SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND WATER SAMPLES OF GADCHANDUR AREA IN DISTRICT, , Pidurkar RS1*, Lanjewar MR2 and Lanjewar RB3 1Sardar Patel Mahavidyalaya, Chandrapur, India 2Department of Chemistry, R.T.M. University, Nagpur, India 3Department of Chemistry, Dharampeth M.P.Deo Memorial Science College, Nagpur, India *Corresponding author email : [email protected]

ABSTRACT important role in human life and its elemental Quality of water is an important criterion for composition is important to life processes as it evaluating the suitability of water for provides all the essential nutrients to living drinking and irrigation. The effect of organism. Due to tremendous increase in seasonal changes on the physico-chemical pollution, technological advancement and characteristics of water resources quality in industrial growth, the lack of safe drinking fifteen selected sites in and around water emerge as major problem for significant Gadchandur in has proportion of global population. been investigated for a period of summer, Water is a prime natural resource and a monsoon and winter season during 2016 - basic human need. Therefore, monitoring the 2017 with an objective to assess the water quality of water is one of the essential issues of quality status in the study area and its drinking water management9. The present work potability. The water quality parameters is carried out in vicinity of Gadchandur area in considered in the present study were Chandrapur district in order to study the ground temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, water quality. Gadchandur is situated on alkalinity, total hardness, chloride, dissolved Eastern side of Maharashtra state and shares the oxygen, turbidity, fluoride, Fe, nitrate, state border of Andhra Pradesh, lies between sulphate. The analysis of parameters using degree of 19043’N 79010’E, the adjoining standard methods and their comparison with districts are Garhchiroli on eastern side, on standard values suggested that most of the Southern side Adilabad district of Andhra parameters are within the permissible limit. Pradesh, on western side Yavatmal District. The KEYWORDS : Ground water, physico- Gadchandur area falls under the Penganga basin chemical parameters, TDS, DO, APHA and Wardha river basin.

INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Rapid industrialization and urbanization Study area : The Physico-chemical is leading to deterioration of environmental parameters of ground water of 15 stations in conditions on global scale1. In recent years, Gadchandur area were studied. The water environmental pollution has become a critical samples were collected from bore wells located problem which affect on atmospheric in this area. Ultratech, Ambuja and Manikgarh properties, human health, soil, water, cement factories are located near the study area. vegetation, animal and the whole ecosystem1-4. The samples were collected in clean polythene Due to intense industrial activities and dense bottles without air bubbles, the bottles were settlement in urban and industrial areas, the rinsed using double distilled water before environmental pollution becoming growing sampling and tightly sealed after collection and hazards to human health5-8. Water plays an labeled. Analysis of pH, Total dissolved solids,

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT ENGINEERING AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (IJCESR) fluoride, iron, nitrate, sulphate, dissolved residential and hospitals are discharged into pits oxygen, alkalinity, chlorides, total hardness and and ponds15-16. turbidity was carried out in laboratory using Turbidity:- Turbidity in water is caused by standard methods10-12 and data is reported in suspended and colloidal matter such as clay silt Table No. 1 of summer, Table no. 2 of rainy finely divided organic and inorganic matter and and Table no. 3 of winter seasons. plankton and other microscopic organisms. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Turbidity is an expression of optical property The samples collected from Gadchandur that causes light to be scattered and absorbed area were analyzed. The analysis of water rather than transmitted with no change in samples includes determination of physico- direction or flux level through the sample. It is chemical parameters which were analysed in observed that turbidity is high in rainy season summer, rainy and winter season have been for most of the samples while in summer and shown in Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3 winter seasons, samples have moderate or low respectively. The analyzed data were compared values of turbidity. with standard values recommended by WHO13. Alkalinity:- Alkalinity of water is a measure of Temperature : Temperature is one of the most its capacity to neutralize acids. Natural important ecological and physical factors which alkalinity to water sources is imparted mainly have profound influence on the abiotic and by salts of weak acids such as bicarbonates, biotic components of the environment. carbonates, borates, silicates, phosphates and Temperature helps in controlling the solubility the salts of humic and fulvic acids. Few of gases. From the above values, it is found that industrial effluents such as calcium hydroxide the values of temperature in summer season are from cement factory, sodium hydroxide from higher than the values in winter season. Due to soap manufacturing, textile dyeing, rubber intense solar radiations in summer, temperature reclaiming and tanneries of water increases in summer as compared to also contribute to the water alkalinity. In rainy winter season. season, alkalinity is within the BIS standard for pH:- pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion all samples while the values are beyond the BIS concentration in water and indicates whether the limits for most of the samples in summer and water is acidic or alkaline. The measurement of winter seasons. alkalinity and acidity of pH is required to Chlorides:- Chloride a major anion in potable determine the corrosiveness of the water. The and industrial water has no adverse effect on water samples of above study area indicates health, but imparts bad taste to drinking water. slightly acidic or alkaline nature of water. The The chloride concentration serves as an observed pH values were found within indicator of pollution by sewage. People permissible limits prescribed by WHO and accustomed to higher chloride in water are ISI14. subjected to laxative effects17. A high Total dissolved solids:- Solid is a term which is concentration of chlorides affects growth of applied to all matter except the water contained vegetation and imparts an increase in in the liquid material under test and defined as corrosiveness of metals.For all samples in all matter that remains as a residue upon seasons, chloride values are wit hin the BIS evapouration and drying in oven at a definite standards. temperature. Total solid is the residue that Fluorides:- The major natural source of includes both dissolved and suspended solids. A fluoride is amphiboles, apatite, fluorite and total solid includes total suspended solids i.e. mica. Its concentration in natural waters the portion of total solid retained by a filter and generally should not exceed 10 mg/l. The total dissolved solids is the portion that passes factors responsible for ground water through a filter. Total dissolved solid is a contamination with fluoride are geological soluble mixture of sulphates, phosphates, factors such as weathering of minerals, rock chlorides, nitrates, carbonates, bicarbonates of dissolution and decomposition containing different elements like Ca, Mg, Na, K etc. fluoride over a long period of time resulting in Water samples of above study area the leaching it into ground water.In rainy showed high TDS values which may be due to season, fluoride concentration is within BIS ground water pollution when waste water from limits for maximum samples while the values

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT ENGINEERING AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (IJCESR) are higher for all samples in summer and winter chemical fertilizers, decayed vegetables animal seasons. matter, domestic effluents, sewage sludge Iron:- The concentration of iron in drinking disposal to land, industrial discharge, leachates water is 0.3mg/L as per BIS. Maximum from refuse dumps and atmospheric washout. permissible limit is 1mg/L. The ideal daily Depending on the situation, these sources can intake of iron for typical diets has been contaminate streams, rivers, lakes and ground estimated to be in the range 15 to 22mg. It is an water.For most of the samples, the values of essential element in human nutrition. However, nitrates are within the BIS standards in all in large quantity it results in a condition known seasons. as haemochromatosis. The values of iron of all Sulphates:- Sulphate ions usually occur in samples are within BIS limits in all seasons i.e. natural water. Many sulphate compounds are summer, rainy and winter. readily soluble in water. Most of them original Total Hardness:- Water source in its natural from the oxidation of sulphite ores, the solution form itself might contain a variable quantity of of gypsum and anhydrite, the presence of inorganic salts dissolved in it for example Ca2+, shales, particularly those rich in organic 2+ - 2- 2- - Mg , Cl , SO4 , CO3 and HCO3 . Hardness compounds and the existence of industrial of water may be temporary or permanent. waste. Atmospheric SO2 formed by the Hardness is expressed in terms of equivalent combustion of fossil fuels and emitted by the quantity of CaCO3. Water quality association metallurgical roasting processes may also has provided a general scale of hardness contribute to the sulphate compounds of the demarcating the limits for soft and hard waters. water. The values of sulphates of all samples Hardness although has no health effects; it can are within the BIS standards in all seasons. make water unsuitable for domestic and Dissolved oxygen:- Dissolved oxygen is industrial use.For most of the samples, the important parameter in water quality assessment values of total hardness are beyond the BIS and biological processes prevailing in the water. standards in all seasons. The DO values indicate the degree of pollution Nitrates:- Nitrate is most highly oxidized form in the water bo dies. The values of dissolved of nitrogen compounds commonly present in oxygen of all samples are within the BIS natural waters. Significant sources of nitrate are standards in all seasons .

Table 1. Analysis of ground water samples in summer season (May 2016)

Tot NO SO Dis Tu Al al - 2- sol Te rbi 3 4 Sr TD kal Ha (pp (pp ved Site mp dit Cl- F- Fe . S init rd m) m) oxy Cod . pH y (pp (pp (pp N (pp y nes gen e (oC (N m) m) m) o. m) (pp s (pp ) TU m) (pp m) ) m) 31. 7.2 0.4 2.2 0.0 0.3 1 W1 472 392 26 376 55 3.6 5 5 0 5 33 5 29. 7.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.6 2 W2 607 308 32 568 110 4.0 4 2 6 0 19 9 30. 7.6 0.7 2.2 0.0 0.0 3 W3 528 332 36 348 20 3.6 5 5 6 0 25 8 29. 7.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 4 W4 342 312 28 2.0 204 15 4.2 8 3 0 82 3 30. 7.1 14. 2.2 0.1 0.8 5 W5 692 288 110 484 115 3.4 6 0 58 0 17 32 29. 7.3 0.9 2.3 0.0 0.8 6 W6 403 240 46 264 30 4.4 3 7 9 4 34 32

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT ENGINEERING AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (IJCESR) 29. 7.4 0.2 2.2 0.0 0.6 7 W7 808 288 108 600 70 3.6 8 8 8 5 63 77 29. 7.4 0.4 2.0 0.1 0.9 8 W8 753 352 120 528 60 4.6 5 0 0 2 17 56 29. 7.6 0.0 2.2 0.1 0.9 9 W9 575 320 44 300 50 4.8 2 0 3 9 27 39 30. 7.7 0.1 2.6 0.0 0.7 10 W10 674 370 38 380 45 4.4 6 0 2 8 74 39 30. 7.3 1.1 2.3 0.0 0.8 11 W11 905 180 98 328 120 4.2 3 5 2 8 42 01 29. 7.3 0.6 2.1 0.0 0.7 12 W12 573 300 52 476 315 3.6 7 3 8 9 82 0 29. 7.7 0.8 2.1 0.1 0.1 13 W13 610 336 88 248 65 4.6 2 1 3 2 22 0 30. 7.2 1.3 2.1 0.0 0.1 14 W14 648 260 92 348 85 4.2 3 9 0 7 95 1 30. 7.4 0.3 2.2 0.0 0.5 15 W15 467 180 100 392 48 4.0 5 9 6 7 34 8 BI S/ 6.5 0.5 1 – 0.3 4 – W ---- – 500 200 250 – 300 45 200 5 00 6 H 8.5 1.5 O

Table. 2. Analysis of ground water samples in rainy season (August 2016)

Tot NO SO Dis Tu Al al - 2- sol Te rbi 3 4 Sit TD kal Ha (pp (pp ved mp dit Cl- F- Fe Sr. e S init rd m) m) oxy . pH y (pp (pp (pp No. Co (pp y nes gen (oC (N m) m) m) de m) (pp s (pp ) TU m) (pp m) ) m) 29. 7.1 1.6 55. 1.1 0.2 150 1 W1 530 157 290 60 4.0 5 0 5 98 95 21 .2 28. 7.2 0.5 37. 3.4 0.0 12. 2 W2 505 143 562 140 4.2 8 8 4 99 42 78 88 30. 7.3 1.7 43. 0.5 0.2 16. 3 W3 382 146 298 30 3.8 1 4 9 99 32 65 70 29. 7.2 2.7 21. 0.4 0.2 3.9 4 W4 331 115 240 20 4.0 2 0 2 99 37 40 8 29. 7.1 20. 115 0.6 0.9 7.2 5 W5 730 149 322 135 3.8 2 2 5 .96 20 99 9 28. 7.2 0.7 23. 1.7 0.0 12. 6 W6 418 118 288 35 4.0 9 4 8 99 14 73 65 29. 7.1 0.3 197 0.7 0.0 153 7 W7 974 150 732 65 3.8 3 9 5 .94 39 43 .39 29. 7.2 1.1 115 0.9 0.1 153 8 W8 776 144 490 70 4.4 3 5 6 .96 39 62 .41 28. 7.4 0.3 53. 1.7 0.0 15. 9 W9 565 189 334 60 4.6 9 4 6 98 15 38 67

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT ENGINEERING AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (IJCESR) W1 30. 7.3 4.3 47. 1.5 0.2 17. 10 658 227 406 40 4.2 0 1 5 6 99 72 85 27 W1 29. 7.1 0.6 45. 1.1 0.1 9.7 11 581 131 294 130 4.4 1 7 7 9 99 57 07 8 W1 29. 6.9 111 5.9 199 0.6 0.4 153 12 119 490 380 3.8 2 1 8 0 6 .94 58 57 .31 W1 28. 7.3 1.3 39. 2.1 0.1 20. 13 541 144 368 50 4.4 3 6 0 5 99 54 37 32 W1 29. 7.1 2.1 55. 0.2 0.2 9.0 14 573 148 222 70 4.0 4 3 9 3 98 63 31 6 W1 29. 7.5 4.6 47. 1.3 0.1 5.6 15 525 153 144 50 4.2 5 5 0 9 99 75 71 4 BI 6.5 0.5 S/ 1 – 0.3 4 – ---- – 500 200 250 – 300 45 200 W 5 00 6 8.5 1.5 HO

Table. 3. Analysis of ground water samples in Winter season (November 2016)

Tot NO SO Dis Tu al - 2- sol Al 3 4 Te rbi Ha (pp (pp ved Sit TD kal Sr. mp dit Cl- F- Fe rd m) m) oxy e S init No . pH y (pp (pp (pp nes gen Co (pp y . (oC (N m) m) m) s (pp de m) (pp ) TU m) m) ) (pp m) 28. 7.2 0.6 2.1 0.0 12. 1 W1 495 272 36 410 44 4.4 1 0 0 5 13 20 26. 7.4 0.5 0.9 0.0 11. 2 W2 674 210 48 544 75 4.6 0 2 6 4 09 15 27. 6.9 1.2 1.2 0.0 9.6 3 W3 342 230 46 314 95 4.0 1 2 0 0 20 5 26. 6.8 2.5 2.1 0.0 10. 4 W4 305 212 26 226 35 4.2 6 3 0 5 90 30 27. 6.5 13. 1.6 0.7 9.8 5 W5 690 145 105 390 150 4.2 2 6 65 0 05 0 26. 7.0 0.8 1.3 0.0 11. 6 W6 410 140 67 244 55 4.0 0 0 9 4 25 30 26. 7.1 0.1 1.8 0.0 12. 7 W7 825 230 217 560 58 4.4 6 5 8 5 90 70 26. 7.1 0.6 1.7 0.1 13. 8 W8 676 315 190 480 68 4.6 7 0 0 5 27 35 26. 7.2 0.1 2.1 0.1 7.1 9 W9 525 275 63 290 72 3.8 0 5 5 0 07 5 W1 27. 7.2 0.0 2.2 0.0 8.8 10 585 257 58 410 38 3.4 0 2 0 5 5 50 5 W1 27. 7.1 1.2 1.2 0.0 14. 11 715 149 118 340 142 4.2 1 0 0 7 6 10 12 W1 26. 6.9 4.7 1.8 0.0 11. 12 995 217 175 514 327 4.0 2 3 5 0 7 90 15

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT ENGINEERING AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (IJCESR) W1 26. 7.3 0.6 2.1 0.1 9.3 13 580 252 108 288 76 3.8 3 0 1 0 0 12 0 W1 26. 7.0 1.1 1.8 0.0 7.1 14 540 238 119 384 66 4.6 4 9 0 0 0 20 6 W1 27. 7.1 0.7 2.2 0.2 14. 15 570 226 120 414 49 4.2 5 1 9 6 0 05 30 BI S/ 6.5 0.5 1 – 0.3 4 – W ---- – 500 200 250 – 300 45 200 5 00 6 H 8.5 1.5 O

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT ENGINEERING AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (IJCESR) 15. IS: 2490 Standards for Industrial and Sewage effluents discharge, Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi (1982). 16. Hari Haran A. V. (2002). Evaluation of drinking water quality at Jalaripeta village of Visakhapatanam district, Andrapradesh, National Envt and Poll. Tech., 1 (4), pp. 407 – 410. 17. Subhadradevi, D. G, Barbaddha, S. B, Hazel, D. & Dolly, (2003). Physico- chemical characteristics of drinking water at Velsao Goa, J. Ecotoxicol Environ. Monit., 13 (3), pp. 203 – 209. 18. Fried, J. J. & Combarnous, M. A., ( 1971). Dispersion in porous media, Advances Hydroscience, 7, pp. 169 – 282.

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