PLANT COMMUNITY FIELD GUIDE

Introduction to Swamp / Wetlands Forest

Communities Table of Contents

(click to go to page)

HCCREMS Mapping ...... 3

Field Data Sheet ...... 4

Which of the following descriptions best describes your site? ...... 5

Which plant community is it? ...... 9

Common Swamp/Wetland forest Communities in the Lower Hunter 11

MU37. Swamp Mahogany- Paperbark Swamp Forest ...... 13

A picture guide to Plants in MU37– Swamp Mahogany- Paperbark Swamp Forest ...... 15

Threatened Species ...... 18

References ...... 25

Acknowledgements...... 25

Image Credits ...... 25

Useful People ...... 25

2 HCCREMS Extant Vegetation Mapping

Vegetation communities in this guide have been classified and mapped ac- cording to Hunter Central Coast Regional Environment Management Strat- egy (HCCREMS) Vegetation Survey, using Mapping Units (MU). For more comprehensive and up-to-date information on this survey please contact HCCREMS. http://www.hccrems.com.au

When you are starting out in regenerating a bushland site, it may be that you don't know a lot of native species, but if you can provide a council vegetation officer, community support officer or local native plant nursery with some of the information from the Field Data sheet, it is likely that they would be able to identify the broader vegetation community.

The Site Orientation Booklet in this series has a useful contact list including: Coastcare Officers Landcare and Community Support Officers National Parks Officers

Land Managers

3 Field Data Sheet

Habitat Type: please circle

River bank Wetland Floodplain Drainage line

Disturbed / Grazed Open Forest Closed Forest Rainforest (Livestock)

Shrub(2-4m) Heath (< 2m) Grassland Other:

Position on Slope :please circle Altitude in metres

Watercourse Flat Lower Slope Upper Slope Crest Dune

Geology Aspect: please circle N NE E SE S SW W NW

Soil Description

Colour Type pH Sand

Clay Loam

Vegetation Description

Vegetation community, association, type Weed Invasion: please circle High Medium Low

Dominant upper storey species Species diversity: please circle High Medium Low

Dominant middle storey species Species diversity: please circle High Medium Low

Dominant lower storey/groundcover species Species diversity: please circle High Medium Low

4 Which of the following descriptions best describes your site? A Bushland that is mostly undisturbed with a good mix of tree ages, with natu- ral regeneration occurring on site, where the understorey is comprised of native grasses and herbs or native shrubs, and which contains a range of habitats for native fauna (such as logs, shrubs, tree hollows and leaf litter), or

B Moderately disturbed bushland with some regeneration of trees and shrubs, where there may be a regrowth area with trees of even age, where native shrubs and grasses are present in the understorey even though there may be some weed invasion, or

C Highly disturbed bushland where the native understorey has been removed, where there may be significant weed invasion and where dead and dying trees are present, where there is no natural regeneration of trees or shrubs, but where the land is still capable of being rehabilitated.

D This category includes parks, sports grounds, native gardens, extremely de- graded sites e.g. Wyee Tyre Dump, quarry sites, SQID sites and some school grounds.

The above Site Classifications are important in determining which regeneration strategy/strategies are appropriate to your site. If your site, or zones within your site, would best fit into either an A or B cate- gory, then usually a Weeding Program would be all that is necessary, as the site resilience would be sufficient for native plants to re-establish themselves from the seedbank without a Planting Program. This is also true of mulching. Introduced mulch to bushland reserves can bring the problem of inadvertently bringing weed seed and inappropriate na- tive plant seed.

Mulch is also often promoted as a means of inhibiting weed regrowth, which is true, but mulch also inhibits native plant regrowth if there is an existing seed- bank on your site.

5 For A and B sites, mulching and planting should be restricted to edge zones, or degraded zones within the site where there is no site resilience. Monitoring of a site for 6 to 12 months after a weeding program should give a good indication of whether native plants will regenerate from the seedbank or not.

6 If your site fits into a C or D category, then it is likely that you will have to adopt an Assisted Regeneration Strategy incorporating both a Weeding and a Planting Pro- gram. The focus should still be on any remnant native species, and any Planting Program should attempt to reconstruct the original native plant community except where site conditions are so changed that replanting of the original species is im- practical.

7 Good examples of C and D class sites in the urban context are the many narrow reserves around what would originally have been ephemeral creek lines in Open Forest com- munities. Usually such reserves are surrounded by housing on the upslope, the gully floor has a high level of disturbance because that's where the sewer Sandpaper Fig, Ficus coronata main has been constructed, and the creek carries more water and nutri- In highly disturbed sites like this, you are ents than it did in the past. limited by the sort of indigenous species that will tolerate the changed con- ditions: it is likely that you would have to plant more mesic species like Creek Lillipilly, Sandpaper Fig and Cheese Tree to displace the weed species. This may upset some purists, but it is better to have a reconstructed in- digenous (if not original) plant com- munity than a weed-infested reserve.

Cheese Tree , Glochidion ferdinandi

Regeneration a b c d

Tree decline 8 Which plant community is it?

Let's use a hypothetical example: you have a site somewhere in the Port Stephens, Newcastle, or Lake Macquarie Local Gov- ernment Area. It's on a ridgeline with an open aspect. There are tall trees so you think it's probably an Open Forest, and there is a clay soil. You don't know the botanical names of native plants, but you know the big trees are Spotted Gums and Ironbarks. If you take this information to one of your friendly support officers, they should be able to tell you that it is likely to be LHCCREMS Map Unit 15 (MU15) Coastal Foothills Spotted Gum- Ironbark For- est, and provide you with a Species List from the Map Unit Profiles. This will give you a generic list of canopy, mid-storey and ground- cover species, and possible Rare/Endangered Species. This is a good starting point until you can get a site-specific species list completed.

9 Corymbia maculata Spotted Gum has a very distinctive spotty looking bark.

Syncarpia glomulifera Turpentine is often found in this plant com- munity as well. It has a very distinctive fruit.

Ironbarks have dark , hard and deeply fis- sured bark that forms long stiff ridges along the trunk.

10 Common Swamp/Wetland forest Communities in the Lower Hunter

If this information is expanded to the two other most common wetland forest communities in the Lower Hunter, a little bit of knowledge and access to the appropriate support officers should allow you to increase your knowledge of your site, and there- fore manage your site better.

To do this, you need to be able to identify the dominant species by at least their common names. In a Swamp Forest community, the domi- nant species would be the tall trees. Swamp Oak (MU40 and MU41), Broad-leaved Paperbark, Swamp Mahogany, Forest Redgum (MU40, MU41 and MU37) .

Melaleuca quinquenervia Eucalyptus robusta Broad-leaved Paperbark Swamp Mahogany

Eucalyptus tereticornis Forest Redgum

11 On many sites, there may be some overlapping of these spe- cies and other species. You need to make a decision as to which species is most nu- Eucalyptus robusta merous on the site. If you are Swamp Mahogany not sure, then take a photo and collect some foliage (not just one leaf) and cap- sules, and consult your support network.

Eucalyptus robusta Swamp Mahogany

If you have She-oaks on site this is also another good indicator. Swamp Oak tends to be found around lakes, lower catchment watercourses, and brackish wetlands in the Lower Hunter.

Casuarina glauca Swamp Oak

12 A Description of a Plant Community MU37. Swamp Mahogany- Paperbark Swamp Forest (http://www.lhccrems.nsw.gov.au/biodiversity/mu35_37.html#mu37) Canopy Label: Eucalyptus robusta / Melaleuca quinquinervia/ C. glauca Structural Classification (Specht): Open Forest Closed Forest Description Swamp Mahogany - Paperbark Swamp Forest occurs in areas of impeded drainage near coastal swamps, lagoons and along drainage lines on alluvial flats of Quaternary sands and sediments. Structurally, this community ranges from open forest to forest with Eucalyptus robusta and Melaleuca quinquenervia forming the key diagnostic species either in combination or as monospecific stands.

There are four main variations within this group that have been identified;  The first is a form is typified by an open forest of Eucalyptus robusta and Me- laleuca quinquinervia with high abundances of Pteridium esculentum and Imper- ata cylindrica in the understorey. This often occurs where fire has been recent or fre- quent near urban environments.  The second is a wet form where the canopy remains the same however the un- derstorey is characterised by a high abundance of Gahnia clarkei. This is typical of the drier coastal plains at Wyong.  The third is a group localised around Gosford, it contains mesic elements such as Glochidion ferdinandii, Livistona australis and also can contain Melaleuca biconvexa in the canopy. This is generally on alluvial sediments of the Gosford Wyong area.  Finally the fourth is another wet form with mesic elements as the previous but with a high abundance of ferns in the lowest stratum such as Blechnum indicum and Hypolepis muelleri. This is common on the coastal sands at Belmont and at Tomago in the Port Stephens Shire. It is not uncommon for Casuarina glauca and Livistona australis to be included in the canopy especially in areas close to estuarine fringes. Other canopy species can merge where drainage is improved however are not diagnostic for this commu- nity. This community most closely relates to Map Unit 68: Swamp Oak Sedge Forest through similar floristic composition and Map Unit 94: Redgum- Roughbarked Apple Foreshores Forest. Where mesic elements are well developed this assemblage will merge with Map Unit 5 Alluvial Tall Moist Forest. Similar Forest Ecosystems are not described by NPWS (1999(a)) although the as- semblage is likely to be extensively though patchily distributed along the north coast of NSW. Myerscough and Carolin (1986) refer to a Swamp Forest of similar species assemblage for the Eurunderee sand mass.

13 MU 37– Swamp Mahogany-Paperbark Swamp forest Stratum Scientific Name % in Common Name community

Tallest Eucalyptus robusta 89 Glochidion ferdinandi 68 Melaleuca quinquenervia 62 Casuarina glauca 37 Livistona australis 34 Melaleuca linariifolia 34 Angophora costata 13 Melaleuca biconvexa 13 Eucalyptus tereticornis 6 Eucalyptus saligna 6 Mid Acacia longifolia 37 Gahnia clarkei 75 Omalanthus populifolius 37 Archontophoenix 3 cunninghamiana

Lowest <1m) Blechnum indicum 55 Entolasia marginata 51 Hypolepis muelleri 44 Viola hederacea 41 Pteridium esculentum 37 Blechnum camfieldii 10 Lycopus australis 6 Atriplex cinerea 3 Baumea acuta 3 Digitaria longiflora 3 Persicaria subsessilis 3 Poa poiformis 3 Ranunculus sessiliflorus var 3 sessiliflorus

Phragmites australis 27 Vines and Epiphytes Parsonsia straminea 55 Rare/endangered Species:

Melaleuca biconvexa, Tetratheca juncea 14 A picture guide to Plants in MU37– Swamp Mahogany- Paperbark Swamp Forest

Tall Trees

Eucalyptus robusta Swamp Mahogany

Glochidion ferdinandi Cheese Tree

Melaleuca quinquenervia Broad-leaved Paperbark

Casuarina glauca Swamp She-oak

Angophora costata Smooth barked Apple

15 A picture guide to Plants in MU37– Swamp Mahogany- Paperbark Swamp Forest

Tall Tree

Livistona australis Cabbage Tree Palm

Mid Storey

Acacia longifolia Sydney Golden Wattle

Gahnia clarkei Saw Sedge

Omalanthus nutans Bleeding Heart

16 A picture guide to Plants in MU37– Swamp Mahogany- Paperbark Swamp Forest

Lowest Storey 2007 Fisher © Elsa

Blechnum indicum

Swamp Water Fern © Elsa © Fisher 2007

Hypolepis muelleri Harsh Ground Fern

Pteridium esculentum Bracken Fern

Vines

© Elsa Fisher 2007 Fisher © Elsa

Parsonsia straminea Common Silkpod

© Elsa © Fisher 2007

Rare/Endangered

Tetratheca juncea Black-eyed Susan

17 Threatened Species The National Parks and Wildlife Service Atlas has a site that allows you to search for all the plants and animals in your Local Government Area. It will also tell you what the Threatened Species are in your area, the site is http://wildlifeatlas.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/wildlifeatlas/watlas.jsp Many of the species also have information sheets that go with them including pic- tures and detailed information which are associated with the Threatened Species site http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/index.aspx

Endangered, vulnerable or extinct? Schedule 1 of the Threatened Species Conservation( TSC) Act lists threatened species, populations and ecological communities and species that are endangered or pre- sumed extinct. Schedule 2 lists vulnerable species and Schedule 3 lists key threat- ening processes.

 The TSC Act defines 'endangered' as a species, population or ecological com- munity that is likely to become extinct or is in immediate dan- ger of extinction.  A species that is 'presumed extinct' has not been located in nature during the preced- ing fifty years despite the searching of known and likely habitats.  A 'vulnerable' species is likely to become endangered unless the circumstances and fac- tors threatening its survival or evolutionary development cease to operate.

V -- Vulnerable (Threatened Species Conservation Act, 1995) E1 - Endangered (Threatened Species Conservation Act, 1995) E2 - Endangered (Threatened Species Conservation Act, 1995) E4 - Presumed Extinct (Threatened Species Conservation Act, 1995) P - Protected (National Parks and Wildlife Act, 1974) P13 - Protected Plants (National Parks and Wildlife Act, 1974) U – Unprotected

18 Port Stephens Threatened Species Common Name Scientific Name Status

AMPHIBIANS Green and Golden Bell Frog Litoria aurea E1

Wallum Froglet Crinia tinnula V

BIRDS Speckled Warbler Pyrrholaemus sagittatus V

Osprey Pandion haliaetus V

Blue-billed Duck Oxyura australis V

Freckled Duck Stictonetta naevosa V

Magpie Goose Anseranas semipalmata V

Australasian Bittern Botaurus poiciloptilus V

Black Bittern Ixobrychus flavicollis V

Bush Stone-curlew Burhinus grallarius E1

Gang-gang Cockatoo Callocephalon fimbriatum V

Glossy Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus lathami V

Greater Sand-plover Charadrius leschenaultii V

Lesser Sand-plover Charadrius mongolus V

Black-necked Stork Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus E1

Brown Treecreeper Climacteris picumnus V

Ptilinopus magnificus Wompoo Fruit-Dove V

Superb Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus superbus V

Sooty Oystercatcher Haematopus fuliginosus V

Pied Oystercatcher Haematopus longirostris V

Comb-crested Jacana Irediparra gallinacea V

Regent Honeyeater Xanthomyza phrygia E1

Grey-crowned Babbler Pomatostomus temporalis temporalis V (eastern subspecies)

Swift Parrot Lathamus discolor E1

Turquoise Parrot Neophema pulchella V

Painted Snipe (Australian subspecies) Rostratula benghalensis australis E1

Barking Owl Ninox connivens V

Grass Owl Tyto capensis V

Powerful Owl Ninox strenua V

Masked Owl Tyto novaehollandiae V

REPTILES Loggerhead Turtle Caretta caretta E1

Green Turtle Chelonia mydas V

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Port Stephens Threatened Species MAMMALS Southern Right Whale Eubalaena australis V

Humpback Whale Megaptera novaeangliae V

Eastern Pygmy-possum Cercartetus nanus V

Spotted-tailed Quoll Dasyurus maculatus V

Brush-tailed Phascogale Phascogale tapoatafa V

Dugong Dugong dugon E1

Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat Saccolaimus flaviventris V

Eastern Freetail-bat Mormopterus norfolkensis V

New Zealand Fur-seal Arctocephalus forsteri V Diuris arenaria Yellow-bellied Glider Petaurus australis V Sand Doubletail Squirrel Glider Petaurus norfolcensis V

Koala Phascolarctos cinereus V

Long-nosed Potoroo Potorous tridactylus V

Grey-headed Flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus V

Large-eared Pied Bat Chalinolobus dwyeri V

Eastern False Pipistrelle Falsistrellus tasmaniensis V

Golden-tipped Bat Kerivoula papuensis V

Little Bentwing-bat Miniopterus australis V

Eastern Bentwing-bat Miniopterus schreibersii oceanen- V sis Large-footed Myotis Myotis adversus V Pandion haliaetus

Greater Broad-nosed Bat Scoteanax rueppellii V Osprey

PLANTS Common name Scientific Name Status Black-eyed Susan Tetratheca juncea V Sand Spurge Chamaesyce psammogeton E1 Villous Mint-bush Prostanthera densa V Charmhaven Apple Angophora inopina V Netted Bottle Brush Callistemon linearifolius V Heart-leaved Stringybark Eucalyptus camfieldii V Slaty Red Gum Eucalyptus glaucina V Eucalyptus parramattensis subsp. decadens V Grove's Paperbark Melaleuca groveana V Leafless Tongue Orchid Cryptostylis hunteriana V Sand Doubletail Diuris arenaria E1 Rough Double Tail Diuris praecox V Small-flower Grevillea Grevillea parviflora subsp. parviflora V

Dwarf Kerrawang Rulingia prostrata E1 20 Newcastle Threatened Species Common name Scientific name Status AMPHIBIANS Green and Golden Bell Frog Litoria aurea E1 Square-tailed Kite Lophoictinia isura V BIRDS Osprey Pandion haliaetus V Blue-billed Duck Oxyura australis V Freckled Duck Stictonetta naevosa V Magpie Goose Anseranas semipalmata V Australasian Bittern Botaurus poiciloptilus V Black Bittern Ixobrychus flavicollis V Bush Stone-curlew Burhinus grallarius E1 Gang-gang Cockatoo Callocephalon fimbriatum V Greater Sand-plover Charadrius leschenaultii V Lesser Sand-plover Charadrius mongolus V Black-necked Stork Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus E1 Wompoo Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus magnificus V Rose-crowned Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus regina V Superb Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus superbus V Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans E1 Sooty Oystercatcher Haematopus fuliginosus V Pied Oystercatcher Haematopus longirostris V Comb-crested Jacana Irediparra gallinacea V Little Tern Sterna albifrons E1 Black-chinned Honeyeater Melithreptus gularis gularis V (eastern subspecies) Regent Honeyeater Xanthomyza phrygia E1 Southern Giant Petrel Macronectes giganteus E1 Swift Parrot Lathamus discolor E1 Turquoise Parrot Neophema pulchella V Painted Snipe (Australian subspecies) Rostratula benghalensis australis E1

Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris V Broad-billed Sandpiper Limicola falcinellus V Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa V Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus V Barking Owl Ninox connivens V Powerful Owl Ninox strenua V Masked Owl Tyto novaehollandiae V

21 Newcastle Threatened Species

MARINE MAMMALS

Humpback Whale Megaptera novaeangliae V

Dugong Dugong dugon E1

MAMMALS

Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat Saccolaimus flaviventris V

Eastern Freetail-bat Mormopterus norfolkensis V Squirrel Glider Petaurus norfolcensis V Koala Phascolarctos cinereus V Grey-headed Flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus V Ninox Little Bentwing-bat Miniopterus australis V strenua Powerful Miniopterus schreibersii Eastern Bentwing-bat V Owl oceanensis

Large-footed Myotis Myotis adversus V

Greater Broad-nosed Bat Scoteanax rueppellii V

PLANTS

Common Name Scientific Name Status

Heath Wrinklewort Rutidosis heterogama V

Black-eyed Susan Tetratheca juncea V

Netted Bottle Brush Callistemon linearifolius V

Magenta Lilly Pilly Syzygium paniculatum V

Rough Double Tail Orchid Diuris praecox V Diuris praecox Zannichellia palustris E1

Rough Double Tail

Diggins 2006 A. A.

Syzygium paniculatum Tetratheca juncea Magenta Lillipilly Black-eyed Susan

22 Lake Macquarie Threatened Species

Common Name Scientific Name Status AMPHIBIANS Green and Golden Bell Frog Litoria aurea E1 Green-thighed Frog Litoria brevipalmata V Littlejohn's Tree Frog Litoria littlejohni V Wallum Froglet Crinia tinnula V Stuttering Frog Mixophyes balbus E1 Giant Barred Frog Mixophyes iteratus E1 Red-crowned Toadlet Pseudophryne australis V BIRDS Speckled Warbler Pyrrholaemus sagittatus V Square-tailed Kite Lophoictinia isura V Osprey Pandion haliaetus V Black Bittern Ixobrychus flavicollis V Gang-gang Cockatoo Callocephalon fimbriatum V Glossy Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus lathami V Greater Sand-plover Charadrius leschenaultii V Lesser Sand-plover Charadrius mongolus V Black-necked Stork Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus E1 Brown Treecreeper Climacteris picumnus V Rose-crowned Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus regina V Superb Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus superbus V

Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans E1 Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophris V Sooty Oystercatcher Haematopus fuliginosus V Pied Oystercatcher Haematopus longirostris V Comb-crested Jacana Irediparra gallinacea V Little Tern Sterna albifrons E1 Sooty Tern Sterna fuscata V Regent Honeyeater Xanthomyza phrygia E1 Hooded Robin Melanodryas cucullata V Swift Parrot Lathamus discolor E1 Turquoise Parrot Neophema pulchella V Painted Snipe (Australian subspecies) Rostratula benghalensis australis E1 Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris V Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus V Barking Owl Ninox connivens V Powerful Owl Ninox strenua V Masked Owl Tyto novaehollandiae V Sooty Owl Tyto tenebricosa V

23 Lake Macquarie Threatened Species

MARINE MAMMALS Southern Right Whale Eubalaena australis V Dugong Dugong dugon E1 MAMMALS Spotted-tailed Quoll Dasyurus maculatus V Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat Saccolaimus flaviventris V

Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby Petrogale penicillata E1 Eastern Freetail-bat Mormopterus norfolkensis V Yellow-bellied Glider Petaurus australis V Squirrel Glider Petaurus norfolcensis V Koala Phascolarctos cinereus V Grey-headed Flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus V Large-eared Pied Bat Chalinolobus dwyeri V Eastern False Pipistrelle Falsistrellus tasmaniensis V Little Bentwing-bat Miniopterus australis V Eastern Bentwing-bat Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis V Large-footed Myotis Myotis adversus V Greater Broad-nosed Bat Scoteanax rueppellii V Eastern Cave Bat Vespadelus troughtoni V REPTILES

Loggerhead Turtle Caretta caretta E1 Green Turtle Chelonia mydas V Stephens' Banded Snake Hoplocephalus stephensii V Rosenberg's Goanna Varanus rosenbergi V PLANTS Common name Scientific Name Status White-flowered Wax Plant Cynanchum elegans E1

Tetratheca glandulosa V Black-eyed Susan Tetratheca juncea V Epacris purpurascens var. purpurascens V Sand Spurge Chamaesyce psammogeton E1 Coast Headland Pea Pultenaea maritima V Bynoe's Wattle Acacia bynoeana E1 Charmhaven Apple Angophora inopina V Netted Bottle Brush Callistemon linearifolius V Heart-leaved Stringybark Eucalyptus camfieldii V

Biconvex Paperbark Melaleuca biconvexa V Magenta Lilly Pilly Syzygium paniculatum V Leafless Tongue Orchid Cryptostylis hunteriana V Rough Double Tail Diuris praecox V Small-flower Grevillea Grevillea parviflora subsp. parviflora V 24 References Hunter Councils Inc (2003) Lower Hunter and Central Coast Regional Environmental Strat- egy http://www.lhccrems.nsw.gov.au/biodiversity/mu15_17.html#mu15 , http:// www.lhccrems.nsw.gov.au/biodiversity/mu35_37.html#mu37(Accessed 12.05.07) Threatened Species lists -Department of Environment and Climate Change (2005) Threat- ened Species, Populations & Ecological communities of NSW http:// www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/tsprofile/home_species.aspx (Accessed 12.05.07) Acknowledgements Carl Fulton for sharing his vast botanical knowledge and understanding of the site orientation and bush regeneration processes by compiling the information contained in this document. Suzanne Pritchard for the layout and desktop publishing All the TIN team, staff and volunteers, who over the years have found new and interesting ways to do things and for sharing their extensive botanical knowledge and being dedicated to empowering through knowledge sharing. Lake Macquarie City Council- Landcare Resource Office for printing the publications Hunter Central Rivers CMA and Natural Heritage Trust for providing the funding through the En- vironmental Education grants program. (http://www.hcr.cma.nsw.gov.au)

Image Credits All plant photographs unless otherwise stated are by Peter Saunderson, TIN volun- teer. Bush Regeneration photos are from the TIN collection unless otherwise stated Cover – Botanical Clip Art -Down Under Collection Deluxe CD–New Horizons Edu- cational Software .www.nh.com.au Page3—Mulching should be avoided from poster ―Natural Regeneration-Do you even need to plant? – AABR http://www.aabr.org.au/images/stories/resources/ posters/NaturalRegeneration060612.pdf (accessed 1/8/07)

Useful people The Site Orientation Booklet in this series has a useful contact list including Coastcare Officers Landcare and Community Support Officers National Parks Officers Land Managers

25 252 Parry Street Newcastle West, 2302 Ph 4969 1500 Fax 4927 6821 [email protected] www.treesinnewcastle.org.au

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