P1: OTE/OTE/SPH P2: OTE fm JWBK351/McMurran January 30, 2009 21:20 Printer Name: Yet to Come

PERSONALITY, PERSONALITY DISORDER AND VIOLENCE

Edited by Mary McMurran University of Nottingham, UK and Richard C. Howard University of Nottingham and Rampton , UK

A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Publication

P1: OTE/OTE/SPH P2: OTE fm JWBK351/McMurran January 30, 2009 21:20 Printer Name: Yet to Come

PERSONALITY, PERSONALITY DISORDER AND VIOLENCE P1: OTE/OTE/SPH P2: OTE fm JWBK351/McMurran January 30, 2009 21:20 Printer Name: Yet to Come

WILEY SERIES IN FORENSIC CLINICAL

Edited by

Clive R. Hollin Clinical Division of Psychiatry, University of Leicester, UK and Mary McMurran School of Community Health Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, University of Nottingham, UK

For other titles in this series please visit www.wiley.com/go/fcp P1: OTE/OTE/SPH P2: OTE fm JWBK351/McMurran January 30, 2009 21:20 Printer Name: Yet to Come

PERSONALITY, PERSONALITY DISORDER AND VIOLENCE

Edited by Mary McMurran University of Nottingham, UK and Richard C. Howard University of Nottingham and Rampton Hospital, UK

A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Publication P1: OTE/OTE/SPH P2: OTE fm JWBK351/McMurran February 3, 2009 8:51 Printer Name: Yet to Come

This edition first published 2009. C 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Wiley-Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, formed by the merger of Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing.

Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

Editorial Offices The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell.

The right of the editors to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Personality, personality disorder, and violence / edited by Mary McMurran and Richard C. Howard. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-470-05948-7 – ISBN 978-0-470-05949-4 1. Personality disorders. 2.Violence. I. McMurran, Mary. II. Howard, Richard C.

RC554.P488 2009  616.85 82–dc22 2008052782

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Typeset in 10/12pt Palatino by Aptara Inc., New Delhi, India. Printed in Singapore by Markono Print Media Pte Ltd.

1 2009 P1: OTE/OTE/SPH P2: OTE fm JWBK351/McMurran January 30, 2009 21:20 Printer Name: Yet to Come

CONTENTS

About the Editors vii List of Contributors ix Series Editors’ Preface xiii Preface xvii

INTRODUCTION 1

1 Personality, Personality Disorder and Violence: An Introduction 3 Mary McMurran, University of Nottingham, UK

2 The ‘Functional Link’ Between Personality Disorder and Violence: A Critical Appraisal 19 Conor Duggan and Richard Howard, University of Nottingham, UK

PART I TRAITS 39

3 A Systematic Review of the Relationship Between Childhood Impulsiveness and Later Violence 41 Darrick Jolliffe, University of Leicester, UK and David P Farrington, University of Cambridge, UK

4 The ‘Big Five’: Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness as an Organisational Scheme for Thinking About Aggression and Violence 63 Vincent Egan, School of Psychology, University of Leicester, UK

5 Narcissism 85 Caroline Logan, Ashworth Hospital, UK

6 Subtypes of Psychopath 113 Ronald Blackburn, University of , UK

v P1: OTE/OTE/SPH P2: OTE fm JWBK351/McMurran January 30, 2009 21:20 Printer Name: Yet to Come

vi CONTENTS

7 Antisocial Personality Disorder 133 Stephane´ A De Brito and Sheilagh Hodgins, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK

PART II AFFECT 155

8 The Neurobiology of Affective Dyscontrol: Implications for Understanding ‘Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder’ 157 Rick Howard, University of Nottingham, UK

9 The Processing of Emotional Expression Information in Individuals with Psychopathy 175 R. James R. Blair, National Institute of Mental Health, USA

10 Angry Affect, Aggression and Personality Disorder 191 Kevin Howells, University of Nottingham, UK

11 Attachment Difficulties 213 Anthony R. Beech and Ian J. Mitchell, University of , UK

12 Empathy and Offending Behavior 229 William L. Marshall, Liam E. Marshall and Geris A. Serran, Rockwood Psychological Services, Canada

PART III COGNITION 245

13 Psychopathic Violence: A Cognitive-Attention Perspective 247 Jennifer E. Vitale, Hampden-Sydney College, USA and Joseph P. Newman, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA

14 Social Problem Solving, Personality Disorder and Violence 265 Mary McMurran, University of Nottingham, UK

15 Criminal Thinking 281 Glenn D. Walters, Federal Correctional Institution-Schuylkill, USA

CONCLUSION 297

16 Personality, Personality Disorder and Violence: Implications For Future Research and Practice 299 Mary McMurran and Richard Howard, University of Nottingham, UK

Index 313 P1: OTE/OTE/SPH P2: OTE fm JWBK351/McMurran January 30, 2009 21:20 Printer Name: Yet to Come

ABOUT THE EDITORS

Mary McMurran, BSc, MSc, PhD, CPsychol, FBPsS, is Professor in the Section of Forensic Mental Health, Division Psychiatry, University of Nottingham, UK. She worked for 10 years as a prison psychologist in HM Young Offenders’ Centre Glen Parva. After qualifying as a clinical psychologist, she worked in Rampton Hospital, a maximum secure psychiatric facility, and then at the East Midlands Centre for Forensic Mental Health, which consisted of a medium secure psychiatric facility and a community forensic mental health service. In 1999, she was awarded a 5-year Senior Baxter Research Fellowship by the NHS’s National Programme on Forensic Mental Health Research and Development. Her research interests are: (1) Social problem solving theories and therapies for understanding and treating people with personality disorders; (2) The assessment and treatment of alcohol- related aggression and violence; and (3) Understanding and enhancing offenders’ motivation to change. She has written over 100 academic articles and book chapters. Her edited text, Motivating Offenders to Change (Wiley, 2002), was commended in the British Medical Association’s 2003 Book Competition. She is a Fellow of the British Psychological Society and former Chair of the Society’s Division of . She was founding co-editor of the British Psychological Society journal Legal & Criminological Psychology and is currently co-editor of Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health and Deputy Editor of the Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology. In 2005, she was recipient of the Division of Forensic Psychology’s Award for a Significant Lifetime Contribution to Forensic Psychology.

Richard Howard, PhD, is Reader in Personality Disorders at the University of Nottingham and Senior Research Fellow at the Peaks Academic and Research Unit, Rampton Hospital, UK. He has had an enduring interest in personality dis- orders since working at in the 1970’s, where he carried out neurophysiological research on affective processing in personality disordered of- fenders. This work broke new ground in the study of personality disorders and was published by Wiley as a research monograph in 1982. Since then he held academic positions in Northern Ireland, New Zealand and Singapore, before re- turning to to take up his current position in 2005. His pioneering work in marrying together cognitive neuroscience and forensic psychology has spawned a sub-discipline - forensic/cognitive neuroscience – that has burgeoned over the last 20 years on both sides of the Atlantic. In addition to his work in personality disor- ders, he has published in the areas of sexual aggression, risk taking, interrogative suggestibility and cross-cultural aspects of personality.

vii P1: OTE/OTE/SPH P2: OTE fm JWBK351/McMurran January 30, 2009 21:20 Printer Name: Yet to Come P1: OTE/OTE/SPH P2: OTE fm JWBK351/McMurran January 30, 2009 21:20 Printer Name: Yet to Come

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Anthony Beech Professor in Criminological Psychology, Centre for Forensic and Family Psychol- ogy, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.

Ronald Blackburn Emeritus Professor, Division of , University of Liverpool, Whe- lan Building, Quadrangle, Brownlow Hill, L69 3GB, UK.

R. James R. Blair Chief of the Unit of Affective Cognitive Neuroscience, Mood and Anxiety Pro- gram, National Institute of Mental Health, 15K North Drive, MSC 2670, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA.

Stephane A de Brito PhD Student, Department of Forensic Mental Health Science, Institute of Psychia- try, PO Box P023, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.

Conor Duggan Professor of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Nottingham, Division of Psychiatry, Duncan Macmillan House, Porchester Road, Nottingham, NG3 6AA, UK.

Vincent Egan Senior Lecturer, School of Psychology (Forensic Section), 106 New Walk, Leicester, LE1 7EA, UK.

David P Farrington Professor of Psychological Criminology, Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Sidgwick Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 9DA, UK.

ix P1: OTE/OTE/SPH P2: OTE fm JWBK351/McMurran January 30, 2009 21:20 Printer Name: Yet to Come

x LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Sheilagh Hodgins Professor, Department of Forensic Mental Health Science, Institute of Psychiatry, PO Box P023, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.

Richard C. Howard Associate Professor and Reader in Personality Disorders, University of Notting- ham, Institute of Mental Health, The Sir Colin Campbell Building, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG8 2TU, and Senior Researcher, Peaks Academic Unit, Rampton Hospital,Retford,DN220PD,UK.

Kevin Howells Professor of Forensic Clinical Psychology, University of Nottingham, Institute of Mental Health, The Sir Colin Campbell Building, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG8 2TU, and Director of Research, Peaks Academic Unit, Rampton Hospital, Retford, DN22 0PD, UK.

Darrick Jolliffe Senior Lecturer, Department of Criminology, University of Leicester, The Friars, 154 Upper New Walk, Leicester, LE1 7QA, UK.

Caroline Logan Consultant Specialist Clinical Psychologist in Risk Assessment and Management, Mersey Care NHS Trust, Ashworth Hospital, Magull, Liverpool, L31 1HW, UK.

Liam E. Marshall Rockwood Psychological Services, 403-303 Bagot Street, Kingston, ON, K7K 5W7, Canada.

William L Marshall Director, Rockwood Psychological Services, 403-303 Bagot Street, Kingston, ON, K7K 5W7, Canada.

Mary McMurran Professor, University of Nottingham, Institute of Mental Health, The Sir Colin Campbell Building, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG8 2TU, UK.

Ian J. Mitchell Senior Lecturer, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. P1: OTE/OTE/SPH P2: OTE fm JWBK351/McMurran January 30, 2009 21:20 Printer Name: Yet to Come

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xi

Joseph P Newman Professor, Psychology Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Brogden Hall, 1202 West Johnson Street, Madison, WI, 53706-1969, USA.

Geris A. Serran Rockwood Psychological Services, 403-303 Bagot Street, Kingston, ON, K7K 5W7, Canada.

Jennifer Vitale Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney, VA, 23943 434-223-6000, USA.

Glenn D Walters Clinical Psychologist and Co-ordinator of the Drug Abuse Program, Psychology Services, Federal Correctional Institute Schuylkill, PO Box 700, Minersville, PA 17954, USA. P1: OTE/OTE/SPH P2: OTE fm JWBK351/McMurran January 30, 2009 21:20 Printer Name: Yet to Come P1: OTE/OTE/SPH P2: OTE fm JWBK351/McMurran January 30, 2009 21:20 Printer Name: Yet to Come

SERIES EDITORS’ PREFACE

ABOUT THE SERIES

At the time of writing, it is clear that we live in a time, certainly in the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe, if perhaps less so in areas of the world, when there is renewed enthusiasm for constructive approaches to working with offenders to prevent crime. What do we mean by this statement and what basis do we have for making it? First, by ‘constructive approaches to working with offenders’, we mean bringing the use of effective methods and techniques of behaviour change into work with offenders. Indeed, this view might pass as a definition of forensic clinical psychol- ogy. Thus, our focus is the application of theory and research in order to develop practice aimed at bringing about a change in the offender’s functioning. The word constructive is important and can be set against approaches to behaviour change that seek to operate by destructive means. Such destructive approaches are typi- cally based on the principles of deterrence and punishment, seeking to suppress the offender’s actions through fear and intimidation. A constructive approach, on the other hand, seeks to bring about changes in an offender’s functioning that will produce, say, enhanced possibilities of employment, greater levels of self-control, better family functioning or increased awareness of the pain of victims. A constructive approach faces the criticism of being a ‘soft’ response to the damage caused by offenders, neither inflicting pain and punishment nor delivering retribution. This point raises a serious question for those involved in working with offenders. Should advocates of constructive approaches oppose retribution as a goal of the criminal justice system as a process that is incompatible with treatment and rehabilitation? Alternatively, should constructive work with offenders take place within a system given to retribution? We believe that this issue merits serious informed debate. However, to return to our starting point, history shows that criminal justice sys- tems are littered with many attempts at constructive work with offenders, not all of which have been successful. In raising the spectre of success, the second part of our opening sentence now merits attention, that is, ‘constructive approaches to working with offenders to prevent crime’. In order to achieve the goal of prevent- ing crime, interventions must focus on the right targets for behaviour change. In addressing this crucial point, Andrews and Bonta (1994) have formulated the need principle:

xiii