A History of Subspecialization in Forensic

Stanley E. Prentice, MD, FAPA

Forensic psychiatry became officially recognized as a subspecialty by the American Board of Medical Specialties on September 17, 1992, under the desig- nation of "Added Qualification in Forensic Psychiatry." The historical roots wind through extended time in the complicated interplay of psychiatry and the . A recognized need for special education, training, and experience, with the assur- ance of competence, became clearly defined in the mid-20th century. This was brought into perspective in a joint effort by the American Academy of Forensic Sciences and the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. At the present time there are 38 fellowship programs with approximately 50 positions available. Within a short time (two to three years), fellowship experience will be a require- ment to sit for the examination.

The American Board of Medical Spe- pecially the specter of fragmentation) cialties (ABMS) with the assent of the within the basic specialty of psychiatry American Psychiatric Association (APA) and neurology. agreed to the recognition of forensic psy- Well before the recent official action of chiatry as a subspecialty on September the American Board of Medical Special- 17, 1992. The American Board of Psychi- ties, the professional and academic attain- atry and Neurology (ABPN) will hence- ments of forensic psychiatry had essen- forth offer an examination for "added tially met or exceeded the expectations of qualification in forensic psychiatry" to a recognized subspecialty. those who satisfy the preconditions Within the time frame 1969 to 1976, of certification. The terminology of the American Academy of Forensic Sci- "added qualification in forensic psychia- ences (AAFS; psychiatry section) and the try" (rather than "Board of') represents a American Academy of Psychiatry and the concession to professional concerns (es- Law (AAPL) made a joint effort to estab- lish a de novo group to define a frame of Dr. Prentice is senior attending at Engle- reference for recognizing competence and wood Hospital and Hackensack Hospital, NJ; and was professionalism in psychiatry and the Chief of Psychiatry, Englewood Hospital, 1959-1974. An important reference sourcc for material of this his- law." Through this effort the American tory may be found in the archives of the American Board of Forensic Psychiatry, on deposit in the section of the , Payne Whitney Clinic, New York

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Board of Forensic Psychiatry (unrelated The 253 Diplomates of the American Board of to the APA or ABPN) was founded in Forensic Psychiatry should be proud of the fact that they have contributed to the collective 1976. The APA, bound by professional re- recognition of forensic psychiatry by the APA. alities of the day, was not indifferent ABPN. and the ABMS. Since the establishment to the events of forensic psychiatry and of the ABFP in 1976, the standards of practice appeared to look upon the American of forensic psychiatry and the numbers of those practicing have increased substantially. The Board of Forensic Psychiatry with an atti- Diplomates of this Board have established stan- tude of unofficial assent.' dards of teaching, research and the practice of As a matter of perspective, the Ameri- forensic psychiatry to a point that it now has passed the test and become an official subspe- can Board of Psychiatry and Neurology cialty.+ (1935), under the aegis of the American Board of Medical Specialties, has offi- A Brief Look at the cially recognized only two divisions Issue of Specialization within psychiatry: the American Board of and Subspecialization Child Psychiatry (1957), with "Adoles- Throughout the history of medicine and cent" joined thereto (1987), and the psychiatry, the attainment of identity and American Board of Pediatric Neurology status in a given specialty has been hard (1968). Administrative Psychiatry was wrought-perhaps more so in forensic recognized by a certificate of special psychiatry, which is based upon the re- competence by the APA (not the ABPN) lationship of two disparate professions in 1953. No other group, however well bound in duty by a civic and cultural structured or qualified, has been granted ideal, working at times harmoniously, formal recognition. (Of recent date APA but all too often fiercely at odds in philos- has recognized and ophy and sense of obligation. "The his- Medical Addictions-Added Qualifica- tory of conflict between psychiatry and tions in). the law is long, dark and painful, In the short 16 years between the and through great spans of time even founding of the American Board of For- tragic."2$ ensic Psychiatry and the final approval by Although the history of psychiatry and the American Board of Medical Special- forensic psychiatry can be traced to cen- ties (1976-1992) forensic psychiatry ex- turies past, it was only in the early years perienced rapid growth and defined itself of this century that specialties, as pres- academically and ethically, as well as in ently defined, came into existence. The the extended professional community. In circumstances of origin were difficult. many respects the Board in its various The features of competency in a given functions represents the progenitor of that which is now official. Dr. Ezra Griffith, president of the 'summation in lctter to each member certified by the American Board of Forensic Psychiatry (dated Novem- American Board of Forensic Psychiatry at ber 27, 1992). *~re~or~Zilboorg, in commenting upon the hastened the time of transition (November 27, and preyjudged execution of Charles Guiteau (1881) for 1992) noted the following. the assassination of President Garfield.

196 Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law, Vol. 23, No. 2, 1995 History of Subspecialization in Forensic Psychiatry discipline were uncertain, and there were of eliminating the inadequately trained few adequate graduate educational pro- pseudo-expert who had done much to dis- grams.3, credit expert testimony.6 Ophthalmology was the first to adopt a The American Board of Psychiatry and specialty board (1917). Certification in Neurology was founded in 1935, with ophthalmology then served as a prototype forensic psychiatry temporarily bound for boards that sought recognition. The into the fabric of this authority. The four "original" boards included Ophthal- boards, in and of themselves, represented mology, 1917; Otolaryngology, 1924; an educational landmark. Dr. David A. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1930; and Little, ~r.~in a retrospective assessment Dermatology and Syphilology, 1932. states: Thereafter the pace of specialization ac- The establishment of the specialty boards pre- celerated with nine new boards approved saged, reflected and fostered a fundamental between 1933 and 1938 (Pediatrics, 1993; change in the practice of medicine, the era of Orthopedic Surgery, 1935; Psychiatry and specialization. They were at least as important Neurology, 1935; Radiology, 1935; Urol- in relation to graduate medical education as the Flexner Report had been in the development of ogy, 1935; Internal Medicine, 1936; Path- quality undergraduate medical education. A ology, 1936; Surgery, 1936; and Anesthe- very strong argument can be made that they were even more important in the way in which siology, 1938).~§ medical practice has evolved in this country Forensic psychiatry was yet to be dis- during the past three-quarters of a century. covered, and the differentiation of "clini- cal testimony" as opposed to "forensic ex- Passing through two to three decades of pert testimony" was not recognized at this new and changing formulations of etiol- time of history. Yet the impetus to create a ogy, dynamics, and diagnosis, the general board in psychiatry was not unrelated to psychiatrist gave little attention to the forensic concerns. As president of the slowly gathering vigor and increasing sig- American Psychiatric Association, Dr. nificance of forensic psychiatry. Two James V. May in 1933 urged that a quali- commentators of the 1960s, Dr. Edward fying board be set up to certify specialists lover^ and Drs. Alexander and Seles- in psychiatry and neurology, stressing the nick9 expressed concern regarding this need of such certification as a means neglect.

[Glover] It is necessary to recognize the exist- '~uthorit~in the structure of education, training, and ex- ing state of influence of Forensic Psychiatry . . . perience for certification arose (1933) in the cojoint cf- Psychiatry has done little more than extend the fort of the American Medical Association, the Amcrican accustomed range of operation to certain patho- Hospital Association, the Association of American Med- ical Colleges, the Federation of State Medical Boards, logical forms of social and antisocial behav and the National Board of Medical Examiners . . . With ior-designated as criminal. This territory is far the cooperative effort of the four original Boards they es- from being explored. Only a small nucleus of tablished the Advisory Board of Medical Specialties and trained investigators has been formed, scarcely this in turn (1933) became Lhe American Board of Med- sufficient to deal with the very fringes of the ical Specialties (ABMS). This board and the AMA Council on Medical Education cooperate in mattcrs of subject. decision regarding problcms within the educational [Alexander and Selesnickl Nowhere is the process. relationship between psychiatry and social

Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law, Vol. 23, No. 2, 1995 197 Prentice

problems more apparent and more in urgent Concurrent social changes heightened need of clarification than in forensic psychiatry. society's interest in the psychiatric as- Just a short time later, the lively interest pects of criminal behavior."' l2 The U.S. and momentum driving forensic psychia- Department of Justice, in the Nixon ad- try was rapidly attracting attention. In ap- ministration's "war against crime," cre- proximately a decade beyond the assess- ated the Law Enforcement Assistance Ad- ment of Glover and Alexander and ministration (LEAA) in 1969 to allocate Selesnick, Dr. Jonas ~obitscher"' ap- funds to the states for research to support praised the status of forensic psychiatry in local crime-fighting programs. There was and of itself. an urgent need for experts and scientists Forensic Psychiatry (social-legal psychiatry) who might guide the organization of gov- has burst its boundaries . . . It has extended out ernment to a successful resolution in mat- to cooperate with other disciplines. . . it has de- veloped its own literature and teaching materi- ters of crime and law. als . . . it has involved itself with the body It is the consensus of legal scholars and leading politic and the life of society; it has bccome the practitioners of law that legal proof is rapidly connection between psychiatry and a host of in- evolving into a multidisciplinary mosaic of law, stitutions-the courts, the , administra- science and technology. As a consequence of tive bodies, social agcncies and legislatures . . . our modern age, in which increasing specializa- Early efforts to develop a certifying tion is deemed a desirable means of solving dif- ficult problems, scientific evidence and expert agency in forensic psychiatry had failed.' testimony have become indispensable in many In 1969 a group of interested types of criminal investigation and in the of in the study and practice of forensic psy- criminal cases.13 chiatry founded the American Academy Part of the money available (a total of of Psychiatry and the Law under the lead- 753 million dollars, 32% of the Depart- ership of Dr. Jonas Rappeport. Within this ment of Justice budget), amounting to organization, forensic psychiatry began to $437,652, was allotted to the AAFS and experience a sense of vitality and a crys- the Forensic Sciences Foundation to de- tallization of thought in a cooperative ed- velop a program of specialty certification ucational effort. The combined effort of for each specialty division within the the AAPL with that of the psychiatric sec- academy.# The money was equally dis- tionll (now the psychiatry and behavioral tributed to each specialty for a three-year science section) of the AAFS represented study and developmental period.'4, l5 a modality of structure that gave a defin- Within the administration of this au- ing purpose to psychiatry in relation to thority, Dr. Maier Tuchler, as president of law and helped provide a climate in which the AAFS (1969) and founder of the the American Board of Forensic Psychia- he Academy of is a consortium of try could become a reality. specialties in the forensic sciences. Each represents a scction of the academy; each an entity unto itself, with "or a limited account of the historical detail preceding overlapping courtesies of cooperation and recognition. the formation of the ABFP (1976) see extension to Notes These include, in addition to psychiatry and the behav- and References. ioral sciences, , odontology, pathol- ll~hedesignation of "psychiatric section" of AAFS was ogy, anthropology, jurisprudence, criminalistics, and changed to the "psychiatric and behavioral scienccs scc- questioned document examination. Each division sought tion" at the annual meeting of AAFS in February 1985. to develop its own certification board.

198 Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law, Vol. 23, No. 2, 1995 History of Subspecialization in Forensic Psychiatry

Forensic Sciences Foundation, found Perr, Seymour Pollack, Stanley L. Port- himself in a position to develop an agenda now, Jonas Rappeport, Robert L. Sadoff, for the study and implementation of a and John K. Torrens. program for certification in forensic psy- The essential elements of the organiza- chiatry. He requested the support of the tional agenda included: American Academy of Psychiatry and the 1. Directors (9-12) will be forensic Law. It was in this joint effort of AAFS psychiatrists selected from recommenda- (psychiatric and behavioral sciences sec- tions of nominating organizations and the tion) and AAPL that the parameters of ed- directors. ucation, training, and experience through 2. All candidates for certification in an examination and certification process forensic psychiatry must be first certified for forensic psychiatry was defined.'" by the American Board of Psychiatry and As a matter of historical interest, mem- Neurology. (This has remained firm with- bership of the founding group was drawn out exception.) from each organization with a geographic 3. All candidates must have training distribution representing eastern, western, and experience in forensic psychiatry. and middle states (4-3-3). Each member (Subsequent action by committees of the was associated with the academic com- board established standards for both.) munity; all were certified by ABPN and 4. There will be no grandfather clause. had contributed to forensic psychiatry in a (The board was to set up a self-examina- significant way. Most had made contribu- tion process.) tions to the literature and all were persons The goal was to establish a standard of of reputation in the community at large.17 competence, extending to the level of ex- Drs. Maier Tuchler and Irwin Perr as cellence. Every device of structure and host anchors met with Drs. Walter function was designed to comply with Bromberg, Bernard L. Diamond, Sey- and meet the highest expectations of a mour Pollack, Stanley Portnow, Jonas certifying agency. Suggestions and regu- Rappeport, and Robert Sadoff in Wash- lations of the AMA, ABMS, APA, and ington, DC on June 12 and 13, 1976. At ABPN were observed. The original intra- this first organizational meeting, the es- board self-examination required three sential elements of the board were agreed basic examinations with a cross-reference upon. Articles of incorporation were of checks and balances of such a nature recorded in the District of Columbia on that a deficiency of any one member of June 15, 1976. At a later date, the original the board would have required careful organizational group was enlarged with self-appraisal and resignati~n.'~"* the addition of Drs. Zigmond Lebensohn, Herbert Modlin, and John Torrens. On **It is to be noted that the American Board of Forensic June 21, 1977, the full board of directors Psychiatry was not a component part of either AAPL or AAFS. Both organizations contributed to the function of included: Maier I. Tuchler, Walter Brom- the Board in professional affiliation, administration and education, but this is largely a matter of contiguity in berg, Bernard Diamond, Zigmond M. professional heritage of origin, and extended relation- Lebensohn, Herbert C. Modlin, Irwin N. ship of experience.

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The American Board of Forensic Psy- became concerned that delay in sub- chiatry was thus established in 1976. specialization would diminish the pro- Under certain circumstances, in keeping fessional status and potential of psychi- with developments of the immediate past, atry. 20-24 it might have been given recognition by By the 1990s training programs in the APA and the ABPN. However, the forensic psychiatry were in place largely speed and the threat of "fragmentation" because of the efforts of the AAPL as- (e.g., in internal medicine) strained the sisted by the AAFS (psychiatric and be- certifying procedure to the point of neces- havioral sciences section). As an exten- sitating a period of restraint. By coinci- sion of this process, Dr. Phillip Resnick dence the following decision of the Amer- had organized and established as a coun- ican Board of Medical Specialties was cil of AAPL, the Association of Directors made within the same year of origin of the of Forensic Psychiatry Fellowships American Board of Forensic Psychiatry. (1987).25 In March, 1975 the ABMS, ' believing" that The basic principles of the Accredita- certification in sub-specialty areas devalues the tion Council for Graduate Medical Edu- primary certificate, creates additional problems cation served as an essential document of in distribution of physician manpower and in- creases the cost of medical care to the public, reference in working through a formula- adopted a firm policy that required a rigorous tion of standards and procedure by the review of the justification for any new areas of original Joint Committee on Accredita- special competence. The ABMS also urged its tion of Fellowship Programs in Forensic constituent primary boards to similarly review existing areas of special competence for which Psychiatry, chaired by Dr. Richard Ros- they were responsible.'" ner.26 In their standards, the didactic core Despite such doubts, the board, once curriculum postulated is not far removed founded, achieved wide professional from the modality of an educational ideal recognition and functioned with a profes- suggested by Dr. Park ~ietz,~'in which sional competence equal to the measure of the training covers: (1) Criminal behav- other highly respected boards in medicine. ior; (2) the assessment of functional dis- ability due to ; (3) the de- velopment, behavior, and well-being of The 1990s: Moving to children; and (4) the legal aspects of psy- Su bspecialization chiatric practice. The cumulative effort of Advancing to the 1990s, the concept of this committee over a 10-year period has subspecialization began to be debated resulted in the formation of the Accredita- with a sense of urgency among psychi- tion Council on Fellowships in Forensic atric organizations. The strongest argu- Psychiatry. The council is a constituent ments for subspecialization were based part of AAPL and is supported by AAFS. upon the recognition of an underlying ex- As a basic premise . . . the function of the Coun- plosion of knowledge beyond contain- cil includes the creating of Standards for Fel- lowship Programs in Forensic Psychiatry, the ment by previous and traditional bound- dissemination of those standards and the evalu- aries. Most of the leaders in psychiatry ation of whether or not a specific program ap-

200 Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law, Vol. 23, No. 2, 1995 History of Subspecialization in Forensic Psychiatry

plying for accreditation is substantially in com- This minimal qualification will last five or pliance with those standards. six years, following which time a fellow- As of this writing, there are 38 fellow- ship of one year will be required as a pre- ship programs (32 in the United States requisite to sit for the examination. and 6 in Canada). Within the fellowship It may be useful to conclude this brief program there are approximately 50 posi- history of subspecialization with consid- tions available with some of these in the eration of the debate surrounding the category of "potential." Most programs ethics of forensic psychiatry. Within this accommodate one to two fellows, with debate the question of professional in- a stipened ranging on average from tegrity, responsibility, technical suffi- $20,000 to $40,000. The University of ciency, and the problem of determinism Toronto offers $95,000; the University of versus free-will represent chief areas of California, San Francisco, offers $85,000; dialogue. the University of Pennsylvania offers The most powerful ethical critique training in exchange for service. A list of comes from Dr. Alan A. stone3" (Dr. accredited programs and further informa- Stone is Touroff-Gluek Professor of Law tion can be obtained from the American and Psychiatry, Faculty of Law and Fac- Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, One ulty of Medicine, Harvard University). Regency Drive, P.O. Box 30, Bloomfield, His point of view may be reduced to the CT 06002-0030 (telephone, 203-242- following agenda: 5450).~~~'(See Addendum and References Do whatever you can to help your paticnt and for list of currently available programs.) prinzunz non nocere, first of all do no harm . . . The present, somewhat limited oppor- As physicians we know the boundaries of ethi- cal debate. When we turn ourselves to forensic tunity for fellowship training suggests psychiatry, when we serve the system of justice that on-the-job experience, self-study, and we can no longer agree on the boundaries of the supervision under experienced colleagues debate. will serve as a transitional modality of In the 1984 special issue on ethics of training for at least a short while. The ad- the Bulletin of the American Academy of vantages and disadvantages are outlined Psychiatry and the ~aw,~'11 highly re- by Rosner in Psychiatric Clinics of North garded forensic psychiatrists (and/or ~merica.~~ lawyers) developed a response to Dr. New examinations by ABPN will be Stone. In so doing they open the subject given in 1994 (written but probably not to the variables of thought extant at this oral).tt Those who devote a portion of time. their practice to forensic psychiatry and There are many articles in this issue of have a traditional modality of training the Bulletin that contribute to enlighten- will be eligible to take the examination. ment, but perhaps add to the dilemma of interpretation in questions of , re- sponsibility, and professional involve- ti~ersonalcon~n~unication with Dr. Robert Weinstock, ment. These highly informative articles current chairman of Accreditation Council on Fellow- ships in Forensic Psychiatry. serve as an example of the uncertainty

Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law, Vol. 23, No. 2, 1995 201 Prentice within the "state of the art" at this time, 1976), but such matters were deferred until assur- but also indicate that forensic psychiatry ances were gained that a plan of certification would not defeat the educational priorities of the has matured to a point where it can con- organization (statement of intent with summation sider the unique ethical issues with which of policy-Archives AAPL). its practitioners are involved. Following is a list of accredited programs in The magnitude of the complexity Forensic Psychiatry Fellowships as of January 1995: within professional subspecialties was well expressed by Dr. Gregory Zil- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York b~org,~'historian to a previous genera- Case Western Reserve University, Ohio tion: Center for Forensic Psychiatry, Michigan Federal Bureau of Prisons, North Carolina The centuries of psychiatric history past are Medical College of Georgia preliminary . . . In this era of specialization the New York University Medical Center, New history of medical psychology demands an York almost encyclopedic training of the psychiatrist Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Cen- . . . The very nature of the (substance) with ter, Illinois which (he or she) deals requires the highest de- SUNY Health Science Center, Syracuse. gree of specialization and the broadest medical New York and cultural education. UCLA Medical Center-Olive View, Cali- This is perhaps the obligation and the fornia promise of the future. University of California, San Francisco University of Colorado Health Sciences Acknowledgment Center The author thanks Drs. Scymour L. Halleck, Abra- University of Florida ham L. Halpern, Jonas K. Kappcport, and others who contributed important suggestions to the editorial review University of Maryland School of Medicine of this article. University of Pennsylvania Addendum University of Rochester. New York University of South Carolina It is interesting to note that Isaac Ray in the University of Toronto early 19th century had speculated about and rec- USC Institute of Psychiatry, Law and Behav- ommended to courts of law and the public the ioral Medicine. California recognition of experts in psychiatry to testify in University of Texas Medical Branch certain kinds of legal problems, especially those Yale University. Connecticut involving capital offenses (A Treatise on the Med- ical Jurisprudence of Insanity: Preliminary Views. References Boston: Little and Brown, 1976 [c. 18381). 1. Barton WE: The History and Influence of the In the period of 1948 to 1950 efforts within the American Psychiatric Association. Washing- American Medico-Legal Congress (later known as ton, DC: APA, 1987, pp 8G314 the American Academy of Forensic Sciences) 2. Zilboorg GG: Legal aspects of psychiatry, in failed . . . Leaders of the Medical Corrections As- One Hundrcd Years of American Psychiatry. sociation (1954-1955) had to abandon a carefully New York: Columbia University Press, 1944, drawn plan following a negative poll of psychia- pp 518-84 trists (Forensic Science Foundation Certification 3. Little DA Jr: The founding of the specialty Planning. Newsletter Feb 15, 1977). In the interval boards. Anesthesiology 55:317-21. 1981 1970 to 1975 the American Psychiatric Associa- 4. Holden WD: Specialty board certification as a measure of professional competence. JAMA tion declined, on a number of occasions, motions 213:101&18, 1970 of consideration by the Council on Law and Psy- 5. Little DA Jr: Op. cit. chiatry (Archives ABFP). Discussions within the 6. Overholster W: Ten years of cooperative ef- American Academy of Psychiatry and thc Law fort. 29:234, 1938 (from a generated considerable ongoing debate (1969- paper presented before the Section of Crimi-

202 Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law, Vol. 23, No. 2, 1995 History of Subspecialization in Forensic Psychiatry

nology, American Bar Association, Kansas 19. Holden WD: Graduate medical education. in City, MO, Sept. 28. 1937) Advances in American Medicine: Essays at 7. Little, DA Jr: Op. cit. the Bicentennial. Edited by Bowers JZ, Purcell 8. Glover E: The Roots of Crime. New York: In- EF. New York: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation. ternational Universities Press, 1960 1976, pp 336,313-44 9. Alexander FG, Selesnick ST: The History of 20. Harrington B: To Specialize or Not to Special- Psychiatry. New York: Harper and Row, 1966, ize-That Is the Problem. Psychiatric News. pp 348-59 December 9, 1986 10. Robitscher JD: The New Face of Legal Psy- 21. ABPN Position Statement on Subspecialization chiatry, excerpted and reprinted from Am J in Psychiatry. Psychiatric News. March 26, Psychiatry l29:315-21, 1972, in Readings in 1987 Law and Psychiatry. Edited by Allen KC, Fer- 22. Pasnau RA: Standards, sub-specialization. re- ster EZ. Rubin JG. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins search and stigma (the inevitability of sub-spe- University Press, 1977, pp 15-21 cialization). Psychiatry (newsletter). February. 11. Farrell RA: Emerging as a world power. in 1987 Thc Almanac of American History. Edited by 23. Fink P: A comprchcnsive philosophy and Schlesinger AM. Lincoln. NE: Bison Books, practical survey of the relationship of psychia- 1983, pp 506-14 try and law. Position paper delivered at the 12. World Book Almanac: Sections on Crime. opening ceremonies of AAPL Convention, Economy, and Population. 1966-1986 Philadelphia, PA, October 1986. 13. Forensic Sciences Certification Program: A 24. Rabinowitz C, Fink P: Debate, The field of periodic report, prepared by staff of FSF (Re- psychiatry would be well served by more for- tarsen, Albro, Lipskin, Mcyer, Rowzee), under mally recognized sub-specialties: affirmative: a grant from the National Institute of Law En- sub-specialization, now a de facto reality, will forcement and Criminal Justice. Law Enforce- be recognized in time by either or both APA ment Assistance Administration, U.S. Depart- and ABPN; endorsement by ABMS will fol- ment of Justicc. Sept 1978 low. Presented at thc APA convention. 14. Lucas DM (president, AAFS 1972-73), Joling Chicago, May 14. 1989 RJ (president, AAFS 1975-76), Field K (excc- 25. Resnick P: Memorandum and newsletter pre- utive director AAFS at time of certification de- pared for distribution by Dr. Resnick as Chair- velopment), pcrsonal communications, at the man of the Association of Directors of Foren- Amcrican Academy of Forensic Sciences sic Psychiatry Fellowships, a Council of Convention, San Diego, February 1987 AAPL. 1987 15. Field K (executive director AAFS at time of ccr- 26. Notes and Committee Memoranda relating to tification development), personal communica- the evolution of the Joint Committee on Ac- tion, at the American Academy of Forensic Sci- creditation of Fellowship Programs (AAPL- ences convention, San Diego, February 1987 AAFS) Chaired by Dr. Richard Rosner during 16. Tuchler M: Notes and data provided by all a 10-year period of development (now reorga- members of the original Board of Directors nized as the Accreditation Council on Fellow- through a cross-reference of letters, memo- ships in Forensic Psychiatry, under the aegis of randa, and related materials in the Archives of AAPL with the support of AAFS) ABFP-Oskar Dicthclm Library-History of 27. Dietz PE: The forensic psychiatrist of the fu- Psychiatry section, New York Hospital-Cor- ture. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law 15:217- nell Medical Center 1976-79 27, 1987 17. Tuchler M: Ibid. 28. Notes and Committee Memoranda, Joint 18. Data relative to the original examination are Committee on Accreditation of Fellowship on deposit in the Archives of ABFP, Oskar Programs: Op. cit. Diethclm Library, History of Psychiatry Sec- 29. Rosner R: Education and training in forensic tion, New York Hospital, Cornell Medical psychiatry, in Psychiatric Clinics of North Center. This material was reviewed and dis- America, Forensic Psychiatry. Philadelphia: cussed with several members of the original WB Saunders, 1983, pp 585-95 Board of Directors, and the broad outline of 30. Stone A: The ethical boundaries of forensic these developments is on tape in a recording psychiatry: a view from the ivory tower. Bull made with Tuchler M and Bromberg W Am Acad Psychiatry Law 12:209-19, 1984 (Halpern A, president of the ABFP, in atten- 31. Zilboorg GG: A History of Medical Psychol- dance) at the AAPL convention in Albu- ogy: Epilogue. Edited by Zilboorg GG and querque, NM, October 11, 1985. Henry GW. WW Norton Co., 1941

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