bay consent Ngāti Tama 12-01-17 Email – brochure and letter, highlighting potential Admiralty Bay consent Top of the South Iwi 12-01-17 Email – brochure and letter, highlighting potential Representative Admiralty Bay consent Maritime New 12-01-17 Email – brochure and letter STOS to consider the need for amending their OSCP under Part 131 if plans for a rig do Zealand progress MPI – Biosecurity 12-01-17 Email – brochure and letter Marlborough District 12-01-17 Email – brochure and letter requesting any other No other parties required to be contacted. Information forwarded to harbourmaster. Council parties who should be contacted Worksafe NZ 16-01-17 Email – brochure and letter No comments but look forward to reviewing the marine consent application when available online

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 B4

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 B5

Annex C

Description of Existing Māui Facilities and Activities

C1 EXISTING MĀUI FACILITIES

C1.1 Platforms

There are two offshore production platforms in the Māui field, Māui Platform Alpha (MPA) and Māui Platform Bravo (MPB). MPA (Figure C.1) was installed during the late 1970’s and is situated approximately 35 km offshore Taranaki in 108 m of water at coordinates 39°33’18.111”S, 173°26’57.600”E5. MPB is situated 50 km offshore Taranaki in 108 m of water at coordinates 39°38’42.864”S, 173°18’57.106”E1. The distance between the two platforms is 15 km. First gas was produced from MPA in June 1979.

Figure C.1 MPA Topsides

MPA comprises a four-legged steel supporting tower (jacket) (Figure C.2) pinned to the seabed; a three-deck, eight module structure which contains process equipment and auxiliaries; a three-storey living quarters for the up to 70 personnel who operate and maintain the platform; and life support, communications and safety facilities. MPA has a jacket weight of 11,800 tonnes and a topsides weight of 9,000 tonnes. The topsides measure approximately 80 m by 50 m, and the upper deck is approximately 35 m above the water surface. The vent stack rises a further 60 m from the upper deck.

5 For NZGD2000 and WGS84 datum

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 C1

Processing trains on MPA are fed by fourteen existing wells and associated wells drilled through conductors on the platform (Figure C.3). One of these wells (MA-12) is used as a produced water reinjection well. Structures associated with MPA wells include the conductors, casings, production tubing strings, cement plugs and other associated temporary and permanent downhole equipment (e.g. bridge plugs; valves, hangers, packers, nipples, etc.).

MPB (Figure C.4) was installed in 1992 and comprises a four-legged steel supporting tower (jacket) (Figure C.5) pinned to the seabed; a two-deck topsides structure which supports the topsides facilities; the bulk water separation facilities; an accommodation, utilities and maintenance area; and life support, communications and safety facilities.

MPB has bulk water separation facilities but no gas processing facilities, and is designed as a ‘Not Normally Manned Installation’ satellite platform. The platform becomes a manned installation when workloads, maintenance and ongoing projects require personnel to live aboard, with a typical crew of 20 to 25 personnel. MPB has a jacket weight of 5,000 tonnes and a topsides weight of 3,300 tonnes. The topsides measure approximately 60 m by 40 m, and the upper deck is approximately 30 m above the water surface. The vent stack rises a further 50 m from the upper deck.

MPB supports 12 existing wells and associated wells drilled through conductors on the platform (Figure C.6). Structures associated with MPB wells include the conductors, casings, production tubing strings, cement plugs and other associated temporary and permanent downhole equipment (e.g. bridge plugs; valves, hangers, packers, nipples, etc.).

The operation, maintenance and modification of the MPA and MPB wells is undertaken in accordance with the requirements of the Health and Safety at Work (Petroleum Exploration and Extraction) Regulations 2016.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 C2

Figure C.2 Schematic of MPA Jacket

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 C3

Figure C.3 MPA Well Locations

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 C4

Figure C.4 MPB Topsides

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 C5 Figure C. 1 MPB Jacket

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 C6

Figure C.6 MPB Well Locations

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 C7

C1.2 Exploration Wells

There are eleven (11) exploration wells within PML 381012, which were drilled between 1969 and 2015. These exploration wells all have existing conductors, casing and downhole equipment associated with them. Three exploration wells (Māui-01, Māui-02 and Māui-03) have wellheads in place.

C1.3 Submarine Pipelines

There are three submarine pipelines associated with the Māui Facilities (Figure C.7). The 15 km submarine pipeline from MPB to MPA consists of a single 20 inch carbon steel multi-phase submarine pipeline with a corrosion resistant alloy lining that transports both condensate liquid and natural gas from MPB to MPA for initial process separation. This submarine pipeline was installed in 1992 and is trenched and buried (minimum cover of 1.2 m) with a backfill of gravel applied to improve thermal insulation.

There are two approximately 35 km submarine pipelines from MPA to the Māui Production Stations (MPS): a 24 inch carbon steel submarine pipeline, which transports dry hydrocarbon gas to MPS; and a 10 inch carbon steel submarine pipeline, which transports condensate to MPS. The distance between the two submarine pipelines varies from approximately 10 m at MPA up to approximately 100 m. For the majority of the submarine pipeline route the distance between the two submarine pipelines varies between 50 and 100 m.

Both of the MPA to MPS submarine pipelines lie on the silty, sandy seabed and have minimal self-burial within the section located within the EEZ (Shell Todd Oil Services 1974, 1989).

Sections of the MPA to MPS submarine pipelines within the coastal marine area are stabilised with rock dumping or span corrections through rocky or undulating seabed areas. The section closest to the shore is buried in sand. Currently no rock dumping has been undertaken on the MPA to MPS submarine pipelines within the EEZ.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 C8

Figure C.7 Māui Submarine Pipelines

C1.4 Flexible Flow Lines

The Floating Production Storage and Offtake vessel (FPSO) Whakaaropai was installed in the Māui field near MPB in 1996 to process and export oil from MPB wells and was subsequently decommissioned and left the field in 2006. Two flexible flow lines (10 inch and 4.5 inch) that had originally connected the FPSO to MPB remain attached to MPB at one end and rest on the seabed for the majority of their length. The flow lines are each 3.5 km in length. Surveys of the area indicate that the flow lines are not moving from their original location. Oil is no longer extracted from this reservoir.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 C9 C1.5 FPSO Groundwires and Anchors

Following the removal of the FPSO and associated infrastructure, the anchors and wires connecting the anchors to chains securing the vessel were not fully removed. Dumping Permits under the Maritime Safety Act 1994 were issued by MNZ in 2006, allowing the permanent disposal of the steel anchors, and in 2011, allowing the groundwires to remain on the seabed until 2023. These permits were transferred to EPA as Deemed Marine Dumping Consents under the EEZ Act from 31 October 2015. Monitoring of the site is continuing.

C1.6 Statutory Protection Areas

A Submarine Cables and Pipelines Protection Area is in place under the Submarine Cables and Pipelines Protection Act 1996 for STOS’ three existing submarine pipelines (hereafter, the ‘Protection Area’), a 500 metre (m) safety zone surrounds MPA and MPB under the Continental Shelf (Maui A Safety Zone) Regulations 1975 and Continental Shelf (Maui B Safety Zone) Regulations 1991 (hereafter, the ‘Safety Zones’), and a Precautionary Area approved by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) applies to the west coast of the North Island, including the Area of Influence (AOI, defined as the boundaries of PML 381012).

The Protection Area covers the full length of STOS’ submarine pipelines. All fishing activities from a ship and the anchoring of ships (with some specific exceptions) within the Protection Area are prohibited to protect the submarine pipelines from damage. The extent of the Protection Area within the EEZ is approximately 143 square kilometres (km2) and is within the boundaries of PML 381012, whilst the extent of the Protection Area within the 12 nautical mile (nm) territorial sea limit is approximately 129 km2.

Safety Zones apply to the area extending to a distance of 500 m measured from each point of the outer edge of each of MPA and MPB. Entry of ships (other than ships engaged in constructing or servicing the installation) into the Safety Zones is prohibited.

C2 EXISTING MĀUI OFFSHORE OPERATIONS

C2.1 Hydrocarbon Processing

An intrinsic activity at the Māui Facilities is the extraction of hydrocarbons from the seabed. The PML sets out key aspects relating to production activities from mineral prospects, including the defined work programme expectations and the payments of royalties from permits.

Other substances that are associated with the natural gas and condensate are also extracted including produced water, and small amounts of coal, sand and clays. The majority of these materials are re-injected into sub-surface formations or discharged to sea as part of the produced water stream as discussed below. The quantities of these materials in the production water are not measured.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 C10

C2.2 Production Activities on Platforms and Submarine Pipelines

Hydrocarbons produced at MPB are treated to remove produced water and then transported by a single submarine pipeline to MPA. Hydrocarbons extracted from the reservoir undergo initial processing at MPA prior to being transported by submarine pipeline to MPS on shore.

Hydrocarbons received from MPB and those produced by the MPA wells are processed on MPA to remove water and any sediment, and to separate the gas and condensate. Chemicals are injected into the produced gas and condensate to prevent hydrate formation and to protect the wellbores, facilities and submarine pipeline from corrosion during transport of the product to shore. On MPA these chemicals typically include mono-ethylene glycol, corrosion inhibitor, biocide, scale inhibitor and methanol and on MPB, kinetic hydrate inhibitor and mono-ethylene glycol are used. The management on board and any operational or accidental discharge of these chemicals is covered by the existing Deemed Marine Discharge Consent.

Following processing at MPA the separated gas and condensate are transported by two separate submarine pipelines to the onshore MPS.

C2.3 Produced Water Reinjection

Water, extracted from the reservoir together with the hydrocarbons, is separated from the hydrocarbon production stream during processing. This includes both formation water that was extracted from the well and water that condenses out during processing of the gas and condensate. On MPA produced water is re-injected through a non-producing well at a depth of 2,781 m (below sea level). This discharge is approved under the existing Deemed Marine Discharge Consent. However, at times the produced water may contain small quantities of residual solids including sand and drilling mud from the well bores.

C2.4 Produced Water Discharge

Produced water at MPB is discharged directly to the ocean in accordance with the Deemed Marine Discharge Consent. Associated with this discharge may be small quantities of residual solids including sand and residual drilling muds from the well bore and these may be deposited on the seabed near to the point of discharge. Small quantities of chemicals may also be present in produced water discharges, as approved under the Deemed Marine Discharge Consent.

C2.5 Well Services

Well servicing includes maintenance and investigation of the wells. Equipment used for this work includes coiled tubing and wire line (e.g. slick line or electric lines) depending on the nature of the works to be completed.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 C11

Works undertaken by coil tubing include cleaning out sand from the wells by circulating fluids such as inhibited seawater, potentially with nitrogen or gels added, and cleaning out scale from tubing walls. All solids removed from the wells during servicing are recovered at surface, with recovered liquids added into the production stream at each platform. Chemical clean-up of wells may also be used, for example to clear the produced water reinjection well at MPA. The residual spent acid used would either remain in the well or enter the hydrocarbon process stream in small quantities.

Coil tubing may also be used to run plugs, to mill cement or metal pipe or plugs at least 1 km below seabed, with the majority of cuttings and solids returned to the surface for containment. Coil tubing is also used to pump cement, perforate wells, and run logging equipment.

Wire line is used to run logging equipment (e.g. to measure well production and casing thickness), pull plugs and other equipment from the wells, and perforate wells.

As zones within the existing wells become unproductive, mechanical and/or cement plugs are put in place to seal off these zones.

Workover rigs are sometimes used for well servicing activities. These are smaller modular rigs that are craned onto the platform, with a derrick erected above the well slots to allow pipe to be deployed or pulled from the well. These rigs are capable of doing the same types of activity as coil tubing or wireline.

C2.6 Subsea Inspection and Maintenance Work

Subsea inspection and maintenance is regularly undertaken to confirm the condition of the facilities and to support specific projects. These works are typically undertaken using an observation class or work class Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) that carry underwater cameras or tools that are controlled by an operator on the surface. Occasionally divers will be used to support the works. The types of activities included in these works include:

• Surveys of the facilities;

• Tests of cathodic protection and metal structures;

• Pipeline span corrections;

• Replacement of anodes;

• Monitoring, testing and repairs of the J-tube surrounding the condensate export pipeline;

• Marine growth removal;

• Minor structural and submarine pipeline coating repairs;

• Modifications to submarine pipelines, flexible flow lines, or riser arrangements; and

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 C12

• Inspection and maintenance of exploration wellheads.

C2.7 Logistics

Helicopters

Presently there are three to four routine helicopter flights to the field per week primarily for crew transfers at both platforms. Additional flights are undertaken as needed for specific projects or other requirements. . Helicopters used for field activities are twin engine jet helicopters, flying out of New Plymouth (Figure C.8). Transit height for helicopters flying from New Plymouth to the Māui Facilities is 4,000 feet and returning from the Māui Facilities to New Plymouth is 5,000 feet.

Figure C.8 Helicopter on MPA

Supply Vessels

The number of vessel movements associated with supply of the platforms is highly variable depending on the activities at the field. Typically routine supply vessel sailings are undertaken once every three weeks; however this could potentially increase up to 12 sailings per month in the event of drilling, well servicing, major maintenance or other projects requiring materials to be transferred to the field. Support vessels for the field generally operate out of New Plymouth.

Transfer of Materials between Vessels and Platforms

Most transfers to and from the platforms are containerised. This includes the transfer of materials such as drilling and production chemicals, food, spares, machinery, equipment, tools, consumables, paint and oils. Materials for transfer to and from the platforms are generally stored in intermediate bulk containers (IBCs), cage pallets and open containers where lifting is required. Spill containment is incorporated within these containers where hazardous substances are being transferred.

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In addition, diesel, potable water and glycol are transferred by bunkering from the vessel directly to platform storage tanks. Slops may be transferred from the platform to the vessel in the same way. During a drilling campaign drilling fluids, cement and barite are also transferred by bunkering.

Some waste materials are also transferred from the platforms to supply vessels for onshore disposal. For example, oily wastes, general waste and recyclable materials are contained on the platform and transported to the supply vessel by crane and then to the shore for treatment and disposal at an appropriately Licenced facility.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 C14 Annex D

STOS Māui Marine Consent (EEZ000010) MARINE CONSENT EEZ000010

Pursuant to sections 62(1)(a) and (3) of the Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf (Environmental Effects) Act 2012, the application for marine consent by Shell Todd Oil Services Limited to undertake restricted activities (listed in Schedule 1) at the Māui offshore facilities located in the Taranaki Basin is GRANTED subject to conditions (listed in Schedule 2).

Pursuant to section 71(1) of the Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf (Environmental Effects) Act 2012 this marine consent commences when the time for lodging an appeal against the grant of the consent expires and no appeal has been l odged, or when the High Court determines any appeal or all persons who lodged appeals withdraw their appeals.

This marine consent expires 35 years after the date of granting of this consent.

Dated 4 June 2015

EEZ000010 STOS Māui Marine Consent SCHEDULE 1: AUTHORISED RESTRICTED ACTIVITIES

This marine consent authorises the following restricted activities under section 20 of the Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf (Environmental Effects) Act 2012, subject to the conditions listed in Schedule 2.

Section 20(2)(a) – the construction, placement, alteration, extension, removal, or demolition of a structure on or under the seabed.

1) Placement and alteration of structures known as Māui Platform Alpha, Māui Platform Bravo and associated structures on and under the seabed. 2) Construction, placement, alteration, extension, removal or demolition of structures associated with Māui Platform Alpha and Māui Platform Bravo on or under the seabed. 3) Construction, placement, alteration, extension, removal or demolition of whole or parts of the topsides of the structures known as Māui Platform Alpha and Māui Platform Bravo and associated structures on and under the seabed. 4) Placement, alteration, extension and removal of structures associated with 26 wells and associated side-tracks including conductors, well casings, production tubing strings, cement plugs and other associated temporary and permanent downhole equipment on and under the seabed. 5) Placement, alteration, extension and removal of new well casing, production tubing strings, cement plugs and other associated temporary and permanent downhole equipment under the seabed in connection with the drilling of up to 12 side-track wells from Māui Platform Alpha and up to 10 side- track wells from Māui Platform Bravo. 6) Placement and alteration of nine unused exploration wells, including conductors, wellheads, well casings, cement plugs and other associated temporary and permanent downhole equipment on and under the seabed. 7) Placement and removal of unused Floating Production Storage and Offtake vessel flow lines on the seabed. 8) Placement and removal of semi-TAD drill rigs and associated anchors, chains and wires situated on and under the seabed. 9) Placement and removal of anchors, chains and wires associated with all support vessels. 10) Construction, placement, alteration and removal of structures associated with environmental monitoring on or under the seabed.

Section 20(2)(b) – the construction, placement, alteration, extension, removal, or demolition of a submarine pipeline on or under the seabed.

1) Placement of three submarine pipelines on or under the seabed. 2) Construction and alteration of three submarine pipelines in connection with inspection, maintenance and repair activities. 3) Placement of concrete, cement mattresses, pipeline coatings, grout, clamps, anodes and other remedial structures in, on or under the seabed in connection with maintenance and repairs to three submarine pipelines and associated structures.

EEZ000010 STOS Māui Marine Consent 4) Removal of parts of three submarine pipelines in connection with inspection, maintenance and repair of submarine pipelines.

Section 20(2)(d) – the removal of non-living natural material from the seabed or subsoil.

1) Removal of natural gas, condensate, produced water and as sociated small amounts of residual solids from the seabed and subsoil. 2) Removal of non-living material associated with the drilling of up to 12 side-track wells from Māui Platform Alpha and up to 10 side-track wells from Māui Platform Bravo from the seabed and subsoil. 3) Removal of non-living natural material from the seabed and subsoil associated with environmental monitoring.

Section 20(2)(e) – the disturbance of the seabed or subsoil in a manner that is likely to have an adverse effect on the seabed or subsoil.

1) Disturbance of seabed and subsoil in connection with the inspection, maintenance and repair of subsurface structures and submarine pipelines. 2) Disturbance of the subsoil in connection with the drilling of up t o 12 s ide-track wells from Māui Platform Alpha and up to 10 side-track wells from Māui Platform Bravo and extraction of non-living natural materials. 3) Disturbance of seabed and subsoil in connection with the placement and removal of anchors holding semi-TAD drill rigs and construction support vessels. 4) Disturbance of seabed or subsoil associated with environmental monitoring.

Section 20(2)(f) – the deposit of any thing or organism in, on, or under the seabed.

1) The deposit of structures referred to in respect of section 20(2)(a) above in, on or under the seabed. 2) Deposit of marine growth and sediments in, on or under the seabed resulting from the removal of such material from structures and submarine pipelines. 3) Deposit of garnet and residual material removed from structures during cleaning of topside facilities. 4) Deposit of small amounts of residual solids contained in produced water discharges in, on or under the seabed. 5) Deposit of drill cuttings and m uds in, on or under the seabed resulting from side-track drilling activities. 6) Deposit of concrete, cement mattresses, coatings, grout, clamps, anodes and other remedial structures in, on or under the seabed in connection with maintenance and repairs to three submarine pipelines, Māui Platform Alpha, Māui Platform Bravo and associated structures.

Section 20(2)(g) – the destruction, damage, or disturbance of the seabed or subsoil in a manner that is likely to have an adverse effect on marine species or their habitat.

1) Disturbance of seabed and subsoil in connection with the inspection, maintenance and repair of subsurface structures and submarine pipelines. 2) Damage and disturbance of seabed or subsoil associated with environmental monitoring.

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3) Destruction, damage, or disturbance of the seabed or subsoil in connection with drilling of up to 12 side-track wells from Māui Platform Alpha and up to 10 side-track wells from Māui Platform Bravo and extraction of non-living natural materials. 4) Disturbance of seabed and subsoil in connection with the placement and removal of anchors holding semi-TAD drill rigs and construction support vessels.

Section 20(4)(a) – the construction, mooring or anchoring long-term, placement, alteration, extension, removal, or demolition of a structure or part of a structure.

1) Placement and alteration of Māui Platform Alpha, Māui Platform Bravo and associated structures in the waters of the exclusive economic zone. 2) Placement, alteration, extension, removal or demolition of structures associated with Māui Platform Alpha and Māui Platform Bravo in the waters of the exclusive economic zone. 3) Placement and removal of unused Floating Production Storage and Offtake vessel flow lines in the waters of the exclusive economic zone. 4) Placement and alteration of the wellheads of three unused exploration wellheads in the waters of the exclusive economic zone. 5) Construction, mooring or anchoring longterm,- placement, alteration and removal of structures associated with environmental monitoring in the waters of the exclusive economic zone. 6) Anchoring longterm,- placement and r emoval of semiTAD- drill rigs and a ssociated anchors, chains and wires in the waters of the exclusive economic zone. 7) Anchoring longterm,- placement and removal of all support vessels and associated anchors, chains and wires in the waters of the exclusive economic zone.

Section 20(4)(b) – the causing of vibrations (other than vibrations caused by the normal operation of a ship) in a manner that is likely to have an adverse effect on marine life.

1) Vibration caused by activities relating to the extraction, production and transport of natural gas and condensate undertaken in the exclusive economic zone at the structures known as MāuiPlatform Alpha, Māui Platform Bravo and all associated structures and submarine pipelines.

2) Vibration caused by drilling of side-track wells.

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SCHEDULE 2: MARINE CONSENT CONDITIONS

DEFINITIONS:

Terms used in this Schedule have the following meanings:

Cuttings means rock, sand and other materials that are removed from the well bore during drilling including metal fragments, elastomer, and residual Drilling Muds and cement;

Drilling Mud means drilling fluids that are mixtures of minerals and other products that are used to lubricate the wellbore and drill string, support rock structures and transportdrill Cuttings to the surface. Drilling Muds includes both water based and synthetic based drilling fluids;

EEZ Act means the Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf (Environmental Effects) Act 2012 as amended from time to time;

EPA means the Environmental Protection Authority or any equivalent Authority havingan equivalent role under the EEZ Act;

IA means the Māui Impact Assessment document provided by Shell Todd Oil Services Limited as part of its marine consent application dated 15 December 2014;

Jacket means the platform frame on the sea bed that supports the Topside of MPA or MPB;

Long Term in relation to anchoring Long Term means anchoring occurring for a duration of longer than 30 consecutive days;

MPA means Māui Platform Alpha;

MPB means Māui Platform Bravo;

Oil Based Mud means Drilling Muds that have an oil base obtained from refinery extraction (diesel, kerosene, fuel oil, selected crude oil)that provide the external continuous phase in an emulsion fluid. It does not include synthetic based muds that are comprised of synthetically derived fluids including, but not limited to, gas to liqparaffinsuid and olefins;

Rejuvenation means large-scale works that seek to significantly modify the process or operation of the production facilities and utilities located on the Topside of MPA or MPB above the waterline. Rejuvenation does not include:

(a) Any works on the Jacket and below the waterline; or (b) The placement of new structures on the seabed; or (c) Drilling activities or any works on the wells or wellheads including but not limited to well servicing or well interventions; or (d) Functional ‘like’ for ‘like’ replacement; or (e) Maintenance or integrity management activities; or (f) Temporary or minor works.

EEZ000010 STOS Māui Marine Consent

Support Vessel means specialised vessels to support non-routine activities, including works associated with Rejuvenation and subsea inspection and maintenance;

Topside means structures and equipment located on the Jacket above the waterline and includes accommodation facilities;

Working Day as defined in section 4 of the EEZ Act.

CONDITIONS:

Pursuant to sections 62(3) and 63of the Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf (Environmental Effects) Act 2012, this marine consent is hereby granted subject to the following conditions:

1) The Consent Holder shall ensure that the marine consent is exercised in general accordance with the application for marine consent and IA dated 15 December 2014, and the three further information responses presented by the Consent Holder (being (i) the letter from Shell Todd Oil Services Limited to the EPA dated 17 February 2015, (ii) Appendix B to the statement of evidence of Catherine Mary Clarke dated 19 March 2015, and (iii) the letter fromShell Todd Oil Services Limited to the EPA dated 17 April 2015), except where these are modified by the conditions below.

2) Pursuant to section 73(1)(a) of the EEZ Act, the duration of this marine consent shall be 35 years after the date of granting of this consent.

3) The Consent Holder shall ensure that a copy of this marine consent is available for inspection at the following locations: (a) The Consent Holder's head office in New Zealand; and (b) On MPA and MPB.

4) The Consent Holder shall ensure that personnel directly involved in the exercise of this marine consent are informed of their obligations and responsibilities in exercising this marine consent.

5) (i) The Consent Holder shall,within 20 Working Days of the date of commencement of this marine consent, provide the EPA with the name and contact details of the delegated experienced person(s) responsible for collating and reporting information on compliance management in relation to this marine consent.

(ii) The Consent Holder shall advise the EPA of any changes to the name and contact details of this person(s).

6) At least annually the Consent Holder shall inform, and seek to engage with, relevant iwi entities on the general scope of the planned activities under this marine consent.

Advice Note: The Consent Holder should seek advice from the EPA as to who the relevant iwi entities are. The Consent Holder is also encouraged to use this opportunity to investigate the

EEZ000010 STOS Māui Marine Consent

involvement of kaitiaki in environmental management practices and the development of environmental indicators using both mātauranga māori and western science.

7) The Consent Holder shall notify the EPA in writing within 24 hours of any Tier 2 or 3 spill, as defined in the New Zealand Oil Spill Response Strategy 2015 - 2019 or subsequent editions.

8) In the event of an unplanned spill that triggers a T ier 2 orspill 3 response as defined in the New Zealand Oil Spill Response Strategy 2015 - 2019 or subsequent editions, the Consent Holder shall: (a) Seek advice from the relevant regional councils, relevant iwi entities, the Department of Conservation, Maritime New Zealand and the EPA about whether monitoring is likely to detect any environmental effects and, if so, design and implement an appr opriate monitoring programme as soon as practicable; and (b) Provide the EPA with the results of the monitoring undertaken in response to Condition 8(a).

Advice Note: The Consent Holder should seek advice from the EPA as to who the relevant iwi entities are in the event of an unplanned spill.

9) The Consent Holder shall within 12 months of the date of commencement of this marine consent provide a r eport to the Ministry for Primary Industries (witha copy to the EPA) that assesses the risks relating to biosecurity at MPA, MPB and Support Vessels, and identifieselated r risk mitigation measures.

10) The Consent Holder shall not use Oil Based Muds for drilling activities authorised by this marine consent.

11) The Consent Holder shall provide a PreDrilling- and Monitoring Plan to the EPA, for its information, at least 40 Working Days prior to commencing any campaign for drilling activities authorised by this marine consent. The plan shall include details of: (a) The proposed start and finish date for the drilling campaign;

(b) The proposed mobilisation and de-mobilisation date for any drilling rigs to be used; (c) The Drilling Muds to be used; (d) The anticipated in-situ volume of drill Cuttings to be removed and discharged from each well; (e) Any drilling rig to be used; and (f) The name and location of the well(s) to be drilled.

12) While undertaking the drilling activities authorised by this marine consent the Consent Holder shall maintain a log, to be kept on the relevant drilling platform and provided on inspection or request by the EPA, of the following: (a) The name and location of the wells drilled; (b) The total volume of cement used per well drilled, estimated by dry weight; (c) The total volume of milling swarf taken onshore for disposal;

EEZ000010 STOS Māui Marine Consent

(d) Where synthetic based muds are used during the drilling activity, records showing the average retention-on-Cuttings for the total number of wells drilled in a drilling campaign; (e) The total volume of water based muds used in each well; (f) The total volume of synthetic based muds used in each well; and (g) The in-situ volume of drill Cuttings removed and discharged from each well.

13) The Consent Holder shall notify the EPA within W 5 orking Days following the conclusion ofeach drilling campaign. Within three months after the conclusion of each drilling campaign the Consent Holder shall provide a report to the EPA that summarises the information collected in the log required in accordance with Condition 12. This report shall include the combined total insitu- volume of drill Cuttings removed and discharged from MPA and MPB since the granting of this marine consent.

14) The combined total in-situ volume of drill Cuttings removed as a result of drilling at MPA and MPB authorised by this marine consent shall not exceed 4,200 cubic metres and 1, 600 cubic metres respectively.

15) The Consent Holder shall provide a Subsea Inspection and Maintenance Plan to the EPA, for its information, at least 20 Working Days prior to commencing the consented activities in association with the inspection, maintenance and repair of subsurface structures and s ubmarine pipelines (for the avoidance of doubt this excludes structures under the seabed or in the subsoil). The plan shall include details of: (a) The activities anticipated to result in disturbance to the seabed,and methods to ensure there are no adverse effects; (b) The details of any materials to be placed on the seabed; and (c) The location of works.

16) During any subsea inspection and maintenance works, the Consent Holder shall observe every reasonably practicable measure to prevent the discharge of silt and or/ debris and / or any other contaminants to, and to minimise the disturbance of, the seabed in the exclusive economic zone.

17) In the case of emergency situations, where unscheduled subsea inspection or maintenance activities in relation to the Māui offshore facilities are required to be undertaken, the Consent Holder shall advise the EPA as soon as reasonably practicable of: (a) Details (including location) of the works undertaken; and (b) Details (including location) of any materials placed on the seabed.

18) (i) The Consent Holder shall,wit hin six months following the commencement of this marine consent, submit a Benthic Monitoring Plan for approval by the EPA. The plan shall be for the purpose of assessing the impacts of the activities authorised by this marine consent on the benthic environment. The plan shall include: (a) The location of sampling sites in relation to MPA and MPB; (b) The frequency of sampling, including prior to and after each drilling campaign;

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(ii) In developing the benthic sampling methodology, the Consent Holder shall seek to ensure any effects on marine mammals, fish and benthic communities are minimised.benthic The sampling programme required under Condition 8 1(i) shall be undertaken annually, or less frequently with the approval of the EPA.

19) Within 12 months of the completion of the benthic sampling required under the Benthic Monitoring Plan, the findings shall be reported to the EPA. An alternative date for the provision of the findings may be agreed by the Consent Holder and the EPA.

20) The Consent Holder shall notify the Department of Conservation as soon as possible within 24 hours of any sightings of a Māui or Hector’s dolphin (dead or alive) observed from MPA, MPB or Support Vessels. Where the information is known by the Consent Holder, the notification shall include the location, time, weather conditions, number and approximate size of individual dolphins.

21) (i) The Consent Holder shall maintain a log of all marine mammal (except for fur seal) sightings from MPA, MPB or Support Vessels authorised by this marine consent, including the following information where available: (a) The date and location of all marine mammal sightings from the consented operations; (b) The species of marine mammal(s) (where known) and number of individuals (including the presence of juveniles) associated with each sighting; (c) The behaviour of marine mammal(s) sighted, including their direction of travel; (d) Any marine mammal injuries or mortalities observed; (e) The approximate size of each marine mammal; and (f) Any physical nteraction i (including, but not limited to, vessel strike or entanglement) between any marine mammals and any equipment, vessels or other inanimate objects.

(ii) A digital copy of the log shall beavailable on request andprovided to the Department of Conservation and the EPA by 1 December every year (or on an alternative date as otherwise agreed by the Department of Conservation and the EPA).

22) The Consent Holder shall make available to offshore personnel a N ew Zealand marine mammals species identification guide to assist in the accurate identification of species.

23) (i) The Consent Holder shall maintain a l og of all seabird collisions including the following information where available: (a) Date and time of collision; (b) Weather condition; (c) Species (where known); (d) The condition of the bird (dead, released alive and unharmed, or injured); and

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(e) Photographs (where practicable).

(ii) A digital copy of the log shall be provided to the Department of Conservation and the EPA by 1 December every year (or on an a lternative date as otherwise agreed by the Department of Conservation and the EPA).

24) The Consent Holder shall make available to offshore personnel a New Zealand seabirds species identification guide to assist in the accurate identification of species.

25) The Consent Holder shall provide an Anchor Management Plan to the EPA, for its information, at least 20 Working Days prior to undertaking the Long Term anchoring of any structure or ship undertaking activities authorised by this marine consent. This plan shall include details on: (a) The methods to be adopted to minimise disturbance to the seabed; (b) The removal of all anchoring equipment at the end of the anchoring programme where practicable; and (c) The methods to be adopted to minimise potential entanglement risks to marine mammals, such as the use of high tension mooring lines and the minimisation of floating lines on the sea surface.

26) All anchoring equipment used for the Long T erm anchoring of any structure or ship undertaking activities authorised by this marine consent shall be removed, where practicable.

27) The Consent Holder shall provide a Construction Management Plan for any Rejuvenation of Topside of MPA and MPB to the , EPAfor its information,at least 20 working days prior to the commencement of any Rejuvenation of the Topside of the platforms. The plan shall include details on: (a) Plans and details of the proposed Rejuvenation works; and (b) Details of the proposed construction methodology.

28) When undertaking maintenance, including cleaning and painting activities, of the Topside of MPA

and MPB the Consent Holder shall ensure that: (a) Containment is erected around the areas of cleaning and maintenance on the topside of the platforms as far as practicable; (b) All waste is directed to containment areas as far as practicable; (c) Any sand blasting is undertaken using non-toxic substances; and (d) Any paints or coatings used on t he platforms areas, far as practicable, the lowest toxicity products that are suitable for required purpose of protecting the structures against corrosion.

29) Pursuant to sections 76 and 77 of the EEZ Act, the EPA may serve notice to the Consent Holder of its intention to review the conditions of this marine consent on the fifth anniversary of the grant of the consent, and then at 10 yearly intervals thereafter for the following purposes:

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(a) To deal with any adverse effect on the environment that may arise from the exercise of the consent and with which it is appropriate to deal after the consent has been granted; or (b) To deal with any practical issues arising from the implementation of the conditions of the consent.

END OF MARINE CONSENT DOCUMENT

EEZ000010 STOS Māui Marine Consent Annex E

Whales and Dolphins Potentially Found in the AOI

E.1 Humpback Whale

The humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae;) is a species of baleen whale (Figure E.1). Baleen whales are named due to the plates of baleen suspended from the roof of their mouths which determine their feeding method of filtering small fish and krill from the water column.

Figure E.1 The Humpback Whale Source: Red Orbit (2012)

Internationally, the population can be divided into distinct populations split across the northern and southern hemisphere and, due to the seasonal timing of their migrations, the northern and southern populations rarely mix (Searle, 2012; Figure E.2). The southern hemisphere humpback whales breed in subtropical or tropical waters to the north during the winter and feed in Antarctic waters during the summer (Gibbs & Childerhouse, 2000). Antarctic waters host six distinct populations, of which those found in New Zealand waters are thought to belong to Group V (Gibbs & Childerhouse, 2000; Constantine, 2007). The migration north of Group V is not well understood, although tagging, whale fluke identification, as well as genetic and song analysis data provide evidence of these animals migrating to Tonga, Norfolk Island, East Australia, Fiji and New Caledonia (Chittleborough, 1959; Dawbin, 1964; Donoghue, 1994; Constantine et al., 2007).

The annual migration typically sees humpback whales heading north between May and August and south between September and December (Gibbs & Childerhouse, 2000). While sightings have been recorded along both the east and west coasts of New Zealand, humpbacks are thought to migrate south along the west coast and north along the east coast.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 E1 Figure E.2 Annual Migration of Humpback Whales Source: www.hwrf-uk.org/About-humpback-whales.html.

Humpback whales were almost hunted to extinction through intensive whaling activities throughout the 20th Century. However, since being provided total protection by the International Whaling Commission (IWC) in 1966 the humpback whale population has recovered from an IUCN status of endangered to least concern today (Reilly et al., 2008a).

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 E2 Figure E.3 Sightings of humpback whales have been reported in the AOI by STOS (STOS, 2014b). Both the northern and southern migrations follow the same pattern of a gradual increase in the numbers of whales passing through New Zealand waters, with a peak near the middle of the season.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 E3 E.2 Sei Whale

Sei whales (Balaenoptera borealis) are baleen whales of which two subspecies are recognised. In the northern hemisphere exists the subspecies B. b. borealis while in the southern hemisphere exist the subspecies B. b. schlegellii (Reilly et al., 2008d; Figure E.4). Living for between 50 and 70 years, sei whales filter feed, consuming copepods, krill, squid and small schooling fish (NOAA, 2012b).

Figure E.4 The Sei Whale Source: www.arkive.org Photographer: Gerard Soury

Sei whales can be found worldwide staying mainly in water temperatures of 8°C to 18°C. In the southern hemisphere, sei whales migrate south to Antarctic feeding grounds in the summer months, they return to warmer waters to calve, migrating back up between New Zealand and the Chatham Islands (Hutching, 2009). Important areas in New Zealand for baleen whales include waters off Kaikoura, Cook Strait, and off the west coast of the South Island when baleen whales migrate between their feeding and breeding grounds (May-July and November-December) (Baker et al., 2009). Sei whales may be transient through the AOI during these migrations between feeding and breeding grounds.

Due to a significant population reduction (up to 80%), the IUCN Red List lists the sei whale as endangered. From the late 1950s to mid-1970s sei whale stocks were seriously depleted, particularly in the southern hemisphere, where it is estimated that 200 000 sei whales were harvested during the 1905-1979 period (Reilly et al., 2008d).

E.3 Minke Whales

Globally, there are now two recognised species of minke whale being the common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) and the Antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis; Figure E.5). Both of these species are baleen whales and are found in New Zealand waters. Occurring in both coastal and offshore waters, the minke whale opportunistically feeds on a variety of prey including krill, plankton, and small schooling fish such as anchovies (NOAA, 2012a).

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 E4 Figure E.5 The Minke Whale Source: http://blog.diversiondivetravel.com.au. Photographer: Rod Klein

Favouring temperate to boreal waters, the minke whale is most commonly found throughout the higher latitude oceans of the northern and southern hemispheres. The minke whale is a migratory species, yet the migrations vary with age, reproductive status and sex. Mature males and females will migrate to polar waters for the summer feeding season, yet the females will typically remain within coastal waters, while the males are typically found around the ice edge (NOAA, 2012a). The migratory patterns of minke whales are poorly known (Reilly, 2008c). In the southern hemisphere minke whales have been found as far south as 76°S in the Ross Sea in the summer and as far north as 7°S during the winter (Shirihai et al., 2006) and a high abundance of minke whales was recorded in November between 10°S and 30°S in the central South Pacific and in much of the eastern and southern Indian Ocean down to 50 °S (Miyashita et al., 1996). Due to this broad distribution, while no sighting records exist for the minke whale within and nearby the AOI, there is still a possibility minke whales may occur within the area.

There is currently no estimate of total global population size, but regional estimates indicate that the species is well above the threatened species threshold (Reilly et al., 2008c). As such it is currently classified as least concern by the IUCN Red List.

E.4 Dwarf Minke Whales

Dwarf minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata; Figure E.6) are often mistaken for Antarctic minke whales, with most recordings surrounding New Zealand based on strandings. Compared with Antarctic minke whales (see above), dwarf minke whales are much less common and occur more predominantly at higher latitudes (Reilly, 2008e). Dwarf minke whales prefer more temperate waters and are seen off the northern New Zealand coast (MPI, 2013). This species is generally found in shallower water in coastal areas and over the continental shelf (MPI, 2013). Although no sighting records exist for the dwarf minke whales within and nearby the AOI, the species is known to occur

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 E5 around the North Island (MPI, 2013; Reilly, 2008e) and therefore their occurrence is possible and they have been included in this IA.

Figure E.6 The Dwarf Minke Whale Source: forum.uw3some.com

E.5 Blue Whales

Like the humpback whale, the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) (Figure E.7) is part of the baleen suborder, and has four recognised subspecies being the Northern blue whale (B. m. musculus), Antarctic or southern blue whale (B. m. intermedia), Indian Ocean blue whale (B. m. indica) and the pygmy blue whale (B. m. brevicauda) (Reilly et al., 2008b).

Pygmy blue whales (B. m. brevicauda) are listed as migrants within New Zealand waters, occurring predominantly in the sub-Antarctic zone of the Indian Ocean between 0°E and 80°E (Cetacean Specialist Group, 1996). The winter range for this species is virtually unknown, with scattered records from South Africa and Australia (Rice, 1998). There are a small number of records of these whales within Cook Strait (Museum of NZ, 1998). DOC sighting data indicates that a pygmy blue whale was observed off the Taranaki coast; therefore, it is possible that this species may occur within the AOI.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 E6 Figure E.7 The Blue Whale Source: www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Blue_Whale

The blue whale is distributed throughout all oceans with the exception of the Arctic and some regional areas such as the Mediterranean, Okhotsk and Bering Seas (Reilly et al., 2008b). While considered a migratory species, the migratory patterns of this species are not well understood (Reilly et al., 2008b), but are considered to be diverse with some remaining residents year round where high oceanic productivity provides regular food source, while other populations migrate to high-latitude feeding grounds. While little is known about their movement in New Zealand waters, a foraging population of pygmy and possibly Antarctic blue whales is thought to exist off the Taranaki coast, possibly a result of an aggregation of zooplankton in the area (Torres, 2013). Observations and data collected during a study in 2014 strongly support the hypothesis that the South Taranaki Bight is blue whale foraging ground (Torres et. al., 2014). Therefore, presence within the AOI is considered likely.

The IUCN Red List notes blue whales as endangered, verging on critically endangered (Reilly et al., 2008b). Although the global population is uncertain, the IUCN estimate that it is likely in the range of 10,000 to 25,000 globally, thought to be between 3% - 11% of the estimated 1911 population (Reilly et al., 2008b). The endangered status of this species is a direct result of commercial harvesting throughout the 20th century. It is thought that throughout this period more than 360,000 individuals were killed by whaling fleets in the Antarctic alone, and that thousands more were killed by Soviet fleets after being protected, during the 1960s and 1970s (WWF, 2014).

E.6 Fin Whales

Fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus; Figure E.8) are baleen whales of which two subspecies are recognised. In the northern hemisphere exists the subspecies B. p. physalus while in the southern hemisphere exists the subspecies B. p. quoyi (Rice, 1998). Living up to 100 years, Fin whales filter feed, consuming planktonic crustacean, some fish and cephalopods. In Antarctic waters Fin whales feed primarily on krill (Euphausia superba) (Nemoto, 1970).

Figure E.8 The Fin Whale Source: http://www.oceanlight.com, Photographer Philip Colla

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 E7

Fin whales can be found worldwide, staying in offshore waters. They show well defined migratory movements between polar, temperate and tropical waters (Mackintosh, 1965). In the southern hemisphere, fin whales enter Antarctic waters, however the bulk of the fin whale summer distribution is in middle latitudes, mainly 40°S to 60°S in the southern Indian and south Atlantic Oceans, and 50° to 65°S in the south Pacific (Miyashita et al., 1996; IWC, 2006). New Zealand is one of the aggregation areas for fin whales in the southern hemisphere (Gambell, 1985). The location and season in which pairing and calving occurs remain largely unknown (Mackintosh, 1965) because, unlike other large cetaceans, calving does not appear to take place in distinct inshore areas (Reeves et al., 2002; Jefferson et al., 2008).

Due to significant population reduction (more than 70%), the IUCN Red List lists the fin whale as endangered. Most fin whale populations were severely depleted by modern whaling from the early 1900s until their protection in 1975 (DEH, 2005).

E.7 Southern Right Whale

The southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) is one of three baleen whale species classified as right whales (Figure E.9). This species has a circumpolar distribution typically between 20°S and 55°S (DOC, 2013b). Migrating seasonally between higher latitudes and mid-latitudes the major calving grounds of the southern right whale is in near-shore waters (DOC, 2013b). The female of this species is typically sexually active around eight years of age, generally calving every three years (DOC, 2013b). The summer feeding grounds of the southern right whales are not well known, however their distribution is likely to be linked to the distribution of their main prey species (NOAA, 2012h). Historical whaling records suggest summer feeding grounds off the Chatham Rise off the south island, however today most sightings occur among the sub- Antarctic Islands, in particular the Auckland Islands (Patenaude, 2003), where southern right whales mate and calve during winter in sheltered harbours of both Auckland Islands and Campbell Island (Baker et al., 2009). On the North Island, DOC sighting records exist for the southern right whale in Great Exhibition Bay, off Northland and in the Taranaki Bight.

Figure E.9 The Southern Right Whale Source: http://seawayblog.blogspot.com.au/2008/11/close-encounters-of-whale-kind.html

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In the 18th and 19th centuries, the southern right whale was hunted to near extinction (Reilly et al., 2013). Previously classified as vulnerable, today this species is listed by IUCN as least concern due to evidence of strong population recovery (Reilly et al., 2013). This recovery is particularly evident in some regions such as Australia that has shown 6.8% increase annually, while there is insufficient data on other regional populations to provide accurate conclusions (Reilly et al., 2013; SEWPaC, 2012).

E.8 Pygmy Right Whale

The pygmy right whale (Caperea marginate; Figure E.10) has a circumpolar distribution in temperate waters between 30°S and 55°S (Hoffmann & Best 2005). This species is one of the least known baleen whales and is poorly understood in New Zealand waters with only a few confirmed records of live whales at sea. The analysis of the stomach contents of three pygmy right whales revealed that this species mainly feeds on cephalopods (Ivashin, 1972; and Sekiguchi et al., 1992).

Figure E.10 The Pygmy Right Whale Source: www.marinespecies.org

Strandings of pygmy right whales have been recorded on both the North and South Islands (Kemper, 2002a,b; Rice, 1998). The population size for this species is unknown due to the lack of records. There are no sighting records for this species within the AOI, however as their occurrence is possible, they have been included in this impact assessment.

This species is listed as data deficient under both DOC (DOC, 2007) and the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2013).

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B.9 Pygmy Sperm Whale

The pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps; Figure E.11) is found in deep tropical and warm temperate waters across all oceans (McAlpine, 2002). The specific range of this species is poorly known through a lack of records of live animals (Taylor et al., 2012a). Pygmy sperm whales are the most common species stranded on New Zealand coastlines with 242 individuals stranded between 1978 and 2004 (Hutching, 2012a). Pygmy sperm whales feed in deep water on cephalopods, deep-sea fishes and shrimps (McAlpine et al., 1997). Within New Zealand, East Coast/Hawke Bay is a key area for this species, where stranding events are quite common (Suisted and Neale, 2004). There are few DOC sighting records for this species within the North Island, however as their occurrence is possible they have been included in this IA.

This species is listed as ‘data deficient’; under both the IUCN Red List and by DOC (DOC, 2007).

Figure E.11 The Pygmy Sperm Whale Source: www.tumblr.com

E.10 Pilot Whales

Two species of pilot whales occur in New Zealand waters being the long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas; Figure E.12) and the short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus). There are physical differences between the species, yet in some areas, where their distributions overlap, such as New Zealand, they can be indistinguishable at sea (NOAA, 2012d). Pilot whales eat mostly squid, but they also eat octopus, cuttlefish, herring, and other small fish (Bernard & Reilly, 1999).

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 E10 Figure E.12 The Long-Finned Pilot Whale Source: http://life-sea.blogspot.com.au/2012/05/long-finned-pilot-whale.html

There is some overlap between the distributions of the two species of pilot whale, however generally speaking the short finned species prefers the warmer waters of the north, while the long finned species prefers the cooler waters of the south (see Figure E.13 and Figure E.14).

Figure E.13 The Global Distribution of the Short-Finned Pilot Whale Source: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/pilotwhale_shortfinned.htm

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 E11 Figure E.14 The Global Distribution of the Long-Finned Pilot Whale Source: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/pilotwhale_longfinned.htm

The IUCN Red List classifies both species of pilot whale as data deficient, however the global estimated population size is estimated to be around 750,000 (Taylor et al., 2011). In New Zealand this species is well known for its tendency to strand, with mass strandings occurring in some areas of New Zealand including Northland, Golden Bay, Stewart Island and the Chatham Islands (Brabyn, 1991). There is DOC sighting records for the pilot whale off the east and west coasts of the North Island.

E.11 Sperm Whale

The sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) is a species of the toothed whale (Odontoceti) (Figure E.15). This species targets larger prey than the baleen whales, occurring in deep waters due to its capability to dive to depths of over 1,000 m, for up to 60 minutes at a time and preying upon large squid, sharks, skates and fishes (NOAA, 2012c).

Figure E.15 The Sperm Whale Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/barathieu/7991520863/

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 E12 Sperm whales are found throughout the oceans between about 60°N and 60°S latitudes (NOAA, 2012c). Within the region of Australasia, the sperm whale is distributed mainly off the coast of Kaikoura (Larivière, 2001) as well as northeast off the top of the North Island. This distribution is a result of their predominant feeding habitat being deepwater, with the Kermadec trench in the north and the Kaikoura canyon in the south.

The migration of sperm whales is not as well understood as many other whale species. In some locations, there appears to be a seasonal migration pattern while in others, such as in tropical and temperate areas, there appears to be no obvious seasonal migration (NOAA, 2012c). Within the Kaikoura region sperm whales congregate year round, probably due to high productivity and therefore prey availability (Childerhouse et al., 1995; Jaquet et al., 2000). However, there are localised seasonal shifts in distribution from congregations in the deeper waters across the summer to a more evenly spread out distribution across the winter (Jaquet et al., 2000). DOC sighting records for the sperm whale are located northeast of the North Island within the Kermadec trench, as well as some records closer to the AOI in the North Taranaki Bight.

Listed by the IUCN as vulnerable, historically sperm whales were one of the most heavily exploited or commercially whaled whales. As a result of commercial harvesting, sperm whales have been reduced from an estimated population of 1.1 million globally to today’s population of around 100,000 (Taylor et al., 2008i).

E.12 Orca

The orca (Orcinus orca), also known as the killer whale, is the largest of the dolphin family (Figure E.16). Orca can be found in virtually any marine region around the world however the distribution of this species increases significantly toward the higher latitudes and cooler waters of the north and south (Forney & Wade, 2006). This species has a diverse diet including fish species (such as seals, salmon, tuna, herring, cod) sharks, stingrays, squid, octopus, sea birds and sea turtles (DOC, 2012a). Female orca first reproduce between the age of approximately 11 and 16, and continue to reproduce around every 5 years for the remainder of their approximately 25 year reproductive lifespan (DOC, 2012a). They live until around 80 to 90 years of age. Males reach maturity around 21, and live to only 50 or 60 years of age (DOC, 2012a).

Figure E.16 The Orca Source: http://www.dominiontours.com/galeria/index.php/Animales-Oeste-de-Canada/Orca- Greeting-by-Christina-Craft

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Globally, the species is considered to have four types, which consequently result in their being classified as data deficient by the IUCN Red List (Taylor et al., 2013). In New Zealand, the resident population is estimated at only 117, all of which are considered Type A (common form globally). The New Zealand orca population is thought to be made up of at least three subpopulations based on geographic distribution (North Island only, South Island only and North & South-Island subpopulations) (Visser, 2000). While globally the Type A population is considered stable, nationally they are classified as nationally critical (Baker et al., 2009). Type B, C and D individuals have also been recorded (all considered vagrant) in New Zealand waters (Baker et al., 2009). While global populations are uncertain, there is a general consensus that it is a minimum of 50,000 globally, with the majority of this population in Antarctica (Taylor et al., 2013). Scattered DOC sighting records exist for this species all around the north island, and sightings have been reported in the AOI (STOS, 2014b).

E.13 False Killer Whale

False killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens; Figure E.17) are found in tropical and warm temperate zones, generally in in deep offshore waters of all major oceans (Taylor et al., 2008a) in latitudes below 50°S. This species is known to occur throughout New Zealand waters (Taylor et al., 2008a). Although this species is known to eat primarily fish and cephalopods, they have also been recorded attacking small cetaceans, humpback whales and sperm whales (Taylor et al., 2008a).

Figure E.17 The False Killer whale Source: http://www.arkive.org/false-killer-whale/pseudorca-crassidens/image-G35219.html

False killer whales are listed as data deficient under the IUCN red list (IUCN, 2013) and as not threatened by DOC (DOC, 2007). DOC sighting records exist for this species in the Bay of Islands and off the northeast of the North Island. No records exist for the false killer whale within the AOI, however as their occurrence is possible, they have been included in this impact assessment.

E.14 Beaked Whales

There are twenty one species of beaked whale, with at least 11 of these known or thought to occur in New Zealand waters (Hutching, 2012f). These include;

• Gray’s beaked whale;

• Arnoux’s beaked whale;

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 E14 • Cuvier’s beaked whale;

• Strap-toothed whale;

• Southern bottlenose whale;

• Andrew’s beaked whale;

• True’s beaked whale;

• Ginkgo-toothed whale;

• Hector’s beaked whale;

• Pygmy/Peruvian beaked whale; and

• Shepherd’s beaked whale.

Beaked whales in general are elusive and poorly known, making their distributions, migrations and behaviours difficult to learn and track. The presence of beaked whales is generally determined by stranding records (Hutching, 2012f). Beaked whales are renowned for their deep-diving ability, with their diet presumed to consist largely of deep-water squid and fish species (MPI, 2013). Most sightings and strandings of species in the genus Mesoplodon have been reported east and south of the South Island, with a potential hotspot between the South and Chatham Islands (MPI, 2013).

Beaked whales in New Zealand (11 species in 2 families) are listed as data deficient by both the DOC and IUCN except for the southern bottlenose whale and the Arnoux’s beaked whale which are listed as lower risk-conservation dependent under the IUCN.

Figure E.18 shows an example of a beaked whale – the Cuvier’s Beaked Whale.

Figure E.18 The Cuvier’s Beaked Whale Source: www.cascadiaresearch.org

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E.15 Hector’s Dolphin

The Hector’s dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori) is endemic to New Zealand and has one of the most restricted distributions of any cetacean (Dawson & Slooten, 1988; Dawson, 2002) (Figure E.19). This species is most commonly recorded off the South Island and the west coast of the North Island.

DNA studies on this species identified that the South Island Hector’s dolphin is genetically distinct from the North Island sub-species, known as Māui’s dolphin. According to Dawson et al. (2001), differences over such a small geographic scale have not been observed in any other marine mammal. The population in the South Island is estimated at around 7270 individuals (Dawson et al., 2004; Gormley et al., 2005). Populations are concentrated between Haast and Farewell Spit in the west, around Banks Peninsula in the east, and around Te Waewae Bay and Porpoise Bay in the south (DOC, 2014d).

Figure E.19 The Hector’s Dolphin Source: http://cetaceans.tumblr.com/post/2312279606/whale-of-the-day

Hector’s dolphins are found in shallow coastal waters, less than 100 m deep and generally within 15 km of the shore. This species feeds on small fish and squid (Dawson, 2002). Hector’s dolphins are listed as endangered under the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2013) and as nationally endangered by DOC (DOC, 2007). While the species is generally restricted to coastal waters around the South Island, there have been reported sightings of the species in the South Taranaki Bight.

E.16 Māui’s Dolphin

Māui’s dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori maui) are the world’s smallest and New Zealand’s rarest dolphins, they are listed by the IUCN as critically endangered (DOC, 2014e). Approximately a thousand years ago a small group of Hectors dolphins are thought to have separated from the original population located in the South Island, travelling through the Cook Strait and forming a sub-species (Ferreira and Roberts, 2003). Māui’s dolphins are only found on the west coast of the north island, principally

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between Dargaville (35º59’S, 173º460’E) and New Plymouth (39º03’S, 174º00’E) (Slooten et al, 2006; Figure E.20) although there are recorded observations in the South Taranaki Bight in recent years.

Figure E.20 Normal Distribution of the Māui's Dolphin Source: MPI, 2007

The geographical barrier may have affected the population size which DOC notes to be between 48 and 69 individuals. Māui's dolphins are generally found close to shore in groups or pods of several dolphins (DOC, 2014e). They are often seen in water less than 20 metres deep but may also range further offshore. Both the Hectors and Māui’s dolphins are fully protected by New Zealand law, however incidental ‘takings’ during commercial fishing operations are excused as long as these are reported to the authorities (Wheen, 2012).

It is generally agreed that the distribution of Māui’s dolphin does not extend south of New Plymouth, however the New Zealand Government (through DOC and the MPI) are currently reviewing the Māui’s Dolphin Threat Management Plan, and have proposed to extend the West Coast Marine Mammal Marine Sanctuary (MMS) out to 12 nautical miles extending from Oakura (to the west of New Plymouth) southward to Hawera. This extension of the MMS would almost reach the north-east boundary of the AOI.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 E17 E.17 Common Dolphin

Globally, the common dolphin is split into two species, the long-beaked (Delphinus delphis) and short beaked (Delphinus capensis) (Figure E.21). Short-beaked common dolphins are found in waters throughout New Zealand and Australia. The distribution of the common dolphin is broad, reaching the majority of global waters between temperatures of 10ºC and 28ºC. In New Zealand their distribution encompasses most of the North Island, South Island, Stewart Island and Chatham Island coastlines, with dominance in the northern half of the North Island, East Cape, Cook Strait, Marlborough Sounds and northwest coast of the South Island (MPI, 2014a).

Figure E.21 The Common Dolphin Source: http://life-sea.blogspot.com.au/2011_08_01_archive.html

Living until around 35 years of age, the common dolphin is sexually mature between 3 and 12 and calves every 1 to 3 years (NOAA, 2012e). Typically, calving occurs every year among the wider population with the 10 -11 month gestation typically beginning around June to September (NOAA, 2012e).

The common dolphin is a highly abundant species with nearly 3 million in the Pacific region alone (Hammond et al., 2008b). As such, this species is listed as least concern by the IUCN Red List and in New Zealand they are not considered to have any conservation or management issues (Hammond et al., 2008b; Suisted & Neale, 2004). Sightings of common dolphins are not uncommon in the AOI (STOS, 2014b).

E.18 Bottlenose Dolphin

The bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncates), one of the most widely recognised species of dolphin, has two subspecies within New Zealand, being the Indo-pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) and the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) (Hammond et al., 2012c; NOAA, 2012f; Figure E.22). The bottlenose dolphin may be split into more species in the future, with morphological, ecological and genetic variation

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within the North Atlantic region alone (Mead & Potter, 1995; Le Duc & Curry, 1997; Hoelzel et al., 1998; Reeves et al., 2002). This species lives for 40 to 50 years, reaching sexual maturity ranging from 5 to 14 years of age (NOAA, 2012f). Calving occurs around every 3 to 6 years in this species, peaking in New Zealand between spring and summer/autumn months (DOC, 2014g).

Figure E.22 The Bottlenose Dolphin Source: http://www.coral.org/_403

Globally, the bottlenose dolphin is distributed throughout most tropical and temperate inshore, coastal, shelf and oceanic waters (Figure E.23; Leatherwood and Reeves 1990, Wells & Scott 1999, Reynolds et al., 2000). In New Zealand this species is found among three main populations. Populations are known off the east coast of the North Island (ranging from Doubtless Bay in the north to Tauranga in the south), in the Doubtless Sound in Fiordland, and another group ranges from Marlborough Sounds to Westport. DOC sighting data shows records of this species off the east coast of the North Island, as well as some records off the tip of the North Island and at least one record off the west coast in the North Taranaki Bight.

Figure E.23 Global Distribution of Bottlenose Dolphins Source: IUCN Red List

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MĀUI IA 2017/FINAL/APRIL 2017 E19 The IUCN Red List classifies this species as least concern due to their global estimated minimum population of 600,000 (Hammond et al., 2012c). In New Zealand the species is considered not threatened, albeit subject to increasing pressure from tourism (Suisted & Neale, 2004).

E.19 Dusky Dolphin

The dusky dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) has three subspecies, the South American dusky dolphin (L. obscurus fitzroyi), Indian Ocean dusky dolphin (L. obscurus obscurus) and an unnamed New Zealand dusky dolphin (Hammond et al., 2012a; Figure E.24). Calving from November to around mid-January, the dusky dolphin has a lifespan of around 30 years (DOC, 2012b).

DOC has classified the dusky dolphin to be non-threatened in New Zealand, with an estimated national population of between 12,000 and 20,000 throughout NZ waters (DOC, 2012b). However, the IUCN Red List classifies this species as data deficient (Hammond et al., 2008a). Dusky dolphins have a widespread distribution in the southern hemisphere, with NABIS indicating the normal range includes the coastline between Nelson and Dunedin (MPI, 2014a). Hotspots for these dolphins occur in the waters surrounding Dunedin, Kaikoura and the Marlborough Sounds (MPI, 2014a; DOC, 2012b).

The diet of this species comprises anchovies, hake, squid and a variety of other small fish species (DOC, 2012b). Dusky dolphins have been sighted in the South Taranaki Bight and could be present in the AOI.

Figure E.24 The Dusky Dolphin Source: http://www.mota.ru/en/wallpapers/source/id/23116

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