Lepidoptera : Sphingidae) in Hong Kong

The LepidopterologicalSocietyLepidopterological Society of Japan

uttma 1]v'oA to Ga 45 (3): 125-144, October 1994

Obseryations on the life histories of Sataspes infemalis and Sataspes tagatica (Lepidoptera : Sphingidae) in Hong Kong

Kent H, K, LI

A5 21f Jubilee Gardens, Tan Kwai Tsuen Road, Hung Shui Kiu, Yuen Long, N.T., Hong Kong

Abstract The early life histories of Satast,es injirnalis

Key words Hong Kong, Sphingidae, Stttaspes i,nj2imalts, SalasPes tdagalica, dimorphic ]arval and adult forms, mimetic relationship, ecology, conservation, male genitalia.

The carpenter-bee hawk rnoths, Stitaspes ttzgalica Boisduval and Sataspes inX2irnalis (Westwood), are two closely related, dimorphic, diurnal moths that mimic carpenter bees, Xytocopa sp, (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae), so well that they are often overlooked as hawk moths. They are thought to be quite rare in the wild. This apparent rarity may be `during genuine for Holloway (1987) stated that a rnoth survey in Brunei, only two specimens of S. inf2?rnalis were noted. One was filmed visiting a flower over a stream in tall

secondary forest at Poring near Gunung, Kinabalu. The other was found dead in a ditch at Seria, Brunei (Harman, 1981).'

Tennent (1992) described how the mimetic S. tagalica and its carpenter bee model may be distinguished. He reported five specimens of S. tagalica form tcrgalica from Hong Kong and noted that although S. inj2rrnalis had not yet been recorded in Hong Kong, its presence seemed likely. The immature stages of Skelaspes were previously unrecorded in Hong Kong.

Material and method

A study of the immature stages of Sketaspes in Hong Kong was carried out between May 1992 and June 1994. This was begun following the collection by the author of an all green mature larva on thlbergia benthami Prain (Papilionaceae) in July 1991, from which an all- black adult of S. tagalica form hazutwelli Niceville, which is strictly female, emerged (Li, l993), Then, in April 1992, a number of green larvae, both with and without orange spots, collected by Mr James Young, were examined, These larvae were also found on D. benthami.

During the study period, visits were made to some of Hong Kong's wooded areas, including walks along the rnargins of many reservoirs and tracks inside woodlands. A total of 82 eggs 4nd 33 larvae were collected, all from Dalbergia benthami. Because of a high oval mortality rate, only 59 larvae were obtained and reared in plastic containers at home, fresh

leaves being supplied on alternate days and careful notes kept of their development.

Towards the end of the study period only 39 adult moths successfully emerged,

Adult moths of S. tag/alica resulted comprising two specimens of form thorecica Rothschild & Jordan, restricted to the male ; two specimens of form hauxzvelli Niceville and twenty- seven specimens of form ttrgagica Boisduval, which is sexually dimorphic with seventeen

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126 Kent H. K. LI

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Fig. 1. Collecting sites of Salaspes spp. in Hong Kong (e adults, O ova and larvae).

males and ten females.

In April 1993, during a moth survey with a British entomolegist, Paul Waring and his

botanist wife, Rachael Thomas, the author located a vernal brood of a StztasPes species in a quiet corner of Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve. These included seven eggs (collected 17th April) and a first instar larva (collected 21st April). Towards the second week of June, 1993, eight adults of S. in.fernalis form inerrealis VL'estwood emerged, the first record of this

species in Hong Kong.

Identifications were by comparison with material of The Natural History Museum (BMNH), Londen. A total of about ninety specimens of the two Skelaspes spp., 78 specimens of S, inj2irnalis and the rest S, thzgalica, were examined in BMNH. The identifications of the Hong Kong SketasPes were confirmed with the genitalia drawings of

Hong Kong S. iw? rnalis cornpared with museum slide No, 104 and that of Hong Kong S. tagalica compared with a dry dissection done by Karl Jordan, Voucher specimens including ten Pairs of S. tagaiica in three forms, two pairs oi S. i7dernalis form injZernalis and pupal cases will be deposited in BMNH after the manuscript is published,

There are sorne early specimens of StzttzsPes from Hong Kong in BMNH. These include a type specimen of the female form of Protomelas Rothschild & Jordan of S. tagagica. This specimen bears no data lebels, only a label stating that the specimen was figured by Seitz, It is estimated to have been collected before 1928. Form Protomelas is currently considered to be a synonym of form tag/agica Boisduval (Dr I, Kitching, Pers, comm,),

Collecters Wallis and E. Wahr collected two male S. agalica from Hong Kong. The VLrallis specimen is now in the Museurn Alexander Koenig, Bonn and the other is in BMNH,

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Life Histories of Salaspes in Hong Kong 127

The collecting dates of them are unknown, Three S. in.feimalis reared or collected by Mell `China, in southern China have been examined ; one bears the label Canton, 30. iii. 19]4,'

Other material studied includes photographs of four adult specimens of Stitaspes housed at Senckenberg Natural History Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, through the courtesy of Mr C. Treadaway. These included two specimens of S. injbrnalis form inj27rnalis, of which one male and one female were reared ex larvae at Canton (Guangzhou), 31. III., Col. Bosch. The third one, a form undermds Butler, was collected in Sikkim by A. Seitz and the fourth one, also a form unipmais from N. India by Wertheim Berl. in March, 1935.

Several collections in southern China have been visited and in April 1993 five Sketaspes

specimens were examined at the Research Institute of Forestry, Guangdong Province, Kwungzhou (Cantori). A checklist, compiled by the Institute from material recorded and collected during a previncial moth survey 1981-82, included five specimens that are suspect- ed to be Stilaspes injicrnalis form inj2?rnagis M[estwood. However their true identity needs

to be confirmed by dissection.

Table 1.Collecting of Salaspes spp. in IIong Kong. Adults are housed in various

collections.sites Ova and larvae were collectecl by the author, July 1991 to June 1994.

Code Locality No. of ovallarvae collected

(a) Adults

A Pak Long Tsuen, Lung Kwu Tan (Coll, Kent H. K. Li)

B Pak Sha O (Coll, Kent H. K. Li)

C She Shan, Tai Po (Coll. John Tennent)

D(b) Tai Lung Farm, Lin Tong Mei (Coll. Tai Lung Farm)

0va and larvae

1 Aberdeen Reservoir 39! 4

2 Ho Chung O! I 3 Ho Pui Reservoir 2! 4 4 Jubi]ee Reservoir 41 2 5 Kam Shan Road 1! 2

6 Kek Kok Shue Ha O! 3

7 Lung Kwu Tan, Pak Long Tsuen 3! 4

8 Mo Tat Wan 4! 1

9 Ng Tung Chai 4! 1

10 Pak Tam Au 3f 2

11 Pak Tam Chung 4! 1

12 Pak Tam Chung Nature Trail Of 1

13 Pok Fu Lam Reservoir O! 2

14 Sha Lo Tung O! 1

15 Tai Mo Shan 4! O12!

16 Tai Pe Kau Nature Reserve 3

17 Tuen Mun Fittness Trail 2f 1 Total 82!33

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128 Kent H. K, LI

2 3

4 5

6 7

TaiShan

8 9

Fig.2. The compound leaf of Dalbergia benthami. Half of a ]eafiet was consumed by a

thtaspes larva. Fig. 3. The white inflorescence of D. benthami. Numerous small

pea-shaped flowers blossum at the same time with a strong fragrant srnell (07. 03, 93). Fig. 4. The mature seedpods of D. bentlzami were still hanging on branches

on 15. e5. 93, at Pak Tam Chung Nature Trail. Fig. 5. The boulcler-strawn valley

of Lung Kwu Tan where D. benthami grows in dense patches, Fig. 6. A hedge of

D. benthami found in Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve from which eggs of Sataspes

izirmalis were collected on 17.04.93. Fig.7, The right hand side slope of a

catchwater leading to Jubilee Reservoir is inhabitecl with a few stands of D.

benthami with overhanging branches. Figs8, 9. The woodland habitat of Tai Po

Kau Nature Reserve with its hilly slopes. The locality where eggs of S. inj2ivaalis

were collected is at the far end of the earth track of Fig. 8.

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Life Histories of Sataspes in Heng Kong 129

10 11

12 13

14 15

16 17

Figs 10-17. Slataspes tcagalica. 10. 0vum, together with a parasitic wasp (Hymenoptera, Scelionldae) collected on 09. 04. 93. By courtesy of N. Tong. 11. The first instar under the vein of the leaf of its foodplant. Length 9.5 rnrn (07. 07. 93>. 12. The resting posture of a second instar under the leaf. Length 13 rnm. Tail 2.5 mm (IU, 07. 93), 13. The appearence ef two orange spots at the third instar. Size: 18 × 4 mm (13,e7.93). 14. Three different forms of Iarva. Left:All green. Middle. Two sputs. Right: Three spots, l5. Amature fifth instar measuring 43 × 8mm has a pair of orange spots 5.5× 4 mm (24. 07. 93}. 16. The dorsal view of a ycllow form larva, The spear-shaped redclish spot stretches along 2f3 of its length. 17. The ]ateral view of the same larva showing one of the two Iateral spots at its fianks.

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130 Kent H.K.LE

Collecting localities

Table 1 illustrates the various sites in Hong Kong from which the study material was

collected. It has been found that two areas in Hong Kong have been noted of the relatively

high occurence of Stzlaspes eggs, namely Tai Po KaU Nature Reserve and Aberdeen

Reservoir. The former is the enly area where the eggs of S. i7dernalis have been collected.

The latter has an abundant supply of Dalbergia benthami along stretches of its catchwater network, and conservation work is needed for the future prosperity of S. tcrgalica.

Descriptions on the immature stages

Several authors have contributed to our knowledge on the immature stages of S. injlernalis and S. tagalica ; these include Mell (1922) and Bell and Scott (1937). The descriptions below complement or reconfirm these earlier rocords.

Ovum

The egg of S. ttagalica is almost spherical measuring 1.5× 1,25× 1 mm (Fig. 10). Thecolour is pale green, similar to the colour of the underside of the leaf. The egg of S. injZemalis is slightly larger, measuring 1.5× 1.5× 1 mm. Preference is apparently given to foodplants that grow together amongst trees that provide shade for the larvae. In enly two localities larvae were found on short (less than 1.5 m) and isolated stands. Most eggs are found either on young or on fleshy, larger and healthy leaves, always at the front part of an overhanging branch.

FVrst instar

The ovum takes about four days to hatch, after which the first instar larva eats the egg shell, It then sits along the underside of the main vein, at the base of the leaf (Fig, 11). Newly hatched larvae are 5 mm long, growing to 9 mm before the first moult in S. tcrgalica and to II,5 mm in S, iwfiernalis. The first instars of S. tergalica and S, injiornalis are quite alike. The overall colour is light glaucous green and there is a straight and black horn, which is 2mm long and apically bifid. The head is rounded and the face is slightly

yellowish-green. Each body segment is composed of eight annulae regularly covered with tubercles. These are not readily observed without a microscope but become prominent in Iater instars.

Second instar

The head capsule changes shape to become triangular, tapering towards slightly bifurcated

apex, The surface is covered with minute spikes, The colour of the entire body is light glaucous green. The larva measures between 10-16mm, The horn is entirelyblack and measures 2-2.5mm. Body segments with tubercles as in the first instar. Two faint whitish cheek-stripes are present. Along the sides of the body are seven oblique stripes, ef which that associated with the horn is best developed.

T7zird instar

The most obvious change in this stage, which is always reached on the sixth day after hatching, is the appearance of a pair of lateral yellowish-orange spots on A3-4 (Fig, 13).

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Life Histories c)f Shataspes in Hong Kong t3r

Of the 42 larvae of S. tagalica reared <31 collected in the w･ild), 18 (43%) possessed this pair of spots and thus remain the dominant larval form in S. ngalica,

There are twe variants of the two-spots form (9,5%), Two ngalica larvae, reared in 1994, possessed larger right spots than the left ones. Another variant is that either one of the txnyio spots is missing, is also present.

In S. tagalica, there are locally three other larval forms, although their occurence is less common. The first form is entirely green throughout the larval stages (24%). The second form has three orange spots. Two are lateral on A3-4, with the third being diamond- shaped and situated dorsally between the other two (24%). The present study has shewn that different forms of larvae have neither definite links with adult f()rms nor they are sex-

linked, as both males and females have emerged from each form.

The third form, represented by a single larva (2%) and collected as a fifth instar at Aberdeen Reservoir, has a canary yellow ground colour with two rusty-red spots on its

flanks. Dorsally across two-thirds of its length, there is a spear-shaped rusty-red spot

(Fig. I6), Unfortunately this larva died before pupation, although a S. ngalica has been reared frorn a similar larva (Mr J. Young, Pers. comm.)

In Hong Kong, all of the eight recorded S, inj2Irnalds larvae possessed these orange spots. In some S. injiernalts and S. tcrgalica, the yellowish orange colour shows through the skin one day before ecdysis. Seitz (1928) mentioned an all-green form of the larva of S. `some iwfE7rnalis. Holloway (1987) cited reference from Bell and Scott (1937) that (injZ?r- nagis) larvae have a diamond shaped reddish brown patch dorsally on A3-4, flanked by larger patches ; further small patches may occur just anteriorly to this and on A-6.' The latter two forms have not been observed in the presenL study.

The third instar larvae grow from 16 mm to 26 mm at the next mou]t. On the fourteenth day, a S. ngagica larva has a body length of 24 mm with two spots measuring 1.5 mm in diameter, Centrally ye]low in colour, the spots are encircled with a reddish line, Some may have only1mm spots initially, but they become larger in later stages. The cheek- stripe is very conspicuous, as is the whitish or yellowish-white stripe associated with the horn. The horn is straight and pointed,black dorsally andyellowish-white laterally. The tip is pale yellowish.

R)urth inslar

The fourth instar measures between 28 to 40 mm. The horn of both StztasPes species is pale green over its entire length and measures about 5mm. At this stage, the interior of the yellowish-orange spots is fi11ed with minute reddish spots and/or circles, making it orange overall (Fig, 18). The head capsule has the overall shape like the third instar, unchanged,

Ftfih insldr

The shape of the head capsule changes dramatically once more, with the pointed apex becoming rounded, rendering the overall shape triangular, The surface is covered with small granules (Fig. 19). The face is marked with two vertical cheek-stripes, with the inner area between them pale green almost whitish in S. i7dernalis but medium green in S. tqgalica. This is an important diagnostic feature for separating the two species.

The body measures between 40 to 65 mm but in some exceptional cases, 36 mm has been

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Life Histories of Sataspes in IIong Kong 133

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26 27

28 29

30 31

f '-,.

32 33

Figs26-33. Sittaspes iidernaXis. 26. Egg collected on 04 06 93 at Tai Po Kau Natttre

Reserve. 27. First instar measures 11.5mm hides under the leaf on the vein protected by its cryptic coluur, 28. Second instar eating the shed skin soon after ecdysis. 29-31, Thelarvaedisplayingorangespotsofvarioussizes. 30. Alarva with large spots measuring 10 × 5mm with a bocly size of 46 × 9mm. 32. Form i7opElemalis, collected in Canton (Guangzhou), China, male, ex larva collected on 3]. III. C. Bosch (Coll. Senckenberg Natural History Museum, by courtesy of Mr, C, Treadaway}, 33 Form uni.formis, ex coll. Wertheim Berl. Marz 1935, N. Indien (Coll. Senckenberg Natural IIistory Museum, by courtesy of Mr, C. Treadaway),

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134 Kent H. K. LI

recorded. Widest in the middle (].1 mm), the body tapers towarcls the heacl ancl the tail, A darker green appears at the ventral side at the later stage, The horn is 4mm, green all over and slightly recurved downward. 'red In a single S, t(rgalica larva, the spot became rusty due to the red speckled area occupying about half of the spot. In S. ine' rnalds, the spots are somewhat larger than those of S. krgagica. Spots of 5.5X4, 6.5× 5, and 8 × 5mm have been recorded for body

Iengths of 40, 42 and 60 mm respectively. The largest spot recorded was 12 × 6.5 mm for

a body length of 65mm. These spots are confined, in that single larva, within three segments (A3-A5). In S. tagalica, spots are normally 6 × 4 mm and situated on A3 and A4. Although the location of the red spots on three segments might distinguish inj2rrnalis from agalica, in some individuals, spots of inj2rrnalis are of the same sizes and location as in agalica.

Mature larvae are seldom collected in the wild as they prefer to hide in shade deep in the foliage. When feeding, they hold onto the twig with their prolegs and with their ventral green colour, they are diflicult to locate.

Larval behaviozar

Newly hatched larvae often consumed a large portion or the whole of the chorion. In the later stages, after each ecdysis, the chorion was soon eaten except the hard head capsule

and the horn. These often dropped to the base of the rearing container and the head capsule were preserved for future references.

The mature larvae have been observed during many occassions to sip moisture from the water droplets sprayed onto the fresh leaves which were supplied to them. When distur-

bed, the larvae often turn round and crawl away attempting to hide into the foliage. The feurth and the fifth instars react vigorously by producing violent latera] thrashing of the front part of their bodies, presumably in an attempt to deter its predators or parasitoids.

PuPaBell

& Scott (1937) stated that the cremaster of S. agalica ends in a single point. This is not correct for the pupae of S. tagalica in the study material, which possessed small bifid points (Fig. 34).

Fig. 34. The end segments of the pupae of Scha,!Pes i?qfemaalis (A : male ; B: female) and S. krgalica (Ci male; D: female).

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Life Histories of Stztaspes in Hong Kong r3s

Key toSataspes tagalica and Sataspes infernalis, pupa

L Cremaster with no lateral flanges ; ending posteriorly in a narrow acute point and t"ro apical spines -･･･-･t･-･･--････-･･･-･･･-･･-･--･･---･-･-･･--････-･･･-･････････-2 S. inj2zrnalis

Cremaster with lateral fianges ; posteriorly broadly rounded with two apical spines ...... ,...... t･･-･････-････-････---･･----･･･-･･･-･-････-････-･･･････････-･3 S. ngalica 2. Width less than 12 mm ; a small button-like structure present on the mid-line of the ･-･-････--････-･･･--････-･･････････+････-･･････････-･････--･････-･･･imale ventral end segment (Fig. 34A) Width reaching 14 mm ; only Iongitudinal slits present on the mid-line of the ventral -･･-･･･-･--･-････------･-･-･-･･-･-･-･････････-･･-････--････-････---female end segment (Fig. 34B) 3. Length less than 40 mm ; a button-like structure present on the mid-line of the ventral -･･･-･･･-････-･･････--･････------･J･･-･J･･････---･･-･･--････-･･-･-･male encl segment (Fig. 34C) Length more than 40 mm ; T-shaped ridges present on the mid-line of the ventral end -･･-･･･-･･･-･･-････-･･･-･t･-････---t･-･･･--･･------･--･----･-female segment (Fig. 34D)

Key toSataspes tagalica and Sataspes infernatis, adult

The iollowing is a key to the adult forms of Sataspes injb7'nalis and S. tqgalica with

reference to theirspecies, ferms and sexes. ･･････-････････E･････････････････-･･･････--･･-････-5 L Thorax black, with or without a yellow collar ････-･･･-････-･--･･･-････-･･------････--･･･--･-･--･-･･･-･-･･････-･･･--･･･-･--･･･-2 Thorax yellow 2, Thorax soiled yellow ; yellowish band present dorsally on the 6th abdominal tergite ,...H..."....".H"...H...H,,,."..,H...."....,.,.H..,."...-.."","."...... H"....-.,･-･･･------3 ---･-････4 Thorax primrose yellow, with or without yellow patches on dorsal abdomen 3, A complete or broken yellow band dorsally on the 4th abdominal tergite ; tufts of ･･･････････+･････････S, yellow on underside of abdomen Iaterally iwfinnzalis, form injbrnaiis No yellow band present dorsally on the 4th abdominal tergite ...... ････--･･J･･･････i･･････････-･-･･･････-･･････････-････-+･･････････････S. inj2rmaalis, form unijionuis 4. Dorsal side of the abdomen totally black without any yellow; ventral abdemen ･････････････････････････--･････---･S, showing a large patch of yellow tngalica, form thoracica Dorsal side of abdemen with five yellow patches ; ventral abdomen showing a patch of yellow ･･･J･･･････････････････････････････････-･･････････-･･･-･･･-･--････S. tergalica, form tagagica,male ･･-S. 5. A yellow collar present, otherwise the body totally black ttrgalica, form collan's Without a yellow collar ; dorsal abdomen totally black or with minute yellow patehes ..H....,,..".,.."...H.,.",...... "...".,.."...,...."...."...,.M,..."..."..."....H.,,...,."."....6

6. Abdomen with minute traces of yellow, ventral abdemen tinted with yellow ･････････････････-････････････--･･･-･-･----･･･--･･･------･･･--･･････････S. tLagalica, form ttrgalica, female ･･･-t･･･････+･･S. Abdomen all black without any trace of yellow tLrgalica, form hauru,elli

Adultbehaviour

The only record of oviposition behaviour in Hong Kong is that of a female, probably Stzinspes tagalica form krgalica, observed by Mr Norman Tong lvers. comm.) while walking along Aberdeen Reservoir Road on Hong Kong Island on a cloudy day at 1350 hours on 28th June 1992. It was hovering over a one-metre tall roadside bush of Dalbergia benthami. Adults have been observed by the author nectaring on Lantana flowers. One was seen at 1240 hours on 25th July 1992, Pak Sha O, with a large number of XYIocopa bees in the

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35 36

)cx ts

37 38

39 40

41 42

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neighbouring flowers, The other was spotted coming to flower at 1415 hours at Lung Kwu

Tan, 20th August, 199I.

Adult sightings have been very rare and the number of eggs found on its foodplant provides a reliable index of its existance and distribution. Moreover, eggs remain glued to the leaves for weeks, even they are unhatched. They might give clues to the egg mortality and parasitoids of the species.

Eggs are laid singly on the underside of leaves of the larval foodplant always within 1-1,5 mm from the leaf margin (Fig,26). On one occassion on 9th April, 1993, an egg of S. agalica was found at the lower tip of one of the unripe green seedpods, which are quite abundant at that time of the year. Mell (goc. cit.) stated that only one egg is usually found on each plant, This observation was generally corroborated in the present study with a fex4i exceptions. At the site of Kek Kok Shue Ha, three larvae of the third instar were found on a short and isolated stand of D. benthami 1.3 metres tall; and in Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve, where a large bush of D, benthami housed a dozen Sketaspes eggs, although each on a different branch.

Discussion

Stztaspes inj27rnalis

The eight adult specimens, reared from seven eggs and a first instar collected from Tai Po

Kau, comprise of three females and five males. So far only form injiernalis Westwood has been recorded. Bell and ScQtt (1937) mentioned another form, f. unafbrmis Butler, which has a totally black abdomen apart from scattered yellowish scales on the third and sixth tergites ocassionally, and is strictly confined to the male (Fig. 33).

It has been noted that, in the Hong Kong materiar, the yellow band on the 4th abdominal tergite is broken in the middle, resembling that of some of the specimens collected in southern China (the oldest one is from China, Ting-Fu, 1,OOO feet, vii. 1889, A. E. Pratt) housed in BMNH, and that on the seventh tergite is v-shaped, Material from Sikkim or India has a continuous yellow band,

Males and females are very similar in coloration, both having a soiled yellow thorax and two yellowish abdominal bands. Males are distinguished from the females by their thicker antennae, a less stout abdomen and shorter wingspan (52-58mm, average 55mm). The

Figs35-38. SatasPes tagatica. 35. Form tagalica,male, collected nectaring onLantana fiowers, at Pak Sha O at 1240 hours on 26. 08. 92, collected by K. Li (Coll. BMNH>. 36. Form lcrgtzlica, female. Ex all green larva collected on e2. e7. 92 at Lung Kwu Tan. Adult emerged on 04. 08.92, reared by K, Li (Coll. BMNH). 37. Form tagalica, male. E}t Iarvawith three spots collected at Kek Kok Shue Ha on 07.07.92. Adult emerged on 05.08.92, reared by K. Li (Coll. BMNH). 38. Form kagalica, iemale. E)[ larva with two spots collected at Ho Pui Reservoir on 30.09.92. Adult emerged on e9. 10.92, reaTed by K, Li (Coll. BMNH). Figs 39-42. S7tizsPes i7dernagis. 39. Form inj?malis,male. dr ovumcollected at Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve on ]7. 04. 93. Adult emerged on 03. e6. 93 and reared by K. Li (Coll. BMNH), 40. Form inj13rnalis, female, Adult emerged on 16,06,93 and rearecl by K.Li (Coll. BMNII). 41. Form inii?malis, male, underside. Note the yellowish-white hair at micl- thorax ancl yellow hair at the lateral sides of abdomen, Rearedby K. Li (Coll. BMNH). 42. The broken yellowish band is clearly remarkable.

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female has a wingspan from 58 mm to 62 mm (average 60 mm).

Only one larval form of S, injiernalis, with two-spots, is known in Hong Kong (Figs 29-31). The author has not been aware of the difference of its larvae until the first adult emerged on 3rd June, 1993. The only difference is in the intermediate area between the two white stripes on the head capsule: in the larvae of S. inj2?rnalis, it appears to be whitish, but

medium green in S. tcrgalica.

Only one generation of S, inj2irnalis has been recorded in Hong Kong from April to June, All adu]ts emerged on different dates, on 3rd, 5th, 7th,8th, 12th, 14th,16th and 20th June, though eggs hatched essentially on the same dates: two en 21st April and five on 22nd April, 1993. The male takes an average of 45.4days to develop into adults while the female takes 54 days. The males ernerged earlier, on 3rd, 5th, 7th, 8th and 12th June, while females emerged on 14th, 16th and 2eth June, 1993.

thlasPes ttugalica

The different forms stated by Bell and Scott (1937) have been confirmed in the present study. Based on the rearing records of the Hong Kong material, there are four generations of S. kzgalica per year in Hong Kong (Fig. 43) and the species overwinters in the pupal stage (Fig. 20).

It is still unknown whether the forms are purely genetically inherited, or subject to changes of ecological factors. Perhaps they are seasonal and perhaps they are the result of selection of their proximity to different groups of JXlylocopa bees (Mr J, Tennent, Pers. comm.),

The male takes 45-51 (average 48) days to develope into maturity while the female takes about 58 days, Both have a pupation period of exactly 14 days and the emergence of adults can easily be calculated and expected,

EcolqgyS.

injiernalis apparently shows a more restricted ecological habitat, living only in dense, rnature and shady woodland with fast-flowing streams. S. ttrgalica prefers a more open woodecl area with close proximity to Iarge bodies of fresh water. Exploiting the same foodplant, S. ngalica has been found in seventeen localities but S. inji7rnalis is confined in Qne. The tendency for tagalica to disperse into a wider range of localities may reflect the pressure caused by its highly successful parasitoids.

The larval foodplant of S. itqgagica (as subspecies chinensis Clark, 1923) was reported by Mell (1922) as Iinlbergia sp. (Papilionaceae). S. agalica chinensis is currently consideredto be synonymous with S. tLrgalica form ftagTalica (Dr I. Kitching, Pers. comm,)

The recorded foodplant of S tagalica was misidentified by the present author (Li, 1993) as Dalbergia balansae Prain. It is actually D benthami Prain. This identification was confirmed by staff of the Hong Kong Herbarium. D. balansae is a tree while D. benthami is a woody climber sometimes attached to other plants by specialized twinning branches that tend te knot against other plants for support (Thrower, l983 & 1988).

The foodplant of Hong Kong Skelaspes spp., namely S. agalica and S, inj2?malis, is Pagbe7gia benthami Prain (Papilionaceae), A key to identify D. benthami from other species within

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the same genus was given by Dunn & Tutcher (1912), The disjunctive distribution of D. benthami only in Hong Kong and Kerala, at eastern coast of India, was noted and re- described by AJtiir (198bl.

D. benthami is a common woody climber growing along roadsides of many reservoirs in Hong Kong. It is also found in sparse hedges on hillsides and slopes from coastal levels to Tai Mo Shan at 460m. Leaflet, flowers and seed pods are shown in Figs2-4.

Both species are strictly diurna], Tennent (1992 : 91), who ran MV light-traps in Tai Po Kau on 27 nights, did not record any Skelaspes species, Mell (1922) stated that Stiinspes on]y dipped into water in the early morning and never nectar. In Hong Kong, S. tagalica has been found nectaring on Du7anta ropens (Verberaceae) (Tennent, 1992 : 96) ancl also on Lantzzna camem L. (Verberaceae) at early afternoon.

During the week following the collection of S. iw2rrnalis, there had been a torrential rain and during the period starting from June to October, 1993, Hong Kong experienced the attack of four tropical typhoons, accompanied with torrential rains. Despite the repeated efforts by the author in the fields, only two larvae were collected between June and November 1993. 0nly one adult emerged in November. After the attack of each typhoon, foodplants were searched and as. a rule no eggs were found. Eggs, and perhaps early instars, were swept clean by the rain. Adults might have been blown away.

In year 1994, towards the end of April, the author collected 17 freshly hatched Skelaspes larvae at eight different sites. The author suspects the female SatLtspes moths make use of the catchwater network as trafiic routes to and from breeding areas near reservoirs. There seems to be a rapid dispersal to new Dalberiga plants which are far from reservoirs but are at the sides of catch-waters. Tuen Mun Fittness Trail is such a new site found at about 6-7 km away from the nearest Tai Lam Chung Reservoir.

Stztaspes spp. are nearly perfect examples of Batesian mimicry, in which the edible and unprotected moth mimics the model lkylocopa bees. Diel included a specimen of a iXlylocopa bee which is copied by S, tagalica iavanica (of Diel, 1980, Plate V, Figs 43 and 43a). A specimen similar in appearance to X, aestttans (Seitz, 1928) has been found in Hong Kong (Fig. 23) (Coll. K. Li, donated by D. Yiau) and is assumed to be the local model of S, tagalica form tho7ucica. The species of this bee remains unidentified. Another local X),gocopa, identified as X. iridipennts in reference to specimens housed at Tai Lung Farm Collection,

Hong Kong, is mimicked by S. tLrgalica form haan;welli. Apart from having irridescent wings (q.v. Holloway, 1987), a humming sound in flight, diurnal habits and hovering in front of flowers all like its JJ(),locopa model, if disturbed soon after emergence, S. iw2?rnalds and S. tagagica also curve their abdornens downward as if to sting in a bee-fashion (Mell, 1922,

Plate Fig, 14),

Conservation

It is quite a surprise to find out from the present project that S. tagrzlica, which is found to be very rare elsewhere, is quite widespread in their distribution in Hong Kong and habitat conservation is essential for the future survival of this species. This is due to the reason

that developmental mortality of this species is very high and it happens both during the

oval and larval stages.

During the study period, a total of 82 eggs were collected in the wild. With a rnortality

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APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV

-----:-:] [======i ± 4

g'l:,iML,lal":,,t:",1''; owh, ,gg,iglki

Fig.43. Generations of Sataspes tiagagica Boiscluval observed in IIong Kong.

APRIL MAY JUNE

o ee g o KEY eo g o oe 3 [elova o eo cs glarva o ee g ME,!.Ra.upao ee 8 o eo 8ee Me!dE!E-u1t g

Fig. 44. Life history of eight Sataspes inj2rmaalis form inj?maalis reared in Hong Kong.

rate of 68%, only 26 first instars hatched, and these, together with the 33 larvae collected in the wild, make up a total of 59 larvae. Many of these larvae got a kind of bacterial infestation before they became mature, Symptoms include lack of activity, eating much less than usual (counting from the number of frass) and excretion of moist frass which stains the wet tissue lining paper reddish brown. They might gradually weaken and after one to three days they become flaccid and finally die. Total larval mortality rate is 49% and fourth and fifth instar larvae succumb more easily to the infestation. In the spring of 1993, out of a total of 12 larvae reared, nine of them died of this disease. Anticeptic fiuid must be used to clean up the containers or otherwise the infestation might spread even more quickly.

About 60% of Hong Kong's countryside has already been set aside as country parks for conservation purposes. However, the auther has noticed that the present practice of prunning of twigs of roadside shrubs and clearance of undergrowth by government

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Fig, 45. The male genitalia of S2iaspes tagalica (A) are notecl for the blunt-ended ventral processes of the vaLves and SatasPes iwfle7nalis (B) bears three small teeth at the apex of the inner lobe of the dorsal process of the valves.

workers, aleng the sides of roads and walks in nature reserves as well as near reservoirs,

may be harmful to the Salaspes spp. A narrow stripe of land next to the paved concrete road are cleared, indiscriminately, of any plants and debris twice a year, One of the `useless' mature Dalbergia bushes in Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve, rendered as a plant, was heavily trimmed by workers in autumn, 1993 and many young plants were completely eradicated when they were still immature near Ho Pui Reservoir in the same year.

In order to conserve S. tag.agica and S. i7dernaiis in Hong Kong., large hedges of D. benthami in all country parks and special areas, especially Tai Pe Kau Nature Reserve, should be protected by legislation. Pruning practices should be selective, if they are absolutely necessary. Twigs of mature D. benthami should be retained as much as possible and pruning of twigs should be banned. Field observations have revealed that a mature and clense Dalbergia bush (in Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve), with a dozen of overhanging tw･igs, which were heavily pruned in 1993, produced a lot fewer leaves in the spring of 1994. Due to a loss of canopy and leaves, there was a drastic decrease in the number of Salaspes eggs found in the springtime of 1994, It is enchanting to speculate that protective measures, if taken, might have a positive feedback to the population of Stzlaspes, which are always considered to be so rare in other countries and very little has been studied

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of their ecology",

Geniinlia

The male genitalia of S, i7zfernalts and S. tagalica are very similar in general design, but differ in detail, Both have the valves separated at the apex into dorsal and ventral processes, the latter is, according to Holloway (1987), an extended harpe. However in ngalica, the ventral process is blunt, divided at the apex into two lobes, the outer of which curves slightly in a dorsal direction. In inj3rnagis, the process terminates in a more acute angle formed by the inner lobe, which bears two or three small teeth at its apex, while the outer lobe is situated slightly ventrad of the process, narrower than in ngalica, and forms a much longer process curving dorsally. The uncus in gagalica consists of two processes curving towards the rnid-line, in the shape of a half-moon, while in injlernalis they curve outwards, more like the tines of a pitchfork. Finally the saccus in iwfiemagis, which consists of a lobe extending from the vinculum, is narrower than in tagalica, with a constriction in the curve of the lower part of the vinculum. In iagagica, the margin has no such constriction (Fig. 45).

Acknowledgements

Many thanks are due to Dr Ian Kitching of The Natural History Museum, London, for providing help of various kinds, including supplying of a copy of an extract from Bell and Scott (1937), information concerning forms and subspecies of SttlasPes and the correction of errors on the manuscript ; Dr Stefan Nauman for locating the book by Mell (1922) in the library ot the University of Berlin and provicling translations of the relevant sections ; Mr C, Treadaway, for supplying photographs of Shrtaspes specimens housed in the Senckenberg Natural HistQry Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany ; Mr John Tennent for supplying information on X)locoPa bees and his criticisms and comments ; Mr Wong Woong Wah for access to the lepidoptera collection housed at the Research Institute of Forestry, Guang-

dong Province, Guangzhou; Mr Nerman Teng for companionship during many fieldtrips, supplying information regarding parasitic wasps and many superb photographs ; Mr David Yaou for donation of a locally common iglocaPa bee from his private collection ; the staff of both Tai Lung Farm and the Hong Kong Herbarium, under Agriculture & Fisheries Department, Government of Hong Kong, for access to their entomorogical and plant collections.

Special thanks are due to Dr Allistair Ballantine for his kind encouragement and help in the initial stage of this study; Mr James Young for providing information on larvae and collecting sites ; Mr Tony Galsworthy for genitalia dissections, the preparation of genital{a drawings, description on genitalia and giving comments on the rnanuscript, and lastly, Dr

' On 16th July 1994 the author had the honour of being interviewed by Mr Chingwai Lai, Senier Country Park OMcer, Agriculture and Fi$heries Department, at the Tai Po Kau Othce. It was

realized from the discussion, that twigs of the Dalbergia bush, from which the only recorcl of

SatasPes i?demalis has been recorded, was blewn down almost to the greund level and, as it was situated at the side of an unnoticed underground water storage tank {for putting out hill fires), some twigs were cleared to make way for the working space of the workers. Mr Lai promised, on know{ng the rarity of the rnoth species, to reinforce the soil and slope on which the bush is grown and to take other protective ineasures to conserve the slanting bush in autumn. Many thanks to Mr Lai for his effort to conserve the site.

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Paul Warillg and Dr Rachel Thomas for reading and ， correcting the Inanuscript and providing the article by Nair．

References

Bel1 ．R D ， J ．，＆ F． B ． Scott，1937、 Sphhngidae．丁舵 Fauna Ofβ 漉露ル ∬ア認ゴα ，ガァz4z ‘‘ガ碗g C 匿敢〃 a a7td Bztr？na （MQths ｝5， xviii ，537 pp ．，15pls． Taylor and Francis， London、 − Die1， E ． W ．，［1982］1980． Sphingidae． Heterocera∫2‘柵 α 厩 1 ： 1 80．・ Dunn ， S ． T ．＆ W ．J， Tutcher ，1912． Flora of Kwangtung and Hong Kong （Chi ［1a 〕盈磁ア加 5 ‘．∫嫉 R ． bot． Gdns， Ketv 〔Add ． Scr，）10 ； 85． Hal ． man ， T 、 W ．，198L A preliminary survey of the hawk moths （Sphingidae）〔」f RIlullei． Biunei漉器．ノ． − 5 ： 92 96．

Holloway ， J． D ．，1987． Superfamjly BombycDidea ： families LasiQcampidae， Eupterotidae， Bolnbycidae ，

Brahmaeidae ｛idae − ， Saturn ，Sphingidae． The ．440tJzsof Borneo，Part3．199 pp ．，ユ63 figs．20 pls．South Bhd Kuala Lumpur deneSdrL ，，． Li， K 、，ユ993． Notes oll a collec しion of Macroglossttm and other specles （Lepidoptera ，．S phingidae）in Hong ’ − Kong ． i Tfem． Hong K θ ng nat ． Uist． Soc、19 ： 2 3，・ MelL R ．，1922． Biologie und SystematiJe der siidch珈 sischen SPJtingiden． β 磁醒 2u X Fauna Sinica 砌． − − i xxlU 331， Pls 1 35． l map 、 Berlin．

Nair K ． K ．N ．工． Identlty and rztbiginosa ，， 985 and distributionof Dagbergia benthami Prain ∠）． Roxb． − （Fabaceae），ノ． PJco7t． Tcitx． Bot，7 ； 561 564． RiotteJ． C ． E．，198ユ． Transfer of the sphingid genus Sataspes from the subfamily Macruglossinae to thc − subfami ［y Sphinginae（Lepidoptera ； Sphirlgidae）． PtzcTf lnsects 23 ： 207 210． − − − Seitz， A り1928 29． Sphingidae． In Seitz， A ， ed 、， Gross Schmetter！inge der Erde 10 ： 523 576， pls 56c，60 68．Stuttgart．

Throwcr， S． L．，1983．ffo ng Kong c ！imbing Plants ： 5〔〕．Urban Council Hong Kong ．「， 1988．Hong K θ n 7 ree ．： 180．，．g s Urban Council，Hong Kong ． − Tennent， W 、 J．，1992、 The hawk meths 〔Lepidoptera ： Sphingidae ）of Hong KQng and seuth east China． ’ ！ − Ento7noloists 丿 6ご．ノ， Va フ．104 ； 88 112．

，1993．Corrigenda， lbid，105 ： 26．

摘要

香港のクマバチモドキ（スズメガ科）の生活史と保護について（李興根〉

クマバチモドキ属の 2種のスズメガ，Sa tα si） es tagα 9icα Boisduval と S． inferna！is （West 、vood ）は互いに近縁な昼飛性の蛾で，クマバチの仲間（Xylocopa spp ．）に擬態する．香港には，これまで記録の

なかった infernalisを含め，両種ともに分布する．筆者は，1991年 7 月， tagalicaの終齢幼虫を採集

したことをきっかけに，1992 年 4 月から 1994 年 6 月にかけて香港各地で幼生期の観察を行ったので一ここに報告した．食草は両種とも Papilionaceae科のツルサイカチの種 Dagbergia benthami Prain

で／，香港の 7 箇所で卵または幼虫を確認した（Fig．1 および Tab 工e 1参照）．これらの中で，特に

Tai Po Kau 自然保護区と Aberdeel ／貯水池はこの属の卵が多数見つかっており，前者はまた，香港一で唯 infernagisの卵が得られたところである． SatasPes． 2 種の幼生期にっいては， Mel1 （1922）や Bell＆ Scott（1937）などによる記述があるが，筆者自身の観察に基づいて記載すると次の通りである．

卵は球形，淡緑色で，tagalicaでは 1，5 × 1．25× 1．O mm ， infernalisではやや大きく 1．5 × 1．5 x 1，0mm ．若く，または新鮮でやや大きな葉上に好んで産卵される．卵は約 4 日後に孵化する．1 齢幼虫は両種とも明るい青緑色で黒い尾角を持ち，互いによく似ている．頭部は丸く，顔面は黄緑色．主に葉裏の

主脈に沿って静止する．脱皮前には，tagagicaで 9mm ，魏1勘 π α漉では 11．5 mln 位まで成長する．2 齢では頭部三角形で，浅く二叉した頭頂に向けて尖り，表面は微刺毛で被われる．体は青緑色で，側

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− 面には 7 本の斜帯を備え，黒色の尾角に連なるものはよく発達する．体長 10 16mm ． 3 齢になると， − 3 4 腹節にかけて 1 対の赤色に縁取られた橙黄色紋が側面に現われる．これらの紋の出方には変異が．見られ，taga ！icaでは全幼虫期を通して無紋のもの，2 つの紋の間に背面にダイアモンド型の 3 番目のをもつものさらにの 2 型でも左で大きさがなるものや左右のいずれかが消失するも紋，通常紋右異，

のがあった，また，野外で得られた 1 頭（ただし 5 齢幼虫）では，カナリアのような黄色で，側面に

錆び様の赤紋と背面には全長の 2／3 に亙る同色の槍状紋を持っていた．この幼虫は羽化には至らな

かったが，同様の幼虫から tngα licα が得られている．これら幼虫の変異は，成虫で知られるいくつか一の型や性とは無関係のようである．方 infernalisでは，観察した 8 頭すべてが橙色紋を持つもので

あったが，Seitz（1928）は無紋型のことを述べているし， Holloway （1987）は Bell＆ Scott（1937）を − 引用して，いくつかの幼虫が 3 4腹節背面に赤褐色のダイアモンド型の紋と側面により大きな紋を持 − つことや，小さな紋がこの紋の前方および 6 節に生じることを挙げている．3 齢虫は 16 26mm 位．側面の斜帯は白または黄白色で明瞭になる．尾角背面は黒色，側面は黄白色で，先端淡黄色．4 齢は

28−40mm はいたはでたさにになるはとも．橙黄色紋の中小さな赤点ま円満れ，全体橙色．尾角両種全のがびるにはのがるがこ体淡緑色．5 齢では頭部形再び変わり，頭頂は丸みを帯，顔面 2 本縦帯走，いれら 2 本の帯の間の色合いは 2 種で異なり，infernalisでは淡緑色でほとんど白っぽのに対し， − tcrgalicaでは中庸な緑色である．5 齢虫の体長は 40 65 mm ．頭方と尾方に向けて細まる．蛹は尾端の

形状が両種で異なっており，tagαlicα では尾突起が側方に張り出すのに対し， infernalisではそのよう

にならず後方にすぼまっている．成虫では両種ともいくつかの型が知られているが，それらの同定は

検索表にある通り．ただし，tagalicaの亜 re chinensis と型 Protomelasは，いずれも型噂 α 飽 α と同じと考えられるという，香港での周年経過は，tagalicaでは年 4 世代，蛹越冬で，非越冬世代の孵化一後の幼生期の長さは ♂ では平均 48 日，♀では 58 日であった，方 infernatisでは，4 月から 6 月に

かけての 1 世代しか観察されなかった．孵化後の幼生期の長さは ♂ で平均 45．4 日， ♀では 54 日で

あった．

成虫の行動について，Mell （1922）は，早朝水浴するだけで吸蜜しないと述べているが，筆者は

tagalicaのランタナでの吸蜜を 2 度にわたって目撃したほか， Tennent （1992）による同じクマツヅラ一ハマツの〃ranta ！erens でのがる．ははていないがの科のリリ種 Dt 記録あ産卵，筆者自身見，曇天

のら tagalica のものがされているはつつ産みつけ 1992年 6 月 28 口午後 1 時 50 分，恐く観察．卵 1 卵いつかもるが Mell がべているよには 1 に 1 ののようである．られ，く例外あ，述う，通常株卵割合 ’ 香港のクマバチモドキの保護のためには，公園や特別地域，特に Tai Po Kau 自然保護区の Dalbeigia benthami の生け垣を法的に保護する必要がある．枝の刈り込みは，どうしても必要な場合でも選択的になされるべきであり，また成熟した benthami の枝はできる限り手をつけず，刈り取りも禁ずるべきである．適当な保護方策が取られることにより，他地域では大変稀で，生態的にもあまり詳しく調一べられていないクマバチモドキの個体群にプラスのフ li ドバックがもたらされることを期待する．

［文責；吉本浩］

Accepted uly 20 1994 （亅，）

Published by the LepidopterQlogical Society of Japan， − − − c 〆oOgata Building，2 17， Imabashi 3 chome ， Chuo ku， Osaka，541 Japan

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