DOCSLIB.ORG

Derived from the Hud50n Volcano (46°5): Evidence for a Large Expl051ve Eruption

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Derived from the Hud50n Volcano (46°5): Evidence for a Large Expl051ve Eruption MID-HOLOCENE TEPHRA ON TIERRA DEL FUEGO (54°5) DERIVED FROM THE HUD50N VOLCANO (46°5): EVIDENCE FOR A LARGE EXPL051VE ERUPTION CHARLES R. STERN Department 01 Geological Science, University 01 Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA 80309 ABSTRAeT The Hudson volcano (46°8) is identified, on the basis of chemical data, as the source of a characteristically green-brown tephra within Holocene deposits on Tierra del Fuego. The 10-15 cm thickness of these ash layers, found over 900 km from their source volean o, suggest an explosive eruption of significant magnitude. This eruption has been dated as between 6,625 and 6,930 years B.P. Younger Hudson-derived tephra in Aisén, Chile, and Santa Cruz, Argentina, indicate another explosive eruption of this volcano occurred shortly after 4,830 years B.P. Key words: Tephra, Volcanism, Tierra del Fuego, Hudson volcano, Chile. RESUMEN El volcán Hudson (46°8) se identificó, sobre la base de información química, como la fuente de una tefra, de típico color verde-pardusco, intercalada en los depósitos del Holoceno en Tierra del Fuego. Estos niveles de ceniza, con espesores de 10-15 cm, situados a distancias mayores que 900 km de su fuente volcánica, sugieren una erupción explosiva de gran magnitud, datada entre 6.625 y 6.930 años A.P. Tefras más jóvenes en Aisén, Chile, y 8anta Cruz, Argentina, indican otra erupción explosiva del volcán Hudson poco después de 4.830 años A.P. Pelabres claves: Tetra, Volcanismo, Tierra del Fuego, Volcán Hudson, Chile. INTRODUCTION Auer (1974 and references therein) described 5- (AVZ ; Fig. 1) becauseof its relatively low8i02 and high 40 cm thick layers of distinctively green-brown tephra KP, as well as high FeO and Ti02(8tern, 1990). The from Holocene bog deposits on Tierra del Fuego , relatively high FeO and Ti02 compared to the white (Figs. 1, 2). Based on their stratigraphic position tephra of Tierra del Fuego (Table 1), is presumably above an earlierwhite tephra layer (Fig. 2), hetermed what imparts the characteristic darker green-brown this green-brown ash Tephra 11. color to this volcanic ash. Salmi (1941) determined a high-KP andesite Auer was mora interested in Patagonian tephra composition (8i02 = 59.4 and KP = 2.5 wt %; Table as Holocena stratigraphic marker horizons than he 1) for this green-brown tephra; both more mafic and was in their source volcanos, and he did not determi­ Kp-rich than white tephra from Tierra del Fuego. ne isopach maps fortephra. He attributed the green­ Based on Salmi's chemical analysis, I previously brown Tephra II of Tierra del Fuego to the aruption of concluded that the green-brown tephra of Tierra del "some young, unknown volcano" between 4,500 and Fuego could not be derived from any of the volcanos 5,OOOyears B.P. (Auer, p. 7-11,1974). Based onlyon that comprise the Andean Austral Volcanic Zone new chemical analysis of this tephra (Tables 1, 2), Revis/a Geológica de Chile. Vol. 18. No. 2. p. 139· 146, 7 Figs., 3 /ables. /991 . 140 MID-HOLOCENE TEPHRA ON TIERRA DEL FUEGO, DERIVED FROM THE HUDSON VOLCANO FIG. 1. Map showing the volcanic centers 01 the Austral Volcanic Zone (AVZ) and southernmost Southern VolcanicZone (SVZ) olthe southern Andes, including the recently documented Viedma Vol cano in the AVZ(R. Kilian, personalcommun., 1990), aswell as the inlerred distribution 01 tephra lor some 01 the major eruptions 01 these volcanos (dashed lines, approximate ages indicated in years B.P.; Stern, 1990 and unpublished data). The inlerred distribution 01 tephra Irom the 6,625 to 6,930 years B.P. (6,777) eruption 01 the Hudson volcano is indicated by the solid line. Locations 01 green-brown tephra described in this manuscriptare indicated by numbers enclosed in squares (04, 12, 14,22,23 lor samples listed in Table 2). Locations 01 tephra Irom Aisén, Chile, and Santa Cruz, Argentina, are indicated by numbers enclosed in circles (16 lar RI-16, 22 lor RI-22, and 3 lor Cueva 3 de los Toldos, Table 2). Locations 01 green-brown Tephra 11 as described by Auer (1974 and relerences therein) are indicated by small black . dots. - ~ FIG. 2. Photograph 01 green-brown tephra layerwithin a Holocene deposit cut by a stream south 01 Punta Delgada (site 23 , Fig. 1), Tierra del Fuego. The 15 cm thick green-brown tephra (arrow) overlies a 4 cm thick white tephra layer derived lrom ari eruption 01 Mount Burney (Stern, unpublished data), and underlies a white caliche-rich soillayer. C.R. Stern 141 TABLE 1. MAJOR ELEMENT COMPOSITIONS (VOLATILE-FREE AND NORMALlZED TO 100%) OF GREEN­ BROWN TEPHRA FROM SOUTHERNMOST PATAGONIA AND TIERRA DEL FUEGO, COMPARED TO WHITE TEPHRA DERIVED FROM HOLOCENE ERUPTIONS OF THE AGUILERA, RECLUS, AND MT BURNEY VOLCANOS OF THE AUSTRAL ANDES (STERN, 1990) Tephra Green-brown White Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 Si02 59.36 63.04 62.58 66.37 70.27 73.00 Ti02 1.79 1.23 1.24 0.37 0.40 0.42 . AIP3 20.97 16.71 16.79 17.20 17.05 15,04 FeO· 5.12 4.66 4.55 3.14 3.04 1.75 MnO 0.11 - - 0.05 - 0.04 MgO 1.59 1.64 1.76 2.07 1.19 0.45 CaO 3.93 3.98 4.38 4.64 2.53 3.10 Nap 4.34 5.89 5.78 3.91 2.94 4.15 !<p 2.51 2.59 2.56 2.22 2.17 1.36 P 0 0.28 0.29 0.36 0.37 0.66 2 5 - No. 1: Green·brown Tephra 11 Irom southernmost Patagonia (No. 15; Salmi. 1941); No. 2: Sample 90-12 Irom Rio Rusphen 30 km south 01 Cameren. Chile (Location 12; Fig. 1); No. 3: Sarrple 90·23G Irom roadside river cut between Bahla Inútil and Punta Delgada (Location 23; Fig. 1); No. 4: Tephra 11 Irom shores 01 Lago Argentino (No. t3; Salmi. 1941) correlated w~h a late Holocene eruption 01 the Aguilera volcano (Slern. 1990) ; No. 5: Tephra I Irom Tierra del Fuego (No. 19; Salmi. 194t) correlated w~h a late glacial eruption ofthe Reclus volcano (Stern. 1990); No. 6: Tephra IlIlrom Tierra del Fuego (No.17; Salmi. 1941) correlated w~h a late Holocene eruptlon 01 the Mt Burney volcano (Stern. 1990) . FeO-: total Fe as FeO. and without pretending to even begin the process of B.P .. from a large explosive eruption of the Hudson producing an isopach map of its distribution, Isuggest volcano, the southernmost volcanic center in the that the green-brown tephra of Tierra del Fuego was Andean Southern Volcanic Zone, more than 900 km derived, some time between 6,625 and 6,930 years to the north (Fig. 1). SAMPLE DESCRIPTION Samples from 10-15 cm thick layers of green­ cleaned tephra were sieved to separate the 60 to 120 brown tephra were collected in four stream cuts into mesh fraction which was effective in removing large Holocene bogs both north and southof Bahía Inútilon extraneous lithic fragments. Tierra del Fuego, and from a layer observed in ? Two samples of bulk tephra (glass + minerals) trench dug as a watering hole for animals just west of were analyzed for major elements (Table 1). The Laguna Blanco, north of Punta Arenas (Figs. 1, 2). results are similarto Salmi's (1941 ) analysis of green­ T ephra samples were cleaned initially by repeated brown tephra in their high KP and Ti02 at relatively immersion in water, ultrasonicvibration, and decanting low Si02 compared to samples of both lava and to remove as much clay and organic material as tephra derived from volcanic centers of the Austral possible. This was followed bytwenty minute baths in Volcaníc Zone (Fígs. 3, 4; Table 1; Stern, 1990). The first 2N HCI, to dissolve clay and carbonates, and major element composition ofthe green-brown tephra then a 5.25% solution of NaOel (household bleach) from southernmost Patagonia are, however, similar to dissolve remaining organic material (Steen­ to intermediate rocks eruptedfrom the Hudson volcano Mclntyre, 1977). These steps also removed the finer (Figs. 3, 4, Table 3), the southernmost in the Andean fraction of the tephra and may have dissolved certain SVZ (Fig . 1). mineral components such as apatite grains. The so Five samples of bulk tephra were analyzed for 142 MID-HOLOCENE TEPHRA ON TIERRA DEL FUEGO, DERIVED FROM THE HUDSON VOLCANO 3.0 40 AGUILERA 35 2 . • 3.0 •" " •" " 25 • !J " / 10 I 20 / o N I 1/ V ~ 1.5 1 :3;2\~ I AVZ 6el ~ I ",,7 I ..... I ..... o 50 70 1. I ..... --- MT BURNEY I / ..... \~,~ ..... -­ a5 COOK ISLAND FIG. 4. Ti0 versus Si0 diagram, iIIustrating lields lorwhole­ 2 2 50 55 65 70 75 rock, tephra, and glass separates Irom the volcanos 01 the AVZ (Futa and Stern, 1988; Harambour, 1990;R. Kilian,personalcommun., 1990),compared to whole-rock samples Irom the Hudson volcano (solid triangles; Table 3). Green-brown tephra from FIG. 3. KP versusSi0 diagram, iIIustrating lields lorwhole­ 2 Tierra del Fuego (solid cirqles lor analyses No. 2 rock, tephra, and glass separates lor the volcanos and No. 3, and circled cross lor analysis No. 1, 01 the AVZ (Cook Island, Mount Burney, Aguilera Table 1) plot in the field 01 the Hudson volcano. and Lautaro lrom Futa and Stern, 1988; Stern, White tephra from southernmost Patagonia (circled 1990: Reclus Irom Harambour, 1989; Stern, 1990; crosses 4-6 lor analysis Nos. 4-6, Table 1) plot in Viedma Irom R. Kilian, personal commun.,1990), the field 01 the AVZ volcanos.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chilean Notes, 1962-1963
    CHILEAN NOTES ' CHILEAN NOTES, 1962-1963 BY EVELIO ECHEVARRfA C. (Three illustrations: nos. 2I-23) HE mountaineering seasons of I 962 and I 963 have seen an increase in expeditionary activity beyond the well-trodden Central Andes of Chile. This activity is expected to increase in the next years, particularly in Bolivia and Patagonia. In the Central Andes, \vhere most of the mountaineering is concen­ trated, the following first ascents were reported for the summer months of I962: San Augusto, I2,o6o ft., by M. Acufia, R. Biehl; Champafiat, I3,I90 ft., by A. Diaz, A. Figueroa, G. and P. de Pablo; Camanchaca (no height given), by G. Fuchloger, R. Lamilla, C. Sepulveda; Los Equivo­ cados, I3,616 ft., by A. Ducci, E. Eglington; Puente Alto, I4,764 ft., by F. Roulies, H. Vasquez; unnamed, I4,935 ft., by R. Biehl, E. Hill, IVI. V ergara; and another unnamed peak, I 5,402 ft., by M. Acufia, R. Biehl. Besides the first ascent of the unofficially named peak U niversidad de Humboldt by the East German Expedition, previously reported by Mr. T. Crombie, there should be added to the credit of the same party the second ascent of Cerro Bello, I7,o6o ft. (K. Nickel, F. Rudolph, M. Zielinsky, and the Chilean J. Arevalo ), and also an attempt on the un­ climbed North-west face of Marmolejo, 20,0I3 ft., frustrated by adverse weather and technical conditions of the ice. In the same area two new routes were opened: Yeguas Heladas, I5,7I5 ft., direct by the southern glacier, by G.
    [Show full text]
  • Sr–Pb Isotopes Signature of Lascar Volcano (Chile): Insight Into Contamination of Arc Magmas Ascending Through a Thick Continental Crust N
    Sr–Pb isotopes signature of Lascar volcano (Chile): Insight into contamination of arc magmas ascending through a thick continental crust N. Sainlot, I. Vlastélic, F. Nauret, S. Moune, F. Aguilera To cite this version: N. Sainlot, I. Vlastélic, F. Nauret, S. Moune, F. Aguilera. Sr–Pb isotopes signature of Lascar volcano (Chile): Insight into contamination of arc magmas ascending through a thick continental crust. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, Elsevier, 2020, 101, pp.102599. 10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102599. hal-03004128 HAL Id: hal-03004128 https://hal.uca.fr/hal-03004128 Submitted on 13 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Copyright Manuscript File Sr-Pb isotopes signature of Lascar volcano (Chile): Insight into contamination of arc magmas ascending through a thick continental crust 1N. Sainlot, 1I. Vlastélic, 1F. Nauret, 1,2 S. Moune, 3,4,5 F. Aguilera 1 Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, IRD, OPGC, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France 2 Observatoire volcanologique et sismologique de la Guadeloupe, Institut de Physique du Globe, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, CNRS UMR 7154, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France 3 Núcleo de Investigación en Riesgo Volcánico - Ckelar Volcanes, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, Antofagasta, Chile 4 Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, Antofagasta, Chile 5 Centro de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada del Riesgo de Desastres (CIGIDEN), Av.
    [Show full text]
  • Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work
    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Title Assessment of high enthalpy geothermal resources and promising areas of Chile Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9s55q609 Authors Aravena, D Muñoz, M Morata, D et al. Publication Date 2016 DOI 10.1016/j.geothermics.2015.09.001 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Assessment of high enthalpy geothermal resources and promising areas of Chile Author links open overlay panel DiegoAravena ab MauricioMuñoz ab DiegoMorata ab AlfredoLahsen ab Miguel ÁngelParada ab PatrickDobson c Show more https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2015.09.001 Get rights and content Highlights • We ranked geothermal prospects into measured, Indicated and Inferred resources. • We assess a comparative power potential in high-enthalpy geothermal areas. • Total Indicated and Inferred resource reaches 659 ± 439 MWe divided among 9 areas. • Data from eight additional prospects suggest they are highly favorable targets. • 57 geothermal areas are proposed as likely future development targets. Abstract This work aims to assess geothermal power potential in identified high enthalpy geothermal areas in the Chilean Andes, based on reservoir temperature and volume. In addition, we present a set of highly favorable geothermal areas, but without enough data in order to quantify the resource. Information regarding geothermal systems was gathered and ranked to assess Indicated or Inferred resources, depending on the degree of confidence that a resource may exist as indicated by the geoscientific information available to review. Resources were estimated through the USGS Heat in Place method. A Monte Carlo approach is used to quantify variability in boundary conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Seasonal Patterns of Atmospheric Mercury in Tropical South America As Inferred by a Continuous Total Gaseous Mercury Record at Chacaltaya Station (5240 M) in Bolivia
    Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3447–3472, 2021 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3447-2021 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Seasonal patterns of atmospheric mercury in tropical South America as inferred by a continuous total gaseous mercury record at Chacaltaya station (5240 m) in Bolivia Alkuin Maximilian Koenig1, Olivier Magand1, Paolo Laj1, Marcos Andrade2,7, Isabel Moreno2, Fernando Velarde2, Grover Salvatierra2, René Gutierrez2, Luis Blacutt2, Diego Aliaga3, Thomas Reichler4, Karine Sellegri5, Olivier Laurent6, Michel Ramonet6, and Aurélien Dommergue1 1Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France 2Laboratorio de Física de la Atmósfera, Instituto de Investigaciones Físicas, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia 3Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland 4Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA 5Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, UMR 6016, Clermont-Ferrand, France 6Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE-IPSL (CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France 7Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA Correspondence: Alkuin Maximilian Koenig ([email protected]) Received: 22 September 2020 – Discussion started: 28 October 2020 Revised: 20 January 2021 – Accepted: 21 January 2021 – Published: 5 March 2021 Abstract. High-quality atmospheric mercury (Hg) data are concentrations were linked to either westerly Altiplanic air rare for South America, especially for its tropical region. As a masses or those originating from the lowlands to the south- consequence, mercury dynamics are still highly uncertain in east of CHC.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Ice-Dammed Proglacial Lakes in Última Esperanza, Chile: Implications from the Late-Glacial R1 Eruption of Reclús Volcano, Andean Austral Volcanic Zone
    Andean Geology 38 (1): 82-97. January, 2011 Andean Geology formerly Revista Geológica de Chile www.scielo.cl/andgeol.htm Evolution of ice-dammed proglacial lakes in Última Esperanza, Chile: implications from the late-glacial R1 eruption of Reclús volcano, Andean Austral Volcanic Zone Charles R. Stern1, Patricio I. Moreno2, Rodrigo Villa-Martínez3, Esteban A. Sagredo2, 4, Alfredo Prieto5, Rafael Labarca6* 1 Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0399, USA. [email protected] 2 Depto. de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile. [email protected] 3 Centro de Estudios del Cuaternario (CEQUA), Av. Bulnes 01890, Punta Arenas, Chile. [email protected] 4 Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA. [email protected] 5 Centro de Estudios del Hombre Austral, Instituto de la Patagonia, Universidad de Magallanes, Casilla 113-D, Punta Arenas, Chile. [email protected] 6 Programa de Doctorado Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Argentina. [email protected] * Permanent address: Juan Moya 910, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile. ABsTracT. Newly described outcrops, excavations and sediment cores from the region of Última Esperanza, Magalla- nes, contain tephra derived from the large late-glacial explosive R1 eruption of the Reclús volcano in the Andean Austral Volcanic Zone. New radiocarbon dates associated to these deposits refine previous estimates of the age, to 14.9 cal kyrs BP (12,670±240 14C yrs BP), and volume, to >5 km3, of this tephra. The geographic and stratigraphic distribution of R1 also place constraints on the evolution of the ice-dammed proglacial lake that existed east of the cordillera in this area between the termination of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the Holocene.
    [Show full text]
  • Patagonia Luxury Hiking Excursion
    Patagonia Luxury Hiking Excursion Please note that all of the itineraries listed in our web site are actual private tour itineraries we have prepared for clients over the past 12-18 months. By the very nature of what we do, each private tour itinerary is custom, exclusive and unique unto itself. Our over-riding goal is to create lifelong memories that you and your family will forever carry deep within your hearts. Overview Though our past hikes on the Milford Track (New Zealand), Inca Trail (Machu Picchu), Glacier (U.S.), and various areas of Switzerland and Austria were particularly memorable, we must confess that the hiking, horseback riding, and spectacular setting of, relatively inaccessible, Patagonia is unparalleled. The critical contrast is Patagonia’s pristine remoteness: no mass tourism or crowded hiking trails here! When hiking the wide range of areas in Patagonia, it is easy to see how this vast landscape still has hundreds of unnamed mountains, with many points inaccessible and unexplored. Located at the tip of the South American continent, the outstanding national parks (Torres del Paine!) and private reserves stretch across Chile and Argentina, divided by the Andes Mountains. The features of Patagonia are remarkable: wild rivers, muddy rainforests, glaciated peaks, granted monoliths, and vast steppes. This is a place for reflection, deep solitude, and unforgettable outdoor activities. Best Travel Time: Fall Winter Spring CHILE ARGENTINA Day 1 Temperature Range Temperature Range Fly to Santiago Highs: Mid 80’s Highs: Low 80’s Through our sister company, premium air provider Lows: Mid 50’s Lows: High 60’s TRAVNET, we may assist with your international airfare, as Area Area well as with mileage points conversion.
    [Show full text]
  • Los Depósitos De Caída De Tefra
    Romero et al., 2015. ARTICLE INFO Submitted: Aug 25, 2015 Pyroclastic Flow, 5 (1), 1-33 Accepted: Nov 06, 2015 Pyroclastic Flow 2015 Available Online: Nov 07, 2015 Journal of Geology- ISSN:0719-0565; www.pyflow.geohiggins.com Los depósitos de caída de tefra: Una breve revisión sobre su cuantificación y análisis para la clasificación de erupciones volcánicas explosivas, con ejemplos Latinoamericanos Tephra fallout deposits: A brief review on its quantification and analysis for the classification of explosive volcanic eruptions, with Latin-American examples. Jorge E. Romero1, 2, Jorge E. Bustillos3, José G. Viramonte4 ¹Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Atacama. Copayapu 485, Copiapó, Chile. ²Centro de Investigación y Difusión de Volcanes de Chile, Santiago, Chile. 3Facultad de Geología, Minas, Petróleos y Ambiental, Carrera de Ingeniería en Geología. Universidad Central del Ecuador - Casilla 872 A, (+593) 22555301 4INENCO/GEONORTE Univ. Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Av. Bolivia 5150–4400, Salta, Argentina Mail de contacto/Contact e-mail: [email protected] RESUMEN La cuantificación de los depósitos volcánicos es una de las herramientas más utilizadas en la actualidad para clasificar la magnitud de la actividad volcánica y determinar los peligros volcánicos asociados. En el caso especial de las erupciones explosivas, generalmente este procedimiento involucra trabajos detallados sobre el volumen y la distribución de los materiales de caída. El presente trabajo realiza una revisión bibliográfica que abarca 177 contribuciones publicadas desde principios del siglo 20 hasta los más recientes del 2015, con el fin de definir conceptos, metodologías y modelos que permitan aproximar cálculos realistas de la cantidad de material emitido en depósitos de tefra, los errores más comunes y los aspectos que ayudan a describir y caracterizar estos depósitos de acuerdo a sus componentes.
    [Show full text]
  • Processes Culminating in the 2015 Phreatic Explosion at Lascar Volcano, Chile, Evidenced by Multiparametric Data
    Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 377–397, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-377-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Processes culminating in the 2015 phreatic explosion at Lascar volcano, Chile, evidenced by multiparametric data Ayleen Gaete1, Thomas R. Walter1, Stefan Bredemeyer1,2, Martin Zimmer1, Christian Kujawa1, Luis Franco Marin3, Juan San Martin4, and Claudia Bucarey Parra3 1GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany 2GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148 Kiel, Germany 3Observatorio Volcanológico de Los Andes del Sur (OVDAS), Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN), Temuco, Chile 4Physics Science Department, Universidad de la Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile Correspondence: Ayleen Gaete ([email protected]) Received: 13 June 2019 – Discussion started: 25 June 2019 Accepted: 5 December 2019 – Published: 4 February 2020 Abstract. Small steam-driven volcanic explosions are com- marole on the southern rim of the Lascar crater revealed a mon at volcanoes worldwide but are rarely documented or pronounced change in the trend of the relationship between monitored; therefore, these events still put residents and the CO2 mixing ratio and the gas outlet temperature; we tourists at risk every year. Steam-driven explosions also oc- speculate that this change was associated with the prior pre- cur frequently (once every 2–5 years on average) at Lascar cipitation event. An increased thermal anomaly inside the ac- volcano, Chile, where they are often spontaneous and lack tive crater as observed in Sentinel-2 images and drone over- any identifiable precursor activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Virtual Heritage: a Model of Participatory Knowledge Construction Toward Biogeocultural Heritage Conservation
    Chapter 5 Virtual Heritage: A Model of Participatory Knowledge Construction Toward Biogeocultural Heritage Conservation Pablo Mansilla-Quiñones, Hermann Manríquez, and Andrés Moreira-Muñoz Abstract Virtual heritage has recently received attention as a novel path to better conserve geoheritage values and sites by means of the use of advances in digital imaging technology to synthesize, reproduce, represent, and display information. Traditionally, there have been difficulties in the inventory, quantification, and consol- idation of relevant geoheritage sites, especially as concerns the limited tools for an adequate understanding of its complex nature and multiple connections to other landscape values, including biodiversity, cultural values, and the more integrative concept of biogeocultural heritage. This point of contention has been particularly felt in Latin America: although relevant heritage sites are in peril of disappearing, the application of geoheritage and geoconservation concepts has been relatively slow and there continue to be salient difficulties in reaching audiences beyond academic circles. Extant Chilean biogeocultural geoheritage is remarkable not just due to its immense and impressive geoforms, running the gamut from arid to cold–humid climates with their respective geodiversities; it also harbors natural values regarding the same geological and geomorphological richness. The remarkable cultural and historic contributions from original communities are essential to understanding the dynamically evolved Andes geosystem over vast geological periods. Based on the above, this chapter seeks to advance, first, effective action to protect geoheritage in Chile; and second, to reframe that geoheritage with other landscape, biological, and cultural values toward the more holistic concept of biogeocultural heritage, and do P. Mansilla-Quiñones Laboratorio Territorios Alternativos, Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile e-mail: [email protected] H.
    [Show full text]
  • Mesozoic to Tertiary Evolution of the Southwestern Proto-Pacific Gondwana Margin
    University of Sydney, PhD Thesis, Kayla T. Maloney, 2012. The University of Sydney School of Geosciences Mesozoic to Tertiary evolution of the southwestern proto-Pacific Gondwana margin Kayla T. Maloney 2012 Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Sydney School of Geosciences Division of Geology and Geophysics Madsen Building (F09) Sydney, NSW, 2006 Australia University of Sydney, PhD Thesis, Kayla T. Maloney, 2012. i DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is less than 100,000 words in length, and that the work contained in this thesis has not been submitted for a higher degree at any other university or institution. Kayla T. Maloney August, 2012 PREFACE This PhD thesis consists of a collection of papers that are published or prepared for submission with international peer-reviewed journals appropriate to the discipline of geology. The publications form part of an integrated project and are presented in an order that represents the related elements of a connected thesis. The thesis contains an introductory section that provides an outline of the thesis, a summary of the contribution of the work to the field of geology, and a critical evaluation of the role of the thesis in informing further research in the field. Common themes in the papers are tied together and a discussion and conclusion of the whole thesis is presented at the end. No animal or ethical approvals were needed during the completion of this study. Data and interpretations in the thesis are the work of the author except where stated in the text.
    [Show full text]
  • Persistent Uplift of the Lazufre Volcanic Complex (Central 10.1002/2014GC005370 Andes): New Insights from PCAIM Inversion of Insar Time
    PUBLICATIONS Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems RESEARCH ARTICLE Persistent uplift of the Lazufre volcanic complex (Central 10.1002/2014GC005370 Andes): New insights from PCAIM inversion of InSAR time Key Points: series and GPS data InSAR and GPS analysis using PCAIM D. Remy1, J. L. Froger2, H. Perfettini3, S. Bonvalot1, G. Gabalda1, F. Albino2,4, V. Cayol2, 5,6 1 Correspondence to: D. Legrand , and M. De Saint Blanquat D. Remy, 1 2 [email protected] GET/UMR 5563 (UPS, CNRS, IRD, CNES), Observatoire Midi-Pyren ees, Universite P. Sabatier, Toulouse, France, LMV/UMR 6524 (UBP-CNRS-IRD), Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand, Universite B. Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France, 3ISTERRE/UMR 5275 (UJF, CNRS, IRD), Observatoire des Sciences de l’Univers de Grenoble, Universite Joseph Fou- Citation: 4 Remy, D., J. L. Froger, H. Perfettini, rier, Grenoble, France, Now at Department of Earth Sciences, Cartography & Remote Sensing Unit, Royal Museum for S. Bonvalot, G. Gabalda, F. Albino, Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium, 5Departamento de Geofısica, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, 6Now at Instituto de V. Cayol, D. Legrand, and M. Saint Geofisica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Coyoacan, Mexico Blanquat (2014), Persistent uplift of the Lazufre volcanic complex (Central Andes): New insights from PCAIM inversion of InSAR time series and GPS Abstract We reanalyzed the surface displacements observed at the Lazufre volcanic complex in the data, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 15, Southern Andean Central Volcanic Zone using GPS measurements made between 2006 and 2008 and a doi:10.1002/2014GC005370. large InSAR data set. We performed a detailed spatiotemporal analysis of the displacements using a princi- pal component analysis inversion method (PCAIM).
    [Show full text]
  • Volcanic Fluxes Over the Last Millennium As Recorded in the Gv7 Ice Core (Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica)
    geosciences Article Volcanic Fluxes Over the Last Millennium as Recorded in the Gv7 Ice Core (Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica) Raffaello Nardin 1 , Alessandra Amore 1, Silvia Becagli 1, Laura Caiazzo 2, Massimo Frezzotti 3, Mirko Severi 1,* , Barbara Stenni 4 and Rita Traversi 1 1 Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy; raffaello.nardin@unifi.it (R.N.); [email protected] (A.A.); silvia.becagli@unifi.it (S.B.); rita.traversi@unifi.it (R.T.) 2 National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), 50019 Florenc, Italy; laura.caiazzo@unifi.it 3 Department of Sciences, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, 00146 Rome, Italy; [email protected] 4 Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30170 Venezia Mestre, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: mirko.severi@unifi.it Received: 15 November 2019; Accepted: 16 January 2020; Published: 20 January 2020 Abstract: Major explosive volcanic eruptions may significantly alter the global atmosphere for about 2–3 years. During that period, volcanic products (mainly H2SO4) with high residence time, stored in the stratosphere or, for shorter times, in the troposphere are gradually deposited onto polar ice caps. Antarctic snow may thus record acidic signals providing a history of past volcanic events. The high resolution sulphate concentration profile along a 197 m long ice core drilled at GV7 (Northern Victoria land) was obtained by Ion Chromatography on around 3500 discrete samples. The relatively high accumulation rate (241 13 mm we yr 1) and the 5-cm sampling resolution allowed a preliminary ± − counted age scale. The obtained stratigraphy covers roughly the last millennium and 24 major volcanic eruptions were identified, dated, and tentatively ascribed to a source volcano.
    [Show full text]