7 CBSE

Question Bank SOCIAL SCIENCE Teacher’s Manual

FULL MARKS PVT LTD Educational Publishers 4238A/1, Ansari Road, Daryaganj New -110002 CONTENTS PART-A: HISTORY (OUR PASTS-I) 1. Tracing Changes Through A Thousand Years 3 2. New Kings and Kingdoms 7 3. The Delhi Sultans 11 4. The 15 5. Rulers and Buildings 21 6. Towns, Traders and Craftspersons 25 7. Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities 30 8. Devotional Paths to the Divine 35 9. The Making of Regional Cultures 40 10. Eighteenth-Century Political Formations 45 l Worksheets-1 to 10 50–64

PART-B: GEOGRAPHY 1. Environment 65 2. Inside Our Earth 67 3. Our Changing Earth 71 4. Air 74 5. Water 79 6. Natural Vegetation and Wildlife 83 7. Human Environment—Settlement, Transport and Communication 87 8. Human Environment Interactions: The Tropical and the Subtropical Region 91 9. Life in the Temperate Grasslands 94 10. Life in the Deserts 97 l Worksheets-1 to 10 100–113

PART-C: CIVICS 1. On Equality 114 2. Role of the Government in Health 118 3. How the State Government Works? 122 4. Growing up as Boys and Girls 126 5. Women Change the World 129 6. Understanding Media 133 7. Understanding Advertisement 137 8. Markets Arounds Us 142 9. A Shirt in the Market 147 10. Struggles for Equality 151 l Worksheets-1 to 10 153–168 Part-A: History (Our Pasts-I)

Chapter Tracing Changes Through 1 A Thousand Years FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions Rapid-Fire Questions 1. A person who makes maps. 1. Poet 2. Fourteenth 2. The Arab geographer. 3. Archives 4. Nastaliq 3. Persian 5. Irrigation 4. Ajnabi Puzzle Time 5. They copied manuscripts. MECASCRIBEM 6. 18th century UBHGRKBBQCA GRRCASRIFHN Fill in the Blanks HIOFJHIKADU 1. Qanauj 2. modern ATNRPATRONS 3. 4. holy LIIDUTIGWKC 5. regional SSCYTRHBJLR True/False IHLEMISLAMI 1. True 2. False 3. True JSENUYLTFNP 4. True 5. False VMRXHABITAT SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions True/False 1. (a) chronicler 1. True 2. True 3. False 2. (a) thirteenth century 4. False 5. True 3. (a) all of the above 4. (a) 1356 Very Short Answer Type Questions 5. (c) 1. In the past a ‘foreigner’ 6. (b) elders meant any stranger who appeared, say in a given Match the following village, someone who was (i)—(d) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(a) not a part of that society or (iv)—(e) (v)—(b) culture. Fill in the Blanks 2. The term ‘habitat’ refers to the environment of a region 1. archives 2. printing press and the social and economic 3. potatoes, corn, chillies, tea, lifestyle of its residents. coffee 3. An archive is a place where 4. mobility 5. sub-castes documents and manuscripts 6. archives are stored. 3 4. He meant the areas of Punjab, Sultanate. The area included and the lands between in this term shifted with the the Ganga and Yamuna. extent of the Sultanate but the 5. The period from roughly 700 to term never included South 1750 is known as the medieval India. By contrast, in the early period. sixteenth century Babur used 6. In the fourteenth century, Hindustan to describe the people used paper to write geography, the fauna and the holy texts, chronicles of rulers, culture of the inhabitants of letters and teachings of saints, the subcontinent. The idea of petitions and judicial records, a geographical and cultural and for registers of accounts entity like ‘India’ did exist, and taxes. but the term ‘Hindustan’ did 7. The term ‘pan-regional empire’ not carry the political and means an empire spanning national meanings which we diverse regions. associate with it today. 8. The Khalji dynasty ruled from 2. At different moments in this 1290 to 1320. The Mughal period new technologies dynasty ruled from 1526 to made their appearance 1707. such as the Persian wheel in 9. The Brahmanas commanded irrigation, the spinning wheel a lot of respect in society due in weaving and firearms to their knowledge of Sanskrit in combat. New foods and texts. beverages like potatoes, 10. A patron is an influential, corn, chillies, tea and coffee wealthy person who supports arrived in the subcontinent. another person such as an It is worth-mentioning artist, a craftsperson, a learned that all these innovations man, or a noble. Indian rulers (technologies and crops) usually patronised these came along with people. persons. 3. Manuscripts are hand- Short Answer Type Questions written books or documents. Copying or reading other’s 1. Today we understand the handwriting is somewhat term ‘Hindustan’ as India, a difficult task. As scribes the modern nation-state. copied manuscripts, they also When the term was used in introduced small changes—a the thirteenth century by word here, a sentence there. Minhaj-i-Siraj, he meant the These small differences grew areas of Punjab, Haryana over centuries of copying and the lands between the until manuscripts of the same Ganga and Yamuna. He used text became substantially the term in a political sense different from one another. for lands that were a part of This posed problems before the dominions of the Delhi the historians. They have to

4 n Question Bank Social Science-VII read different manuscript 7. In the middle of the nineteenth versions of the same text to century British historians guess what the author had divided the history of India originally written. into three periods—Hindu, 4. The period between 700 Muslim and British. This and 1750 was the period of division was based on the idea great mobility. Groups of that the religion of rulers was people such as the Rajputs, the only important historical Marathas, Sikhs, Jats, Ahoms change, and that there were no and Kayasthas travelled other significant developments long distances in search of in the economy, society or opportunity because the culture. Such a division also subcontinent held immense ignored the rich diversity of wealth. The Rajputs among the subcontinent. them became important. They 8. The list of languages noted were warriors who claimed by Amir Khusrau in 1318 is Kshatriya caste status. They Sindhi, Lahori, Kashmiri, came to be known for their Dvarsamudri, Telangani, extreme valour and a great Gujari, Ma‘bari, Gauri, Awadhi sense of loyalty. and Hindawi. 5. Jatis framed their own rules All the above languages were and regulations to manage confined to particular regions. the conduct of their members. Sanskrit was the only language These regulations were that did not belong to any enforced by an assembly of region. It was an old language elders, described in some areas and common people did not as the jati panchayat. But jatis know it, only the Brahmanas were also required to follow the rules of their villages. did. Several villages were governed 9. See answer no. 2 in this section. by a chieftain. Together they 10. The followers of Islam were only one small unit of a interpreted Islam in a variety state. of ways. There were the Shia 6. Paper gradually became Muslims who believed that cheaper and widely available the Prophet Muhammad’s in the fourteenth century. son-in-law, Ali, was the This helped the historians of legitimate leader of the Muslim the time in a great way. They community. On the other began to write textual records hand, the Sunni Muslims on paper. Manuscripts and accepted the authority of the documents written on paper early leaders, i.e. Khalifas provided a lot of detailed of the community and the information to historians. succeeding Khalifas.

Teacher’s Manual n 5 Long Answer Type Questions segments – periods – that 1. It was during this period that possess shared characteristics. important changes occurred In the middle of the nineteenth in what we call Hinduism century British historians today. These included the divided the history of India worship of new deities, the into three periods—Hindu, construction of temples by Muslim and British. They royalty and the growing made this division on the importance of Brahmanas, the basis of the religion of rulers. priests, as dominant groups in Few historians follow this the society. Their knowledge of Sanskrit text earned the periodisation today. Most Brahmanas a lot of respect in look to economic and social the society. factors to characterise the One of the major developments major elements of different of this period was the moments of the past. The emergence of the idea of histories that included a bhakti—of a loving, personal wide range of early societies deity that devotees could reach like hunter-gatherers, early without the aid of priests or farmers, early empires and elaborate rituals. kingdoms, etc. are described This was also a period when as ‘ancient’. The histories that new religions appeared in the included the spread of peasant subcontinent. Merchants and societies, the rise of regional migrants first brought the and imperial state formation, teachings of the holy Quran to the development of Hinduism India in the seventh century. and Islam as major religions Many rulers were patrons of are described as ‘medieval.’ Islam and the ulama who were These thousand years of learned theologians and jurists. Indian history witnessed a And like Hinduism, Islam considerable change. After all, was interpreted in a variety of the sixteenth and eighteenth ways by its followers. The Shia centuries were quite different Muslims accepted the Prophet from the eighth or the eleventh. Muhammad’s son-in-law Ali Therefore, describing the entire as the legitimate leader of the period as one historical unit Muslim community while the is not without its problems. Sunni Muslims accepted the The ‘medieval’ period is often authority of the early leaders, contrasted with the ‘modern’ i.e. Khalifas. period. 2. The historians study the time 3. See Short Answer No. 1 by dividing the past into large 4. See Short Answer No. 3

6 n Question Bank Social Science-VII Chapter New Kings and Kingdoms 2 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 4. False 5. True 1. Golden womb Rapid-Fire Questions 2. Settlement of peasants 1. Arabic 3. 2. The land gifted to brahmanas. 4. A Pratihara king 3. Nagaram 4. Periyapuranam 5. It was a tax taken in the form 5. Rich landowners of forced labour. 6. Prithviraja III. Puzzle Time Fill in the Blanks Across: 1. ruler 3. Cholas 5. Prithviraja 2. Sultan Muhammad Ghori 7. Samantas 3. Thanjavur 4. Tang Down: 5. Chola 1. Kadamai 2. Kanauj True/False 4. Sultan 6. Temple 1. True 2. False 3. True 8. Nadu SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. (c) Chalukyas 1. The founder of the Chola 2. (d) All of the above dynasty was Vijayalaya. 3. (a) Rulers 2. Gurjara-Pratihara, 4. (b) Kanauj Rashtrakutas, Palas, Cholas 5. (c) Sultan Mahmud and Chahamanas or Chauhans. 6. (b) Afghanistan 3. When the Chauhans tried to Match the following expand their control to the west and the east they were (i) (c) (ii) (a) (iii) (b) opposed by the Chalukyas of (iv) (d) and the Gahadavalas Fill in the Blanks of Western . 4. The Chola kingdom was the 1. influential 2. prashastis most powerful in south India. 3. Ganga 4. temples 5. Rajaraja I and his son Rajendra I. 5. temples, sculptures 6. Delhi and Ajmer were under 6. Sanskrit the control of the Chahamanas. True/False 7. The parties that involved in the 1. True 2. True 3. False tripartite struggle were Gurjara- 4. False 5. False 6. True Pratihara, Rashtrakutas and Pala dynasties.

Teacher’s Manual n 7 8. The name of the two assemblies tell us how rulers wanted to were ur and Sabha. depict themselves as valiant, 9. Dantidurga was a Rashtrakuta victorious warriors, etc. These chief who overthrew his were composed by learned Chalukya overlord and Brahmanas. In return, kings performed a ritual called often rewarded them with hiranya-garbha. grants of land. 10. Samantas were expected to 4. The city of Kanauj in the bring gifts for their kings or Ganga valley was a prized overlords, be present at their area. It was very fertile. For courts and provide them centuries rulers belonging with military support. to the Gurjara-Pratihara, Short Answer Type Questions Rashtrakuta and Pala dynasties fought for control 1. Many dynasties arose during over Kanauj. Because there the medieval period. They were three parties in this long were the Rashtrakutas in drawn conflict, historians the Decean, the Gurjara- often describe it as the Pratiharas in Gujarat and tripartite struggle. , the Palas in 5. The Rashtrakutas ruled in the Bengal, the Cholas in Tamil Deccan. Initially they were Nadu and the Chauhans in subordinate to the Chalukyas Delhi and Ajmer. All these of . In the mid- dynasties were indulged in eighth century, Dantidurga, constant wars to overthrow a Rashtrakuta chief, overthrew one another in order to his Chalukya overlording gain acceptance. They often and performed a ritual adopted high-sounding titles called hiranya-garbha which such as maharaja-adhiraja, literally means the golden tribhuvana-chakravartin and womb. Thus they established so on. the Rashtrakuta rule in the 2. Kadamba Mayurasharman Deccan. and the Gurjara-Pratihara 6. The Cholas collected more Harichandra belonged than 400 terms for different to enterprising brahmana kinds of taxes. The most families. They gave up their prominent among these taxes traditional professions and was vetti, which was taken used their military skills not in cash but in the form of to carve out kingdoms in forced labour, and kadamai, Karnataka and Rajasthan or land revenue. There were respectively. also taxes on thatching the 3. The term ‘prashasti’ means house, the use of a ladder to ‘in praise of’. Prashastis climb palm trees, a less on contain details that may not succession to family property, be literally true. But they etc.

8 n Question Bank Social Science-VII 7. Rajaraja I made the Chola adopted high-sounding kingdom the supreme titles like maharaja-adhiraja power in south India. He and tribhuvana-chakravartin. was the most powerful ruler. In spite of such claims they He became king in 985. He often shared power with fought many wars against their samantas as well as with the Pandyas and the Cheras associations of peasants, and expanded his control traders and Brahmanas. over most of these areas. He In each of these kingdoms, was succeeded by his son resources were obtained from Rajendra I. He continued his the producers, i.e. peasants, father’s policy of conquests. cattle-keepers, and artisans. He developed a strong navy These people were often and with its help raided the persuaded or compelled to Ganga valley, Sri Lanka and surrender part of what they countries of South-east Asia. produced. Revenue was also 8. The Cholas were great collected from traders. These temple builders. They built resources were used to finance temples in almost every the king’s establishment, as village and town. The big well as for the construction temples of Thanjavur and of temples and forts. Parts Gangaikondacholapuram, of resources were used in built by Rajaraja and warfare. The functionaries Rajendra, are architectural for collecting revenue and sculptural marvels. Most were generally recruited of the Chola temples were from influential families, built in the Dravidian style. and positions were often Chola temples often became hereditary. The same thing the centre of settlements was applied to the army. which grew around them. The 2. It was Vijayalaya who started people who lived near temples the Chola kingdom. He were priests, garland-makers, conquered Tanjore and ruled cooks, sweepers, musicians, over the region to the north of dancers, etc. These people River Kaveri. also worked at the temples. He built the town of Thanjavur Thus, Chola temples were and a temple for goddess not only places of worship Nishumbhasudini there. but also the hub of economic, The successors of Vijayalaya social and cultural life. conquered neighbouring Long Answer Type Questions regions and the kingdom 1. Several kingdoms emerged in grew in size and power. The different parts of subcontinent Pandyan and the Pallava between the seventh and territories to the south and twelfth centuries. Many of the the north were made parts of new kings of these kingdoms the Chola kingdom.

Teacher’s Manual n 9 The Chola kingdom rose to including dispensing justice the height of power during and collecting taxes. the rule of Rajaraja I and his Rich peasants of the Vellala son, Rajendra I. They were caste exercised considerable the greatest Chola rulers who control over the affairs of the strengthened their kingdom in nadu under the supervision of south India. Rajaraja I became the central Chola government. king in 985. He expanded The Chola kings gave some control over most of these rich landowners titles like areas. He also reorganised the muvendavelan, araiyar, etc. as administration of the empire. marks of respect and entrusted Rajendra I succeeded his them with important offices father Rajaraja I in 1016. He of the state at the centre. continued his father’s policy As far as Brahmanas were of conquests. He developed concerned, they received land a strong navy and raided the grants called brahmadeya. Each Ganga valley and Sri Lanka. brahmadeya was looked after His campaigned in South-east by an assembly or sabha of Asia is worth-mentioning. It prominent Brahmana land- is said to be his most daring holders. These assemblies campaign. worked very efficiently. However, the continuous There were associations of wars against the neighbouring traders known as nagarams kingdoms had weakened the which occasionally performed Chola empire which ultimately administrative functions in met with its downfall at the towns. end of the thirteenth century. 4. The Cholas made several new 3. The Chola king held the developments in agriculture. most powerful position in Although agriculture had the kingdom. He supervised developed earlier in other the administration, looked parts of Tamil Nadu, it was after justice and led troops only from the fifth or sixth in battles. The kingdom was century that this area was divided into ur and nadu. Ur opened up for large-scale was the unit of administration cultivation. Forests were in villages which referred to cleared in some regions, the settlements of peasants. land was levelled in other They became prosperous areas. In the delta region with the spread of irrigation embankments were built to agriculture. Groups of such prevent flooding and canals villages formed larger units were constructed to carry called nadu. The village council water to the fields. In many and the nadu performed several areas two crops were grown administrative functions in a year.

10 n Question Bank Social Science-VII A variety of methods were (iii) They should be between used for irrigation in the Tamil 35 and 70 years of age. region. In some areas wells (iv) They should have were dug. In other places knowledge of the Vedas. huge tanks were constructed (v) They should be well- to collect rainwater. versed in administrative 5. There were certain qualifications matters and honest. necessary to become a member of a committee of the sabha (vi) If anyone had been in the Chola empire. The a member of any Uttaramerur inscription gives committee in the last us a valuable information three years, he could about this. not become a member (i) All those who wished to of another committee. become members of the Anyone who had not Sabha should be owners submitted his accounts, of land from which land and those of his relatives, revenue was collected. could not contest the (ii) They should have their elections. own homes. Chapter The Delhi Sultans 3 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 3. Learned men, secretaries, 1. Tawarikh administrators, poets and 2. Privileges claimed on account courtiers. of birth 4. Shamsuddin 3. A fortified settlement with 5. In the archaeological village soldiers. complex in Mehrauli, Delhi. 4. Delhi 5. Alauddin Khalji Puzzle Time 6. Prithviraj Chauhan CDMUQTISAIOMJP Fill in the Blanks HERIAUSOMINOKR 1. five 2. 1206-1210 IOTDRPILFERSNO 3. Iltutmish 4. Tughluqs EABYAKHARAJQYV 5. 1240 FCDNSULTANWUQI True/False TAWARIKHZTIECN AEFSETAVIALAEC 1. False 2. True 3. True IGHTISUIYTWEYE 4. False 5. False NIFYSGTJYLEJCS Rapid-Fire Questions SHINTERLANDRUE 1. Delhi 2. yes

Teacher’s Manual n 11 SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions distinctions were so prevalent 1. (a) twelfth century at that time that it was viewed 2. (c) no one was comfortable at against the social norm to keep having a queen as a ruler women at par with men. 3. (b) Alauddin Khalji 6. The lands adjacent to a city or 4. (a) Muhammad Tughluq port that supply it with goods 5. (a) Kharaj and services are known as hinterlands. Match the following 7. Raziyya Sultan was the first (i) (c) (ii) (a) (iii) (e) female ruler in the Muslim (iv) (f) (v) (d) (vi) (b) world. She was the daughter of Iltutmish and became Fill in the Blanks Sultan in 1236. She was more 1. Genghis 2. appointing able and qualified than all 3. Accountants her brothers. 4. Mecca 5. protectors 8. Jalaluddin Khalji was the first True/False Sultan of the Khalji dynasty. He could rule for only six 1. True 2. True 3. True years from 1290 to 1296. 4. False 5. False 9. Alauddin Khalji was the Very Short Answer Questions first Sultan who led military expeditions into southern 1. • Early Turkish rulers India. He defeated several • Khalji dynasty south Indian rulers like the • Tughluq dynasty Kakatiyas, the Hoysalas, the • dynasty Pandyas, the Yadavas and • Lodi dynasty others. 2. Delhi first became the capital 10. In the reign of Muhammad of a kingdom in the twelfth Tughluq, the Sultanate century under the Tomara reached its farthest extent. Rajputs. 3. The Tomara Rajputs were Short Answer Type Questions defeated by the Chauhans of 1. The authors of tawarikh were Ajmer. learned men, secretaries, 4. Gender distinctions mean administrators, poets and social and biological courtiers, who both recounted differences between women events and advised rulers or and men. Usually, these governance, emphasising the differences are used to argue importance of just rule. They that men are superior to also advised rulers on the need women. to preserve an ideal social 5. It was because no one was order based on birthright and comfortable at having a queen gender distinctions. Their (woman) as a ruler. Gender ideals were not shared by

12 n Question Bank Social Science-VII everybody. They usually lived assignments as salary. in cities and often wrote their Control over muqtis was most histories for Sultans in the effective if their office was hope of rich rewards. not inheritable and if they 2. Peasantry formed the were assigned iqtas for a short most important segment period of time before being of the society. A king’s shifted. administration could run 5. The Delhi Sultan brought smoothly only when peasants the hinterland of the cities were in the capacity to pay the under their control and forced revenue. And peasants could the landed chieftains and pay revenue only when they rich landlords to accept their were prosperous and happy. authority. Under Alauddin That happened when the king Khalji the state brought the promoted justice and honest assessment and collection of governance. land revenue under its own 3. The early Delhi Sultans control. As a result, the rights favoured their special slaves, of the local chieftains to levy purchased for military service. taxes were cancelled and they They were carefully trained were also forced to pay taxes. to man some of the most 6. Mongol attacks on the Delhi important political offices Sultanate increased during in the kingdom. Since they the reign of Alauddin Khalji were totally dependent upon and in the early years of their masters, the Sultans Muhammad Tughluq’s rule. could trust and rely upon This forced the two rulers them. However, that also to mobilise a large standing introduced an element of army in Delhi as a defensive political instability. Slaves measure. Alauddin was able to were loyal to their masters repulse the Mongol attacks by and patrons, but not to their dint of this army. Muhammad heirs. New Sultans had their Tughluq also succeeded in own servants. As a result, the defeating the Mongol army. accession of a new monarch He was confident about the often saw conflict between the strength of his army and his old and the new nobility. resources to plan an attack 4. The muqtis were nobles or on Transoxiana and finally officers appointed to look defeating the Mongols. after the territories in their 7. The Delhi Sultanate charge. They led military expanded during the reigns campaigns and maintain law of Ghiyasuddin Balban, and order in their lands or Alauddin Khalji and iqtas. In exchange for their Muhammad Tughluq. The first military services, the muqtis set of campaigns occurred collected the revenues of their along the internal frontier

Teacher’s Manual n 13 of the Sultanate. It aimed at Long Answer Type Questions consolidating the hinterlands 1. Alauddin Khalji: He launched of the garrison towns. The various military expeditions second expansion occurred to expand the Delhi Sultanate. along the ‘external frontier’ However, his campaigns into of the Sultanate. It aimed at Southern India were of much the south Indian rulers like importance. He became the the Kakatiyas, Hoysalas, and first Sultan to defeat the others. south Indian rulers like the 8. The Delhi Sultans made Kakatiyas, the Hoysalas, the several campaigns in order Pandyas and others. to expand their territories. Tughluq: The military During these campaigns expeditions into southern forests were cleared in India that started during the Ganga-Yamuna the reign of Alauddin Khalji and hunter-gatherers and culminated with Muhammad pastoralists were expelled Tughluq. In their campaigns, from their habitats. The Delhi Sultanate armies captured Sultans gave these lands to elephants, horses, and slaves peasants to encourage them and carried away precious to do farming. They also metals. By the end of used these lands to establish Muhammad Tughluq’s reign, new fortresses and towns to 150 years after somewhat protect trade routes and to humble beginnings, the promote regional trade. armies of the Delhi Sultanate Deforestation today occurs had marched across a large to urbanise that area by part of the subcontinent. They establishing factories, had defeated rival armies and industries, etc. Forests are also seized cities. being cleared to raise multi- 2. Like the earlier Sultans, storeyed buildings there. Alauddin Khalji too favoured 9. Names of three types of taxes his special slaves purchased were— for military service. He also (i) on cultivation called raised people of humble birth, Kharaj and amounting to who were often his clients, to about 50 per cent of the high political positions. They peasant’s produce. were appointed as generals (ii) on cattle and governors. They were (iii) on houses kept in charge of territories 10. Ziyauddin Barani was a mid- of varying sizes. These lands fourteenth-century chronicler were called iqtas and their and Ibn Battuta was a holder was called iqtadar or fourteenth-century traveller muqti. who travelled to India from These muqtis were assigned Morocca, Africa. to lead military campaigns

14 n Question Bank Social Science-VII and maintain law and order (i) His campaign into in their iqtas. In exchange for Kashmir was a disaster. their military services, the He then gave up muqtis collected the revenues his plans to invade of their assignments as salary. Transoxiana and These muqtis were kept under disbanded his large effective control. Accountants army. were appointed by the state to (ii) His administrative check the amount of revenue measures created collected by the muqtis. complications. He As the Delhi Sultans brought shifted his capital from the hinterland of the cities Delhi to Daulatabad under their control, they because it was more forced the landed chieftains and rich landlords to accept centrally located than their authority. Under Delhi in the Sultanate. Alauddin Khalji the state He was right upto brought the assessment and this. But he made a collection of land revenue mistake by ordering under its own control. The the common people as rights of the local chieftains well as his court and to levy taxes were cancelled officials to shift from and they were also forced Delhi to Daulatabad. to pay taxes. The Sultan’s This decision of Tughluq administrators measured was severely resented. the land and kept careful accounts. (iii) The raising of taxes 3. Muhammad Tughluq’s during the time of a administrative measures severe famine in the were a failure in the following Ganga-Yamuna belt led ways— to widespread rebellion. Chapter The Mughal Empire 4 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions Fill in the Blanks 1. Umar Shaikh. 1. massacre 2. Timurid 2. Mongol competitors of the 3. Zat 4. Iraq Mughals. 5. Panipat 3. Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in 1526. True/False 4. Babur 5. 13 years 1. False 2. True 3. True 6. Sher Khan 4. False 5. True 7. Jahangir’s wife.

Teacher’s Manual n 15 Rapid-Fire Questions Puzzle Time 1. Amber ZABTOQMSTZ 2. The number of mansabdars ARPSJAGIRA were 29. MDDAFGDLPT

3. It dealt with ’s IIOECJBRKZ administration. NWGMANSABO 4. Akbar 5. Sultan Suleyman ruled DAMUGHALFU Ottoman Turkey in 1520-1566. ANAUWXWSQA RSMTVQATSW

SUBADARSPE SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 2. From the latter half of 1. (b) They were associated the sixteenth century, the with the massacre of Mughals expanded their many people. kingdom from Agra and 2. (a) Panipat Delhi, until in the seventeenth 3. (d) century they controlled nearly 4. (c) revenue minister all of the subcontinent. 5. (c) Jahangir and Shah Jahan 3. The Mughals imposed 6. (b) Agra structures of administration and ideas of governance I. Match the following that outbursted their rule. (i)—(e) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(a) It was this political legacy (iv)—(d) (v)—(b) that succeeding rulers of II. Match the following the subcontinent could not ignore. (i)—(e) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(d) 4. The Mughals were proud of (iv)—(a) (v)—(f) (vi)—(b) their Timurid ancestry. Fill in the Blanks 5. • Babur succeeded to the 1. Akbarnama throne of Ferghana in 2. Corparcenary, Sons 1494 when he was only 12 3. jagirs 4. years old. 5. guerilla 6. Nur Jahan • In 1526, he defeated the 7. religion Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, at Panipat and True/False captured Delhi and Agra. 1. False 2. True 3. False 6. The Afghans were the 4. True 5. False 6. True immediate threat to Mughal Very Short Answer Questions authority. 7. The ambitions of his brother 1. The Red Fort was the Mirza Kamran weakened residence of the Mughal Humayun’s cause against emperors. Afghan competitors.

16 n Question Bank Social Science-VII 8. Humayun received help to leave his ancestral throne from the Safavid Shah and due to the invasion of the recaptured Delhi in 1555. Uzbegs, a Mongol group. 9. Under the rule of He wandered for years and primogeniture, the eldest son finally seized Kabul in 1504. inherited his father’s estate. The year 1526 had a great The Mughals did not follow significance in his life. In this this rule. year he defeated the Delhi 10. A dogma is a statement or Sultan, Ibrahim Lodi and an interpretation declared captured Delhi and Agra. as authoritative with the However, he could rule only expectation that it would be for four years, i.e. from 1526 followed without question. to 1530. 11. Sul-i-Kul means universal 3. The Mughal relations with peace. This idea of tolerance the Rajputs were more or did not discriminate between less friendly. The of different religions rulers campaigned constantly in his realm. against the rulers who refused 12. Berar, , Ahmadnager, to accept their authority. Bijapur, Golconda, etc. But as the Mughals became Short Answer Type Questions powerful many other rulers joined them voluntarily. The 1. The Mughals were the Rajputs were prominent descendants of the two great among them. Many of them lineages of rulers. From their married their daughters mother’s side they were into Mughal families and descendants of Genghis received high positions. But Khan, the ruler of the Mongol many resisted as well. The tribes, China and Central Sisodiya Rajputs refused to Asia. From their father’s side accept Mughal authority for they were the successors of a long time. But when they Timur, the ruler of Iran, Iraq were defeated, the Mughals and modern-day Turkey. did not insult them. Instead However, the Mughals did they treated them honourably. not like to be called Mughal 4. Mansabdar is a person who or Mongol. This was because holds a mansab, meaning Genghis Khan’s memory was associated with the massacre a rank or position. These of innumerable lives. It was mansabdars received also linked with the Uzbegs, their salaries as revenue their Mongol competitors. assignments called jagirs 2. Babur founded the Mughal which were somewhat like empire in India. He was iqtas. But unlike muqtis, most only 12 years old when he mansabdars did not actually succeeded to the throne of reside in or administer Ferghana. But he was forced their jagirs. They only had Teacher’s Manual n 17 rights to the revenue of their 8. Akbar was open-minded on assignments which was religious matters. He had a collected for them by their keen interest in the religion servants while mansabdars and social customs of different themselves served in some people. He believed that other parts of the country. every religion led towards 5. Todar Mal was Akbar’s God. Hence, the followers of revenue minister. He different religions should live introduced a new system for in complete harmony. While assessing the land revenue. he was at Fatehpur Sikri Under this system, he during the 1570s, he started carried out a careful survey discussions on religion with of crop yields, prices and the ulama, Brahmanas, Jesuit areas cultivated for a 10-year priests who were Roman period, 1570-1580. On the catholics and zoroastrians. He basis of this data, tax was built the Ibadat Khana there fixed on each crop in cash. to hold these discussions. Todar Mal divided each Akbar’s interaction with province into revenue circles people of different faiths with its own schedule of made him realise that all revenue rates for individual religions preach the same crops. This revenue system message of love for humanity. was known as zabt. He incorporated these ideas in 6. Local headmen of villages his governance. He preached or powerful chieftains were peace and tolerance. called zamindars. In some 9. Abul Fazl, a close friend areas these zamindars of Akbar, wrote a three- exercised a great deal of volume history of Akbar’s power. In such a situation reign, titled Akbarnama. when the exploitation of The first volume dealt with the Mughal adminstrators Akbar’s ancestors and the increased, they turned to second volume recorded the rebellion and challenged events of Akbar’s reign. The the stabality of the Mughal third volume is the Ain-i- empire. 7. Akbar’s idea of sulh-i-kul or Akbari. It deals with Akbar’s universal peace was based administration, household, on the idea of tolerance. This army, the revenues and the idea of tolerance did not geography of his empire. discriminate between people It also provides rich details of different religions in his about the traditions and realm. Instead it focused on culture of the people living a system of ethics such as in India. honesty, justice and peace. 10. The mansabdar’s military This system was universally responsibilities were of applicable. much importance. He had to

18 n Question Bank Social Science-VII maintain a specified number north-west. Qandahar was of sawar or cavalrymen. He seized from the Safavids, brought his cavalrymen for Kashmir was annexed. review, got them registered, Kabul was also conquered. their horses branded and He started campaign in then received money to pay the Deccan and annexed them as salary. Berar, and parts Long Answer Type Questions of Ahmadnagar. 2 (i) Mughal administration 1. Akbar became the emperor under Akbar was a of the Mughal empire in 1556 centralised monarchy. at the young age of thirteen. Although the King Bairam Khan was therefore enjoyed absolute power, appointed as the regent. His the welfare of the people reign can be divided into three was given top priority. periods. Each period is marked with important campaigns and (ii) Akbar’s empire was events. divided into provinces (i) 1556-1570—Akbar became called subas, governed by independent of Bairam a subadar who carried out Khan and other members both political and military of his domestic staff. He functions. Each province started military campaigns also had a financial officer against the Suris and other or diwan. Afghans, against the (iii) For the maintenance of neighbouring kingdoms peace and order in his of Malwa and Gondwana province, the subadar and to suppress the revolt was supported by other of his half-brother Mirza officers such as the military Hakim and the Uzbegs. paymaster (bakhshi), the In 1568, he seized the minister in charge of Sisodiya capital of Chittor religions and charitable and in 1569 Ranthambhor. patronage (sadr), military Thus, within a short period commanders (faujdars) of time, Akbar established and the town police Mughal empire in the commander (Kotwal). The north. qazi was the chief justice (ii) 1570-1585—During this of the empire. period he conquered (iv) The mansabdari system Gujarat, Bihar, Bengal was an important and Orissa. feature of the Mughal’s (iii) 1585-1605—Akbar’s administration. The expansion policy continued mansabdar had to during this period. He maintain a specified launched campaigns in the number of sawar or

Teacher’s Manual n 19 cavalrymen. He brought who started guerrilla warfare. his cavalrymen for review, 4. (i) In Akbar’s reign there got them registered, their were 29 mansabdars with horses branded and a rank of 5,000 zat. By then received money Aurangzeb’s reign the to pay them as salary. number of mansabdars Mansabdars received had increased to 79. The their salaries as revenue huge increase in the assignments called jagirs. number of mansabdars 3. Aurangzeb had inherited a vast meant a long wait before empire which he could not they received a jagir. handle smoothly. A change in (ii) In Akbar’s reign jagirs administrative policies led to were carefully assessed numerous revolts during his so that their revenues reign. And most of his time were roughly equal to the was spent in putting down salary of the mansabdar. these revolts. In the north- By Aurangzeb’s reign this east, he defeated the Ahoms was no longer the case in 1663 but they rebelled and the actual revenue again in the 1680s. However, collected was often less his campaigns in the north- than the granted sum. west against the Yusufzai Besides, there were and the Sikhs were temporarily several other factors successful. His campaigns which created a against the chieftain, shortage in the number Shivaji, were initially of jagirs. As a result, successful. But Aurangzeb many jagirdars tried to insulted Shivaji who escaped extract as much revenue from Agra and resumed as possible while they his campaigns against the had a jagir. Aurangzeb Mughals. could not control these After Akbar’s rebellion, developments in the Aurangzeb sent armies against last years of his reign. the Deccan Sultanates and As a result peasantry annexed Bijapur in 1685 suffered tremendously. and Golconda in 1687. From Aurangzeb was so 1698 Aurangzeb personally helpless that he could do managed campaigns in the nothing for the welfare of Deccan against the Marathas the peasants.

20 n Question Bank Social Science-VII Chapter Rulers and Buildings 5 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 3. Agra 4. White 1. Harmandar Sahib 5. Shah Jahan. 2. yes 3. Pishtaq Puzzle Time 4. King Rajarajadeva AXYRMAJYQA 5. 1643 6. Delhi MBEHNMDKUV Fill in the Blanks RHMOCRLETX 1. Shikhara 2. fourteenth IAMRLTCGBM 3. five 4. Akbar 5. Commoners 6. Delhi TIZXYTIJMY True/False SRQOPSBFIR AABAOLISNL 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. False RVTAJMAHAL HAVELISNRT Rapid-Fire Questions GURUDWARAZ 1. Qibla 2. Yamuna SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. (a) ordinary people 1. The kings took care of 2. (c) Qutbuddin Aybak their subjects by making 3. (c) devotion to god structures such as tanks, 4. (c) Agra wells, caravanserais and 5. (d) Humayun’s tomb bazaars for their use and 6. (c) Reservoir comfort. They did so to win their praise. Match the following 2. Kings and their officers and (i)—(d) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(e) merchants were involved (iv)—(c) (v)—(b) in the construction activity during this period. Fill in the Blanks 3. Superstructure is the part of 1. Arabic 2. Dhangadeva a building above the ground 3. Reservoirs 4. Taj Mahal floor. 5. regional 6. eighteenth 4. The topmost point of a True/False temple is known as shikhara. 5. Pietra dura is a term for the 1. False 2. False 3. False inlay technique of using cut 4. True 5. True 6. False and fitted, highly polished coloured stones to create

Teacher’s Manual n 21 images. It is considered a 2. In ‘trabeate’ principle of decorative art. architecture rooms, doors 6. Garbhagriha was the main and windows are made by shrine where the image of the placing a horizontal beam chief deity was kept. This was across two vertical columns. the place for ritual worship In the arcuate principle of where only the king, his architecture the weight of immediate family and priests the superstructure above gathered. the doors and windows is 7. The main hall of this temple sometimes carried by arches. was known as mahamandapa 3. The Rajarajeshvara temple where dances were performed. at Thanjavur had the tallest 8. (i) Temples and mosques were shikhara amongst temples constructed because they of its time. However, its were places of worship. construction was a very tough (ii) They were also meant to task because there were no demonstrate the power, cranes in those days and the wealth and devotion of 90 tonne stone for the top of the rulers. the shikhara was too heavy to 9. They described the Sultan as lift manually. So, the architects the Shadow of God. built an inclined path to the 10. They were great lawgivers of top of the temple, placed the past. the boulder on rollers and 11. The greatest lawgiver and rolled it all the way to the top. architect was God Himself. The path started more than He created the world out of chaos and introduced order 4 km away so that it would and symmetry. not be too steep. This was 12. Babur, Humayun, Akbar, dismantled after the temple Jahangir, and especially was constructed. Shah Jahan were personally 4. (i) The weight of the interested in literature, art and superstructure above the architecture. doors and windows was sometimes carried by Short Answer Type Questions arches. This architectural 1. Between the eighth and the form was called ‘arcuate’. eighteenth centuries kings (ii) Limestone cement and their officers built two began to be used in the kinds of structures. construction. This was (i) The first were forts, very high-quality cement, palaces, garden residences which, when mixed with and tombs. stone chips hardened (ii) The second were structures into concrete. This made meant for public activity construction of large including temples, structures easier and mosques, tanks, wells, faster. caravanserais and bazaars.

22 n Question Bank Social Science-VII 5. Mughals had keen interest prayer, since everybody faced in planning and laying that direction when court was out formal gardens. These in session. These architectural gardens were placed within features suggested that the rectangular walled enclosures king was the representative and were divided into four of God on earth. quarters by artificial channels. 8. This is Harmandar Sahib These gardens were called or the Golden Temple with chahar bagh, meaning four the holy sarovar (tank). It is gardens because of their the holiest Sikh gurudwara symmetrical division into located in the Amritsar, quarters. It was Akbar who Punjab. The construction started the construction of of this gurudwara began chahar bagh. Other Mughal in 1574 on land donated by rulers who followed this were the Mughal emperor Akbar. Jahangir and Shah Jahan. It is a major pilgrimage They built the most beautiful destination for Sikhs from all chahar bagh in Kashmir, Agra over the world, as well as an and Delhi. increasingly popular tourist 6. Those were the times when attraction. kings showed great interest 9. The central towering dome in building temples. It was and the tall gateway, i.e. because they (temples) pishlaq, the important aspects demonstrated their power of Mughal architecture, were and wealth. Since temples first visible in this tomb. The were highly rich, the rulers tomb was placed in the centre often targeted them whenever of a huge formal chahar bagh they got a chance to attack and built in the tradition one another’s kingdoms. known as ‘eight paradises’ For example, the Pandyan or hasht bihisht- a central hall King Shrimara Shrivallabha surrounded by eight rooms. invaded Sri Lanka in the early The building was constructed ninth century, defeated the with red sandstone, edged king, Sena I and took away with white marble. all the valuables including the 10. The Kandariya Mahadeva statue of the Buddha made of temple was constructed by gold. Rajendra I and Mahmud the King Dhangadeva in 999. of Ghazni followed this trend. It was dedicated to shiva. 7. Shah Jahan’s audience halls It contained an ornamatal were specially constructed gateway which led to an to resemble a mosque. The entrance and the main hall pedestal on which his throne where dances were performed. was placed was frequently The image of the chief deity described as the qibla, the was kept in the main shrine direction faced by Muslims at (garbhagriha). The king, his

Teacher’s Manual n 23 immediate family and priests to God and their power and gathered at garbhagriha for wealth. Since these places of ritual worship. worship were very rich, the Long Answer Type Questions rulers targeted them whenever they had a chance to attack 1. Rulers in the Middle Ages were one another’s kingdoms. very fond of building temples, In the ninth century when mosques, etc. Besides being the Pandyan King Shrimara places of worship, they were Shrivallabha invaded Sri also meant to demonstrate the Lanka and defeated the King power, wealth and devotion Sena I, the Buddhist monk, he of the patron. We can give took away all the valuables example of the Rajarajeshvara including the statue of the temple. An inscription Buddha made of gold. The mentions that it was built Sinhalese could not forget by the King Rajarajadeva this. So when Sena II became for the worship of his god, the king, he invaded Madurai, Rajarajeshvaram. Here it is the capital of the Pandyas, and worth mentioning that the restored the gold statue of the names of the ruler and the god Buddha. are very similar. The king took Another example can be given the god’s name because it was of the Chola king Rajendra I. auspicious and he wanted to In the early eleventh century, appear like a god. Through when he built a Shiva temple the rituals of worship one god, in his capital he filled it with i.e. Rajarajadeva honoured prized statues seized from another, i.e. Rajarajeshvaram. defeated rulers such as the All the largest temples Chalukyas, the Palas, etc. were constructed by kings. Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni The other, lesser deities in was a contemporary of the temple were gods and Rajendra I. He raided the goddesses of the allies and subcontinent almost every year subordinates of the ruler. and his targets were always The temple was a miniature wealthy temples, including model of the world ruled by that of Somnath in Gujarat. the king and his allies. As By destroying and looting they worshipped their deities temples, he tried to win credit together in the royal temples, it as a great hero of Islam. seemed as if they brought the 3. Architecture witnessed just rule of the gods on earth. tremendous growth during 2. The rulers of the Middle Ages Shah Jahan’s reign. He is often were very fond of building called the ’Engineer king’ as places of worship. They did he built a large number of so because they wanted to buildings especially in Agra and demonstrate their devotion Delhi. The different elements

24 n Question Bank Social Science-VII of Mughal architecture were are the Red Fort and the fused together in a grand Jama Masjid at Delhi and harmonious synthesis. the Moti Masjid at Agra. (i) The ceremonial halls 4. The Mughal empire expanded of public and private far and wide and therefore audience (diwan-i-khas o it encompassed different am) were carefully planned. regions. This helped in the His audience halls were cross-fertilisation of artistic specially constructed to forms and architectural resemble a mosque. styles. The Mughal rulers (ii) He made a new city in Delhi adopted the architectural called Shahjahanabad styles of different regions (present-day Old Delhi). in the construction of their He shifted his capital from own buildings. In Bengal, Agra to Shajahanabad. for example, the local rulers The imperial place had developed a roof that commanded the river- was designed to resemble a front. thatched hut. The Mughals (iii) The most famous liked the ‘Bangla dome’ so building of Shah Jahan much that they used it in is the Taj Mahal. The Taj their architecture. The impact Mahal is known as the of other regions was also grandest architectural evident. In Akbar’s capital accomplishment of his at Fatehpur Sikri, many reign. It was built in of the buildings show the the memory of his wife, influence of the architectural Mumtaz Mahal. Here the styles of Gujarat and Malwa. white marble mausoleum For example, the decorated was placed on a terrace pillars and struts holding the by the edge of the river extension of the roof in Jodha and the garden was to its Bai Palace in Fatehpur Sikri south. followed the architectural (iv) Other buildings traditions of the Gujarat constructed by Shah Jahan region.

Chapter 6 Towns, Traders and Craftspersons

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 2. A place where goods from 1. Blacks or native traders and diverse production centres are craftspersons. bought and sold.

Teacher’s Manual n 25 3. Around temples. 2. An alloy containing copper 4. A note recording a deposit and tin. made by a person. 3. Masulipatnam 5. It is at Ajmer in Rajasthan 4. Kaveri 5. The Saliya 6. Official merchant of the East Puzzle Time India Company. Fill in the Blanks IEKXCGKQSVG VIDISHACSMO 1. Vishwakarma 2. Portuguese 3. Masulipatnam KANCHIPURAM 4. English 5. Hampi HURAIYURBDP AHQZDHLTOUR True/False MTHANJAVURY 1. True 2. False 3. True PMAEJORWMAP 4. False 5. True IBIDARVZFIL Rapid-Fire Questions AJWBFINUXRP 1. cash VRINDAVANOX SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. (b) the English, the Dutch 1. The ‘blacks’ or native traders and the French and craftspersons lived in the 2. (b) Dutch ‘Black Towns’. 3. (a) fifteenth century 2. Name of those countries are— 4. (d) they had to pass through England and France. many kingdoms and 3. Name of five Deccan Sultanates forests. are—Golconda, Bijapur, 5. (a) Mahanavami Ahmadnagar, Berar and Bidar. 4. Murshidabad rose to Match the following prominence as a centre for (i)—(c) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) silk and became the capital of (iv)—(f) (v)—(b) (vi)—(e) Bengal in 1704. But it declined (vii)—(g) in course of the century as the weavers faced competition Fill in the Blanks from cheap mill-made cloth 1. Cloth 2. Bidri from England. 3. Tanks 4. temple 5. Kabul is, in present day, 5. banking 6. ivory in Afghanistan. It became 7. zari 8. eighteenth politically and commercially 9. Muinuddin Chishti important from the sixteenth 10. urbanisation. century onwards. True/False 6. Thanjavur was both an administrative centre and 1. True 2. False 3. False temple town. 4. False 5. True

26 n Question Bank Social Science-VII 7. Kunjaramallan Rajaraja Mughals it became the suba Perunthachchan was the headquarters. It provides architect of the Rajarajeshvara an excellent example of temple. religious co-existence. 8. Arab, Persian, Chinese, Teulish Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti, and Syrian Christian traders the celebrated Sufi Saint who made the towns on the west settled there in the twelfth coast their home. century, attracted devotees 9. Hampi was a prominent city of from all creeds. There is a India in the fifteenth-sixteenth lake near Ajmer. It has also centuries. attracted pilgrims from 10. Devadasis were temple dancers ancient times. who performed before the 3. Craftspersons played an deity, royalty and masses in important role in the building the multi-pillared halls in the and maintenance of temples. Virupaksha (a form of Shiva) The Panchalas or Vishwa- temple. karma community consisted Short Answer Type Questions of goldsmiths, bronzesmiths, blacksmiths, masons and 1. Rulers built temples to carpenters. These people demonstrate their devotion were essential to the to various deities. They building of temples. The also endowed temples with weavers such as the Saliyar grants of land and money to or Kaikkolars emerged as carry out elaborate rituals, prosperous communities. feed pilgrims and priests and They made donations to celebrate festivals. Pilgrims temples. This money was also made donations. Temple used on the maintenance of authorities used their wealth temples. to finance trade and banking. 4. Indian spices and cloth Gradually, a large number became very popular in the of priests, workers, artisans, European markets. This traders, etc. settled near the eventually drew attention temple to cater to its needs of the European traders to and those of the pilgrims. In India. In the beginning the this way, temple towns came English, the Dutch and the into existence. Example of French formed East India temple towns – Bhillasvamin Companies in order to expand in , Somnath their commercial activities in in Gujarat, Kanchipuram and the east. Initially great Indian Madurai in Tamil Nadu, and traders like Mulla Abdul Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh. Ghafur and Virji Vora who 2. Ajmer was the capital of owned a large number of the Chauhan Kings in the ships competed with them. twelfth century. Under the But the European companies

Teacher’s Manual n 27 proved stronger. They used Kabul to the subcontinent their naval power to gain and elsewhere. Slaves control of the sea trade and were also brought there forced Indian traders to work for sale. as their agents. In due course, 7. Several small towns emerged the English emerged as the in the subcontinent from the most successful commercial eighth century onwards. These and political power in the probably emerged from large subcontinent. villages. These small towns 5. Indian textile designs served the need of the people became increasingly refined. in a variety of ways : As a result, their demand also (i) They usually had mandis increased in the European to which nearby villagers markets. It was undoubtedly brought their produce to a very good opportunity for sell. They also had market the craftspersons who were streets lined with shops involved in this business. But selling household articles. unfortunately they lost their (ii) There were also streets independence to European for different kinds of agents. artisans such as potters, As they were poor they oil pressers, sugar makers, began to work on a system etc. People from far off of advances which meant places used to come to that they had to weave cloth these towns to buy local which was already promised articles and sell products to European agents. Weavers of distant places like no longer had the liberty of horses, salt, camphor, etc. selling their own cloth or 8. (i) Surat in Gujarat was the weaving their own patterns. emporium of western They were bound to reproduce trade during the Mughal the designs supplied to them period along with Cambay (present day Khambat). by the company agents. (ii) It was the gateway for 6. (i) Kabul and Qandahar (in trade with West Asia via present day Afghanistan) the Gulf of Ormuz. were linked to the (iii) The city was cosmopolitan celebrated Silk Route. and people of all castes (ii) Besides, trade in horses and creeds lived there. was primarily carried (iv) There were also several on through this route. retail and wholesale shops Kabul earned a huge sum selling cotton textiles. through horse trade in The textiles of Surat were those days. famous for their gold lace (iii) Camels carried dried borders and had a market fruits, dates, carpets, silks in West Asia, Africa and and even fresh fruits from Europe.

28 n Question Bank Social Science-VII (v) The state built numerous masses in the many-pillared rest-houses to take care halls in the Virupaksha (a of the needs of people form of Shiva) temple. The from all over the world Mahanavami festival was one who came to the city. of the most important festivals 9. (i) Hampi is located in the celebrated at Hampi. Krishna-Tungabhadra 2. There were many kinds of basin in South India. traders during the medieval (ii) Moors (Muslim traders), period. These included Chethis and agents of Banjaras, horse traders, etc. European traders such These traders travelled in as the Portuguese were caravans and formed guilds. the regular visitors in the The most famous among markets of Hampi. them were the Manigramam (iii) Hampi fell into ruin and Nanadesi. These guilds following the defeat of traded extensively both the Vijayanagara Empire within the peninsula and with in 1565 by the Deccani Southeast Asia and China. Sultans. However, communities like Long Answer Type Questions the Chettiars and the Marwari Oswal emerged as the major 1. Hampi was known for its trading groups of the country. architectural splendour. The Gujarati traders, including magnificent ruins at Hampi the communities of Hindu reveal that it was a well- Baniyas and Muslim Bohras, fortified city. The buildings traded extensively with the in the royal complex had ports of the Red Sea; Persian splendid arches, domes and Gulf, East Africa, Southeast pillared halls with sculptures. Asia and China. They sold They also had well-planned textiles and spices in these orchards and pleasure gardens ports and, in exchange, with sculptural motifs such as brought gold and ivory from the lotus and corbels. Africa; and spices, tin, Chinese The commercial and cultural blue pottery and silver from activities in Hampi were at peak Southeast Asia and China. in the fifteenth and sixteenth The towns on the west coast were home to Arab, Persian, centuries. Moors, (Muslim Chinese, Jewish and Syrian merchants), Chettis and agents Christian traders. Indian of European traders such as the spices and cloth sold in the Portuguese, were the regular Red Sea ports were purchased visitors to the markets of by Italian traders. Eventually Hampi. they reached European Temples were the hub of markets, fetching high profits. cultural activities. Devadasis, This ultimately drew attention i.e. temple dancers, performed of the European traders before the deity, royalty and toward India.

Teacher’s Manual n 29 3. The town of Masulipatnam Golconda nobles, Persian lay on the delta of the Krishna merchants, Telugu Komati river. It emerged as a centre Chettis and European traders. of intense activity in the This competition made the seventeenth century. city popular and prosperous. Both the Dutch and the English In 1686-1687 Mughal East India Companies tried to Emperor Aurangzeb annexed control Masulipatnam as it Golconda which caused the became the most important European companies to look port on the Andhra coast. for alternatives. Hence, the But the Qutb Shahi rulers company traders moved to of Golconda imposed royal Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. monopolies on the sale of This step of the company textiles, spices and other traders proved disastrous for items to prevent the trade Masulipatnam. It lost both its passing into the hands of the various East India Companies. merchants and prosperity. This resulted in a fierce Ultimately it declined in competition among various the course of the eighteenth trading groups such as the century. Chapter 7 Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 3. A chain of mobile traders 1. Tribal people moving over 4. Chief of the Gakkhars. long distances with their 5. Gujarat and animals. Puzzle Time 2. Tanda 3. Peter Mundy 4. Shifting cultivation MAKHASISTO 5. The Gond raja of Garha Katanga. UZLOPYTBIR Fill in the Blanks NSANTALSTA 1. centralised 2. caste DPUYAMNBUO 3. Satabahan 4. Mongols AOBONAGASN 5. artisans SVBVWBHILS True/False NERWAGOGQG 1. False 2. True 3. True ATTTTDYAZP 4. False 5. True GAKKHARSXN Rapid-Fire Questions IRUOTYGMVC LSMARAVARS 1. Banjaras 2. Wandering people

30 n Question Bank Social Science-VII SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 5. Tribal people preserved rich 1. (b) Banjaras customs and oral traditions. 2. (c) shifting cultivation These were passed down 3. (a) 12 villages to each new generation. 4. (d) Aman Das Historians take help of such 5. (c) Sib Singh oral traditions to write tribal histories. Match the following 6. In Punjab, the Khokhar tribe (i)—(b) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(f) was very influential during (iv)—(a) (v)—(e) (vi)—(d) the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries. Fill in the Blanks 7. A clan is a group of families 1. Brahmanas 2. Buranjis or households claiming 3. Akbarnama descent from a common 4. Brahmanas, peasants ancestor. Tribal organisation True/False is often based on kinship or clan loyalties. False False True 1. 2. 3. 8. Itinerant groups consist of 4. False 5. True craftspersons, pedlars and Very Short Answer Type Questions entertainers. They travelled 1. For many tribes agriculture from place to place practising was the main source of their different occupations in livelihood. order to earn their livelihood. 2. Nomadic pastoralists lived 9. Shifting cultivation is a method of cultivation in on milk and other pastoral which trees and bushes in a products. They also exchanged forest area are first cut and wool, ghee, etc. with settled burnt. The crop is sown in agriculturists for grain, cloth, the ashes. When this land utensils and other products. loses its fertility, another plot 3. In large parts of the of land is cleared and planted subcontinent, society was in the same way. divided according to the rules 10. The Mongols were the best- of varna. The main defect of known pastoral and hunter- this division was that the gatherer tribe. They lived difference between the high in the grasslands of Central and the low, and between the Asia and the forested areas further north. rich poor increased. 4. We have scanty information Short Answer Type Questions about tribes because tribal 1. (i) Tribal societies did not people did not keep written follow the social rules records. and rituals prescribed

Teacher’s Manual n 31 by the Brahmanas. They They lived on milk and other were also not divided pastoral products. They also into numerous unequal exchanged wool, ghee, etc. classes. with settled agriculturists (ii) Members of each tribe for grain, cloth, utensils and were united by kinship other products. They bought bonds. Many tribes and sold these goods as they obtained their livelihood moved from one place to from agriculture. Others another, transporting them were hunter-gatherers. on their animals. Some tribes were The Banjaras were mobile nomadic. traders who traded in grains (iii) A tribal group controlled such as wheat and rice. land and pastures jointly, Many pastoral tribes reared and divided these and sold animals to the amongst households prosperous people. Different according to its own castes of petty pedlars made rules. and sold wares such as ropes, reeds, coarse sacks, etc. Castes The Banjaras were important 2. of entertainers performed in for the economy. When different towns and villages Central Asian traders for their livelihood. brought goods like nuts to 4. The Gond kingdom was India, the Banjaras carried divided into garhs. Each garh these to local markets. was controlled by a particular Sultan Alauddin Khalji used Gond clan. This was further the Banjaras to transport divided into units of 84 grain to the city markets. villages called chaurasi. The We know from emperor chaurasi was sub-divided into Jahangir’s memoirs that the barhots which were made up Banjaras carried grain on of 12 villages each. their bullocks from different 5. The Ahoms were the tribes who areas and sold it in towns. migrated to the Brahmaputra They transported foodgrain valley from present-day for the Mughal army during Myanmar in the thirteenth military campaigns. They century. They created a new usually bought grain where state by suppressing the it was cheaply available and older political system of the carried it to places where bhuiyans, i.e. landlords. During it was dearer. From there, the sixteenth century, they they again reloaded their annexed the kingdoms of oxen with anything that can the Chhutiyas and of Koch- be profitably sold in other Hajo and subjugated many places. other tribes by using firearms, Nomads moved over long 3. high-quality gunpowder and distances with their animals.

32 n Question Bank Social Science-VII cannons. In this way, the strong state by extending their Ahoms built a large state. boundaries far and wide. They 6. She was the daughter of knew the use of firearms. They Satabahan, the Chandel could even make high-quality Rajput raja of Mahoba and gunpowder and cannons. was married to Dalpat, the son The Mughals therefore tried of Aman Das, the Gond raja of to establish their control on Graha Katanga. Dalpat died the Ahom state. They even early and Rani Durgawati took attacked the Ahom kingdom the command in her hands. She and defeated it. started ruling on behalf of her 9. Rathakaras were basically five-year old son, Bir Narain. the chariot makers. Besides, She expanded her kingdom they were engaged in several far and wide. In 1565, when other activities which included the Mughal forces attacked architecture, building coaches Graha Katanga, she put up and chariots, erecting gateways a strong resistance. She was for temples with images in defeated and preferred to die them, preparing wooden rather than surrender. equipment used to perform 7. (i) Smaller castes, or jatis sacrifices, building mandapas, emerged within varnas. making jewels for the king. Many tribes and social 10. The Gond state was very rich. groups were taken into It earned much wealth by caste-based society and trapping and exporting wild given the status of jatis. elephants to other kingdoms. (ii) Specialised artisans such The Mughals were, therefore, as smiths, carpenters, interested in the land of the and masons were also Gonds. They defeated them recognised as separate jatis and captured a huge booty of by the Brahmanas. Jatis, precious coins and elephants. rather than varnas, became Long Answer Type Questions the basis for organising 1. Tribal people were found in society. almost every region of the (iii) Among the Kshatriyas, subcontinent. new Rajput clans became • In Punjab, the Khokhar powerful by the eleventh tribe was very influential and twelfth centuries. during the thirteenth and 8. The lands of the Ahoms fourteenth centuries. Later, were very fertile. The Ahoms the Gakkhars became more introduced new methods of important. rice cultivation. They were • In Multan and Sind, the engaged in building dams, Langahs and Arghuns irrigation systems and other dominated extensive regions public works. Besides, the before they were subdued by Ahoms built a large and the Mughals.

Teacher’s Manual n 33 • The Balochis were another clans or Khels. A Khel often large and powerful tribe in controlled several villages. the north-west. Similartities: • In the western Himalaya • Both the kingdoms were rich lived the shepherd tribe of and powerful. Despite that Gaddis. they were defeated by the • The distant north-eastern Mughals. part of the subcontinent was • The administration of both dominated by tribes like the the kingdom was centralised. Nagas, Ahoms and many • The influence of Brahmanas others. increased in both the • In many areas of present-day societies. They were granted Bihar and Jharkhand, Chero land by the king. chiefdoms had emerged by 3. • Ahom society was divided the twelfth century. into clans or Khels. There • In Orissa and Bengal lived were very few castes of the Mundas and Santhals. artisans, so artisans in the • The Maharashtra highlands Ahom areas came from the and Karnataka were the adjoining kingdoms. home to Kolis, Berads and • A Khel often controlled numerous others. Kolis several villages. The peasant also lived in many areas of was given land by his village Gujarat. community. Even the King • In south, there were large could not take it away tribal populations of without the community’s Koragas, Vetars, Maravars consent. and many others. • The Ahoms worshipped their • Bhils were found across own tribal gods. During the western and . first half of the seventeenth • Gonds were found across century, the influence of the present-day states of Brahmanas increased. , Madhya • Temples and Brahmanas Pradesh, Maharashtra and were granted land by the Andhra Pradesh. King. 2. Differences: • Ahom society was very • The Gonds lived in a vast sophisticated. Poets and forested region called scholars were given land Gondwana or country grants. inhabited by Gonds. The • Theatre was encouraged. Ahoms migrated to the Important works of Sanskrit Brahmaputra valley from were translated into local present-day Myanmar in the languages. thirteenth century. 4. • The Gond kingdom of • The Gond society was Garha Katanga emerged divided into garhs. Each as a powerful state. The garh was controlled by a Akbarnama mentions that particular Gond clan. Ahom Garha Katanga had 70,000 society was divided into villages. The Gond chief

34 n Question Bank Social Science-VII now wished to be recognised a strong resistance. But as Rajputs. So, Aman Das, she was defeated. When the Gond raja of Garha the Mughals defeated the Katanga assumed the title Gonds, they captured a huge of Sangram Shah. His son, booty of precious coins and Dalpat, married princess elephants. They annexed part Durgawati, the daughter of of the kingdom and granted a Rajput raja. Unfortunately, the rest to Chandra Shah, the Dalpat died early. Since Rani uncle of Bir Narain. Despite Durgawati was very capable, the fall of Garha Katanga, the she took the command. She Gond kingdoms survived for started ruling on behalf of some time. However, they her five-year son, Bir Narain. became much weaker and Under her, the kingdom later struggled against the became even more extensive. Bundelas and Marathas. But In 1565, the Mughal forces they could not stand before attacked Garha Katanga. them and were completely Rani Durgawati put up subdued.

Chapter Devotional Paths to the Divine 8 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions Rapid-Fire Questions 1. A book about the life of a 1. Vishnu. 2. poet person/saint that praises too 3. Silsila much. 4. Chanting of a name or sacred 2. Shiva, Vishnu and Durga. formula. 3. They were saints devoted to 5. Tamil Nadu Vishnu. Puzzle Time 4. They were saints devoted to Shiva. TUKARAMUYIS 5. Ghazzali, Rumi, Sadi. RCFIHRUTLGH 6. A famous bhakti saint from APXLOZGIBNA Gujarat. MIRABAIVKAN Fill in the Blanks AFSQCERLORK NTULSIDASSA 1. god 2. sufi UPNGEXKABIR 3. Rama 4. Persian JYAZJSWQKMA 5. Martin Luther AKMENUTDYEH True/False FODVJRFNJHM RDESPDMQPTB 1. True 2. False 3. True ZMVXCARSNAC 4. True 5. False RAMDASWATDH

Teacher’s Manual n 35 SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 5. Periyalvar, his daughter 1. (a) illusion Andal, Tondaradippodi 2. (b) the Alvars Alvar and Nammalvar were the best-known Alvara. The 3. (a) Karnataka book in which their songs 4. (d) Marathi were compiled is the Divya 5. (d) it believed in idol worship. Prabandham. 6. (a) Guru Angad 6. Advaita means the doctrine of the oneness of the individual Match the following soul and the Supreme God (i)—(b) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) which is the Ultimate Reality. (iv)—(c) (v)—(f) (vi)—(d) 7. The Virashaiva movement Fill in the Blanks began in Karnataka in the mid-twelfth century. 1. Advaita 2. Alvars 8. Four Saints of Maharashtra 3. Basavanna, Allama Prabhu, were: Jnaneshwar, Namdev, and Akkamahadevi Eknath and Tukaram. 4. Pandharpur 5. literary 9. It is known as Shariat. 6. Untouchable 10. Tulsidas’s Ramcharitmanas is 7. Khalsa 8. Sakhis written in Awadhi language. True/False It is spoken in eastern Uttar 1. True 2. False 3. False Pradesh. 4. True 5. False 6. False Short Answer Type Questions Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Sufis were Muslim mystics. They led a simple life and 1. Kesha (hair), Kangha (comb), preached their message of Kara (bracelet), Kripan (dagger) love in a common man’s and Kachchha (underwear). language. 2. The idea that all living things • The Sufi saints rejected pass through countless cycles outward religiosity and of birth and rebirth performing emphasised love and good deeds and bad came to devotion to God and be widely accepted. compassion towards all 3. According to the Buddha fellow human beings. it was possible to overcome • They did not believe social differences and break in the elaborate rituals the cycle of rebirth through and codes of behaviour personal effort. demanded by Muslim 4. The Nayanars belonged to religious scholars. different caste backgrounds • They sought union with such as potters, untouchable God much as a lover workers, peasants, hunters, seeks his beloved with a soldiers, Brahmanas and chiefs. disregard for the world.

36 n Question Bank Social Science-VII 2. The Nathpanthis, Siddha- of weavers near the city charas and Yogis were against of Benares. He preached conventional religion and the existence of only one social order. They advocated Supreme Reality which is renunciation of the world. To called by different names them the path to salvation lay like Ram, Rahim, Hari, Allah, in meditation on the formless etc. He rejected the major Ultimate Reality and the religious traditions and realisation of oneness with it. preached that only path to To achieve this they advocated salvation was through bhakti intense training of the mind or devotion. He was a great and body through practices advocate of Hindu-Muslim like yogasanas, breathing unity. We get to know of his exercises and meditation. They ideas from a vast collection of became particularly popular verses called Sakhis and pads. among low castes. The language of his poetry 3. The new religious movements was in a form of spoken that began in the seventh to widely understood by ninth centuries were led by ordinary people. the Nayanars and Alvars. 5. Most of the saints composed The Nayanar saints were their works in regional devoted to Shiva and the languages and could be sung Alvar saints were devoted easily. Hence, they became to Vishnu. Both came from immensely popular and were all castes including those handed down orally from considered untouchables like generation to generation. the Pulaiyar and the Panars. Usually the poorest, most They preached ardent love deprived communities and of Shiva or Vishnu as the women transmitted these path to salvation. They drew songs, often adding their upon the ideals of love and own experiences. Thus the heroism and blended them songs as we have them today with the values of bhakti. are as much a creation of the The Nayanars and Alvars saints as of generations of went from place to place people who sang them. They composing beautiful poems have become a part of our in praise of the deities living popular culture. enshrined in the villages 6. Mirabai was a popular bhakti they visited and set them to saint from Rajasthan. She was music. a Rajput princess married into 4. Kabir was one of the most the royal family of Mewar important bhakti saints who in the sixteenth century. became popular during She became a disciple of the Sultanate period. He Ravidas, a saint from a caste was brought up in a family considered untouchable.

Teacher’s Manual n 37 She was devoted to Krishna Vishnu. Vishnu in His grace and composed innumerable helps the devotees to attain bhajans expressing her the bliss of union with Him. intense devotion. She did He propounded the doctrine not approve of the norms of of Vishishtadvaita or the upper castes and became qualified oneness in that the popular in Rajasthan and soul even when united with Gujarat. the Supreme God remained Mirabai was an extraordinary distinct. woman whose devotion to 9. See Short Ans. No. 4. under Krishna never allowed her to Summative Assessment. bow down before the worldly 10. The medieval period life. She remained a pious witnessed the development lady throughout her life. of many new ideas of the She was so sacrificing that Supreme God. Some were she drank the cup of poison widely accepted while some sent by Rana. But as Krishna were rejected. was always by her side, • The idea that all living nothing happened to her. things pass through These qualities of Mirabai countless cycles of birth impressed the ordinary and rebirth performing people so much so that they good deeds and bad preserved her memory. came to be widely 7. The Virashaiva movement was accepted. initiated by Basavanna and • The idea that all human his companions like Allama beings are not equal even Prabhu and Akkamahadevi. at birth gained ground This movement began in during this period. Karnataka in the mid-twelfth • The idea of the Supreme century. The Virashaivas God also drew attention argued strongly for the of many. According equality of all human beings to this idea, it is the and against Brahmanical ideas Supreme God Who could about caste and the treatment deliver humans from of women. They also rejected bondage if approached all forms of rituals and with devotion. worship. Long Answer Type Questions 8. Ramanuja was a popular 1. From the thirteenth to bhakti saint of the eleventh seventeenth centuries century. He was born in Maharashtra witnessed a Tamil Nadu. He was deeply great number of saint poets influenced by the Alvars. He who composed their verses preached that the best means in simple Marathi. The most of attaining salvation was important among them were through intense devotion to Jnaneshwar, Namdev, Eknath

38 n Question Bank Social Science-VII and Tukaram as well as idea of liberation was based women like Sakhubai and the on the pursuit of active life family of Chokhamela, who with a strong sense of social belonged to the untouchable commitment. He used the Mahar caste. This regional terms nam, dan and isnan for tradition of bhakti focused on the essence of his teaching, the Vitthala (a form of Vishnu) which actually meant right temple in Pandharpur. It also worship, welfare of others emphasised the notion of a and purity of conduct. His personal god residing in the teachings included nam- hearts of all people. japna, Kirt-Karna and vand- These saint poets of chhakna which also underline Maharashtra rejected all the importance of right belief forms of ritualism, outward and worship, honest hung, display of piety and social and helping others. differences based on birth. 3. The period after the thirteenth They did not believe in the century witnessed a new wave idea of renunciation. Rather of the bhakti movement in they preferred to live with north India. This was an age their families, earning their when Islam, Brahmanical livelihood like any other Hinduism, Sufism, various person. They also preached to strands of bhakti, and the serve fellow-human beings in Nathpanths, Siddhas and need. They believed in sharing Yogis influenced one another. others‘ pain. Thus, they gave Saints like Kabir and Baba birth to a new humanist idea. Guru Nanak rejected all 2. Guru Nanak was a popular orthodox religion. On the other bhakti saint. He was the hand Tulsidas and Surdas founder of the Sikh religion. accepted existing beliefs and He was born in the village of practices but wanted to make Talwandi (Nankana Sahib in these accessible to all. Tulsidas Pakistan). He had no interest conceived of God in the form in worldly life and travelled of Rama. His Ramcharitmanas widely before establishing is important both as an a centre at Kartarpur. He expression of his devotion and was deeply impressed as a literary work. Surdas was by the teachings of other an ardent devotee of Krishna. sufi and bhakti saints. He His compositions are compiled emphasised the importance in the Sursagara, Surasaravali of the worship of one God. and Sahitaya Lahari. Another His teachings rejected caste bhakti saint Shankaradeva and class differences. He belonged to Assam. He insisted that caste, creed emphasised devotion to or gender was irrelevant Vishnu and composed poems for attaining liberation. His and plays in Assamese.

Teacher’s Manual n 39 Saints like Dadu Dayal, devotion to Krishna- Ravidas and Mirabai also Radha. became popular. Mirabai was (iv) In the above picture we see the disciple of Ravidas, a saint a group of the followers from an untouchable caste. of Chaitanyadeva. They 4. (i) Chaitanyadeva was a are engaged in ecstatic bhakti saint who became dancing and singing. popular in the sixteenth (v) He emphasised devotional century. music because it is a very (ii) He was a saint from Bengal. important means of (iii) He preached selfless expressing devotion.

Chapter The Making of Regional Cultures 9 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions True/False 1. The immolation of widows 1. True 2. True 3. False on the funeral pyres of their 4. True 5. False husbands. Rapid-Fire Questions 2. Attribution of living soul to plants, inanimate objects and 1. Persian natural phenomenon. 2. In the form of a stone or a piece of wood. 3. Buddhist monasteries. 3. rice and fish 4. The Brihaddharma Purana 4. Radha and Krishna 5. They were ascetics who 5. Orissa engaged in a variety of yogic Puzzle Time practices. 6. Spiritual guide. Across 2. Kuchipudi 4. Classical Fill in the Blanks 6. pir 7. Temple 1. Katha 2. classical Down 3. Basohli 4. square 1. Jagannatha 3. gharanas 5. fish 5. dialect 8. Kansari SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 5. (c) fish was popular in the Bengal local diet. 1. (c) both (a) and (b) 6. (c) Europe 2. (d) Aurangzeb Match the following 3. (a) grammar and poetics (i)—(c) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(f) 4. (a) Chauhans (iv)—(a) (v)—(b) (vi)—(d)

40 n Question Bank Social Science-VII Fill in the Blanks temples of north India, who 1. ascetics 2. Bengali improved their performances 3. rasa-lila 4. rulers with gestures and songs. 5. Sanskrit 8. Basohli was a bold and intense 6. Anangabhima III style of miniature painting True/False which had developed in the 1. True 2. False 3. False Himalayan foothills around 4. True 5. False 6. True the modern-day state of Himachal Pradesh by the late Very Short Answer Type Questions seventeenth century. 1. A common way of describing 9. Nadir Shah’s invasion and people is in the terms of the the conquest of Delhi in 1739 language they speak. forced the Mughal artists 2. Manipravalam literally means to migrate to the hills. The diamonds and corals referring plains of Delhi were full of to the two languages, i.e. uncertainties. Sanskrit and the regional 10. Soft colours including cool language. blues and greens, and a The book written in this lyrical treatment of themes language is the Lilatilakam. distinguished Kangra painting. 3. The Sanskrit language had a solid base in . Several Short Answer Type Questions epics were written in this 1. From about the eighth language. Even the temple century, most of the present- theatre of Kerala borrowed day state of Rajasthan was stories from the Sanskrit ruled by various Rajput epics. families. Prithviraj was one 4. This suggests that the deity such ruler. These rulers was originally a local god, cherished the ideal of the who was later identified with hero who fought valiantly, Vishnu. often choosing death on the 5. Anantavarman, one of the battlefield rather than facing most important rulers of defeat. Their true heroism the Ganga dynasty, built a or heroic deeds played an temple for Purushottama important role in shaping Jagannatha at Puri in the the cultural traditions of twelfth century. Rajasthan. 6. The Mughal emperors and their nobles were the major 2. The Jagannath temple at patrons of Kathak. Under the Puri gained importance as a patronage of Wajid Ali Shah, centre of pilgrimage in due the last nawab of , it course. Its authority in social grew into a major art form. and political matters also 7. The Kathaks were originally increased. Therefore, all those a caste of story-tellers in the who conquered Orissa, such

Teacher’s Manual n 41 as the Mughals, the Marathas former , which and the English East India patronised the art. It became Company, tried to gain prevalent with the fading of control over the temple. They Basohli school of painting in felt that this would make their the mid-18th century. It soon rule easily acceptable to the produced such a magnitude local people. in paintings both in content as 3. (i) Bengal developed a well as volume, that the Pahari typical style on temple painting school, came to be architecture. Its peculiarity known as Kangra paintings. was its construction which Kangra paintings belong to was on a square platform. the school of Pahari paintings Its roof was designed to that were patronised by the resemble a thatched hut. Rajput rulers. (ii) The interior was relatively 6. Kathak is the major classical plain, but the outer walls dance form of northern India. of many temples were The word Kathak means ‘to decorated with paintings, tell a story’. It is derived ornamental tiles or from the dance dramas of terracotta tablets. ancient India. As the name (iii) The temples were usually implies, this dance form four-roofed structures. originated in the temples Four triangular roofs where the priests would recite were placed on the four and emote out mythological walls moving up to stories and accompany them converge on a curved with hand gestures and facial line or a point. expressions. This form of 4. Women in the Rajput stories story-telling was adopted are viewed as the cause for by story-tellers in temples, conflicts, as men fought with streets and various gatherings one another to either win or and evolved into an early protect them. Women are also version of the dance form depicted as following their that was passed on from heroic husbands in both life generation to generation. The and death. There are stories bhakti movement brought about the practice of sati or new influences of devotion the immolation of widows and love to Kathak. Dances on the funeral pyre of their to stories of Radha-Krishna husbands. Those women who and other Hindu Gods were followed the heroic ideal often incorporated into the dance had to pay for it with their form. lives. 7. Miniatures are small-sized 5. Kangra painting is the pictorial paintings, generally done art of Kangra, named after in water colour on cloth or Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, a paper. The earliest miniatures

42 n Question Bank Social Science-VII were on palm leaves or wood. the stories concerning the The Mughal emperors, worship of Dharma Thakur, Akbar, Jahangir and Shah and the fairy tales, folk tales Jahan patronised highly and ballads. skilled painters who primarily The texts belonging to the first illustrated manuscripts category are easier to several containing historical accounts manuscripts have been found and poetry. These were indicating that they were generally painted in brilliant composed between the late colours and portrayed court fifteenth and mid-eighteenth scenes, scenes of battle or centuries. Those belonging hunting, and other aspects to the second category of social life. They were often circulated orally and cannot exchanged as gifts and were be precisely dated. They were viewed only by the emperor and his close associates. particularly popular in eastern 8. Stories about Rajput heroes Bengal, where the influence and their valour were of Brahmanas was relatively recorded in poems and songs weak. and were recited by specially 2. Bengali is recognised as a trained minstrels. These language derived from preserved the memories of the Sanskrit but early Sanskrit heroes and were expected to texts suggest that the people of inspire others to follow their Bengal did not speak Sanskritic example. Ordinary people languages. This contradiction were also attracted by these raises a question how the stories which often depicted new language emerged. From loyalty, friendship, love, the fourth-third centuries valour, etc. BCE, commercial ties began Long Answer Type Questions to develop between Bengal and Magadha, which might 1. Early Bengali literature may be have led to the growing divided into two categories— influence of Sanskrit. During one indebted to Sanskrit and the other independent the fourth century the Gupta of it. The first includes rulers established political translations of the Sanskrit control over north Bengal and epics, the Mangalakavyas and began to settle brahmanas in bhakti literature such as the this area. Thus, the linguistic biographies of Chaitanyadeva, and cultural influence from the leader of the Vaishnava the mid-Ganga valley became bhakti movement. stronger. The second includes Nath From the eighth century, literature such as the songs of Bengal became the centre of a Maynamati and Gopichandra, regional Kingdom under the

Teacher’s Manual n 43 Palas. Between the 14th and administrators in the 16th centuries, Bengal was 19th and 20th centuries, it ruled by Sultans. In 1586, when survived and continued to Akbar conquered Bengal, it be performed by courtesans. formed the nucleus of the After the Independence, it Bengal suba. While Persian was was recognised as one of the the language of administration, six classical forms of dance in Bengali developed as a regional the country. language. 4. Note–Also see Short Ans. By the 15th century, the Bengali No. 6. under Summative group of dialect came to be Assessment. united by a common literary Temple building in Bengal language based on the spoken gained momentum in the language of the western part of late fifteenth century and it the region, now known as West culminated in the nineteenth Bengal. Thus, although Bengali century. We have seen that is derived from Sanskrit, it temples were often built passed through several stages by powerful individuals or of evolution. groups to both demonstrate 3. Under the Mughal emperors their power and proclaim their and their nobles, Kathak was piety. Many of the modest performed in the court, where brick and terracotta temples it acquired its present features in Bengal were built with the and developed into a form of support of several low social dance with a distinctive style. groups which included the Subsequently, it developed kolu (oil pressers), and the into two traditions or Kansari (bell metal workers). gharanas—one in the courts The coming of the European of Rajasthan (Jaipur) and the trading companies created other in Lucknow. Under the patronage of Wajid Ali Shah, new economic opportunities. the last nawab of Awadh, it Many families belonging to grew into a major art form. these social groups improved By the third quarter of the their social and economic 19th century it was firmly position and built temples entrenched as a dance form not to proclaim their status. The only in these two regions, but local deities that were once also in the adjoining areas of worshipped in thatched huts present day Punjab, Haryana, in villages, began to be housed Jammu and Kashmir, Bihar in temples. The temples began and Madhya Pradesh. to copy the double-roofed or Although Kathak was not four-roofed structure of the favoured by the British thatched huts.

44 n Question Bank Social Science-VII Chapter Eighteenth-Century 10 Political Formations

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions Rapid-Fire Questions 1. The combined forces of the 1. 1789 2. Poona jathas 3. He was captured and executed. 2. The Mughal rulers after 4. Burhan-ul-Mulk Aurangzeb. 5. Nobles of Turkish descent. 3. He was the ruler of Iran. He invaded Delhi in 1739. Puzzle Time 4. Ahmad Shah Abdali. SPAPOONAJMH 5. Ahmad Shah and Shah AQGIXREMADY Alam II. WKMXYHUBIPD Fill in the Blanks AJGDVJSEPBE DOUDLNARUJR 1. eighteenth century HLJODHPURHA 2. 1707 3. nobles RCAGMLZFWJB 4. Awadh 5. Jaipur. YTRIAGRAMOA True/False EHAKLQTBVFD 1. False 2. False 3. True NBTEWFUGIAP 4. True 5. True BENGALZSLKC SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions True/False 1. (b) succeeded after Aurangzeb 1. False 2. False 3. True 2. (c) Madras 4. True 5. True 6. True 3. (a) revenue 7. False 4. (a) Asaf Jah 5. (d) Holkar Very Short Answer Type Questions Match the following 1. He held the combined offices of subadari, diwani and (i)—(c) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) faujdari. In other words, he (iv)—(f) (v)—(g) (vi)—(d) was responsible for managing (vii)—(b) the political, financial and Fill in the Blanks military affairs of the province of Awadh. 1. Ajit Singh 2. diwani 2. The Marathas challenged 3. British 4. Deccan Mughal authority for the 5. Alivardi Khan longest time in Aurangzeb’s 6. Marathas 7. reign. 8. 1761

Teacher’s Manual n 45 3. Farrukh Singh and Alamgir regions. Ajit Singh, the I were assassinated by their ruler of Jodhpur, was also nobles. involved in the factional 4. New political groups emerged politics at the Mughal court. in the subcontinent during These influential Rajput the first half of the eighteenth families claimed the subadari century—roughly from 1707, of the rich provinces of when Aurangzeb died, till Gujarat and Malwa. Raja the in Ajit Singh of Jodhpur held 1761. the governorship of Gujarat 5. These three provinces and Sawai Raja Jai Singh were: Awadh, Bengal and of Amber was governor of Hyderabad. Malwa. They also tried to 6. The founder of Hyderabad extend their territories by state was Nizam-ul-Mulk seizing portions of imperial Asaf Jah. territories neighbouring their watans. Nagaur was conquered 7. He wanted to control the rich and annexed to the house of textile-producing areas of the Jodhpur while Amber seized Coromandel coast in the east, a large portions of Bundi but he was checked by the Marathas and put a severe British. check on their expansion. 8. Yes, the state of Awadh 2. Delhi was facing severe depended on local bankers economic and political crisis for loans. due to the weakening of 9. The organisation of the Sikhs the Mughal empire. Nadir gained political identity Shah, the ruler of Iran, took during the seventeenth advantage of this situation. century. He sacked and plundered the 10. The Sikh territories were city of Delhi in 1739 and took divided under different rulers. away immense amount of One of them was Maharaja wealth. Delhi was completely Ranjit Singh. He reunited devastated. Those who had these groups and established been masters were now in his capital at Lahore in 1799. a very tough condition. The Short Answer Type Questions wealthy people were turned 1. Many Rajput kings had into beggars. Those who served under the Mughals owned property were now with distinction. In exchange, homeless. they enjoyed autonomy 3. After becoming the actual in their watan jagirs. In the ruler of Hyderabad Asaf Jah eighteenth century, these brought skilled soldiers and rulers attempted to extend administrators from northern their control over adjacent India who welcomed the new

46 n Question Bank Social Science-VII opportunities in the south. 6. Under jagirdari system, He appointed mansabdars jagirdars were appointed by and granted jagirs. Although the Mughals who exercised he was still a servant of the a complete control on them Mughal emperor, he ruled (jagirdars). The Nawabs of quite independently without Awadh and Bengal wanted the emperor’s interference. to decrease Mughal influence He took control over the in their states by reducing state’s political and financial the number of jagirdars. This administration. step of theirs would give 4. The Marathas developed them independence which an effective administrative was necessary to make their system. Agriculture was position strong. encouraged and trade revived. 7. • First, though many of This allowed Maratha chiefs the larger states were or sardars like Sindhia of established by erstwhile Gwalior, Gaekwad of Baroda Mughal nobles they were and Bhonsle of to highly suspicious of some raise powerful armies. Ujjain of the administrative expanded under Sindhia’s systems that they had patronage and Indore inherited, in particular the under Holkar’s. These cities jagirdari system. functioned as important • Secondly, their method commercial and cultural of tax collection differed centres. New trade routes rather than relying upon emerged within the areas the officers of the state, all controlled by the Marathas. three regimes contracted 5. The jats consolidated their with revenue-farmers for power during the late 17th the collection of revenue. and 18th centuries. Under The practice of jagirdari, Churaman’s leadership, thoroughly disapproved they acquired control over of by the Mughals, spread territories situated to the all over impact on the west of the city of Delhi, countryside differed and by the 1680s they had considerably. begun dominating the • Third, all the three states region between the two developed relationship imperial cities of Delhi and with rich bankers and Agra. Towns like Panipat merchants. and Ballabhgarh became 8. The frontiers of Maratha important trading centres in domination expanded rapidly the areas dominated by them. after 1737. In the north, they Under Suraj Mal, the kingdom expanded into Rajasthan of Bharatpur, emerged as a and Punjab, in the east, their strong state. expansion took place into

Teacher’s Manual n 47 Bengal and Orissa and in the were caused by a number of south, into Karnataka, and the factors. Tamil and Telugu countries. (i) Emperor Aurangzeb had These were not formally depleted the military and included in the Maratha financial resources of his empire, but were made to pay empire by fighting a long tribute as a way of accepting war in the Deccan. Maratha sovereignty. This (ii) The successors of expansion came at a process. Aurangzeb were all These military campaigns inefficient. It became made other rulers hostile increasingly difficult for towards the Marathas. the later Mughal emperors 9. The middle classes, peasants to keep a check on their and artisans who belonged powerful mansabdars. to underprivileged groups Nobles appointed as were empowered during the governors (subadars) French Revolution which took often controlled the place in 1789. They fought offices of revenue and against the special rights military administration enjoyed by the clergy and the as well. This gave them nobility. They believed that extraordinary political, no group in society should economic and military have privileges based on powers over vast regions birth. Rather, people’s social of the Mughal empire. position must depend upon This resulted in the decline merit. The philosophers of the of periodic remission of French Revolution suggested revenue of the capital. that there should be equal (iii) Peasants and zamindari laws and opportunities for rebellions in many parts all. They also held that the of northern and western authority of the government India added to these should come from the people problems. These groups who must have the right consolidated their to participate in its affairs. position by grabbing the Finally, they got success. economic resources of After the French Revolution the region. The Mughal they no longer remained the emperors after Aurangzeb subjects. They began to enjoy could not check them. citizens rights. (iv) Nadir Shah’s invasion Long Answer Type Questions on Delhi in 1739 made 1. The Mughal empire started the situation worse. He facing a variety of crises plundered the city and towards the closing years took away immense of the 17th century. These amount of wealth. This invasion was followed

48 n Question Bank Social Science-VII by a series of plundering sovereign rule again in 1765. raids by the Afghan ruler The Sikh territories in the late Ahmad Shah Abdali. 18th century were divided (v) The empire was further under different rulers. One weakened by competition of them was Maharaja Ranjit amongst different groups Singh. He re-united these of nobles. The later groups and established his Mughal emperors became capital at Lahore in 1799. puppets in their hands. 3. The 2. The organisation of the Sikhs expanded between 1720 and emerged into a political 1761. It gradually weakened community during the the authority of the Mughal 17th century. This helped empire and seized Malwa in regional state-building and Gujarat by the 1720s. in Punjab. Guru Gobind By the 1730s, the Maratha Singh fought several battles King was recognised as the against the Rajput and overlord of the entire Deccan Mughal rulers. He instituted peninsula. He possessed the Khalsa in 1699. After his the right to levy chauth and death in 1708, the Khalsa sardesh-mukhi in the entire rose in revolt against the region. Mughal authority under the Note : Now see Short Ans. leadership of Bahadur, No.8 under Summative declared their sovereign rule Assessment. and established their own 4. The Mughal empire began to administration between the decline after Aurangzeb. As a Sutlej and the Jamuna. Banda result, the governors of large Bahadur was captured and provinces, subadars, and the executed in 1716. great zamindars consolidated Under a number of able their authority in different leaders in the 18th century, parts of the subcontinent. the Sikhs organised Through the 18th century, themselves into a number of the Mughal empire gradually bands. The entire body used fragmented into many to meet at Amritsar to take independent, regional states. collective decisions. Guru These states can be divided Gobind Singh had inspired into three overlapping the Khalsa with the belief groups: that their destiny was to rule- (i) States that were old their well-knit organisation Mughal provinces like enabled them to put up a Awadh, Bengal and successful resistance to the Hyderabad. Although Mughal governors first and the states were extremely then to Ahmad Shah Abdali. powerful and quite The Khalsa declared their independent, the rulers of

Teacher’s Manual n 49 these states did not break (iii) The last group included their formal ties with the states under the control of Mughal emperor. Marathas, Sikhs and Jats. (ii) States that had These were of different enjoyed considerable sizes and had seized their independence under the independence from the Mughals as watan jagirs. Mughals after waging These included several armed struggle. Rajput principalities.

WORKSHEET-1 A. Multipe Choice Questions occurred over the period. 1. (a) Sanskrit texts Historians are expected 2. (a) patrons to cover them all in their studies. 3. (a) seventh century 5. People during this period 4. (a) Gauri were grouped into jatis or B. Match the following sub-castes and ranked on the (i)—(b) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(a) basis of their backgrounds (iv)—(d) and their occupations. Ranks were not fixed permanently, C. Fill in the Blanks and varied according to 1. Hind 2. priests the power, influence and resources controlled by 3. traders 4. Kshatriya members of the jatis. The True/False status of the same jati could 1. False 2. False 3. False vary from area to area. 6. With the extension of 4. True agriculture, forests began E. Answer the following questions to be cleared off. This 1. Manuscripts provide a lot forced the forest-dwellers to of detailed information migrate. Those who started to historians as a result of tilling the land became which their study of the past peasants. These new peasant becomes easier. groups gradually began to 2. Miniature paintings were be influenced by regional sometimes used to illustrate markets, chieftains, priests, the texts of manuscripts. monasteries and temples. 3. The nastaliq style is cursive They became part of large, and easy to read while the complex societies, and were Shikaste style is denser and required to pay taxes and more difficult. offer goods and services 4. It is because of the scale and to local lords. As a result, variety of developments that significant economic and

50 n Question Bank Social Science-VII social differences emerged included all of South India. amongst peasants. People of different regions 7. In praise of the Delhi Sultan fled before his armies. Ghiyasuddin Balban this 8. Historians view time as Sanskrit prashasti explained something that reflects that he was the ruler of a vast changes in social and economic empire that stretched from organisation in the persistence Bengal in the east to Ghazni in and transformation of ideas Afghanistan in the West and and beliefs. WORKSHEET-2 A. Multipe Choice Questions 3. Sultan Mahmud was the 1. (a) Vijayalaya ruler of Afghanistan. He 2. (a) Rajaraja I ruled from 997 to 1030 and 3. (b) They often received land extended control over parts grants of central Asia, Iran and the 4. (d) All of the above north-western part of the subcontinent. He raided the B. Match the following subcontinent almost every (i)—(b) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(d) year. He targeted those cities (iv)—(a) and kingdoms which had C. Fill in the Blanks wealthy temples. He attacked , Kanauj, , 1. Pallava etc. and looted the fabulous 2. Gangaikondacholapuram wealth from their temples. 3. Kalhan 4. Region His last attack was on the D. True/False Somnath temple in 1026. 1. True 2. False 3. True Much of the wealth Mahmud 4. False carried away was used to create a splendid capital city E. Answer the following questions at Ghazni. 1. After gaining power and 4. The resources obtained wealth, samantas declared from the producers were themselves to be maha-samanta, used to finance the king’s maha-mandaleshvara (the establishment, as well as for great lord of a circle or region) the construction of temples and so on. Sometimes they and forts. They were also asserted their independence used to wage wars, which from their overlords. were in turn expected to lead 2. Maharaja-adhiraja stood for to the acquisition of wealth great king, overlord of kings in the form of plunder, and and tribhuvana-chakravartin access to land as well as trade stood for lord of the three routes. worlds. Teacher’s Manual n 51 5. An excerpt from the 7. It is the ninth-century Periyapuranam, a twelfth sluice gate in Tamil Nadu. century Tamil work, informs It regulated the overflow of us about the lives of ordinary water from a tank into the men and women in the Chola channels that irrigated the empire. There was a separate fields. small hamlet on the outskirts 8. Inscriptions from Uttaramerur of Adanpur where people in Chinglepul district, Tamil lived in thatched houses. Nadu, provide details of the They were engaged in menial way elections of the Sabha occupations. 6. (i) This is the big temple of was held. Names of those Gangaikondacholapuram. eligible to be members of (ii) • The temple has the Sabha committees were tapering roof. written on small tickets of • We can also notice the palm leaf. These tickets were use of elaborate stone put into an earthenware pot, sculptures in order from which a young boy to decorate the outer was asked to take out the walls. tickets, one by one for each (iii) This temple was built by committee. the Chola king Rajendra I. WORKSHEET-3 A. Multipe Choice Questions E. Answer the following questions 1. (c) His administrative measures 1. • Chroniclers praised were a great failure Alauddin Khalji’s adminis- 2. (a) fifteen year tration for its cheap prices 3. (c) Akbar and efficient supplies of 4. (d) cheap metals goods in the market. 5. (c) Khizr Khan • He successfully withstood the threat of Mongol B. Match the following invasions. (i)—(d) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) 2. Ibn Battuta travelled to India (iv)—(c) (v)—(b) from Morocco, Africa. C. Fill in the Blanks 3. Chieftains sometimes fortified themselves in mountains, in 1. Sikandar Lodi rocky, uneven and rugged 2. Inscriptions 3. Chauhans places as well as in bamboo 4. Bahlul Lodi 5. Lodi dynasty groves. They lived in these D. True/False forests which served them as ramparts, inside which 1. False 2. False 3. True were their cattle and their 4. True 5. True crops. There was also water

52 n Question Bank Social Science-VII (rainwater) for them within. the produce collected as Hence, the chieftains could tax from lands between not be subdued except by the Ganga and Yamuna. powerful armies. Tax was fixed at 50 per 4. It was difficult for the Delhi cent of the peasant’s Sultans to control distant yield. provinces like Bengal from (ii) The soldiers had to be Delhi and soon after annexing paid. Alaudhin chose to southern India, the entire pay his soldiers salaries region became independent. in cash rather than iqtas. Even in the Gangetic plain Soldiers would buy their there were forested areas supplies from merchants that Sultanate forces could in Delhi and it was thus not reach. As a result, local feared that merchants chieftains established their would raise their prices. rule in these regions. To stop this Alauddin 5. Mongol attacks on the Delhi- controlled the prices of Sultanate increased during goods in Delhi. the reign of Alauddin Khalji 8. Tughluq introduced a token and in the early years of currency made out of cheap metals, not gold and silver. Muhammad Tughluq’s rule. People in the fourteenth- This forced the two rulers to century did not trust these mobilise a large standing army coins. They saved their gold in Delhi which posed a huge and silver coins and paid all administrative challenge. their taxes to the state with 6. Alauddin Khalji set up this token currency. This separate markets for buying cheap currency could also and selling foodgrains, be counterfeited easily. In cloth, animals and slaves. He other words, people started controlled the prices of goods minting fake coins in their in Delhi. Prices were carefully homes. surveyed by the market A large number of fake coins officers and merchants who came into circulation. The did not sell at the prescribed Sultan found difficult to rates were punished. They check it. The royal treasury also dared not cheating got depleted because there the customers by selling occurred a large scale underweight commodities. exchange of fake coins for 7. Alauddin Khalji took a great silver and gold. Hence, the care of his soldiers. He was Sultan had to recall the token very particular about two currency. things— 9. Sher Shah Sur (1486–1545) (i) The soldiers had to be fed. was one of the greatest rulers This was done through who ever sat upon the throne

Teacher’s Manual n 53 of Delhi. He started his career • In figure B, he is writing as the manager of a small the text. territory for his uncle is Bihar • In figure C, gold is being and eventually challenged melted to highlight and defeated the Mughal important words and emperor Humayun. Sher passages. Shah captured Delhi and established his own dynasty • In figure D, the man is known as Suri dynasty. preparing the binding. Although the Suri kingdom 11. It is Quwwat al-Islam mosque in the Indian subcontinent and minaret. It was built lived for short period, i.e. during the last decade of the for only fifteen years, it twelfth century. This was introduced such an efficient the congregational mosque administration that it became of the first city built by the a model followed by Akbar. Delhi Sultans. The mosque 10. These figures show the four was enlarged by Iltutmish stages in the making of a and Alauuddin Khalji. The manuscript. minar was built by two • In figure A, the man is Sultans—Qutbuddin Aybak preparing the paper. and Iltutmish. WORKSHEET-4 A. Multipe Choice Questions 1530. The major events that 1. (c) Abul Fazl occurred in this short period 2. (c) Shah Jahan were— 3. (a) zabt (i) 1526—He defeated Ibrahim Lodi and his Afghan 4. (d) all of the above supporters at Panipat. B. Match the following (ii) 1527—He defeated Rana (i)—(f) (ii)—(i) (iii)—(a) Sanga, Rajput rulers and (iv)—(g) (v)—(b) (vi)—(j) allies at Khanua. (vii)—(c) (viii)—(e) (ix)—(h) (x)—(d) (iii) 1528—He defeated the Rajputs at Chanderi. He C. Fill in the Blanks established control over 1. Kabul Agra and Delhi before his 2. Bijapur, Golconda death in 1530. D. True/False 2. After the death of Babur, 1. True 2. True 3. False his eldest son, Humayun 4. False became the Mughal emperor. His reign was the mixture of E. Answer the following questions successes and failures. 1. Babur ruled Delhi only (i) Humayun divided his for five years from 1526 to inheritance according to

54 n Question Bank Social Science-VII the will of his father. Rajputs, Marathas and other Each of his brothers was groups. This policy of the given a province. But Mughals strengthened the they were not satisfied. empire. The ambitions of his 7. See short Ans. 1 under brother Mirza Kamran Summative Assessment. weakened Humayun’s 8. International travellers cause against Afghan described the Mughal empire competitors. Sher Khan as the fabled land of wealth. defeated Humayun at But at the same time they were Chausa in 1539 and at shocked to see the poverty Kanauj in 1540, forcing among the common mass. The him to flee to Iran. Mughal emperors and their (ii) In Iran Humayun received mansabdars spent a great deal help from the Safarid of their income on salaries and Shah. He recaptured goods. Their extravaganza Delhi in 1555 and once made the life of the peasants again established Mughal very miserable. They lived power in India. from hand to mouth. 3. It was a custom where father’s 9. The Mughal elites commanded estate was divided amongst enormous wealth and resources. This made them an extremely all his sons. powerful group of people in 4. Zamindars played an the late seventeenth century. important role in the Mughal So when the authority of administration. They were, in the Mughal emperor started fact, local headmen of villages declining, they emerged as or powerful chieftains. Their powerful centres of power in main task was to collect taxes the regions. They constituted from the peasants. new dynasties and held 5. The main source of income for command of provinces like the Mughal rulers was tax on Hyderabad and Awadh. By the produce of the peasantry. the eighteenth century they In most places peasants paid began to enjoy independent taxes through the rural elites political identities. called zamindars. 10. This is a miniature from 6. The Mughal empire expanded Shah Jahan’s reign. It depicts far and wide. As it encompassed corruption in his father’s different regions, the Mughals administration : recruited diverse bodies of (i) The above figure shows a people. The empire no longer corrupt officer receiving remained the nucleus of a bribe. Turkish nobles called Turanis. (ii) The next figure shows a Instead it included Iranians, tax collector punishing Indian Muslims, Afghans, poor peasants. Teacher’s Manual n 55 WORKSHEET-5 A. Multipe Choice Questions 3. The rulers in the Middle Ages 1. (b) merchants knew the value of water and 2. (c) Aurangzeb its necessity especially for the ordinary people. Hence, 3. (c) Yamuna they often constructed tanks 4. (a) Shah Jahan and reservoirs for use by B. Match the following them. Sometimes these tanks (i)—(c) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) and reservoirs were parts (iv)—(b) of a temple, mosque or a gurudwara. C. Fill in the Blanks 4. He adapted the river-front 1. red garden in the layout of the Taj 2. Shahjahanabad Mahal. Here the white marble 3. ordinary people mausoleum was placed on 4. Agra a terrace by the edge of the river and the garden was to its D. True/False south. Shah Jahan developed 1. True 2. True 3. True this architectural form as a 4. False means to control the access E. Answer the following questions that nobles had to the river. 5. (i) It is the throne balcony in 1. An inscription in the Quwwat the diwan-i-am in Delhi. al-Islam mosque explained (ii) Shah Jahan built it. that God chose Alauddin (iii) Its construction work was as a King because he had completed in 1648. the qualities of Moses and 6. (i) This is the Qutub Minar. Solomon, the great lawgivers It is five storeys high. of the past. (ii) Qutbuddin Aybak 2. Water has been precious from constructed its first floor. time immemorial. Those who The rest was completed can afford, face no problem by Iltutmish around 1229. even though there is scarcity (iii) Over the years it was of water. But the poor people damaged by lightning find it difficult to manage it and earthquakes and (water). It has been a bitter repaired by the following truth in all times. Sultan Iltutmish was aware of this rulers: Alauddin Khalji, fact. He constructed a large Muhammad Tughlug, reservoir just outside Delhi-i Firoz Shah Tughluq and Kuhna to make precious water Ibrahim Lodi. available to ordinary people. 7. The Taj Mahal was placed on This was undoubtedly a kind a terrace by the edge of the act which won universal Yamuna river and the garden respect for the Sultan. was to its south. In the new

56 n Question Bank Social Science-VII city of Shahjahanabad that as equals creating a world he constructed in Delhi, the where all could live together imperial palace commanded in harmony. Jahangir got the river front. installed a golden ‘chain of 8. The construction of audience justice’ outside his palace in halls at the Mughal court Agra. Any aggrieved person aimed to communicate could ring the bell and seek that king’s justice would justice directly from the king. treat the high and the low WORKSHEET-6 A. Multipe Choice Questions 4. Towns grew around temples 1. (d) temple town because they (temples) 2. (d) Madras catered to the needs of the people (priests, workers, 3. (d) all of the above artisans, traders, etc.) who 4. (a) Andhra coast settled near them and those 5. (b) traders of the pilgrims. B. Match the following Note : Also see Short Ans. (i)—(b) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) No. 1 Under Summative (iv)—(e) (v)—(c) Assessment. 5. Surat began to decline towards C. Fill in the Blanks the end of the seventeenth 1. Thanjavur 2. Vijayanagara century. There were many 3. Dutch 4. Commercial factors behind this- 5. Virji Vora (i) The loss of markets and productivity because of D. True/False the decline of the Mughal 1. False 2. True 3. False empire. 4. True 5. False (ii) The control of the sea E. Answer the following questions routes was shifted in the hands of the Portuguese. 1. Three kinds of towns were— (iii) Surat could not compete temple towns, administrative with Bombay where centres and commercial the English East India towns or port towns. Company shifted its 2. Names of some important headquarters in 1668. centres of trade and artisanal 6. Lost wax technique (casting) production in central India— is the process by which a Bidar, Golconda, Berar and duplicate metal sculpture (often silver, gold, brass Bijapur. or bronze) is cast from an 3. Water was supplied to the original sculpture. The city of Thanjavur from wells process includes the following and tanks. steps.

Teacher’s Manual n 57 (i) First, an image is made of famous Rajarajeshvara temple wax. This is covered with was built by the king Rajendra clay and allowed to dry. Chola. Besides the temple, (ii) Then it is heated and a tiny there were palaces with hole is made in the clay mandapas or pavilions. Kings cover. The molten wax is held court in these mandapas. drained out through this There were also barracks for hole. the army. Thanjavur was also (iii) Then molten metal is a centre of crafts production. poured into the clay mould through the hole. Exquisite bronze idols and tall Once the metal cools and ornamental bell metal lamps solidifies, the clay cover are sold here even today. is carefully removed and 10. The East India Company the image is cleaned and traders moved to Bombay, polished. Calcutta and Madras during 7. List of temple towns— the eighteenth century. Bhillasvamin (Bhilsa or Hence crafts and commerce Vidisha in Madhya Pradesh), underwent major changes Somnath in Gujarat, as merchants and artisans Kanchipuram and Madurai were forced to move into the in Tamil Nadu, and Tirupati Black Towns established by in Andhra Pradesh. 8. List of pilgrimage centres— the European Companies Vrindavan in Uttar Pradesh within these new cities. The Tiruvannamalai in Tamil blacks or native traders and Nadu and Dargah of craftspersons were confined Moinuddin Chisti in Ajmer. here while the white traders 9. Thanjavur was the capital of occupied the superior the Cholas. It is an example residences in Madras and of a temple town where the Calcutta. WORKSHEET-7 A. Multipe Choice Questions (vii)—(i) (viii)—(f) (ix)—(k) 1. (b) tribal people did not keep (x)—(l) (xi)—(h) (xii)—(j) written records. C. Fill in the Blanks 2. (c) Nagas and Ahoms 1. Garha Katanga 3. (a) paiks 2. south-west 4. (d) all of the above 3. north-west 5. (c) South India 4. Brahmanas 5. pastoral B. Match the following D. True/False (i)—(e) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(a) 1. True 2. False 3. False (iv)—(b) (v)—(d) (vi)—(g) 4. False

58 n Question Bank Social Science-VII E. Answer the following questions 3. Names of lineages—Hunas, 1. The Ahom state depended Chandelas, Chalukyas, etc. upon forced labour. Those 4. Only the leading tribal families forced to work for the state could join the ruling class. 5. (i) Their basically equal society were called paiks. A census gradually got divided into of population was taken. Each unequal social classes. village had to send a number (ii) Brahmanas received land of paiks by rotation. People grants from the Gond from heavily populated areas rajas and became more were shifted to less populated influential. places. Ahom clans were thus (iii) The Gond chief now broken up. By the first half of wished to be recognised the seventeenth century the as Rajputs. So, Aman Das, administration became quite the Gond raja of Garha centralised. Katanga, assumed the title Almost all adult males served of Sangram Shah. in the army during war. Map Skills At other times, they were engaged in building dams, irrigation systems and other public works. 2. Sultan Alauddin Khalji used Mundas the Banjaras to transport grain

to the city markets. Under the Kolis Gonds reign of the Mughal emperor Koli Santals Gond Jahangir, the Banjaras carried Gonds grain on their bullocks from different areas and sold it Gonds in towns. The Banjaras Vetars transported foodgrain for the Mughal army during military Maravars campaigns. WORKSHEET-8 A. Multipe Choice Questions (vii)—(h) (viii)—(g) (ix)—(f) 1. (c) Jalaluddin Rumi (x)—(j) 2. (b) Awadhi 3. (c) Krishna C. Fill in the Blanks 4. (b) a formless Supreme God 1. Hindi 2. Sufi 3. Vishnu 4. Shariat B. Match the following D. True/False (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) 1. True 2. True 3. False (iv)—(e) (v)—(b) (vi)—(i) 4. True

Teacher’s Manual n 59 E. Answer the following questions to the general funds of the community of followers. 1. Shankara was one of the most influential philosophers of 4. The Sufi masters held their India. He was born in Kerala assemblies in their Khanqahs in the eighth century. He was or hospices which were an advocate of Advaita or houses of rest kept by a the doctrine of the oneness of religious order. Devotees of the individual soul and the all descriptions including Supreme God which is the members of the royalty and Ultimate Reality. He taught nobility, and ordinary people that Brahman the only or flocked to these Khanqahs. Ultimate Reality, was formless They discussed spiritual and without any attributes. matters, sought the blessings The world appeared to him of the saints in solving their as an illusion or maya. He worldly problems or simply preached renunciation of the attended the music and dance world. He adopted the path of sessions. knowledge to understand the 5. The prevalent religious true nature of Brahman and beliefs and practices were attain salvation. based on social ends like 2. Silsila means religious order gender inequality, blind or group among the Sufi superstitions, animal sacrifice, saints. The Chishti silsila was caste feelings, etc. So many among the most influential teachers rejected them to orders. It had a long line reform the society. of teachers like Khwaja 6. See Short Ans No. 7 and Long Muinuddin Chishti of Ajmer, Ans. No. 1 under Summative Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki of Assessment. Delhi, Baba Farid of Punjab, 7. The best-known Nayanars Khwaja Nizamuddin Auliya were Appar, Sambandar, of Delhi and Bandanawaz Sundarar and Manikkavasagar. Gisudaraz of Gulbarga. The two books in which their 3. The followers of Guru songs were computed are Nanak belonged to a Tevaram and Tiruvacakam. number of castes but traders, 8. Both the Sufi and bhakti agriculturists, artisans and saints stressed on love and craftsmen predominated. His devotion for getting close to followers were expected to be God. They rejected religious householders. They should rituals, ceremonies and caste adopt productive and useful and class differences. They occupations. They were preached people to serve also expected to contribute fellow human beings in need.

60 n Question Bank Social Science-VII 9.

(e) Guru Nanak (f) Shankara deva

(c) Tulsidas (b) Mirabai

(a) Narsi Mehta

(d) Jnaneshwar

WORKSHEET-9 A. Multipe Choice Questions D. True/False 1. (c) Bharatanatyam 1. True 2. False 3. True 2. (d) Wajid Ali Shah 4. False 5. True 3. (a) Bhanudatta E. Answer the following questions 4. (b) oil-pressers 1. Six dance forms have been 5. (b) Europe recognised as classical. These B. Match the following are – (i)—(d) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) (i) Kathak (north India) (ii) Bharatanatyam (Tamil (iv)—(c) (v)—(b) Nadu) C. Fill in the Blanks (iii) Kathakali (Kerala) (iv) Odissi (Orissa) 1. Basohli 2. Pahari (v) Kuchipudi (Andhra 3. minstrels 4. Bengal Pradesh) 5. Anangabhima III (vi) Manipuri (Manipur)

Teacher’s Manual n 61 2. The literal meaning of 5. From the 16th century, the Mangala-kavyas is the people began to migrate ‘auspicious poems’. They deal from the less fertile western with local deities. Bengal to the forested and 3. Bengal is a riverine plain marshy areas of south- which produces plenty of rice eastern Bengal. They cleared and fish. Obviously, these two forests to cultivate the land. items figure prominently in he Gradually, local communities menu of even poor Bengalis. of fisher folk merged with Fishing has always been an new communities of peasants. important occupation and These early settlers sought therefore Bengali literature some order and assurance contains several references in the unstable conditions of to fish. Besides, terracotta the new settlements. These plaques on the walls of were provided by community temples and Viharas depict leaders, who also functioned scenes of fish being dressed as teachers and judges and and taken to the market in were sometimes ascribed with baskets. supernatural powers. People 4. After the downfall of the referred to them with affection Mughal empire, many and respect as pirs. The term miniature painters moved pir included saints or Sufis and out to the courts of the other religious personalities, emerging regional states. As daring colonisers and deified a result Mughal artistic tastes soldiers, various Hindu and influenced the regional courts Buddhist deities, etc. In this of the Deccan and the Rajput way, the cult of pirs came into courts of Rajasthan. At the existence. same time, they retained and 6. It is because rulers often developed their distinctive patronised painters who used characteristics. Portraits of to portray court scenes, scenes rulers and court scenes came of battle or hunting and other to be painted, following the aspects of social life. Ordinary Mughal example. Themes people could not do so. They from mythology and poetry were always busy in their were depicted at centres household activities. such as Mewar, Jodhpur, etc. 7. This is a page from a palm- Another region that attracted leaf manuscript of the earliest miniature paintings was the Bengali Ramayana. Himalayan foothills around 8. These three icons are– the modern-day state of Balabhadra, Subhadra and Himachal Pradesh. Jagannatha.

62 n Question Bank Social Science-VII WORKSHEET-10 A. Multipe Choice Questions 2. The state of Awadh 1. (c) Jat leader depended on local bankers 2. (c) 1739 and merchants for loans. The 3. (a) Guru Gobind Singh state sold the right to collect 4. (b) Kunbis tax to the highest bidders. 5. (a) nayakas These revenue farmers agreed to pay the state a fixed B. I. Match the following sum of money. Local bankers (i)—(e) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(a) guaranteed the payment (iv)—(b) (v)—(d) of this contracted amount to the state. In turn the II. Match the following revenue farmers were given (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) considerable freedom in the (iv)—(b) assessment and collection of C. Fill in the Blanks taxes. 3. Asaf Jah, the founder of 1. Deccan 2. administration Hyderabad state was one of 3. 1724 4. Sa’adat Khan the most powerful members D. True/False at the court of the Mughal 1. False 2. False 3. True emperor Farrukh Siyar. He 4. False was entrusted first with the governorship of Awadh, E. Answer the following questions and later given charge of 1. After Shivaji’s death, effective the Deccan. As the Mughal power in the Maratha state governor of the Deccan was wielded by a family of provinces, during 1720-22 Chitpavan Brahmanas who Asaf Jah had already gained served Shivaji’s successors control over its political and as Peshwa or principal/ financial administration. He chief minister. The Peshwas also took advantage of the controlled the Maratha turmoil in the Deccan and the empire from 1713 to 1761. competition amongst court Under them, the Marathas nobility and subsequently developed a very successful became the actual ruler of military organisation. They Hyderabad. took the advantage of the 4. Murshid Quli Khan was weakness of the later Mughals the founder of the state of and extended the boundaries Bengal. He was appointed of the Maratha empire. They as the naib, deputy to the led campaigns against the governor of the province. Mughals. They conquered Very quickly he seized all the Malwa, southern Gujarat and power that went with that parts of . office. He took control of the

Teacher’s Manual n 63 revenue administration of appointed by the Nawab’s the state. He transferred all court. Mughal jagirdars to Orissa 6. (i) He is Burhan-ul-Mulk in order to reduce Mughal Sa’adat Khan, the founder influence in Bengal. He also of Awadh state. ordered a major reassessment (ii) He was appointed subadar of the revenues of Bengal. of Awadh in 1722. Revenue was collected in cash (iii) • He managed the with great strictness from all political, financial zamindars. Those unable to and military affairs pay had to sell their lands to of Awadh. larger zamindars. • He seized the 5. In order to decrease Mughal agriculturally fertile influence in Awadh region lands of the Afghans Sa’adat Khan reduced the of Rohilkhand. number of office holders or 7. (i) He is Guru Gobind Singh, jagirdars appointed by the the tenth guru of the Sikh Mughals. He also reduced the community. size of jagirs and appointed (ii) His chief opponents his own loyal servants to were the Rajputs and the vacant positions. The accounts Mughals. of jagirdars were checked (iii) He inspired the Khalsa to prevent cheating and with the belief that they the revenues of all districts were destined to rule were reassessed by officials ( Karega Khalsa).

64 n Question Bank Social Science-VII Part-B: Geography Chapter Environment 1 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions Rapid-Fire Questions 1. French word environment 1. Air 2. Land meaning neighbourhood. 3. Jaisalmer 2. Mountains and plains. 4. earth‘s gravitational force 3. 5th June. 5. rivers, trees 4. A trade in which goods are exchanged without the use of Puzzle Time money. 5. Land, water and air. Fill in the Blanks 1. realms 2. natural 3. vary 4. biosphere S 5. atmosphere P H True/False E 1. False 2. True 3. False R 4. True 5. False SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions True/False 1. (c) industries 1. True 2. False 3. True 2. (d) all of the above 4. False 5. True 3. (a) atmosphere Very Short Answer Type Questions 4. (b) living world 1. Ecosystem is a system formed 5. (a) waterbodies by the interaction of all 6. (a) the activities, creations living organisms with each and interaction among other and with the physical human beings. and chemical factors of the Match the following environment in which they live, all linked by transfer of (i)—(e) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(b) energy and material. (iv)—(d) 2. Natural environment means Fill in the Blanks all living and non-living things that are present naturally on 1. biosphere 2. atmosphere the earth. In a narrow sense, it 3. lithosphere 4. living is an environment that is not 5. 97 influenced by people. 65 3. Human environment refers to all population is also a threat to the physical parts of the earth, our environment. such as air, water, minerals, soil 2. The major elements of natural and living organisms like plants environment are land, water, and animals that human beings air, plants and animals. All modify to suit their needs. these are important in some 4. Human beings pose the greatest way or the other. Land is threat to the environment. needed for agriculture and 5. We can minimise environmental human settlements. It provides pollution by checking the us forests and grasslands for growth of population. grazing. It is also a source of 6. The major components of mineral wealth. Air and water environment include both the are essential because we cannot natural and human environment. live without them. Plants and animals are independent. One Natural environment includes cannot exist without the other. land, air, water and living 3. Lithosphere is the solid crust things. Human environment is or the hard top layer of the associated with the activities, earth. It is made up of rocks creations and interactions and minerals and covered among human beings. by a thin layer of soil. It is an 7. Climate plays an important irregular surface with various role in this variations. landforms such as mountains, 8. (i) Fast growing population plateaus, plains, valleys, etc. (ii) Unwise use of technology Landforms are found over the Short Answer Type Questions continents as well as on the 1. Natural environment means ocean floors. This domain of all living and non-living the earth provides us forests, things that exist naturally on grasslands for grazing, land the earth. In a narrow sense, it for agriculture and human is an environment that is not settlements. influenced by people. 4. Biosphere is the narrow Human beings modify the zone of the earth where land natural environment to satisfy (lithosphere) water (hydrosphere) their ever-increasing needs. and air (atmosphere) interact They use the environment for with each other to support life. their developmental activities. Every living species on earth They are cutting forests and is a part of the biosphere. The establishing factories/industries organisms in the biosphere are there. They are increasing the broadly divided into plants, number of vehicles. The fumes animals, human beings and of these vehicles pollute the air. microbes. These elements They throw the garbage into together make the biosphere the water bodies and on open or the living world. They are land. The ever-growing world interdependent on one another

66 n Question Bank Social Science-VII and there is continuous scorching heat of the sun. The interaction between them. changes in the atmosphere 5. Human beings modify the produce changes in the natural environment to satisfy weather and climate. their ever-increasing needs. Hydrosphere—The They use the environment for hydrosphere is the watery their developmental activities. part of the earth. It comprises They are cutting forests and various sources of water establishing factories/industries there. They are increasing the and different types of water number of vehicles. The fumes bodies like rivers, lakes, of these vehicles pollute the air. seas, oceans, etc. Needless They throw the garbage into to say that water is essential the waterbodies and on open for all living organisms. We land. The ever-growing world cannot live without it. Its population is also a threat to importance lies in this little our environment. sentence ‘water is life’. Long Answer Type Questions 2. (i) 1. Life exists on earth due to the presence of three major domains—lithosphere (land), hydrosphere (water) and atmosphere (air). All these three domains meet and interact with each other on the earth. (ii) Atmosphere—The air that Atmosphere

surrounds the earth is called the atmosphere. The gravitational force of the earth holds the atmosphere around it. It consists of a number of gases, dust and water vapour. It protects us from the harmful rays and Chapter Inside Our Earth 2 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 3. Crust 1. South Africa 2. Crust 4. Silica and Magnesium 5. 6371 km

Teacher’s Manual n 67 Fill in the Blanks 3. From grains of sand 1. fire 2. change 4. state 3. red 4. Mantle 5. About 3.0 g/cubic cm. 5. continental Puzzle Time True/False Across 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. False 1. Ferrous 3. Rock 4. Mantle 6. Earth Rapid-Fire Questions Down 1. Red sandstone 2. Granite 2. Onion 5. lava SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 4. The main elements of the 1. (a) Igneous core are nickel (ni) and iron (fe) which in short are called 2. (b) Core nifi. 3. (b) Minerals 5. The average density of the 4. (a) Sedimentary rocks mantle varies from .5 to 5.5. 5. (a) Crust 6. The main elements of Match the following the mantle are silicon (si) magnesium (mg) which in (i)—(e) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) short are called sima. (iv)—(b) (v)—(c) 7. Marble is a metamorphic Fill in the Blanks rock resulting from the 1. magma 2. basalt metamorphism of limestone, composed mostly of calcite. 3. pressure 4. texture 8. The depth of the mine located True/False in South Africa is about 4 km. 1. False 2. False 3. True Short Answer Type Questions 4. True 5. False 1. The earth is made up of three Very Short Answer Type Questions concentric layers with one 1. The three layers of the earth inside another—crust, mantle are—crust, mantle and core. and core. 2. To reach the centre of the earth, (i) Crust—It is the uppermost one will have to dig a 6000 km solid layer of the earth. deep hole on the ocean floor. It is the thinnest of all Since it is not possible, we the layers. It is about 35 cannot go to the centre of the km on the continental earth. masses and only 5 km 3. Any natural mass of mineral on the ocean floor. matter that makes up the (ii) Mantle—Below the crust earth’s crust is called a rock. of the earth lies a very

68 n Question Bank Social Science-VII thick layer called the (ii) Crust is the thinnest of mantle. It extends up all the layers. It is about to a depth of 2900 km 35 km thick. below the crust. The (iii) The main elements of the main elements of this crust are silicon, aluminium layer are silicon and and magnesium while the magnesium and is called main elements of the core sima. are nickel and iron. (iii) Core—It is the innermost 5. There are three major types of layer with a radius of rocks—igneous, sedimentary about 3500 km. It is and metamorphic. mainly made up of nickel • Two examples of igneous and iron and is called nife. rocks—granite and dolerite. The central core has very • Two examples of sedimen- high temperature and tary rocks—sandstone and pressure. coal. 2. The main mineral constituents • Two examples of of the continental crust are metamorphic rocks—slate silica (si) and magnesium (ma). and marble. It is therefore called sima. 6. (i) The mantle lies just below 3. Intrusive and extrusive rocks the crust. are types of igneous rocks which (ii) It extends up to an average are formed when magma cools depth of about 2900 km. down and solidifies. (iii) The main elements of the Extrusive rocks—When the mantle are silicon and molten magma comes on magnesium and therefore the earth’s surface, it rapidly called sima. cools down and becomes 7. Metamorphic rocks are actually solid. Rocks formed in such igneous or sedimentary rocks a way on the crust are called which changed due to great extrusive igneous rocks. They heat and pressure. Small have a very fine structure. For crystals combine together to example, basalt. form large crystals. The act of Intrusive rocks—Sometimes metamorphism takes hundreds the molten magma cools down of years. deep inside the earth’s crust or Examples—clay changes into surface. Solid rocks so formed slate and limestone changes into are called intrusive igneous marble. rocks. Since they cool down 8. (i) Igneous rocks are formed slowly, they form large grains. when magma cools down For example, granite. and solidifies. On the other 4. (i) Crust is the uppermost hand, metamorphic rocks solid layer of the are formed when excessive earth while core is the heat and pressure inside the innermost layer. earth change the original

Teacher’s Manual n 69 properties of igneous or sedimentary rocks. For sedimentary rocks. example—sandstone. (ii) Igneous rocks are hard (iii) Metamorphic rocks— and compact while Sometimes excessive heat metamorphic rocks are and pressure inside the large crystals. earth change the original (iii) Igneous rocks are called properties of igneous primary rocks because and sedimentary rocks. other types of rocks such Such transformed rocks as metamorphic rocks are are called metamorphic formed from these rocks. rocks. For example—slate Long Answer Type Questions and marble. 1. The three types of rocks are— 2. One type of rock changes to (i) Igneous rocks another type under certain (ii) Sedimentary rocks conditions in a cyclic manner. (iii) Metamorphic rocks This process of transformation (i) Igneous rocks—When of the rock from one to another molten magma cools, is known as the rock cycle it becomes solid. Rocks which includes the following thus formed are called phases— igneous rocks. They are called primary rocks because other types of Magma rocks are formed from Metamorphic Rock Igneous Rock the igneous rocks only. Igneous rocks are of two types—intrusive and extrusive. For example— Sedimentary Rock Sediments basalt and granite. • These igneous rocks are (ii) Sedimentary rocks— broken into small particles Rocks roll down, crack that are transported and hit each other and are and deposited to form thus broken down into sedimentary rocks. small fragments. These • When the igneous and smaller particles are sedimentary rocks are called sediments. These subjected to heat and sediments are transported pressure, they change and deposited by wind, into metamorphic rocks. water, etc. These loose • The metamorphic rocks sediments are compressed which are still under and hardened to form great heat and pressure layers of rocks. These melt down to form types of rocks are called molten magma.

70 n Question Bank Social Science-VII • This molten magma This process continues again cools down and to take place without a solidifies into igneous break. rocks. Chapter Our Changing Earth 3 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 3. The interior of the earth is 1. A vent opening in the earth’s very hot and the rocks are in molten state which is called crust through which molten magma. material exists suddenly. 4. The Ganga river in India and 2. The surface of the earth vibrates. the Niger river in Africa. 3. The place on the surface 5. In deserts rocks are seen in the shape of a mushroom. above the focus. They are called mushroom 4. Seismograph. rocks. 5. Breaking up of the rocks on Puzzle Time the earth’s surface. Across Fill in the Blanks 2. MEANDER4. ICE 1. landscape 2. river 7. GLACIER 3. ice 4. deserts 9. WATERFALL 5. China 11. CAVE 12. LEVEE True/False 14. DESERT 15. MUSHROOM 1. True 2. True 3. False 16. FLOODPLAIN 4. False Down Rapid-Fire Questions 1. WAVE 3. CURRENT 6. MORAINE 1. Charles Richter 8. OX-BOW LAKE 2. Focus 10. LOESS 13. STACK SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions Match the following 1. (a) Seismograph (i)—(c) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) 2. (a) Angel Falls of Venezuela (iv)—(h) (v)—(g) (vi)—(e) 3. (b) near the epicentre 4. (d) rivers Fill in the Blanks 5. (c) hill-like structures 1. Coastal 2. decreases 6. (b) sea waves 3. weathering 4. strong 7. (c) beach 5. landforms 8. (a) deserts

Teacher’s Manual n 71 True/False 10. When the river tumbles at 1. False 2. False 3. True steep angle over very hard 4. True 5. True rocks or down a steep valley side, it forms a waterfall. Very Short Answer Type Questions Short Answer Type Questions 1. The earth’s crust consists of several large and some small, 1. The violent tremors that cause rigid, irregularly-shaped plates the earth to shake is called an which carry continents and earthquake. The place in the the ocean floor. These plates crust where the movement are called lithosphere plates. starts is called the focus. The 2. The plates move because of place on the surface above the the movement of the molten focus is called the epicentre. magma inside the earth. Vibrations travel outwards 3. The molten magma inside from the epicentre as waves. th earth moves in a circular Greatest damage is usually manner. closest to the epicentre and 4. These forces cause earth the strength of the earthquake movements. The forces that decreases away from the centre. work on the surface of the 2. Although earthquake cannot earth are called exogenic be predicted, the impact can forces and the forces which certainly be minimised if we act in the interior of the are prepared beforehand. earth are called as endogenic If there is an earthquake, forces. we should take shelter in 5. A river delta is a landform a safe place without being that forms at the mouth of a panicked. We can get a safe river, where the river flows. spot under a kitchen counter, 6. Deltas are formed when table or desk, against an rivers empty their water and inside corner or wall. We sediment into another body should stay away from of water. fire places, areas around 7. When the lithosphere plates chimneys, windows that move, the surface of the earth shatter including mirrors vibrates. The vibrations can and picture frames, trees, travel all round the earth. electricity poles. Floodplains are flat valley These vibrations are called 3. floor on the banks of rivers earthquakes. which are layered with silt and 8. Rocks in the molten state are aluminium left by the river called magma. The magma flooding. when reaches the surface of A river may overflow its banks the earth is called lava. during the times of heavy 9. The Niagra Falls is located on rain. When the river recedes, the border between Canada it deposits the material it is and USA in North America. carrying, leaving behind silt.

72 n Question Bank Social Science-VII Floodplains are the wide • The running water in the and flat plains formed by the river erodes the landscape. deposited material or alluvium When the river tumbles at built up on either side of the steep valley side, it forms a river with successive floods waterfall. over the years. The heavier • As the river enters the and coarser sediments are plain, it twists and turns first deposited at the river’s forming large bends edge. The finer particles are known as meanders. deposited a little farther away • Due to continuous erosion from the river. and deposition along the 4. Glaciers are rivers of ice sides of the meander, the which erode the landscape ends of the meander loop by clearing soil and stones to come closer and closer. expose the solid rock below. In due course of time the Glaciers carve out deep meander loop cuts off from hollows. As the ice melts they the river and forms a cut- get filled up with water and off lake, also known as ox- become beautiful lakes in bow lake. the mountains. The material • At times the river carried by the glacier such overflows its banks. This as rocks big and small, sand leads to the flooding of the and salt gets deposited. neighbouring areas. As it These deposits form glacial floods, it deposits layers of moraines. fine soil and other material 5. Various landforms associated called sediments along its with rivers are—floodplain, ox- banks. This leads to the bow lake, levees and meander. formation of a flat fertile Given below is the labelled floodplain. diagram: • The raised banks are called levees. As the river approaches the sea, the speed of the flowing water decreases and the river breaks up into many distributaries. The river becomes so slow that it begins to deposit its load. Each distributary forms its Long Answer Type Questions own mouth. The collection 1. A river is a natural flowing of sediments from all the watercourse, usually fresh- mouths form a delta. water, flowing towards an 2. The work of wind is clearly ocean, sea, lake or another visible in the deserts. The river. wind acts as an active agent

Teacher’s Manual n 73 of erosion and deposition in from one place to another. such areas. When it stops blowing, • Rocks in deserts are seen in the sand falls and gets the shape of a mushroom; deposited in low hill-like commonly called mushroom structures. These are called rocks. Winds erode the sand dunes. lower section of the rock • When the grains of sand more than the upper part. are very fine and light, the Therefore, such rocks have wind can carry it over very narrower base and wider long distances. When such top. sand is deposited in large • When the wind blows, it lifts and transports sand areas, it is called loess. Chapter Air 4 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 4. Hot and dry local wind 1. Nitrogen 2. Rain and hail blowing in northern plains of 3. 13 km 4. Exosphere India is called loo. 5. Rain gauge 5. Carbon dioxide. Fill in the Blanks Puzzle Time 1. Air Across 2. Cyclone 6. Peepal 3. temperature 4. five 8. Carbon dioxide 5. 50 11. Exosphere True/False 12. Air 14. Oxygen 1. True 2. False 3. True 15. Wind 16. Neem 4. False 5. True 18. Ozone 19. Cyclone Down Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Moisture 2. Cloud 1. Degree Celcius. 3. Loo 4. Weather 2. Because there is no air on the 5. Rain 7. Atmosphere moon. 9. Barometre 10. Insolation 3. High pressure. 13. Fog 17. Noon SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 5. (d) exosphere 1. (d) carbon dioxide 6. (c) cloud 2. (a) 21 7. (a) local wind 3. (b) nitrogen 8. (b) Rain 4. (c) troposphere

74 n Question Bank Social Science-VII Match the following 6. Thermosphere helps in radio (i)—(e) (ii)—(f) (iii)—(b) transmission. In fact, radio waves transmitted from the (iv)—(c) earth are reflected back to the Fill in the Blanks earth by this layer. 7. If there is no atmosphere, 1. stratosphere 2. Ozone we would burn alive by the 3. decreases 4. wet heat of the sun during day 5. humid 6. cooling and get frozen during night. True/False Our survival depends on the 1. False 2. False 3. True atmosphere. 4. True 5. True 6. False 8. Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants Very Short Answer Type Questions and some other organisms 1. When trees on hill sides are use sunlight to synthesise cut, rainwater flows down nutrients from carbon dioxide the bare mountains and can and water. Photosynthesis in cause floodings of low lying plants generally involves the areas. green pigment chlorophyll 2. On the basis of mechanism, and generates oxygen as a there are three types of rainfall— by-product. the conventional rainfall, the 9. When air is heated, it expands orographic rainfall and the and becomes lighter and cyclonic rainfall. goes up. Cold air is denser 3. The air which surrounds the and heavy. earth is called the atmosphere. 10. Seasonal winds change their It is held to the earth by the direction in different seasons. gravitational force. All living Short Answer Type Questions beings on this earth depend on the atmosphere for their 1. Carbon dioxide released in survival. the atmosphere creates a 4. Air pressure is defined as greenhouse effect by trapping the pressure exerted by the the heat radiated from the earth. Without it the earth weight of air on the earth’s would have been too cold to surface. As we go up the live in. But when its level in layers of atmosphere, the the atmosphere increases due pressure falls rapidly. The air to factory smoke or car fumes, pressure is highest at sea level the heat retained increases the and decreases with height. temperature of the earth. This 5. The degree of hotness or is called global warming. This coldness of the air is known as rise in temperature causes the temperature. The temperature snow in coldest parts of the of the atmosphere changes not world to melt. As a result, the only between day and night sea level rises, causing floods in but also from season to season. the coastal areas. There may be

Teacher’s Manual n 75 drastic changes in the climate Green plants use carbon of a place disturbing the entire dioxide to make their food system on the earth. and release oxygen. Humans 2. Air is a mixture of many or animals release carbon gases. Nitrogen and oxygen dioxide. If the amount of are two gases which make up carbon dioxide released by the bulk of the atmosphere. humans or animals is equal Other gases present in the to the amount used by plants atmosphere are carbon then there will be a perfect dioxide, argon, helium, balance. But in reality, this ozone and hydrogen. These balance gets disturbed due to gases are found in lesser the cutting of trees. quantities. Apart from these 5. Three features of the stratospheres gases, water vapour and tiny (i) It lies above the troposphere dust particles are also present and extends up to a height in the air. The percentage of of 50 km. different constituents of air is (ii) This layer is almost free shown in the pie chart. from clouds and associated 3. The atmosphere around the weather phenomenon, earth has a layered structure. making conditions most It is basically divided into five ideal for flying aeroplanes. layers starting from the earth’s 6. In thermosphere temperature surface. These are— rises rapidly with increasing (i) Troposphere the height. It extends between (ii) Stratosphere 80-400 km. The lower part is (iii) Mesophere called the ionosphere, which (iv) Thermosphere is an electrically charged (v) Exosphere layer. This layer helps in radio Troposphere is the most transmission. In fact, the radio important layer of the waves transmitted from the earth atmosphere. Its average height is are reflected back to the earth by 13 km. The air we breathe exists this layer, i.e., ionosphere. here. Almost all the weather 7. Temperature in cities is much phenomena like rainfall, fog and higher than that of villages. hailstorm occur in this layer. The reason behind this is that 4. Humans and animals take the concrete and metals in Carbon dioxide oxygen from the air as they buildings and the asaphalt of (0.03%) Argon (0.93%) breathe. This oxygen is roads get heated up during produced by green plants the day. This heat is released All others during the night. Also, the (0.04%) Oxygen during photosynthesis. In (21%) this way oxygen content in crowded high rise buildings of the air remains constant. If the cities trap the warm air and Nitrogen (78%) we cut trees then this balance thus raise the temperature of the cities. gets disturbed.

76 n Question Bank Social Science-VII 8. (i) Weather is hour-to-hour, areas to low pressure areas. day-to-day condition of The wind is named after the atmosphere. Climate the direction from which it is the average overall blows, for example, the wind weather condition of a blowing from the west is place for a longer period called westerly. Winds can of time. be broadly divided into three (ii) The change of weather is a types— continuous phenomenon. (i) Permanent winds—These blow But the climate of a place constantly throughout the year remains more or less the in a particular direction. The same year after year. trade winds, westerlies and 9. When the water vapour in easterlies are the permanent the atmosphere rises, it starts winds. cooling. The water vapour (ii) Seasonal winds—These winds condenses causing formation of change their direction in droplets of water. When these different seasons. For example droplets of water become too monsoon in India. heavy to float in air, then they (iii) Local winds—These winds come down as precipitation. blow only during a particular Precipitation that comes down period of the day or year in a to the earth in liquid form is small area. They may last for a called rain. Other forms of short period. For example, land precipitation are snow, sleet and sea breeze. These winds and hail. have local names. Loo is one 10. Evaporation is a type of such wind which is a very hot vaporisation of a liquid that dry and dusty and blows in the occurs from the surface of a northern plains of India. liquid into a gaseous phase 2. Condensation of water that is not saturated with vapour causes formation of the evaporating substance. small drops of water. When Evaporation takes place these droplets of water join everywhere and at all times. Its together, they grow in size speed however gets affected by and become too heavy to the weather conditions. When float in air. Then they fall the weather is hot, dry and down as rain drops. windy, its speed increases, and There are three types of when the weather is cold, moist rainfall— and calm, it decreases. (i) the convectional rainfall Long Answer Type Questions (ii) the orographic rainfall, and 1. The horizontal movement in (iii) the cyclonic rainfall. air along the surface of the Rainfall is important for the earth is called wind. It always survival of plants and animals. blows from high pressure It brings freshwater to the

Teacher’s Manual n 77 earth’s surface. It makes the pressure is associated soil ready for cultivation. with cloudy skies and wet Farmers depend on rainfall for weather. their agricultural activities. If • In areas having lower rainfall is less, water scarcity temperature, the air is and drought occur. Hence, cold. It is therefore heavy. sufficient rainfall is essential. Heavy air sinks and creates a high pressure area. High pressure is associated with clear and sunny skies. 4. The five layers of the Warm atmosphere are— air (i) Troposphere—It is the lowermost layer of the Convectional Rainfall atmosphere and is closest to the surface of the earth. Its average height is 13 Moist km. The air we breathe air exists here. Almost all the weather phenomena occur in this layer. Relief (Orographic) Rainfall (ii) Stratosphere—It lies above the troposphere and extends up to a height of 50 Warm Cold air air km. This layer is ideal for flying aeroplanes. This layer also contains a layer of ozone gas which protects Cyclonic Rainfall us from the harmful effect of the sun rays. 3. Air pressure is defined as the (iii) Mesosphere—It lies above pressure exerted by the weight the stratosphere. It extends of air on the earth’s surface. up to the height of 80 km. As we go up the layers of Meteorites burn up in this atmosphere, the pressure falls layer while falling from the rapidly. space. • The air pressure is highest (iv) Thermosphere—It extends at sea level and decreases between 80-400 km. with height. Horizontally This layer helps in radio the distribution of air transmission. pressure is influenced by (v) Exosphere—It is the temperature of air at a uppermost layer of the given place. atmosphere. This layer • In areas where temperature has very thin air. Light is high, the air gets heated gases like helium and and rises. This creates a hydrogen float into the low-pressure area. Low space from here.

78 n Question Bank Social Science-VII Chapter Water 5 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 3. The process through which water turns into water vapour. 1. An artificial enclosure for 4. Tides. 5. About 3%. keeping small animals or plants. Puzzle Time

2. It condenses. 3. Africa. TAWAVESYRNGUI 4. 22nd March. SCAMGVPAXAZPD 5. Israel. UBTORATHYVFDD Fill in the Blanks NUEIEPTLTIDES AYRPEOINAGSUA 1. 35 2. harbour MPTYWRUMLALBL 3. high 4. end IOFQCAPLJTHSI 5. fishing R I V E R T N Q B I V A N True/False TTASDIMEBOCTE 1. True 2. False 3. True U J K G F O C E A N X E A CURRENTSNPOTW 4. False 5. True Rapid-Fire Questions Project/Activity (a) Teesta (b) Padma 1. Low tides & high tides. (c) Orange (d) Niger 2. The amount of salt in grams (e) Amazon (f) Indus present in 1000 grams of (g) Nile (h) Thames water. (i) Yellow (j) Congo SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions True/False 1. (d) all of the above 1. False 2. True 3. False 2. (c) 97.3 4. True 5. False 3. (c) they bring rain 4. (a) Labrador ocean currents Very Short Answer Type Questions 5. (b) North America 1. Precipitation is the process by which condensed water vapour Match the following fall from the atmosphere to the (i)—(a) (ii)—(b) (iii)—(c) earth’s surface in the form of (iv)—(d) rain, snow, hail or sleet. Fill in the Blanks 2. The ocean water is salty or saline as it contains large amount of 1. warm 2. moving dissolved salts. 3. saline 4. tides 3. No. All the water on the earth is 5. tides not available to us. We can use

Teacher’s Manual n 79 only less than 3% water in our through evaporation in the daily life. Rest of the water form of water vapour. Then (97.3%) is saline. the process of condensation 4. The process by which water takes place. This means the continually changes its conversion of water vapour form and circulates between back to water due to cooling oceans, atmosphere and land which leads to precipitation is known as the water cycle. in the form of rain, snow and 5. Water of ponds and lakes is sleet. Water that falls on land calm and still but ocean water in the form of rain collects in keeps moving continuously. rivers which carry the water It is never still. back to the oceans. This 6. The Pacific Ocean is the never-ending movement of deepest of all oceans. water is called water cycle or 7. The amount of salts present hydrological cycle. in the sea/ocean water is In short the process by which called salinity. water is continuously moving 8. Ocean currents are streams from the earth’s surface into of water flowing constantly the atmosphere and back on the ocean surface in again to the surface is called definite directions. The ocean water cycle. currents may be warm or cold. 9. (i) The wind must be Condensation blowing faster than the Precipitation transfer of energy from wave crest to wave crest. (ii) The amount of time the wind blows, or wind duration. 10. • The rise in the water Run off level is called the high Evaporation tide while the fall in the water level is called the low tide. • In high tide, water covers much of the shore by 2. We know that three-fourth of rising to its highest level. the earth surface is covered In low tide, water falls with water. This ratio shows to its lowest level and that we have more water recedes from the shore. than land on this earth. Still Short Answer Type Questions we face water scarcity. The main reason behind this is 1. Water from different water that about 97% water which bodies reaches the atmosphere is found in oceans and seas

80 n Question Bank Social Science-VII is salty. We cannot use this on water. We cannot manage water for our daily use. This without it. Hence, it is essential means only 3% water (fresh to conserve this precious water) is available to us for resource. Some of the ways for our daily needs. Even this water conservation are given percentage of water (3%) is below— fair enough for us. But we (i) Turn off the tap when don’t use it judiciously. We you brush your teeth. are wasting this precious This can save 6 litres of resource when we use water water per minute. carelessly. Hence, the water (ii) Place a cistern displace- scarcity that we are facing ment device in your today is our own creation. toilet cistern to reduce We can avert this situation by the volume of water used using water judiciously. in each flush. 3. The quality of water is (iii) Take a shorter shower. deteriorating due to the (iv) Water your garden with following reasons: a watering can rather (i) We often get water from than a hosepipe. polluted sources. The 6. On the basis of temperature, Ganga is an example ocean currents can be classified of a very polluted river into two types—warm currents which provides water to and cold currents. The warm millions. ocean currents originate near (ii) Water is often recycled. the equator and move toward It means sewage is the pole. The cold currents treated and released into carry water from polar or a water body. The same higher latitudes to tropical or water is used again. lower latitudes. (iii) Many factories release • Name of two warm currents— untreated wastes into Gulf stream and North rivers. This is a major Atlantic Drift. concern. • Name of two cold currents— 4. High tides help in navigation. Labrador current and Benguela They raise the water level current. close to the shores. This Long Answer Type Questions helps the ships to arrive at the harbour more easily. The 1. In the coastal regions, the high tides also help in fishing. sea/ocean water rises and Many more fish come closer falls every day at regular intervals. This phenomenon to the shore during the high of alternative rise and fall in tides. This enables fishermen the level of the sea/ocean is to get a plentiful catch. called tides. Tides are of two 5. Water is important for us types—high tide and low because our survival depends tide. The rise in the water

Teacher’s Manual n 81 level is called the high tide ways. These are—waves, while the fall in the water tides and ocean currents. level is called the low tide. (i) Waves—When the water Tides do not raise to the same on the surface of the ocean height every day. rises and falls alternately, they The strong gravitational pull are called waves. Waves are exerted by the sun and the formed in the seas and oceans moon on the earth’s surface when wind blows across the water surface. The shape and causes the tides. The water of size of the wave depend on the earth closer to the moon the speed of the winds. The gets pulled under the influence stronger the wind blows, the of the moon’s gravitational bigger the wave becomes. force and causes high tide. During a storm, the winds During the full moon and blowing at very high speed new moon days, the sun, the moon and the earth are in from huge waves may cause the same line and the tides tremendous destruction. are highest. These tides are (ii) Tides—The continual rise and called spring tides. But when fall of ocean water is called the moon is in its first and a tide. The rise in the water last quarter, the ocean waters level is high tide, when water got drawn in diagonally falls to its lowest level and opposite directions by the recedes from the shore it is gravitational pull of the sun called low tide. Tides help in and the earth resulting in low fishing, navigation and trade. tides. These tides are called The rise and fall of water due to neap tides. tides is being used to generate Neap Tide Moon electricity in some places. (iii) Ocean currents—These are Sun Earth streams of water flowing constantly on the ocean surface in definite directions. There are Spring Tide two types of ocean currents— warm and cold. The warm Sun Earth Moon ocean currents originate near the equator and move towards the poles. For example, the Gulf stream. The cold currents Sun Earth Moon carry water from polar or higher latitudes to tropical or 2. The movement of ocean water lower latitudes. For example, takes place in three different the Labrador Ocean Current.

82 n Question Bank Social Science-VII Chapter 6 Natural Vegetation and Wildlife FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions Rapid-Fire Questions 1. in hot and humid climate. 1. pure or untouched. 2. in the regions of moderate rain. 2. orange, fig. 3. in dry season. 3. in dry regions. 4. Orchards of the world. 4. A snake found in the tropical 5. Monals. rainforest. Puzzle Time 5. as tropical rainforests. MTNLPLMEHRTBAMBOOPNA BEAR AIXSEERCMWHALEDC Fill in the Blanks TLPFLORANLEOPARDCEEM AEIAMNLICHENSLFOAPES 1. Brazil 2. Savanna NPGUDOGRTZXEDRHXMARJ AHTNHNDPINESCUIVELDK 3. Forests CACAMPOSGV N NASEALMQU 4. Coniferous ONACFOWLEE E ACDEODARM NTCHIRNGRV E KTMOSSESO 5. moss, lichen DOTEAKSRSE M EUSAPCGAN AXURMAANGRASSWKARQVK True/False PSSBHF T AIGATULSIUYAE GHFIRP R AIRIESABEBONY 1. True 2. False 3. True BRBRGO A TDECIDUOUSWNA TUNDRA X ZEBRAHORSELAK 4. True 5. False CBEEAX L LANOSATPAMPAS SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions True/False 1. (b) apples 1. True 2. False 3. False 2. (c) temperate deciduous 4. False 5. True forests 3. (d) bison Very Short Answer Type Questions 4. (b) North America 1. Because they generally breathe 5. (d) hardwood trees in carbon dioxide and breathe 6. (a) coniferous forests out oxygen which is essential Match the following for our survival. 2. There is a close relationship (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(f) between height of land and the (iv)—(b) (v)—(g) (vi)—(d) character of vegetations. With Fill in the Blanks the change in height, the climate changes and that changes natural 1. moisture 2. vegetation vegetation. 3. moderate 3. The deep jungles of the foothills 4. Mediterranean comprising sal and teak slowly 5. dry disappeared. She must have

Teacher’s Manual n 83 seen tall trees with pointed Short Answer Type Questions leaves and cone shaped canopies 1. The plant cover on the on the mountain slopes. She surface of the earth, which noticed blooms of bright flowers is found in nature or grows on tall trees. These were the naturally without human rhododendrons. interference is called the 4. • Temperature • Moisture natural vegetation. • Slope • Thickness of soil Natural vegetation is generally 5. Within India, tropical evergreen classified into three broad forests are found in north- categories which are as east India (along the Eastern follows: Himalaya, in Assam, and the (a) Forests grow well where hill states), in the Andaman temperature and rainfall and Nicobar Islands and the are plentiful to support Western Ghats mountain a tree cover. Depending chain along the west coast of on these factors, dense India. and open forests are 6. They are found in the north grown. eastern states of Jharkhand, (b) Grasslands are found in West and Chhattisgarh. the region of moderate 7. • Temperature • Moisture rainfall. 8. Most of the temperate grasslands found in mid- (c) Shrubs (thorny shrubs latitudinal zones and in the and scrubs) are mainly interior part of the continents found in dry areas. are seasonal grasslands. 2. (i) These thick forests occur Usually grass is short and in the regions near the depends on the amount of equator and close to the rainfall. tropics. These regions 9. Mediterranean trees adapt are hot and receive heavy themselves to dry summers rainfall throughout the with the help of their thick year. barks and wax coated leaves (ii) As there is no particular which help them reduce dry season, the trees do transpiration. not shed their leaves 10. She observed that people altogether. This is the were cutting trees and reason that they are called clearing the forests. evergreen. 11. Her father explained that the (iii) The trees of these forests local people wanted their are broad-leaved which land for agriculture and form a broad canopy at settlements. So, they cleared the top. The canopy is so up the forests. thick, that the sunlight 12. Name of two hardwood is not able to reach the trees—rosewood and ebony. ground.

84 n Question Bank Social Science-VII (iv) The hardwood trees like walruses, musk-oxen, Arctic- mahogany, rosewood, owl, polar bear and snow foxes ebony are found here. are some of the animals found 3. (a) The polar region is here. extremely cold. The 6. Tropical grasslands also known summers are very short as savanna occur on either side and relatively cool here. of the equator and extend upto Therefore the growth of the tropics. This vegetation natural vegetation is very grows in the areas of moderate limited here. to low amount of rainfall. The (b) The type and thickness of natural vegetation grass can grow very tall, about varies from place to place 3 to 4 m in height. Elephants, because of the variation of zebras, giraffes, deer, leopards factors like temperature, are common animals found moisture, slope and here. thickness of soil. Temperate grasslands also 4. Coniferous forests are found known as prairies are found in a broad belt lying between in the mid-latitudinal zones and in the interior part of 50°N to 70°N latitudes. These the continents. Grass here is forests are also found in the short and nutritious. Common higher altitudes. These are animals found here are wild also known as Taiga. buffaloes, bison, antilopes, etc. Coniferous trees are tall, 7. (i) By burying deads instead straight, softwood evergreen of burning them, as it with softwood. The wood of requires a lot of wood, these trees are very useful for which eventually effects making pulp, which is used flora of the country. for manufacturing paper and (ii) By planting more newsprint. Match boxes and and more trees in our packing boxes are also made surroundings. from softwood. (iii) By spreading awareness 5. The polar region is extremely among people so that cold. Hence, the growth of they could know the natural vegetation is very importance of flora and fauna in their life. limited here. Only mosses, 8. (a) Tropical evergreen forests lichens and very small shrubs — Rosewood, ebony are found here. It grows (b) Tropical deciduous during the very short summer. forests — Sal, teak This is called Tundra type of (c) Temperate evergreen vegetation. The animals have forests — Oak, pine thick fur and thick skin to (d) Temperate deciduous protect themselves from the forests — Oak, beech harsh climatic conditions. Seal,

Teacher’s Manual n 85 (e) Meditarranean forests — • They shed their leaves in Oranges, figs the autumn season. (f) Coniferous forests — • The trees of these forests Chir, pine remain leafless throughout 9. The animals in polar region the cool winter season. have thick fur and thick During spring season new skin to protect themselves leaves sprout. from the cold/harsh climatic • The common trees found in conditions. these forests are oak, ash, 10. Tropical deciduous trees beech, etc. shed their leaves in the dry • Wildlife includes deer, season to conserve water. foxes, wolves. Birds like Long Answer Type Questions pheasants and monal are common here. 1. Tropical deciduous forests 2. (i) Mediterranean vegetation • Tropical deciduous forests is found in the areas are the monsoon forests around the Mediterranean found in the large part of sea in Europe, Africa, India, northern Australia and Asia. This kind of and in central America. • They shed their leaves in vegetation is also found dry season. outside the actual • These forests have a thick Mediterranean region in undergrowth of small California in the USA, trees and shrubs and dense South West Africa, South thickets of bamboos. Western, South America • Hardwood trees found and South West Australia. in these forests are sal, (ii) These regions are marked teak, neem and shisham. for hot dry summers and These hardwood trees are mild rainy winters. very useful for making (iii) Trees of these forests furniture, transport and have broad leaves, long constructional materials. roots and thick barks. • Wildlife includes tigers, They can withstand the lions, elephants, langoors dry summer conditions and monkeys. without shedding their Temperate deciduous forests leaves. • Temperate deciduous forests (iv) Citrus fruits such as are found in the north- oranges, figs, olives and eastern part of USA, China, grapes are commonly New Zealand, Chile and cultivated here. in the coastal regions of (v) There isn’t much wildlife western Europe. here.

86 n Question Bank Social Science-VII Chapter Human Environment— 7 Settlement, Transport and Communication

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 2. Animals used for carrying 1. Places where people build loads. their homes. 3. In the Himalayan mountains. 2. trees and caves. 4. Subways/underpaths. 3. When people started to grow 5. The Trans-Siberian Railway. crops. Puzzle Time 4. Indus and Tigris. 5. In mountain regions. MESSAGEATPQR Fill in the Blanks ACDMASSMEDIA RHJIKLSPLMNI 1. river valleys 2. rural, urban ONOPQCATEUTL 3. site 4. population AZXASMTLPNEW 5. water supply DONKEYELHORA True/False WRIUPJLKOTNY 1. False 2. False 3. True AVWACDLPNLES 4. True 5. True YAQPMLINEITS SHIPSGTAMARK Rapid-Fire Questions RLMNOPEIABCD 1. Roadways and railways. AEROPLANEDVA SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions True/False 1. (c) table 1. False 2. False 3. True 2. (c) subways 4. False 5. True 3. (a) ship 4. (a) cycle Very Short Answer Type Questions Match the following 1. Settlements grew near the river valleys as water was available (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) and land near it was fertile. (iv)—(e) (v)—(b) 2. The factors that led to the Fill in the Blanks enlargement of human settlements are—development 1. stilts 2. Manali-Leh of trade, commerce and 3. energy 4. environment manufacturing. 5. bad weather

Teacher’s Manual n 87 3. Settlements which areoccupied When people started to grow for a short time are called crops, it became necessary to temporary settlements. have a permanent home. 4. Four means of transport 2. Rural settlements can be are—roadways, railways, compact or scattered. A waterways and airways. compact settlement is a closely 5. The people living in rural areas built area of dwellings, are engaged in activities like wherever flat land is available. agriculture, fishing, forestry, This type of settlement is crafts work and trading. mostly found in river valleys 6. The people living in and in fertile plains. In a temporary settlements earn scattered settlement houses their livelihood by hunting, are spaced over an extensive gathering, shifting cultivation area. This type of settlement and transhumance which is mostly found in hilly tracts, means seasonal movement of thick forests, and regions of people. extreme climate. 7. • Favourable climate 3. Road transport is good and • Availability of water effective for short distances. • Suitable land Roads can be metalled and • Fertile soil unmetalled. The plains have 8. Urban people are engaged in a dense network of roads. manufacturing, tracking and Highways are roads which services. join distant places. Roads 9. • Well-equiped schools have also been built in • Good hospitals terrains like deserts, forests 10. • Our villages have lots of and even high mountains. open spaces. Manali-Leh highway in the • They provide us fresh air to Himalayan mountains is breathe in. one of the highest roadways Short Answer Type Questions in the world. Subways or 1. The term ‘settlement’ means underpaths are also roads a cluster of houses. Settle- built underground. Flyovers ments can be temporary or are built over raised structures. permanent. They are usually found in big Settlements which areoccupied cities to decongest traffic. for a short time are called 4. (i) Air transport is the fastest temporary settlements. The mode of transport. It was people living in deep forests, developed in the early hot and cold deserts and twentieth century. mountains often dwell in (ii) It is very expensive due such temporary settlement. to the high cost of fuels. In permanent settlements, However, it is the only people built homes to live in. mode of transport to

88 n Question Bank Social Science-VII reach the most remote and Long Answer Type Questions distant areas especially 1. Railways are a fast means where there are no roads of transport. They carry and railways. heavy goods and people (iii) Helicopters are very useful over long distances quickly in most inaccessible areas and cheaply. The invention and in time of calamities of the steam engine and the for rescuing people and Industrial Revolution helped distributing food, water, in speedy development of rail clothes and medicines. transport. Diesel and electric Names of some of the engines have largely replaced important airports are— the steam engines. Superfast Delhi, Mumbai, New trains have been introduced York, London, Paris, to make the journey faster. Frankfurt and Cairo. The railway network is 5. Early people took a great deal well developed over the of time to travel long distances. plain areas. Advanced They had to walk and use technological skills have animals to carry their goods. enabled laying of railway They also carried things on lines in difficult mountain their head or on their back. terrain also. In recent times, Sometimes they even dragged the development of the things along the ground. railway along the Invention of the wheel made west coast has fascilitated the transport easier. With the movement of passengers and passage of time different means goods in this most important of transport developed but economic region of India. even today people use animals The Indian railways have for transport. been a great integrating force 6. Satellites have helped in oil for more than 150 years. exploration, survey of forest, They have a network of 7,031 underground water, mineral stations spread over a route wealth, weather forecast and length of 63,221 km with a disaster warning. fleet of 7817 locomotives, 7. (i) We can send electronic 5321 passenger service mails or e-mails through vehicles, 4904 other coach Internet. vehicles and 228, 170 wagons (ii) It provides us with as on 31 March 2004. This worldwide information data shows that the Indian and interaction. railway network is well- (iii) It has made our lives developed. It is the largest in comfortable. We can get Asia. our tickets reserved for 2. Communication is the process railways, airways and of conveying messages to hotels sitting at home. others. With the development

Teacher’s Manual n 89 of technology humans have (i) Roadways—These are the devised new and fast modes most commonly used means of of communication. It took a transport especially for short great deal of time to evolve a distances. Road provide door- good communication system. to-door service. They also In ancient times, messages provide a link between railway were delivered by beating stations, air and seaports. the drums. Later on birds Roads can be metalled as well and animals began to be used as unmetalled. Highways, for this work. The invention subways and flyovers are of telegraph and telephone roads serving different revolutionised the system of purposes. communication in the world. (ii) Railways—These carry heavy The advancement in the field goods and people over long of communication continued, distances quickly and cheaply. as a result of which today The railway network is well- we have so many modes of developed over the plain communication for getting information and entertainment. areas. Advanced technological Through newspapers, radio and skills have enabled laying television we can communicate of railway lines in difficult even faster. They are therefore mountain terrains also. called mass media. (iii) Waterways—These are the The satellites have made cheapest for carrying heavy communication even faster. Now and bulky goods over long we can send electronic mails or distances. This means of e-mails through Internet. Wireless transport has been in use telephonic communication since early days. It comprises through cellular phones have inland waterways and sea become very popular today. routes. Internet provides us with (iv) Airways—These are the fastest worldwide information and means of transport. Travelling interaction. We can now book in air is most comfortable tickets for railways and airways but at the same time most sitting at home. These efficient expensive too. It is the only means of communication have mode of transport to reach reduced distances across the the most remote and distant world. We are now living in a areas especially where there large global society. are no roads and railways. 3. We have four means of Helicopters are extremely communication—roadways, useful in inaccessible areas railways, waterways and and difficult terrains. airways.

90 n Question Bank Social Science-VII Chapter Human Environment 8 Interactions: The Tropical and The Subtropical Region

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Amazons 1. Assam 2. 159 per sq. km. 2. The place where a river flows 3. food 4. Amazon basin into another body of water is 5. animal called a river’s mouth. Puzzle Time 3. Squander and Guyana. 4. Hot and wet. ATOUCANSIFM 5. Large apartment like houses RADCBLMLGNO with a steeply stating roof. TPQRWLLONJN TISHZIKTOPK Fill in the Blanks DRVIAGCHXYE 1. equator 2. population GHINBADEFGY 3. changing 4. Susu HFROGTSRPOS 5. fish TIXWUOSNAKE True/False KLITVRGFLMN CROCODILEAB 1. False 2. True 3. False MNOPSRKWZDC 4. True 5. True TIGERJTZNIC

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions True/False 1. (c) Amazon 1. False 2. True 3. False 2. (c) hot and wet 4. True 5. True 3. (b) bromeliads 4. (a) Hooghly Very Short Answer Type Questions 5. (a) birds 1. The Brahmaputra goes by a 6. (d) fish number of names during its 7. (a) sugarcane journey to the sea. It begins as Match the following the Yarlung Tsangpo in South Western Tibet and becomes (i)—(d) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) the Dihang in China, then (iv)—(b) (v)—(c) the Brahmaputra in India Fill in the Blanks and finally the Jamuna in Bangladesh. 1. Hooghly 2. Assam Terraces are built on steep 3. flesh 4. Beehives 2. slopes in the mountains and 5. Yamuna Teacher’s Manual n 91 hills to create flat surfaces to temperatures are high with grow crops on them. very high humidity. At night 3. Susu is a variety of dolphin the temperature goes down which is found in the fresh but the humidity remains waters of river Ganga and high. River Brahmaputra. Its 2. Before 1970, it was almost presence is an indication of impossible for the people to the health of the river. reach the heart of the forest 4. The pollutants from nearly by roads. It could be reached towns falling in lakes and only by navigating the river. rivers pose a threat to the fish In 1970 the Trans Amazon cultivation. highway was built which 5. The Amazon Basin is located made all parts of the rainforest in South America. accessible. Aircrafts and helicopters are also used for 6. Patna, Varanasi, Allahabad, reaching various places. The Lucknow, Kanpur and Kolkata. indigenous population was 7. The one-horned rhinoceros is pushed out from the area and found in Kaziranga Wildlife forced to settle in new areas. Sanctuary in Assam. 3. The area of the Ganga- 8. Tsangpo and Lhasa. Brahmaputra basin has 9. The main river along with its varied topography. The tributaries that drain an area mountain areas with steep forms a river basin or the slopes have inhospitable catchment area. terrain. Therefore a small 10. Tributaries are small rivers number of people live in that join the main river. these areas. The plain area Short Answer Type Questions is dotted with ox-bow lakes. It provides the most suitable 1. Location: The Amazon basin, land for human habitation. the world’s largest river The vegetation cover of the basin, is located in between area varies according to the Guyana Highlands and the type of landforms. The the Brazalian Highlands. delta area is covered with It lies close to the equator, the mangrove forests. The between 10°N and 10°S. The Ganga-Brahmaputra plain river Amazon flows through has several big towns and cities such as Allahabad, this region. Kanpur, Varanasi, Lucknow, Climate: The Amazon basin Patna and Kolkata. All the stretches directly on the four ways of transport are equator and is characterized well-developed in this basin. by hot and wet climate 4. The Ganga-Brahmaputra throughout the year. Both basin, formed by the day and night are equally tributaries of rivers Ganga hot and humid. It rains and Brahmaputra, lies in almost everyday. The day the sub-tropical region that

92 n Question Bank Social Science-VII is situated between 10°N to Flora: In the Ganga- 30°N latitudes. It is located Brahmaputra plain tropical in the south of the Himalaya deciduous trees grow, along mountains and extends with teak, sal and peepal. Thick for about 2,500 km from bamboo groves are common in Satluj river the west to the the Brahmaputra plain. The Brahmaputra river in the delta area is covered with the east. The tributaries of the mangrove forests. In parts river Ganga like the Ghaghra, of , Sikkim and the Son, the Chambal, the Arunachal Pradesh, coniferous Gandak, the Kosi and the trees like pine, deodar and fir tributaries of Brahmaputra can be seen. drain it. Fauna: There is a variety 5. The plain area of the Ganga- of wildlife in the Ganga- Brahmaputra basin provides Brahmaputra basin. Elephants, the most suitable land for tigers, deer and monkeys are human habitation. The soil common. The one-horned is fertile. Agriculture is the rhinoceros is found in the Brahmaputra plain. In the main occupation of the delta, Bengal tiger, alligator people whose flat land and crocodiles are found. abundantly available to grow Acquatic life abounds in the crops. These factors make fresh river waters, the lakes this basin thickly populated. and the Bay of Bengal sea. 6. There is an ox-bow lake in The most popular varieties of the Matwali Manu village the fish are the rohu, catla and in Bihar. This lake provides hilsa. livehood to the community of 2. The rainforests of the Amazon fishermen of the village. The basin are very rich in fauna. fishermen cleaned the lake to Birds such as toucans, cultivate different varieties hummingbirds, birds of of fish. The local weed that paradise with their brilliantly grows in the lake is the food coloured plumage, oversized of the fish. The land around bills for eating, make them the lake is fertile. Hence the different from the birds we fishermen grow crops like see in our daily life. Animals paddy, maize and pulses. include monkeys, sloth and The buffalo is used to plough ant-eating tapirs. Various the land. The community is species of reptiles and snake satisfied. There is enough also thrive in these forests. fish catch from the lake to Crocodiles, snakes and eat as well as to sell in the pythons are found there in a neighbouring markets. huge number. Anaconda and boa constrictor are some of the Long Answer Type Questions species found there. 1. The Ganga-Brahmaputra basin The Amazon basin is also is rich in flora and fauna. home to thousands of species

Teacher’s Manual n 93 of insects. Several species of agriculture. Their staple fishes including the flesh- food is manioc, also known eating piranha fest is also as cassava that grows under found in the river. Thus, the ground like the potato. this basin has wildlife in They eat green ants and egg abundance. sacs. They also grow cash 3. Tribals live in the heart of the crops like coffee, maize and rainforests and lead a very cocoa. Since the rainforests simple life. They grow most provide a lot of wood for the of their food in small areas houses, some people live in after clearing some trees in thatched houses shaped like the forest. Men are engaged beehives. They have also in hunting and fishing and built large apartment like women take care of the crops. houses called maloca with a They mainly grow tapioca, steeply slanting roof. Life of pineapple and sweet potato. the people of the Amazon As hunting and fishing are basin is slowly changing uncertain, it is the women who keep their families due to the construction of alive by feeding them the the trans Amazon highway. vegetables they grow. They It has made all parts of the rainforest accessible. practice slash and burn Chapter Life in the Temperate 9 Grasslands FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Prairies 1. Machine 2. A region where grasses form 2. America and Canada the dominant type of plant 3. July 4. Sheep 5. Winnipeg life. Puzzle Time 3. A hot wind blowing in winter. AVEBGTCXDERC 4. Native Americans FEEPFFHLIHAO 5. For diamond mines ELUVCOIDAGNM Fill in the Blanks SDEWXNNCMFCB 1. Canada 2. Dutch YSLIMPOPOHHI 3. Wheat 4. mining SITMDQOENUEN 5. Latin NHFEVAKUDUSE XQERZHABEANI

True/False MAHIECAEAIJG 1. True 2. False 3. True ERSNXHSERNEH 4. False 5. True BISONESHEEPB

94 n Question Bank Social Science-VII SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions of sowing, ploughing and 1. (b) North America threshing. It means it is a three- in-one machine. 2. (d) Kansas 3. (b) Africa 7. Chicago, Minneapolis, India- 4. (b) Velds 5. (c) mild napolis, Kansas and Denver. 6. (a) prairie 8. Velds are the temperate grass- Match the following lands of South Africa. They are (i)—(b) (ii)—(g) (iii)—(f) rolling plateaus with varying (iv)—(e) (v)—(a) (vi)—(c) heights ranging from 600 m to (vii)—(d) 1100 m. 9. The Drankesburg mountains Fill in the Blanks lie to the east of the velds. 1. granaries 2. agriculture 10. Swaziland, Mozambique, 3. maize 4. continental Botswana, Zimbabwe and 5. February Namibia. True/False Short Answer Type Questions 1. True 2. False 3. True 1. The grasslands of North 4. False 5. True America are known as the Very Short Answer Type Questions prairies. Some of the features 1. The temperate grasslands of of the prairie region are— North America are called the (i) It is a region of flat, gently prairies. sloping or hilly land. 2. The world’s grasslands are (ii) For the most part, divided into two broad prairies are treeless but, categories—temperate near the low lying plains, grasslands and tropical flanking river valleys, grasslands. woodlands can be found. 3. Chinook is a local, hot (iii) The prairie region is wind blowing in winter in covered with tall grass, the prairies. It raises the up to two metres high. It temperature within a short looks like a sea of grass. time. 2. Prairies are found both in 4. Due to the absence of the USA and Canada, roughly north-south barrier, a local between 40°N and 55°N wind ‘Chinook’ blows in the latitudes. They are bound prairies. by the Rocky Mountains 5. Large cattle farms in the in the west and the Great prairies are called ranches. Lakes in the East. In the USA, 6. Combine is a single machine the prairies extend over which can combine the tasks the states of North Dakota,

Teacher’s Manual n 95 South Dakota, Minnesota, of cultivation and use of Wisconsin, Montana and tractors, harvesters and Iowa. The area of American combines has made North prairies is drained by the America a surplus food tributaries of Mississippi producer. The prairies are and the Canadian prairies also called the ‘Granaries are drained by the tributaries of the world’ because of of Saskatchewan rivers. The the huge surplus of wheat Canadian prairies include production. provinces of Alberta, 6. Chinook is a hot wind that Manitoba, Saskatchewan and blows in the prairie region Ontario. in winter. The velocity of 3. The South Africa grasslands the wind is high due to the or the velds do not have rich absence of the north-south vegetation cover. Grasses barriers. Therefore it raises dominate the landscape. the temperature within a Red grass grows in bush short time. This increase in velds. In the high velds temperature results in the acacia and maroola are seen melting of snow making to be growing. The animals pasture land available for found in the velds are lions, grazing of animals. leopards, cheetah and kudu. 7. Gold and diamond are 4. The temperate grasslands of found in abundance there. South Africa are known as Johannesburg is known for the velds. Velds are rolling being the gold capital of the plateaus with varying world. Kimberley is famous heights. The veld region is for its diamond mines. bound by the Drakensburg mountains on the east. To its Long Answer Type Questions west lies the Kalahari desert. 1. The people of the veld The northeastern part of the region are engaged in plateau is called the high several activities to earn their velds which attain a height livelihood. of more than 1600 m in some (i) They grow crops where places. The tributaries of the land is fertile. They rivers Orange and Limpopo also grow cash crops like drain the region. tobacco, sugarcane and 5. The people of the prairie cotton. region are very hardworking (ii) However, sheep rearing and up-to-date. They use the is their most important latest technology to make the occupation. Sheep is maximum utilisation of their bred mainly for wool rich natural resources. Two of and has given rise to the the most developed countries wood industry in the in the world—the USA and velds. Merino sheep is a Canada—are located in this popular species and their region. Scientific methods wood is very warm.

96 n Question Bank Social Science-VII (iii) A good number of people cm are suitable for farming as are engaged in dairy the soil is fertile. Though the farming. Cattle are reared major crop of this region is in the warmer and wetter maize, other crops including regions and the dairy potatoes, soyabean, cotton and products like butter, alfa-alfa are also grown. Areas cheese are produced for where rainfall is very little or both domestic supply unreliable, grasses are short and export. and sparse. Fauna: The prairie region is (iv) Gold and diamond suitable for cattle rearing. mining is also a major Large cattle farms called occupation of the people ranches are looked after of the velds. Iron and steel by cowboys. Bison or the industry has developed American buffalo is the where coal and iron are most important animal present. Many people of this region. It is on the earn their livelihood verge of extinction due to its from this industry. indiscriminate hunting. So it 2. Flora: Prairies are almost has been declared a protected treeless. Where water is species. The other animals available, trees such as willows, found in the prairie region alders and poplars grow. Places are rabbits, coyotes, gophers that receive rainfall of over 50 and prairie dog. Chapter Life in the Deserts 10 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 2. Tibetan antelope 1. A fertile spot in a desert, 3. About 13,000 sq. km where there is water. 4. In Ladakh 2. Willow trees. 3. Indus 5. From May to November 4. Morocco 5. Africa Puzzle Time

Fill in the Blanks GONPHOLOIGFWZUOS 1. low 2. north FOILODAPKROBTNLA 3. Drass 4. country CAMELODUIAONSFON 5. harsh USFRHOATGSHEEPOD KIRPIIKOHSJKRLEO True/False HSLPAMHOMEITGOON AEBROPNEISHRUBSO 1. False 2. True 3. True RROOETOSNGFCEOLL 4. True 5. False INOOSDATEPALMSMF Rapid-Fire Questions TEPUNOIMIUMNWOON YCACTUSZLMMOCFHN 1. A Buddhist monastery in EESHAFOIPAMMQRON Ladakh. Teacher’s Manual n 97 SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 8. The hair of the sheep and 1. (b) They are thickly-populated goat is used to make wool. regions 9. They wear heavy robes 2. (c) South Africa as protection against dust 3. (a) one of the coldest inhabited storms and hot winds. places on earth 10. Gompas are Buddhist temples 4. (d) all of the above located in Tibet, Ladakh 5. (c) Indus (India), Nepal and Bhutan. Math the following Short Answer Questions (i)—(b) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) 1. The climate of the Sahara (iv)—(e) (v)—(e) desert is scorching hot and parch dry. It has short rainy Fill in the Blanks season. The sky remains 1. cotton 2. butter cloudless and clear for most 3. Himalayas 4. eleven part of the year. Days are 5. 30° very hot. The temperatures True/False during the day may rise to 50°C, heating up the sand 1. False 2. True 3. True and the bare rocks, which in 4. True 5. False turn radiates heat making Very Short Answer Questions everything around extremely 1. (i) hot desert (ii) cold desert hot. The nights may be 2. Willows and poplars freezing cold with nearly 3. It is hunted for its wool zero degree temperature. known as Shahtoot, which is 2. Flora: Vegetation cover is light in weight and extremely sparse in Ladakh. There are warm. scanty patches of grasses 4. Depressions are formed and shrubs for animals to when the wind blows away graze. Groves of willows the sands. In the depressions and poplars are seen in the where underground water valleys. reaches the surface, an Oasis During the summers, fruit is formed. trees such as apples, apricots 5. Al Azizia in the Sahara and walnuts grow. desert recorded the highest Birds like robins, temperature of 57.7°C in Fauna: 1922. redstarts, Tibetan snowcock, 6. Camels, hyenas, jackals, raven and hoopoe are foxes, scorpions, etc. common in Ladakh. The 7. Ladakh is located in the Great animals of Ladakh include Himalayas, on the eastern wild goats, wild sheep, yak side of Jammu and Kashmir. and special kinds of dogs.

98 n Question Bank Social Science-VII 3. Ladakh is a tourist place. 6. The Sahara desert is the People get attracted to Ladakh world’s largest desert. This for the following reasons: hot desert lies in Africa. It (i) There are several Buddhist extends across north Africa monasteries that dot the from the Atlantic Ocean in Ladakhi landscape with the west upto the Red Sea their traditional gompas. in the east. It has an area of (ii) Visits to treks to see the about 8.54 million sq km. meadows are always The desert touches eleven exciting. countries. (iii) Several glaciers are found Long Answer Type Questions in Ladakh. 1. The Sahara desert is inhabited (iv) The way the Ladakhi men by various groups of people and women celebrate such as the Bedouins and ceremonies and festivities Tuaregs. These groups are is worth witnessing. nomadic tribes and follow 4. Ladakh is located at high different activities. They altitude. So the climate here rear livestock such as goats, is extremely cold and dry. sheep, camels and horse. The air at the altitude of 8,000 These animals provide them m is so thin that the heat of with milk, hides from which the sun can be felt intensely. they make leather for belts, The day temperatures in slippers, water bottles. They summers are just above use hair of these animals zero degree and the night for making mats, carpets, temperatures below –30°C. It clothes and blankets. They is freezing cold in the winters wear heavy clothes to protect because temperatures may themselves from dust storms remain below –40°C for most and hot winds. of the time. There is a little Settled population is also rainfall. The area experiences there in the Sahara desert. freezing winds and burning These people are supported hot sunlight. by the Oasis in the Sahara 5. Ladakh is located in the Great and the Nile Valley in Egypt. Himalayas, on the eastern Since water is available, the side of Jammu and Kashmir. people grow date palms. The Karakoram range lies in Crops such as rice, wheat, the north and the Zanskar barley and beans are also mountains lie in the south. grown. Several rivers including The discovery of oil in Indus flow through Ladakh. Algeria, Libya and Egypt The rivers form deep valley is constantly transforming and gorges. Several glaciers the Sahara desert. More and are found in Ladakh. more nomadic herdsmen

Teacher’s Manual n 99 are migrating to cities in on the mountain slopes. search of jobs in oil and gas During the winter months operations. the climate is so harsh that 2. The people in Ladakh are people stop working in the either Muslims or Buddhists. fields. They, however, keep Several Buddhist monasteries themselves busy in festivities can be seen in Ladakh with and ceremonies. The women their traditional gompas. are hardworking. They work In the summer season the not only in the house and people are busy cultivating fields, but also manage small crops like barley, potatoes, business and shops. People peas, beans and turnip. in Ladakh live very close to They also grow a variety of nature. Hence, they know vegetables and fruits. Many very well to maintain balance people keep livestock which and harmony with nature. include yaks, sheep and Since resources are scarce, goats. These animals live they discard nothing. They on the extensive pastures value water and fuel. WORKSHEET-1 A. Multipe Choice Questions 3. The relationship between 1. (b) Aquarium the plants and animals is 2. (b) Religion called symbiotic relationship. 3. (c) Read It means that both are 4. (b) Growing population dependent on each other. The plants give off oxygen B. Match the following which the animals intake (i)—(b) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(e) and the animals give off (iv)—(a) carbondioxide, which the plants need. C. Fill in the Blanks 4. (i) Never put water down 1. needs 2. Environment the drain when there may 3. biotic be another use for it such 4. downpour/rain as watering a plant or D. True/False garden or cleaning. (ii) Verify that your home is 1. True 2. False 3. True leak-free because many 4. False homes have hidden water E. Answer the following questions leaks. (iii) Repair dripping faucets 1. Four examples of human by replacing washers. made environment are parks, (iv) Wash your fruits and buildings, factories, roads. vegetables in a pan of 2. Plants and animals are the water instead of running two major components of water from the tap. biotic environment. 100 n Question Bank Social Science-VII (v) When washing dishes by non-living elements e.g. air hand, don’t let the water water, land, etc. are called run. abiotic environment. 5. (i) Invention of wheel. 9. Hydrosphere refers to the (ii) Production of surplus domain of water. It comprises food. different sources of water and (iii) Beginning of trade and development of water bodies like oceans, seas, commerce. rivers, lakes, etc. (iv) Fast growth in transporta- 10. Human beings have modified tion. environment according to (v) Information revolution their need. They cut plants that made communication to make furniture, use air to easier and speedy across produce electricity with the the world. help of windmill, use water 6. (i) Trees are sources of for different purposes, grow sustenance to us. crops, domesticate animals, (ii) They bring rain, check etc. floods and preserve soil. (iii) They keep the weather in 11. The thin layer of air that control. surrounds the earth is called (iv) They breathe out oxygen atmosphere. The gravitational which is essential for our force of the earth holds the life. atmosphere around it. It (v) They are home to a variety protects us from the harmful of birds and animals. rays and scorching heat of 7. We can develop a safe the sun. Atmosphere is made environment by taking the up of many gases, dust and following steps: water vapour. The weather • We should not throw and climate change with the garbage here and there instead we should throw it changes in the atmosphere. into a dustbin. 12. The water that we use for • We should grow more and different purposes comes more trees. from various sources of water • We should not make our like rivers, take, pond, well, animals bathe in water etc. However, rain is the main bodies. source of water. • We should use public In our daily life, we use water transport as much as for: possible. • drinking 8. The world of living organisms • bathing is called biotic environment • washing clothes for example, plants and animals. While the world of • irrigating crops.

Teacher’s Manual n 101 WORKSHEET-2 A. Multiple Choice Questions 2. Our earth is made up of many things. Deep inside 1. (c) nickel and iron earth, near its centre, lies core 2. (a) igneous rocks which is mostly made up of 3. (a) sedimentary rocks nickel and iron. Above the 4. (d) all of the above core is earth’s mantle, which 5. (c) 35 km is made up of rock containing 6. (c) gneiss silicon, iron, magnesium, aluminium, oxygen and B. Match the columns other minerals. The crust (i)—(e) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(b) forms the uppermost layer of the earth. It is made up (iv)—(f) (v)—(c) of several elements which C. Fill in the Blanks include iron, oxygen, silicon, 1. thicker 2. sediments magnesium, nickel, etc. 3. minerals 4. Lava 3. • Igneous rocks—basalt, granite, 5. metamorphism dolerite • Sedimentary rocks— D. True/False sandstone, limestone 1. True 2. False 3. True • Metamorphic rocks—marble, 4. True gneiss, slate E. Answer the following questions 4. The remains of the dead plants and animals trapped in 1. Intrusive and extrusive rocks the layers of rocks are called are types of igneous rocks fossils. which are formed when magma 5. One type of rock changes to cools down and solidifies. another type under certain Extrusive rocks—When the conditions in a cyclic manner. molten magma comes on This process of transformation the earth’s surface, it rapidly of the rock from one to another cools down and becomes is known as the rock cycle solid. Rocks formed in such which includes the following a way on the crust are called phases— extrusive igneous rocks. They have a very fine structure. For example, basalt. Magma Intrusive rocks—Sometimes the molten magma cools down Metamorphic Rock Igneous Rock deep inside the earth’s crust or surface. Solid rocks so formed

are called intrusive igneous Sedimentary Rock Sediments rocks. Since they cool down • These igneous rocks are slowly, they form large grains. broken into small particles For example, granite.

102 n Question Bank Social Science-VII that are transported which are still under great and deposited to form heat and pressure melt sedimentary rocks. down to form molten • When the igneous and magma. sedimentary rocks are • This molten magma again subjected to heat and cools down and solidifies pressure, they change into into igneous rocks. metamorphic rocks. This process continues to • The metamorphic rocks take place without a break. WORKSHEET-3 A. Multiple Choice Questions frost action, plants, animals 1. (b) Beach and chemical reactions. 2. (c) Moraine 4. Floodplains are the wide and 3. (a) Volcano flat plains on the banks of 4. (a) Deserts rivers which are layered with 5. (b) River vallyes silt and aluvium left by the river flooding. These silt and B. Match the columns aluvium make the floodplain (i)—(e) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) very fertile. The sea waves deposit (iv)—(b) (v)—(c) 5. sediments along the shores C. Fill in the Blanks of the sea forming beaches. 1. minimise 2. tremors Beaches are one of the coastal 3. vent 4. ash landforms. 6. Co astal landforms are created D. True/False due to the erosion and 1. False 2. False 3. True deposition of the sea waves. 4. False • Sea waves continuously strike at the rocks. This E. Answer the following questions results in the development 1. Erosion is the weathering away of cracks. Over time these of the landscape by different cracks become larger and agents like water, wind and wider forming hollow like ice. caves on the rocks. They are 2. When the wind blows in called sea caves. deserts, it lifts and transports • These cavities become sand from one place to bigger and bigger with the another. When it stops passage of time and finally blowing, the sand falls and only the roof of the caves gets deposited in low hill- remain. This results in the like structures. These are formation of sea arches. called sand dunes. • As erosion continues it 3. The factors responsible for breaks the roof and only weathering are—heat, cold, walls are left. These wall-

Teacher’s Manual n 103 like structures are called around very slowly due to stacks. the movement of the molten • The steep rocky coast rising magma inside the earth. almost vertically above sea 9. There are three types of water is called sea cliff. earthquake waves: • The sea waves deposit (i) P waves or longitudinal sediments along the shore. waves This action of sea waves (ii) S waves or transverse results in the formation of waves beaches. (iii) L waves or surface waves 7. When the river enters the 10. Angel water fall is one of the plain, it twists and turns major waterfalls in the world. and hence makes large It is located in Venezuela. It is bends which ae known as the world’s highest waterfall. meanders. It drops over the edge of the 8. The lithosphere broken Auyantepui mountain in the into many plates which Canaima National Park. are known as lithospheric plates. These plates move 11. Terrace farming. WORKSHEET-4 A. Multiple Choice Questions go to the moon. If they did 1. (c) Ozone not wear these space suits, 2. (a) Troposphere the counter pressure exerted 3. (b) Stratosphere by the body of the astronauts 4. (b) Decreases would make the blood vessels burst. The astronauts would B. Match the columns bleed. (i)—(d) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(a) 2. When air is heated, it expands, becomes lighter and goes up. (iv)—(b) Cold air is denser and heavy. C. Fill in the Blanks That is why it tends to sink 1. temperature 2. cyclone down. When hot air rises, 3. Clouds 4. highest cold air from surrounding area rushes there to fill in D. True/False the gap. That is how air 1. True 2. False 3. True circulation takes place. 4. False 3. (a) Nitrogen—It is the most plentiful gas (78%) in E. Answer the following questions the air. When we inhale, 1. There is no air on the moon we take some amount of and hence no air pressure. nitrogen into our lungs Therefore, astronauts have to and exhale it. But plants wear special protective space need nitrogen for their suits filled with air when they survival. They cannot

104 n Question Bank Social Science-VII take nitrogen directly decreases from the equator from the air. Bacteria, towards the poles. Therefore, that live in the soil and the temperature decreases in roots of some plants, take the same manner. nitrogen from the air and 6. (a) As the air gets warmer, change its form so that its capacity to hold water plants can use it. vapour increases and so it (b) Carbon dioxide—Green becomes more and more plants use carbon dioxide humid (which means to make their food and the air is full of water release oxygen. Humans vapour). That is why, and animals release clothes take longer time carbon dioxide and to dry on a humid day. take in oxygen. Carbon (b) The amount of insolation dioxide is a useful gas received by the earth’s because it traps the heat surface varies from place radiated from the earth. to place and from time Without it the earth to time. It is the highest would have been too cold near the equator because to live in. But its excess the equatorial regions causes damage. face the sun directly. But 4. Atmosphere is a huge the earth’s surface in the blanket of air that surrounds polar regions receives the earth. It is very useful less insolation because because all living beings on the surface is at a higher this earth depend on it for angle towards the sun. their survival. It provides This is the reason that us the air we breathe and the amount of insolation protects us from the harmful decreases as we go away effects of the sun’s rays. In from the equator towards absence of atmosphere, we the poles. would burn alive by the heat 7. Jet planes flying in the of the sun during day and get sky leave a white trail frozen during night. It is this behind them because the mass of air that had made moisture from their engines the temperature on the earth condenses. We see trails of liveable. this condensed moisture for 5. The amount of solar energy some time when there is no received by the earth’s air movement to disturb it. surface is called insolation. 8. The supercyclone of 1999 The amount of insolation devastated the entire coast of received by the earth’s surface Orissa including the cities of varies from place to place as Bhubaneshwar and Cuttack well as from time to time. and 28 coastal towns. About The amount of insolation 13 million people were

Teacher’s Manual n 105 affected. A large number infertile. Large tracts of sal, of livestock died. Standing teak and bamboo plantations crops of paddy, vegetables disappeared. The mangrove and fruits were damaged. forests between Paradeep Agricultural land turned and Konark vanished. WORKSHEET-5 A. Multiple Choice Questions 3. (i) The ocean currents influence the temperature 1. (a) Water cycle conditions of the area. 2. (b) Equator Warm currents bring 3. (a) Tide about warm temperature B. Match the columns over land surface. (ii) The areas where the (i)—(d) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) warm and cold currents (iv)—(e) (v)—(b) meet provide the best C. Fill in the Blanks fishing grounds of the world. For example, seas 1. coastal 2. rises around Japan and the 3. dense 4. condenses eastern coast of North D. True/False America. (iii) The areas where warm 1. True 2. True 3. True and cold currents meet 4. False also experience dense foggy weather. It reduces E. Answer the following questions visibility. As a result, 1. Tsunamis are rare in the Indian navigation is difficult. Ocean as the seismic activity is 4. Tsunami is a Japanese less as compared to the Pacific. word that means ‘harbour 2. (a) Spring tide—During the waves’—which may be as high as 15 m. The largest full moon and new moon tsunami ever measured was days, the sun, the moon 150 m high. These waves and the earth are in the travel at a speed of more same line and the tides than 700 km per hour—and are highest. These tides destroy the harbours. The are called spring tides. tsunami of 2004 caused a (b) Neap tide—When the huge damage in the coastal moon is in its first and last areas of India which include quarter, the ocean waters Andhra Pradesh, Tamil get drawn in diagonally Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry and the Andaman & Nicobar opposite directions by Islands. The Indian Point in the gravitational pull of the Andaman and Nicobar the sun and the earth islands got submerged after resulting in low tides. the tsunami. These tides are called 5. The large damage caused to life neap tides. and property was primarily

106 n Question Bank Social Science-VII a result of lack of monitoring, knowledge among the coast the early warning systems and dwellers of Indian Ocean. WORKSHEET-6 A. Multiple Choice Questions forests 1. (c) Tundra vegetation (iv) Temperate deciduous 2. (b) Hot and dry desertic forests climate (v) Mediterranean forest 3. (a) Monkey (vi) Coniferous forests 4. (b) Pine Animals found there 5. (c) Central Asia Monkeys, elephants B. Match the columns Tigers, lions, langurs, elephants, monkeys (i)—(c) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) Tigers, lions, monkeys, apes (iv)—(e) (v)—(b) Deer, foxes, wolves, pheasants, C. Fill in the Blanks monals. There is no much wildlife 1. veld 2. coniferous here 3. moderate 4. down Silver fox, mink, polar bear. 5. polar 4. Thorny bushes are found in D. True/False the dry desert like regions. 1. True 2. True 3. False Tropical deserts are located 4. False 5. True on the western margins of the continents. The vegetation E. Answer the following questions cover is scarce here because 1. Tropical deciduous forests of scanty rain and scorching are found in the large part of heat. Generally short shrubs India, northern Australia and occur in patches. The small central America. trees have thorns, thick 2. Citrus fruits are cultivated stems, long roots and wax- in regions marked for hot coated leaves. These features dry summers and mild rainy maintain the moisture. The winters. main plants found here are 3. Types of forests— cacti, thorny bushes and (i) Tropical evergreen forests coarse grasses. (ii) Tropical deciduous forests 5. Temperate evergreen forests are located in the mid- (iii) Temperate evergreen latitudinal coastal region. WORKSHEET-7

A. Multiple Choice Questions 4. (c) ox 1. (d) all of the above 5. (a) waterways 2. (a) dense forest 6. (d) airways 3. (a) regions of extreme climate

Teacher’s Manual n 107 B. Match the columns (ii) In trains, we get berth to (i)—(e) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) sleep. (iv)—(b) (iii) Railways enable us to reach mountain areas too C. Fill in the Blanks with a low fare. 1. underground 6. Newspaper, radio and 2. Navigable 3. storm television are the means 4. global 5. villages through which we can communicate with a large D. True/False number of people. They are 1. True 2. True 3. True therefore called mass media. 4. False 5. False 7. The advancement in the field of communication E. Answer the following questions has brought about an 1. Transhumance is a seasonal information revolution in movement of people. People the world. We have now who rear animals move in internet facility. Wireless search of pastures according to telephonic communications changes in seasons. through cellular phones 2. The early traders from other have become so popular countries used to take several today. These effective means months to reach India. They of communication have took either the sea route or developed inter-connectivity the land route. of people, services and 3. (i) These are houses institutions across the world constructed on a raised by reducing distances. Thus, platform or stilts. we can say that the world (ii) Such houses are found in which we are living is shrinking very fast. in the regions of heavy 8. Thick mud walled houses rainfall. At the places with thatched roofs are found where water accumulates in areas of hot climate. Local in the rainy season, stilt materials like stones, mud, houses are built. clay, straw, etc. are used to 4. (i) It is a helicopter. construct houses. (ii) It is extremely useful in 9. These are types of waterways. most inaccessible areas Navigable rivers, lakes and and in time of calamities canals constitute inland for rescuing people and waterways. Sea routes and distributing food, water, oceanic routes are mostly clothes and medicines. used for transporting 5. (i) Railways carry goods merchandise and goods from and people over long one country to another. These distances quickly and routes are connected with the cheaply. ports.

108 n Question Bank Social Science-VII 10. • List of Inland waterways— in Asia, New York, Los the Ganga-Brahmaputra Angeles in North America, river system, the Great Rio de Janerio in South Lakes in North America America, Durban and Cape and the river Nile in Africa. Town in Africa, Sydney in • List of sea routes— Australia, London and Singapore and Mumbai Rotterdam in Europe. WORKSHEET-8 A. Multiple Choice Questions the Ganga-Brahmaputra 1. (a) coniferous trees basin the roadways 2. (b) delta area and railways are well- developed and transport 3. (d) Kaveri the people from one place 4. (b) Tamil Nadu to another. 5. (c) distinct tribal culture (ii) The waterways is an B. Match the columns effective means of (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) transport along the rivers. (iv)—(e) (v)—(b) Kolkata is an important port on the River Hoogly. C. Fill in the Blanks (iii) The plain area also has a 1. Paddy 2. monsoon large number of airports. 3. tropical deciduous 4. There are many places in the 4. 1970 5. crops Ganga-Brahmaputra basin worth visiting. The Taj Mahal, D. True/False located on the banks of river 1. True 2. True 3. False Yamuna in Agra, is world 4. False 5. True famous for its architectural beauty. People from far off E. Answer the following questions places come to Allahabad to 1. The people of the Amazon take a dip in the holy river basin mainly grow tapioca, Ganga. Buddhist stupas in pineapple and sweet potato. Uttar Pradesh and Bihar and They also grow cash crops Imambara in Lucknow are like coffee, maize and cocoa. also famous tourist places. 2. The people of the Ganga- People having interest in Brahmaputra basin grow the wildlife visit Kaziranga wheat, maize, sorghum, and Manas sanctuaries in gram and millets. Cash crops Assam. Arunachal Pradesh is like sugarcane and jute are famous for its distinct tribal also grown. Tea is grown in culture. These places attract plantations in people from far and wide. As and Assam. Silk is produced a result, tourism has become in parts of Bihar and Assam. an important activity in this 3. (i) In the plain areas of basin.

Teacher’s Manual n 109 5. The developmental activities the fierce tribes of women in the Amazon basin are taking warriors known in ancient place at a huge cost. They Roman Empire as the are leading to the gradual Amazons. Hence the name destruction of the biologically Amazon came into light. diverse rainforests. A large area of the rainforest has Map Skills disappeared. This has 1. resulted in the soil erosion. The top soil is washed away due to the rainfall and the green forest turns into a barren landscape. 6. The plains of the Ganga- Brahmaputra, the mountains and the foothills of the Himalayas and the Sundarbans delta are the main features of this basin. Ox-bow lakes dot the plain 2. area. 7. The climate of the Ganga- Brahmaputra basin is dominated by monsoon type. The monsoon brings rains from mid-June to mid-September. The summers are hot and the winters cool. 8. The Amazon river was discovered by some Spanish explorers. While these explorers were busy in their mission, they were attacked by a group of local tribes wearing headgears and grass skirts. These people reminded the explorers of

WORKSHEET-9 A. Multiple Choice Questions 5. (c) sheep 1. (a) November to February B. Match the columns 2. (c) Sheep rearing 3. (a) Agriculture (i)—(b) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(a) 4. (d) Kalahari desert (iv)—(e) (v)—(d)

110 n Question Bank Social Science-VII C. Fill in the Blanks August, drought may occur 1. quarter in the region. 2. Saskatchewan 6. The prairie region is located 3. meadow in the interior of the continent 4. crow, Cree and therefore it experiences 5. grazing the continental type of D. True/False climate. The summers are 1. False 2. True 3. True warm with temperatures of 4. False 5. True around 20°C, while in winter E. Answer the following questions –20°C has been recorded in Winnipeg and Canada. In Tributaries of rivers Orange 1. winters a thick blanket of and Limpopo. snow covers this region. The 2. The velds receive rainfall annual rainfall is moderate mainly in the summer which falls mostly during the months from November to February. summer season. Chinook, 3. Sheep rearing is the most a local hot wind blows important industry in the in winter and raises the high velds. Sheep is bred on temperature within a short a large scale mainly for wool. time. Merino sheep is a popular 7. (i) Dairy farming is a major species in this region and industry in the prairie their wool is very warm. region. The dairy belt These factors have given rise extends from the Great to the wool industry here. Lakes to the Atlantic 4. Sheep rearing is the major coast in the east. occupation of the people of (ii) Agriculture is practised the South African grasslands. on an extensive level. 5. The velds have a mild climate The huge surplus of due to the influence of the wheat production has Indian Ocean. Winters are turned the prairies into cold and dry. Temperatures the ‘Granaries of the vary between 5°C and 10°C world’. and July is the coldest month. 8. (i) The prairies have large Summers are short and warm. mineral deposits particu- The velds receive rainfall larly coal and iron. mainly in the summer months (ii) There is a good network from November to February. of roads, railways and If the rainfall is poor in the canals in this region. winter months from June till

Teacher’s Manual n 111 Map Skills 2. 1.

WORKSHEET-10 A. Multipe Choice Questions 2. They do so in order to protect 1. (b) hot themselves from dust storms 2. (a) oil and hot winds that are 3. (a) north of Ladakh regular features of the Sahara 4. (d) all of the above desert. 5. (d) monastery 3. These four passes are B. Match the following Rohtang la, Baralacha la, Lungalacha la and Tanglang (i)—(d) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) la. (iv)—(b) (v)—(c) 4. The Manali-Leh highway C. Fill in the Blanks opens only between July and 1. summer 2. altitude September when snow is 3. acacia 4. plateau cleared from the road. 5. Tuaregs 5. The Sahara desert touches eleven countries—Algeria, D. True/False Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, 1. True 2. True 3. False Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, 4. True 5. False Sudan, Tunisia and Western E. Answer the following questions Sahara. 1. The reason is that the desert 6. Several skyrise office buildings area experiences extreme have been built there. These temperatures throughout the gleaming glass eased office year. The rainfall is too poor buildings tower over mosques. to grow any plant or crop. Due to the construction of super

112 n Question Bank Social Science-VII highways, the ancient camel Map Skills paths are nowhere in sight. 1. Trucks are replacing camels in the salt trade. Tuaregs are seen acting as guides to foreign tourists. Nomadic herdsmen have ceased to live in their primitive style. They find it more comfortable and more prestigious in finding jobs in oil and gas operations. 7. Vegetation in the Sahara desert includes cactus, date palms and acacia. In some places where there are oases, green belts with date palms can be seen. The wildlife found in the Sahara desert 2. includes camels, hyenas, jackals, foxes, scorpions, many varieties of snakes and lizards. 8. A desert is an arid land characterised by extremely high or low temperatures, low rainfall and scanty vegetation.

Teacher’s Manual n 113 Part-C: Civics Chapter On Equality 1 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Thinking of oneself and other 1. Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar said persons as worthy of respect. this. 2. 18 years is the age of adulthood 2. It is based on the idea of in India. equality. 3. The Civil Rights Movement 3. The feeling that she has right began in United States of to elect her representative by America in 1964. casting vote. 4. villages 4. An African-American woman 5. Omprakash Valmiki who became an immediate cause for the beginning of the Puzzle Time Civil Movement in America. 5. Our elected representatives. IDIR A N RTRG D RP L E M IDDAYM E ALS Fill in the Blanks E S D IFFERE N L GS DSCRIP M I N A I EJ 1. Caste system P E DDDI D I G N I T Y 2. untouchability E C D I F F E R E N C E S 3. Self-respect 4. Dalit DTSCRI M A N A A ID 5. respect, dignity I C D IFEE IR N S NS D I S C R I M I N A T E D True/False I N E B U A LLT Y EIE 1. False 2. True 3. True W E R Q T A LAT Y TAP 4. False 5. True I N E Q U A L I T Y TNA SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions Fill in the Blanks 1. (d) dalit writer 1. representatives 2. (b) Muslims 2. unequally 3. change 3. (a) Tamil Nadu 4. law 5. cooked 4. (c) increase the enrolment True/False and attendance of poor children in school 1. True 2. True 3. False 5. (b) Rosa Parks 4. True 5. False Match the following Very Short Answer Type Questions (i)—(c) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) 1. The key elements of a (iv)—(b) (v)—(d) democratic government are— people’s participation, the

114 resolution of conflict, and 9. These advertisements show equality and justice. how important the issue of 2. She will vote for the candidate caste continues to be in the who has promised to bring minds of Indians. pipewater to her area. 10. He was treated unequally 3. Gudia is Kanta’s daughter. because he belonged to an She often falls ill because under-privileged community. the area in which they live is Short Answer Type Questions never cleaned. 4. It means that all adults in a 1. Joothan is an autobiography country who are 18 years old of Omprakash Valmiki. The or above have the right to vote book is all about the author’s irrespective of their social bitter experiences that he or economic backgrounds. had to undergo just because It is an important aspect of he was a dalit boy. His democratic societies becuase school headmaster and his it ensures equality. classmates treated him very 5. A constitution is a document badly. The headmaster made that lays down the basic rules him sweep the school and and regulations for people the playground while other and the government in the children in his class were country to follow. studying. The playground 6. It states that every adult in a country, who attained the age was larger than his small of 18 or more has right to cast physique could handle only one vote, irrespective and in cleaning it, his back of his/her social or economic began to ache. His face was status. covered with dust. No one 7. Both were discriminated in the school took care of his against in one way or the self-respect and violated his other. Omprakash Valmiki dignity so easily. was forced to sweep the 2. One of the most important school and the playground provisions of our consitution because he was a dalit boy. is that every person is equal The Ansaris were not given a before the law. It means flat on rent because they were that every person, from the Muslims. President of the country to a 8. Most of the people standing domestic worker, has to obey in the line in front of the government hospital are poor the same laws. No person while those standing to cast can be discriminated against their votes are from different on the basis of their religion, backgrounds, ranging race, caste, place of birth from domestic workers or whether they are male to government workers, or female. It is important mediapersons, etc. in democracy because it

Teacher’s Manual n 115 influences all aspects of its sex or region. This is called functions. Unless everyone is universal adult franchise. equal before law, democracy It is the key feature of a can’t prosper. democracy because it is 3. Midday meal scheme refers based on the idea of equality. to the programme introduced Unless everyone has a say in in all government elementary the government, how can a schools to provide children democracy work effectively? with cooked lunch. With the 6. (i) Every person is equal introduction of this scheme, before the law. This more and more children means that every person, have begun enrolling and from the president of the regularly attending school. country to a domestic Their mothers, who earlier worker, has to obey the had to interrupt their work same laws. to feed their children at (ii) No person can be home during the day, now discriminated against on no longer need to do so. This the basis of their religion, programme has also helped race, caste, sex or region. reduce caste prejudices (iii) Every person has access because both lower and upper to all public places caste children in the school including playgrounds, eat this meal together. The hotels, shops and midday meal programme markets. All persons can also helps reduce the hunger use publicly available of poor students. well, roads and bathing 4. (i) Kanta is poor and lives ghats. in a slum, she has a drain 7. Dalit is a term which is behind her house. used for lower classes. Dalit (ii) Her daughter is sick means ‘broken’ and by using but she cannot take this word, lower castes are the day off from work pointing to how they were because she needs to and continue to be seriously borrow money from her discriminated against every- employers to take her where. They are still far child to the doctor. away from achieving the (iii) Her job as a domestic states of equality. They are help exhausts her from facing untold miseries. Their within. children are engaged in rag- 5. Our constitution has given picking instead of going to the right to vote to all its school. adult citizens irrespective 8. He is Bhimrao Ambedkar. of their religion, race, caste, He viewed self-respect as

116 n Question Bank Social Science-VII the most vital factor in life. writes that the playground Without it man is nothing. was larger than his small Everyone has to die some day physique could handle and or the other. But one must in cleaning it, his back began resolve to lay down one’s life to ache. His face was covered in enriching one’s ideals of with dust. The other children self-respect and in bettering were studying in the class one’s human life. Nothing is and he was sweeping. Being more disgraceful for a brave a child Omprakash Valmiki man than to live a life devoid could not resist but did as of self-respect. was instructed. 9. The same boy is seen in The Ansaris’ dignity was also all the three pictures. As is hurt when persons refused shown, the boy works as a to lease their apartments to shoemaker. He refuses to them. The property dealer pick up a coin thrown at him. suggested that they should He feels that there is dignity change their name and call in the work that he does and themselves Mr and Mrs insists that his remuneration Kumar. But Ansaris refused be given respectfully. to do so. It was their dignity The young boy conveys a or self respect that made them refuse this suggestion. very solid message that no Omprakash Valmiki and work is high or low—if it the Ansaris do not deserve is done with labour and to be treated like this. They honesty. No one should feel deserve the same respect and high or low due to the work dignity as anyone else. he/she does. There is dignity 2. The Civil Rights Movement in every work. that occurred in the late 1950s Long Answer Type Questions in the United States was a 1. The dignity of both united African-American Omprakash Valmiki and the (blacks), immigrants, Jews, Ansaris was violated because Catholics, women and other of the way in which they minorities. These people were treated. By picking on were treated unequally in him and making him sweep the United States and denied the school, because of his equality through law. For caste, Omprakash Valmiki’s examples, when travelling schoolmates and teachers by bus, they either had to sit hurt his dignity badly. Their at the back of the bus or leave oppressive behaviour made their seat whenever a white him feel as if he was less than person wished to sit. equal to all other students One day on 1 December 1955, in the school. Valmiki an African-American woman

Teacher’s Manual n 117 named Rosa Parks refused to 3. Constitution is a document give up her seat on a bus to that contains laws, rules a white man. Her refusal that and regulations for proper day started a huge agitation governance of a country. It against the unequal ways in is important for the smooth which African-Americans and running of a democratic other minorities were treated. country. It clearly defines This agitation came to be the roles and functions of known as the Civil Rights the legislature, judiciary and Movement. The movement administration and ensures became successful and the a balance and coordination Civil Rights Act of 1964 amongst them. In the absence came into existence. This Act of a constitution there is prohibited discrimination on a possibility of conflicts the basis of race, region or between different organs of national origin. It also states the government and at times that all schools would be even a situation of anarchy open to Aftican-American may prevail. children and that they would Constitution is a supreme no longer have to attend law that determines the separate schools specially set relationship among people up for them. living in a territory and also Despite this, a majority of the relationship between the African-Americans continue people and government. It to be among the poorest expresses aspirations of the in the country. As a result people about creating a good they are bound to attend society. It generates a degree government schools that of trust and coordination that have fewer facilities as is necessary for different kind compared to private schools of people to live together. where white students go. Chapter Role of the Government in 2 Health

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 3. There were 2717 hospital in 1. Ability to remain free from India in 1950. illness and injuries. 4. They come for treatment in 2. Diseases that spread from one some of the hospital in India. person to another or from an 5. A system of hospital and animal to a person. health centres run by the government.

118 n Question Bank Social Science-VII Fill in the Blanks 5. Clean drinking water and a 1. medical 2. UNICEF pollution-free environment. 3. tax money 4. welfare Puzzle Time 5. foreigners MAYHEPATITIS True/False AZXCBYUIOPKL 1. True 2. False 3. True LUOMCRYUIOLC 4. False 5. True AMJBHCFHJKMA RXCEOSERYNBN Rapid-Fire Questions IZKILAZXCVBC 1. United Nations International AWQOEQWETUIE Children’s Education Fund VBCTRAZXSDGR 2. diarrhoea, worms IUJKAEYWORMS QWRTUIOKNMLP 3. 20% PISJAUNDICEN 4. They avoid to wait in long ARTHRITISWOM queues there. JDIARRHOEAIO

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 2. Medical tourists are 1. (a) diarrhoea, worms, hepatitis, foreigners who come to etc. India specifically for medical treatment at hospitals that 2. (b) Primary Health Centre offer world-class facilities at 3. (c) a nurse and a village health a lower cost than what they worker would have to pay in their 4. (b) they did not have a spare own countries. bed 3. This shows that the government Match the following is not able to provide clean drinking water to all. (i)—(d) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(e) 4. It is a system of hospitals (iv)—(b) (v)—(c) and health centres run by the Fill in the Blanks government. It has the ability to look after the health of a 1. doctor 2. public large section of its population 3. public 4. two scattered over hundreds of 5. undernourished thousands of villages. True/False 5. Ranjan belongs to a well- 1. False 2. False 3. False to-do family while Aman’s 4. True 5. True family struggles hard to make two ends meet. Very Short Answer Type Questions 6. OPD stands for ‘Out Patient 1. In 1950, there were only 2717 Department’. This is where hospitals in India. In 1991, people are first brought in there were 11174 hospitals. and treated in a hospital In 2000, the number grew to without being admitted to 18218. any special ward. Teacher’s Manual n 119 7. According to our Constitution, facilities. He didn’t have to it is the primary duty of our wait in a long queue to reach government to ensure the the doctor. The doctor and welfare of the people and the other medical staff were provide healthcare facilities so friendly that the half of to all. his illness had already gone 8. The public health system away. Everything in and is meant to provide quality around the hospital was health care services either really clean and shiny. free or at a low cost, so that 3. In 1996, the Kerala government even the poor can seek made some major changes treatment. in the state. It gave 40% 9. ‘RHPs’ stands for Registered of the total state budget Medical Practitioners. They to panchayats so that they are found in the rural areas. might make arrangements 10. Unlike the public health for water, food, women’s services, in private health development and education. services patients have to pay This meant that water supply a huge amount of money for schemes were checked, the every service that they use. working of schools and Short Answer Type Questions anganwadis was ensured and specific problems of the 1. Public health services are run village were taken up. The by the government with the condition of health centres help of a number of hospitals was also improved. By and health centres. They ensuring these basic facilities, perform various functions— the Kerala government (i) They provide quality made commendable efforts healthcare services either to improve the health of its free or at a low cost so people. that even the poor can 4. This is a mobile clinic for seek treatment. patients living in rural areas. (ii) Another important It was founded in 1994. function of public a It represents an integral health centre is to take component of the healthcare action to prevent the system that serves vulnerable spread of diseases like population and promotes TB, malaria, jaundice, high-quality healthcare at cholera, diarrhoea, etc. a low cost. It has played an (iii) They provide treatment important role in providing to all kinds of problems quality treatment to the from common illnesses village patients. to special services. 5. (i) In private health facilities, 2. Ranjan went to a private patients have to pay a hospital with the best of lot of money for every

120 n Question Bank Social Science-VII service that they use. It for testing, ambulance services, means that only those blood banks, etc. people who are rich, can In order to run such facilities, take private services. we need health workers, (ii) Private hospitals are nurses, qualified doctors and concentrated in urban other health professionals areas. Hence, they are who can advise, diagnose inaccessible to rural and treat illnesses. We also people in most of the need the medicines and cases. equipment that are necessary (iii) At times, cheaper methods for treating patients. though available, are not 8. Illness seeks treatment and used by the doctors of treatment needs money the private hospitals. For which is not available to examples, it is common to those who are struggling find doctors prescribing hard to make their two ends unncessary medicines, meet. So, whenever a person injections or saline bottles in a poor family falls ill, when tablets or simple its treatment causes great medicines can work. anxiety and distress to all 6. According to our Constitution, the family members. They it is the primary duty of the have to borrow money or sell government to ensure the some of their possessions to welfare of the people and pay for the expenses which provide healthcare facilities make their situation worse. to all. The government must Long Answer Type Questions safeguard the Right of Life of every person. The Court 1. India has a large number said that the difficulty that of doctors, clinics and Hakim Sheikh had to face hospitals. Approximately could have cost him his life. 15,000 new doctors qualify If a hospital cannot provide every year. The country also timely medical treatment has considerable experience to a person, it means that and knowledge in running the protection of life is not a public healthcare system. being given. Since Hakim It has the ability to look after Sheikh was denied treatment the health of a large section at various government of its population scattered hospitals, the Court asked over hundreds of thousands the State Government to give of villages. India gets a him the money that he had large number of medical spent on his treatment. tourists from many countries 7. Appropriate healthcare every year. They come to facilities include health the country for medical centres, hospitals, laboratories treatment at hospitals that

Teacher’s Manual n 121 offer world-class facilities at the necessary healthcare a lower cost than what they available to all. would have to pay in their 2. Costa Rica is considered own countries. Also India is to be one of the healthiest the fourth largest producer countries in South America. of medicines in the world The credit goes to the Costa as well as large exporter of Rican Constitution. Several medicines. years ago, Costa Rica took In spite of all the above a very important decision positive developments, we by deciding not to have are not able to provide proper any army. This helped the healthcare facilities to our Costa Rican government to people. Most doctors settle in spend the money that the urban areas. People in rural army would have used, on areas have to travel long health, education and other distances to reach a doctor. basic needs of the people. The number of doctors with The Costa Rican government respect to the population believes that a country is much less in rural areas. has to be healthy for its About five lakh people die development and pays a lot of tuberculosis every year of attention to the health of in our country. We are also its people. The Costa Rican not able to provide clean government provides basic drinking water to all. What services and amenities to all is worse is that half of all Costa Ricans. It provides safe children in India do not get drinking water, sanitation, adequate food to eat and are nutrition and housing. undernourished. Health education is also We can conclude that over considered very important country has the money, and knowledge about health is knowledge and people with an essential part of education experience but cannot make at all levels. Chapter How the State Government 3 Works? FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions Fill in the Blanks 1. Member of Legislative 1. ruling Assembly 2. express 2. 68 3. wallpaper 3. Governor 4. President 4. press conference 5. Diarrhoea 5. Legislature

122 n Question Bank Social Science-VII True/False the people of a state whereas 1. True 2. False 3. False an MLC is indirectly elected. 4. True 5. True Puzzle Time Rapid-Fire Questions CHIEFMINISTERD OYWEOANMBVSRZI 1. 5 years NZXCVJSDFGHJKS 2. States having bicameral SQWDROPINIONTC TCDSARWEVBNMKU legislature has two houses IASCGIRTYUMKOS — Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan TZXDRTYUIMBVCS Parishad UFGREYSDWQZXJI EWEOPPOSITIONO 3. Vidhan Sabha NXGOVERNMENTZN 4. 6 years CWERTYUIOPCVGH 5. An MLA is directly elected by YDEBATECVBNMYU SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions voters living there choose 1. (c) The MLA of Patalpuram their representatives. This 2. (a) central government could be a panchayat ward or an area that chooses an MLA. 3. (d) express their opinion 3. It is a governing body formed and protest against the by multiple parties who must government compromise on principles. 4. (a) Karnataka Coalition governments occur 5. (b) in places where no one party Match the following is in the majority. 4. Newspapers, TV channels (i)—(e) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(a) and some organisations. (iv)—(b) (v)—(d) 5. A press conference is a Fill in the Blanks gathering of journalists from the media wh are invited to 1. Legislative Assembly hear about and ask questions 2. government on a particular issue and are 3. state 4. Chief Minister then expected to report on 5. dual and minister this to the larger public. True/False 6. A political party (MLAs or 1. False 2. True 3. True MPs) that has won more 4. False 5. False than half the number of constituencies in a state or Very Short Answer Type Questions country can be said to be in a 1. (i) the legislature majority. (ii) the executive 7. The maximum capacity of (iii) the judiciary State Legislative Assembly 2. A constituency is a particular cannot be more than 500 area from which all the (MLAs).

Teacher’s Manual n 123 8. It is the Governor who can great distances. People at dissolve a State Assembly the district headquarter, before its term. Patalpuram receive water 9. The speaker conducts the supply once in three days. proceeding in the Legislative The District Hospital there Assembly. And in his absence is full of patients with acute it is done by the deputy diarrhoea. speaker. The people of Patalpuram 10. The political party with the demand that the authorities majority rules the country must take immediate action and hence is called the ruling to bring the public health party and the other party situation under control. with the second highest Their MLAs must take the number of seats is called the responsibility for that. opposition. 4. A press conference is a gathering of journalists from Short Answer Type Questions the media who are invited to 1. Every state in India has a hear about and ask questions Legislative Assembly. Each on a particular issue and are state is divided into different then expected to report on areas or constituencies. From that issue to the larger public. each constituency, the people Soon after the discussion elect one representative who in the assembly, a press then becomes a member of the conference is organised different political parties and by the minister associated represents the constituency with particular issue. in the Legislative Assembly Large numbers of people of the state. from different newspapers 2. After the elections the MLAs attend this conference. The of the majority party elect minister is present with their leader who becomes some government officials. the Chief Minister. The He explains the steps the Chief Minister then selects government has taken to some MLAs from the party resolve that issue. Reporters to lead different ministries. ask many questions at this These MLAs are appointed meeting. These discussions by the Governor of the state. are then reported in different They are also given different newspapers so that common departments or ministries. people know about them. 3. The people of Patalpuram 5. The Chief Minister and the are facing acute water crisis. minister for health visited Streams have dried up and Patalpuram district. They so have tanks. In the worst went to visit the families affected areas, villagers have who had lost their relatives been carrying water across and also visited people in

124 n Question Bank Social Science-VII the hospitals from acute 8. The Chief Minister is the diarrhoea. The government head of the state council announced a compensation of ministers. He/she is the for those families. The chief actual head of the executive minister also said that there power of the state. He/she the problem was not only of performs several functions— sanitation but also of a lack (i) The Chief Minister selects of clean drinking water. He ministers and hand over said that a high-level inquiry the list of these persons committee will be asked to to the Governor. It is only look into the needs of the on the recommendation district to provide sanitation of the Chief Minister that facilities and would request portfolios are allocated the minister for public works to the ministers. to take care of the needs of (ii) He/she presides over the proper water supply in the meetings of the Cabinet. region. He/she announces the 6. The Chief Minister and policies of the government other ministers have to in the Assembly. take decision and run the (iii) He/she functions as a link government. However, between the Governor and whatever decisions are being the council of ministers. taken have to be approved by the Members of Legislative Long Answer Type Questions Assembly. In a democracy, 1. The state government is these members (MLAs) headed by the Chief Minister can ask questions, debate who runs the government with an important issue, decide the help of several ministers. where money should be These ministers are assigned spent, etc. to various departments of the 7. The Chief Minister and the government like the Health other ministers have to take some actions to deal with the Department, the Education difficult situations faced by Department and so on. They the state. They do so through are responsible for their various departments like the departments. Public Works Department, They have to answer questions the Agriculture Department, that are asked in the Legislative the Health Department, Assembly and convince people the Education Department, that proper steps are being and so on. They also have taken. to answer questions that are asked in the Legislative The government can also Assembly and convince decide to make new laws people that proper steps are for the state regarding being taken. sanitation and health facilities.

Teacher’s Manual n 125 This act of making laws on they organise meetings to voice certain issues is done in the their opinions and protest Legislative Assembly of each against the government. In such state. The various government a situation, the government departments then implement reviews the law in order to these laws. satisfy the larger majority of If any law does not suit to people, the public.

Chapter Growing up as Boys and Girls 4 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions with reference to social and 1. Fishing cultural differences. 2. Looking after children 2. Childcare centres set up in 3. No, because Harmeet’s many Indian villages. mother did a lot of work at 3. 9 years. home. 4. A sense of self-awareness of 4. They carry heavy loads of who one is. firewood on their heads. Puzzle Time 5. Equality HNMIDENTITYXD Fill in the Blanks OBUIOWQSMLOYE 1. women 2. rich UICSUYTVBHVZV 3. physical 4. anganwadis SGAHBRETUOCDA 5. school EXRULEYUOUXZL True/False WMEVEZQIOSOPU OXGKBXWISESOE

1. True 2. False 3. True RXIZUWOSPWXRD

4. True 5. True KZVERUWPXIXWR Rapid-Fire Questions BNIZDWOSPVZWP ZQNGENDEREZMK 1. The fact of being male and ANGANWADISERO female when considered SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions Fill in the Blanks 1. (a) six 1. teased 2. valued 2. (d) all of the above. 3. boys 4. childcare 3. (b) show her utility in the True/False family 4. (d) washing clothes and 1. True 2. True 3. False dishes 4. False 5. False

126 n Question Bank Social Science-VII Very Short Answer Type Questions work/school without having 1. The term ‘double-burden’ breakfast. literally means a double 8. It is because they have been load. The term is commonly brought up in a society used to describe the women’s where gender differences work situation. It has are sharply visible. Boys emerged from a recoginition from their early childhood that women typically labour are associated with outdoor both inside and outside the activities and girls are home. taught to stay indoors and 2. When someone is not given do household work. No, due recognition for a task or boys should not think like job they have done, they can this. They should also learn feel devalued. For example, household work like cooking, if a domestic worker has put laying table, etc. a lot of effort into cooking Short Answer Type Questions delicious dishes for her 1. Societies make clear employers and the employers distinction between boys do not appraise of the dishes, and girls. This begins from then the domestic worker a very young age. Boys and may feel worthless. girls are given different toys 3. Tasks like looking after the to play with. Boys are usually family, especially children, given cars to play with and the elderly and sick members’ dolls are given to girls. These are associated with care toys become a way of telling giving. children that they will have 4. This means that the person different futures when they can be a boy, a brother, a become men or women. Boys singer, cousin, husband, etc. are taught to be tough while 5. Our Constitution says that girls are taught to be soft being male or female should spoken and gentle. All these not become a reason for are ways of telling children discrimination. that they have specific roles 6. • The total number of to play when they grow up working hours spent by to be men or women. women in Haryana — 53 2. Women do a varieties of hours. works at home. In fact • The total number of housework involves many working hours spent by different tasks such as women in Tamil Nadu — 5 looking after the family, hours. especially children, the 7. The daily routine would elderly and sick members, disturb. No work will be etc. In both rural and urban done on time. There are areas women and girls have all possibilities of going to to fetch water. In rural areas Teacher’s Manual n 127 they carry heavy loads of 5. The government has taken firewood on their heads. positive steps to lessen Women’s work includes women’s burden of household washing clothes, cleaning, work. It has set up anganwadis sweeping, cooking, etc. All or childcare centres in many these tasks are strenuous and villages in the country. The physically demanding. government has passed laws 3. Harmeet’s mother is a that make it mandatory for housewife who does a organisations that have more variety of work at home. As than 30 women employees she does not earn money, to provide crèche facilities. the work she does at home is The provision of crèches not valued and her daughter helps many women to take (Harmeet) tells everyone that up employment outside the her mother does not work. home. This hurts her so much that 6. They always go to school she decides to go on a strike together in groups, perhaps for a day. She just wants because they are afraid of everyone in her family to being teased or attacked. realise her utility in the They have feeling of safety in family. And she gets success groups in her mission. On the day Long Answer Type Questions of strike, the environment 1. Melani has very bitter within the house becomes experience as a domestic chaotic. Harmeet’s father worker. Her first job was cannot manage anything. He with a rich family that lived gets exhausted. He cannot in a three-storeyed house. prepare tiffin for the children. The memsahib was a strange 4. The girls’ school had a lady. She used to shout to central courtyard where they get any work done. Melani’s played in total seclusion work was in the kitchen. and safety from the outside There were two other girls world. The boys’ school who did the cleaning. Their had no such courtyard and days would begin at 5 o’clock. their playground was just For breakfast they would get a big space attached to the a cup of tea and two dry rotis. school. Every evening, once They could never get a third school was over, the boys roti. In the evening, when crowded the narrow streets Melani cooked the food, the and watched the school girls. two other girls would beg These boys used the streets her to give them an extra roti. as a place to stand around Melani would secretly give idling, to play, to try out it to them and make an extra tricks with their bicycles. one for herself. They were

128 n Question Bank Social Science-VII very hungry after working other adults no longer throughout the day. They looked after them. Older were not allowed to wear children of about five chappals in the house in the years took over this winter. Their feet would swell responsibility. up with the cold. Melani felt (iv) Both boys and girls humiliated. She wanted to looked after their be treated with respect. But younger siblings. But, there was no one to sense her by the time a boy was feelings. There was no one to about nine years old, he appraise her work. joined the older boys in 2. According to research learning outdoor jobs reports on Samoan society, like fishing and planting the following facts came into coconuts. Girls had to light— continue looking after (i) Samoan children did small children or do not go to school. They errands for adults till learnt many things, such they were teenagers. as how to take care of (v) Once they become children or do household teenagers, they had work from older children much more freedom. and adults. After the age of 14 or so, (ii) Fishing was an important girls also went on fishing activity on the islands. trips, worked in the Young people, therefore, plantation, etc. learnt to undertake long (vi) Boys were supposed to fishing expeditions. do most of the cooking (iii) As soon as babies could work, while girls helped talk, their mothers or with the preparations. Chapter Women Change the World 5 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 4. She became the first woman 1. A fixed idea or image of a engine driver for Northern particular type of person or Railways. thing, but which is often not 5. Because women are true. considered to be more patient 2. When we treat someone and gentle. differently or make a Fill in the Blanks distinction. 1. demands 2. good salary 3. A 27-year old girl from a poor 3. education, learning tribal family in Jharkhand.

Teacher’s Manual n 129 4. Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain 5. It involves planting, weeding, 5. women harvesting and threshing. True/False Puzzle Time True True False 1. 2. 3. OSUNITAWILLIAMS 4. True 5. False BCZIOIZXKLNBVGA Rapid-Fire Questions XHRZSATYARANIUN SAWERYUIOPGHJDI 1. A girl/boy studying in class ZNPRAHTBHARATUA 6, 7 or 8. XDZCXNMKJYGFTEM 2. Individual women and RASHSUNDARIDEVI women’s organisations from XKQASEDFRGVXBXR different parts of the country. ROKEYAHOSSAINAZ 3. Bangla ICWERSDXFISOXSA 4. A social reformer, a champion ZHRAMABAIXWEISE for the emancipation of women WAZXCFEIUJHKSLW and a pioneer in education. ZRPRATIBHAPATIL SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 2. They believe that science 1. (a) 8 March requires a technical mind 2. (d) all of the above which girls and women don’t 3. (c) 76 have. Though it is not true 4. (d) Bangla and English today. Today we can find women in every field doing Match the following th best. (i)—(d) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(a) 3. In most families, once girls (iv)—(b) finish school education, they are encouraged by their Fill in the Blanks families to get married as 1. Rokeya Hossain their main aim in life. 2. Adivasi 3. legal 4. Laxmi Lakra loved challenges 4. dowry 5. alphabet and the moment somebody True/False said it was not for girls, she 1. False 2. True 3. False made sure, went ahead and did it. She became an engine 4. False 5. True driver to break the age old Very Short Answer type Questions stereotype that girls and 1. The school did so because women are not made for this women are naturally good at job. looking after babies, sick, old, 5. They were not happy because etc. They are more patient Xavier’s marks in Science and gentle and men become and Maths were not high. army officers because they 6. Boys are pressurised to think are physically strong and about getting a job that will tough. pay a good salary.

130 n Question Bank Social Science-VII 7. Ramabai was given the title are not capable of dealing ‘Pandita’ because she could with technical things. Hence, read and write Sanskrit, a many girls do not get the remarkable achievement as same support that boys do women in those days were to study and train to become not allowed to gain such doctors and engineers. In knowledge. most families, girls are 8. Widows and poor women encouraged to get married as came to the Mission where their main aim in life. they were encouraged not 2. These children learnt the only to become literate but work which their families to be independent. They or elders did. For girls, the were taught a variety of skills situation was worse. In from carpentry to running a communities that taught printing press. sons to read and write and 9. Many girls leave school for daughters were not allowed reasons of poverty, inadequate schooling facilities and to learn even alphabet. Even discrimination. in families where skills like 10. Sexual harassment refers to pottery, weaving and craft physical or verbal behaviour were taught, the contribution that is of a sexual nature of daughters and women and against the wishes of a was only seen as supportive. woman. 3. The nineteenth century witnessed the emergence Short Answer Type Questions of many new ideas about 1. When we believe that people education and learning. belonging to particular Schools became more groups based on religion, common and communities wealth, language are that had never learnt reading bound to have certain fixed and writing started sending characteristics or can only their children to school. do a certain type of work, Although girls’ education we create a stereotype. For was opposed, yet many example, we saw how boys women and men made and girls are made to take efforts to open schools for certain subjects not because girls. Women struggled to they have an aptitude for learn to read and write. it but because they are 4. Rashsundari Devi called either boys or girls. Thus, herself unlucky because she stereotype prevents us from was born in a time when looking at people as unique women were not allowed individuals. to get education. However, Many people believe that she was bent upon to learn science requires a technical the alphabet. She secretly mind and girls and women took out a page of Chaitanya

Teacher’s Manual n 131 Bhagabat and hid one of widows and poor women them as well. At times, she were encouraged to become went over that, trying to literate and independent. match letters from that page 7. Dowry deaths refer to with the letters that she cases of young brides being remembered. She also tried murdered by their greedy to match the words with in-laws or husbands for those that she would hear in more dowry. In the 1980s, the course of her days. It took women’s groups across the a long time when she finally country spoke out against learnt the alphabet. such deaths. They spoke 5. (i) Many parts of the country, out against the failure to especially rural poor bring these cases to justice. areas lack proper schools They did so by coming on and qualified teachers. the streets, approaching The teachers do not teach the courts for sharing on a regular basis. information. Eventually, this (ii) Parents do not show their became a public issue in willingness to send their the newspapers and society daughters to school if it is and the dowry laws were not close to their homes changed to punish families and there is no transport that seek dowry. like buses or vans. 8. By learning the alphabet (iii) Many families are too these women began to poor to bear the cost of question about the situation educating all their of women in society. They children. Boys may get wrote stories, letters and preference in this autobiographies describing situation. their own experiences of (iv) Many children also leave inequality. In their writings school because they are they also imagined new ways discriminated against by of thinking and living for their teachers and both men and women. Had classmates. they not learnt the alphabet, 6. She is Pandita Ramabai, they would not have made who championed the cause such a difference. Even today of women’s education. She we read about them and get never went to school but inspired. learnt to read and write Long Answer Type Questions from her parents. She could 1. Two such methods are— read and write Sanskrit, a (i) Raising awareness: An remarkable achievement for important part of the a woman in those days. She women’s movements’ set up a Mission in Khelgaon work is to raise public near Pune in 1898 where awareness on women’s 132 n Question Bank Social Science-VII rights issues. Their her life to education and the message has been empowerment of women. spread through street She wrote a remarkable story plays, songs and public titled Sultana’s Dream in meetings. 1905. This story imagined a (ii) Protesting: The women’s woman called Sultana who movement raises its voice reaches place called Ladyland. when violations against Ladyland is a place where women take place or, for women had the freedom example, when a law or to study, work and create policy acts against their inventions like controlling interests. Public rallies rain from the clouds and and demonstrations are flying air cars. In this a very powerful way Ladyland, the men had been of drawing attention to sent into seclusion. Their injustices. aggressive guns and other If I had to organise a weapons of war are defeated struggle against stereo- by the brain-power of types, about what women women. As Sultana travels in can or cannot do, I would Ladyland with sister Sarah, employ the first method, she awakes to realise that she i.e. raising awareness was only dreaming. because, so far I think, Rokeya Hossain was this is the most perfect dreaming of women flying way to achieve the mission. planes and cars even before It may take some time girls were being allowed but its effects are long to go to school. The story lasting. is remarkable in the sense 2. Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain that it motivates women of was a Muslim feminist and all ages to do something social reformer who dedicated different and meaningful. Chapter Understanding Media 6 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 4. We can establish immediate 1. Medium. contact with our kins by 2. We can communicate with using the internet. a large number of people 5. Gutenberg. through these means. Fill in the Blanks 3. Censorship is the power that 1. Broadcast the government has to disallow 2. businesshouses media from publishing or 3. technology, media showing certain issues. Teacher’s Manual n 133 4. communicate 5. An independent media 5. magazines means that no one should True/False control and influence its coverage of news. 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True Puzzle Time Rapid-Fire Questions IMASSMEDIAJAR NPOWETROLMOXE 1. Electronic typewriter. TELEVISIONUJP 2. By advertising. EJYOTBAXLMRPO 3. Eight Dalit women of RUWBVTRPNCNNR Chitrakoot district in UP. NEWSPAPERAAZT 4. Reports that are printed in ENPORMILAMLKE newspapers, magazines and TJOYARTLMEISR books for a wide audience to BROADCASTRSWE ERTYUIOPLATMN read. CENSORSHIPBVC

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 2. Mass media are the means 1. (c) radio that are used to communicate 2. (d) all of the above to the general public. In other 3. (a) electronic typewriters words, the mass media are 4. (b) driving vehicles in high diversified media technologies speed that are intended to reach a large audience by mass Match the following communication. Example— (i)—(a) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) newspapers, radio and (iv)—(b) (v)—(d) television. Fill in the Blanks 3. The internet is the recent development in the field of 1. increase 2. newsworld media. 3. Chitrakoot 4. censored 4. Newspapers and magazines. 5. reach 6. changing 5. Newspapers are called print True/False media because they use print 1. False 2. True 3. True technology in reporting their 4. True 5. False news, etc. 6. John L Baird’s name is Very Short Answer Type Questions associated with the invention 1. Media refers to all means of television. of communication, ranging 7. Yes. It is true. Each and every from a phone call to the news newspaper has too many ads. on TV. Media describes the It is because newspapers earn various ways through which a huge amount of money by we communicate in society. advertising many things.

134 n Question Bank Social Science-VII 8. When a large number of 2. The mass media needs a great people come together and deal of money to spend it on openly state their opposition getting the latest technology. to some issue then it is called One way in which it earns public protest. Organising money is by advertising a rally, starting a signature different things like cars, campaign, blocking roads, chocolates, clothes, mobile etc. are some of the ways in phones, etc. which public protest is done. 3. In a democracy, the media 9. This indicates that the big plays a very important role business houses play an in providing news and important role for media discussing events taking to run smoothly. They get place in the country and the their products advertised world. It is on the basis of through media by paying this information that citizens a handsome amount. As a can, for example, learn how result sometimes, we do not government works. And get a balanced report. often, if they wish to, they 10. The factual information is can take action on the basis characterised by facts or of these news stories. Some actual or real information. of the ways in which they Short Answer Type Questions can do this are by writing letters to the concerned 1. The technology that mass minister, organising a media uses keeps changing. public protest, starting a It is becoming more and signature campaign, asking more modern and helps the government to rethink its media to reach more people. programme, etc. It also improves the quality 4. Most of the newspapers are of sound and the images that controlled by big business we see. Today, television houses. At times, it is in the has enabled us to think interest of these businesses of ourselves as members to focus on only one side of of a larger global world. the story. Media’s continual Television images travel need for money and its huge distances through links to advertising means statellites and cables. This make difficult for media to allows us to view news and report against people who entertainment channels from give them advertisements. other parts of the world. Owing to these compulsions, Most of the cartoons that most newspapers and news children see on television are channels do not provide from Japan or the USA. We balanced reports. can enjoy natural beauties 5. Khabar Lahriya is a local of hill stations by sitting at newspaper which covers home.

Teacher’s Manual n 135 small issues that involve questions whatever we see ordinary people and their and hear on TV. daily lives. It is a fortnightly 7. It is important to know both that is run by eight Dalit sides of a story to learn more women in Chitrakoot about what we are being told. district in Uttar Pradesh. It is It helps us in seeking truth. written in the local language, It also helps in building up Bundeli. This eight-page opinion. It also helps the newspaper reports on Dalit media to give a balanced issues and cases of violence report. against women and political 8. List of six various kinds of corruption. The newspaper media— is popular among farmers, (i) Newspaper shopkeepers, panchayat (ii) Mobile phone members, school teachers (iii) Radio and women who have (iv) Magazine recently learnt to read, and (v) Internet write. (vi) TV 6. Television is said to be Long Answer Type Questions a window on the world. In many ways, a lot of 1. An independent media impression about the world means that no one should around us are formed by control and influence its coverage of news. No one what we see on TV. In this should tell the media what way TV shapes our views can be included and what of the world, our beliefs, should not be included in a attitudes and values. But we news story. An independent need to realise that it gives us media is important in a a partial view of the world. democracy. It is on the basis While we enjoy our favourite of the information that the programmes, we should media provides that we always be aware of the large take any action as citizens, exciting world beyond our so it is important that the TV screens. There are so information should be many happenings that TV reliable and not biased. ignores. TV also shows more However, the media loses about the lives of the rich like its independence because of film stars, celebrities, etc. and its links with big business- ignores the struggle that the houses. It is said that these poor are facing. Hence, we business houses fulfil media’s need to be active viewers. need for money. In such a While enjoying our favourite situation media cannot be programmes, we should also independent. It cannot report develop a habit of making against them. Advertising

136 n Question Bank Social Science-VII companies also pay the media transmission satellites, etc. a big amount of money. All of these cost a lot of money. Its links to advertising In a news studio, it is not only companies means that it becomes difficult for media the newsreader who needs to to report against people who be paid but also a number of give them advertisements. other people who help put The media also tends to the broadcast together. This focus on a particular aspect of a story because they includes those who look after believe this makes the story the cameras and lights. interesting. This is not a The technologies that mass good trend. If the media is media use keep changing and independent, there will be so a lot of money is spent on emergence of a healthy public opinion which is important getting the latest technology. in democracy. Due to these costs, the mass 2. Mass media uses different media is always in need of a technologies which are very great deal of money which it expensive. The TV studio in which the newsreader sits has earns by advertising different many things such as lights, things like soap, chocolates, cameras, sound recorders, etc.

Chapter Understanding Advertisement 7 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions Fill in the Blanks 1. A visual and verbal represen- 1. ` 1.65 lakh tatives of a product to make 2. advertisements it popular among people. 3. cattle 2. Boards that display adver- 4. Advetisements tisements. 3. Advertisements. 5. brand values 4. Sometimes samples of several True/False products are exhibited from 1. False 2. True 3. True door-to-door to make people 4. False 5. True aware of them. 5. The person for whom the Rapid-Fire Questions goods or products have been 1. To affect consumers and their made and who pays money decisions to adopt products to buy and use them. and services.

Teacher’s Manual n 137 2. Social advertising is the Puzzle Time advertising that relies on social information or networks in generating, targeting and delivering marketing communications. 3. A thing or service that has been made for being sold in the market. 4. Poverty and discrimination.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 2. The term ‘lifestyle’ refers 1. (b) visuals and words to the people’s lives being 2. (a) get them stick in people’s identified by the products mind they own, the clothes they 3. (d) lack of respect for the wear, the places they live at, poor etc. 4. (a) in weekly markets and 3. It creates an audio-visual neighbourhood shops impact on the people and 5. (c) government sticks to their mind for a long time. Match the following 4. ‘Branding’ means stamping (i)—(d) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(a) a product with a particular (iv)—(e) (v)—(b) name or sign. This is done in order to differentiate it from Fill in the Blanks other products in the market. 1. differentiate 5. Advertisements draw our 2. temple attention on various products 3. personal and describe them positively 4. poverty so that we become interested 5. Target audience in buying them. 6. By giving their products a True/False specific name they try to 1. True 2. True 3. False create another brand. 4. False 5. False 6. False 7. The manufacturer is required to do so because it is the only Very Short Answer Type Questions way through which he/she 1. I don’t think so. The mother is tries to differentiate his/her the sole member at home who product from other similar takes the best care of her products. child. So there should not 8. Some advertisements are be any problem in using shown again and again so her image in the care soap that they stick in people’s advertisement. minds.

138 n Question Bank Social Science-VII 9. (i) Public advertising product advertised. He tries (ii) Social advertising to give the consumer a reason (iii) Political advertising to prefer his soap by claiming (iv) Commercial advertising certain special values for his 10. The poor are not the faces product. we most often see in 3. The care soap advertisement advertisements and so we tells the mother that her tend to dismiss their lives as love and care is best shown worthless. through using this particular Short Answer Type Questions brand of soap. Because of this, mothers begin to feel 1. Advertisement is all about that using certain soap is a building brands. At a very sign of how much they love basic level, branding means their child. In this way, the stamping a product with advertisement uses the love a particular name or sign. of a mother for her child This is done in order to to sell this expensive soap. differentiate it from other Mothers who cannot afford products in the market. We this soap might begin to feel can understand it with an that they are not giving their example. We usually know children the best care. pulses by their different 4. Small businesses cannot types like masoor, moong, compete with the large urad, etc. These names are companies that spend huge not brand names. When a money on advertising their company takes the pulse of products. Small businesses do masoor and puts it into a not have money to show their packet, it will need to give product on TV or national the pulse a specific name newspapers and magazines. to differentiate it from the So the persons who sell items pulse that is sold loose. This like papad, pickles, sweets naming of the product is and jams are not considered branding. It is important in as fashionable as brand advertising. products. They often have to 2. Suppose a manufacturer has made a product of soap sell their products in weekly and has also given a name markets and neighbourhood to his product. As there are shops. Besides, there is a so many brands of soap in fashion of packaged things the market, only naming which negatively affect the product may not make the sales of several small us buy it. The manufacturer businessmen who sell loose still has to convince us that items. This shift to packaged his soap is better than that products forces these people of others available in the out of their livelihoods or market. For this, he gets his businesses.

Teacher’s Manual n 139 5. We feel tempted to buy those to buy branded products. products because the persons But the poor are left out. whom we consider our (iii) With money in pocket heroes tell us that they are we would feel elated to worth buying. We sometimes see these advertisements. become so excited that we It is possible that we immediately go to the market would immediately go to buy them. We also discuss to the market and buy those products among our the products shown in friends and feel elated. the advertisement. But 6. Equality is a key feature we would feel bad if we of democracy. It promotes don’t have money. people to lead a life of Long Answer Type Questions dignity. But advertising tends to promote a certain lack of 1. Advertisements play a big respect for the poor. They are role in our lives. We not only not the faces we most often buy products based on them, but often, having certain see in advertisements and so brand products influences we tend to discuss their lives the ways in which we think as worthless. Advertising, about ourselves, our friends because it appeals to personal and our family. Often several emotions, also tends to make of our cricket heroes and people who cannot afford our favourite film stars also certain brands feel bad. They try and sell products to us feel that they are unable to through advertisements. We give their dear ones the best may feel tempted to buy care that brand products those products because the appear to offer. persons whom we consider 7. Branding actually came our heroes tell us that they are from cattle grazing. Cattle worth buying. Advertisements of different owners grazed often show us images of the together in ranches and they lifestyles of rich people and often got mixed up. The tempt us to follow them. owner thought of a solution. Sometimes, advertisements They started marking their target our personal emotions. cattle with the owner’s sign by using a heated iron mark. By linking our personal emotions This was called ‘branding’. to products, advertisements (i) This advertisement tend to influence the ways in arouses an urge to use which we value ourselves as this brand. person. Advertisements do (ii) This advertisement is not just sell us products, they taking to those who are also influences every aspect of well-to-do and can afford our life, for example, how we

140 n Question Bank Social Science-VII should live our lives, what we advertising helps us should aspire and dream for, forget about issues of how we should express our poverty, discrimination love, what it means to be smart, and dignity. Needless to successful and beautiful. say that these are central 2. (i) Advertising a product to the functioning of costs a lot of money. equality in a democracy. Usually crores of rupees 3. Advertisements aim to make are spent on advertising people buy a particular brand. a brand. Producing and This basically means that after showing advertisement we see an advertisement, we in the media is very want to buy the brand. Now expensive. This means it is clear how difficult it is to make an advertisement. that only large companies It passes though several can advertise. It has phases— nothing to do with the (i) Whenever a new company small businessmen. ventures into the market (ii) Advertising makes us or an already established believe that packaged company launches a new things are far better than product it has to decide things that do not come on what images, text and in packets. But the reality personal emotions to use is that the quality of a to sell the product. product has little to do (ii) The company starts with the packaging that with an advertising it comes in. campaign that will create (iii) Advertisement tends to a new interest amongst promote a certain lack consumers who are of respect for the poor. already habituated to They are not the faces use so many brands. we most often see in (iii) The company employs advertisements. best market survey. (iv) Advertisement appeals Afterwards brand to personal emotions and identity is created so that tends to make people it may link to consumers’ who cannot afford for personal emotions. buying certain brands (iv) The visuals and advertise- feel bad. They feel that ments are prepared and they are unable to give then tested amongst the their loved ones the best target audience. care that brand products (v) Once the marketing strat- appear to offer. egy is considered success- (v) By focusing on the lives ful, the advertisement of the rich and famous, campaign is finalised and

Teacher’s Manual n 141 released in various media may be soap or mobile along with the launch of phone or anything else. the new product which Chapter Markets Arounds Us 8 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 2. Customer 1. A place where we go to buy 3. A series of markets that are things of our daily use. inter-connected. 2. Retail market and wholesale 4. debit card market. 3. Traders 5. fertilizers 4. Most things we need are available at one place at Puzzle Time cheaper rates. CIWEOSMXZOAW 5. Maximum Retail Price. OXEGODOWNEWH Fill in the Blanks NQEWYTUSZXYO 1. equality 2. retail SZXCVBMNWERL 3. permanent 4. wholesale UFGMALLRYUVE 5. markets MZWAJKLYHEXS True/False EZJRAEWQAWXA RMNKEWRSWIUL 1. False 2. True 3. False EWQEOYSEKUYE 4. True 5. False NKWTEJHKEOPZ Rapid-Fire Questions WRETAILERAZJ 1. Goods that are used in production process. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions Fill in the Blanks 1. (a) Permanent shops 1. malls 2. sell 2. (b) Maximum Retail Price 3. factories 4. wholesale 3. (a) A weekly market near 5. production 6. credit his place 4. (b) A big shopping mall True/False 5. (c) Wholesalers 1. False 2. False 3. True 6. (a) Maximum 4. True 5. True Match the following Very Short Answer Type Questions (i)—(e) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(a) 1. The different kinds of markets (iv)—(d) (v)—(b) are—shops, hawker’s stalls in 142 n Question Bank Social Science-VII our neighbourhood, weekly Short Answer Type Questions markets, large shopping 1. A weekly market is held on complexes, malls, etc. a specific day of the week. 2. A weekly market is called so It serves the purpose of the because it is held at a certain local people in a variety place on a specific day of the of ways. Most things they week. need are available at one 3. People prefer going to a place. Whether they want weekly market where they vegetables, groceries or cloth have a choice and a variety of items, utensils–all of them goods. can be found here. They do 4. At festival times, such as not want to go to different during Diwali or Pongal, he areas to buy different things. does good businesses. Weekly markets offer them a 5. She carries a notebook while choice and a variety of things. going to the market in order 2. Many things in weekly to note down the amount of markets are available at money of purchase. cheaper rates. This is because 6. Two different kinds of the shop owners of weekly sellers are—sellers in the markets do not run their neighbourhood markets and shops in permanent buildings others selling their goods on and thus they do not have to the roadside. incur a lot of expenditure on 7. Branded goods are expensive rent, electricity, etc. These because the companies have shop owners store the things to spend a lot of money on they sell at home. Most of their promotion through them are helped by their advertising. Also, such things family members and, hence, are sold in shops in large do not need to hire workers. urban markets which again Also, weekly markets have a involves a huge money. large number of shops selling 8. They procure their goods the same goods which means from the wholesale trader there is competition among who buys goods in large them. Buyers take advantage quantities. of this competition and get 9. ‘Find product’ refers to a things more cheaply by manufactured product, made bargaining. at the end of a production 3. It sounds correct but in process. reality it does not happen. 10. A shop owner runs his If we go into depth, we will shop at a fixed place in a find that many people cannot permanent house/building avail this right because of but a hawker offers his goods their poverty. They are too and services door to door. He poor to buy expensive items keeps on moving. from shops. Hence, they

Teacher’s Manual n 143 avoid visiting such shops. For homes. However, we don’t example, Sujata and Kavita buy directly from the factory are poor girls. They have the or from the farm. Nor would right to visit any shop and the producers be entered in they even dare to enter a selling us small quantities. It shop selling branded ready- is at this juncture the trader made clothes. But they are comes in to help us. It is he stared by the security guard. who plays his role in between They do not buy anything the producer and the final because they have no money. consumer. He first buys This type of equality is goods in large quantities and beyond apprehension. Real then sells them to retailer equality is that if all persons who finally sells them to the have enough resources to consumer. buy things of their choice. Thus, with the help of 4. There are many shops that wholesale traders that goods sell goods and services in reach faraway places. our neighbourhoods. We 7. No one can deny the fact may buy milk from the dairy, that the shop owners in a groceries from departmental weekly market and those stores, stationery, eatables or in a shopping complex are medicines from other shops. very different people. One Many of these are permanent is a small trader with little shops, while others are money to run the shop roadside stalls such as that whereas the other is able of the vegetable hawker, the to spend a lot of money to fruit vendor, the mechanic, set up the shop. They also etc. earn unequal amount. The 5. Shops in permanent buildings weekly market trader earns incur a lot of expenditure. They much less compared to the have to pay rent, electricity, profit carned by a regular bill to the government. They shop owner in a shopping also have to pay wages to the complex. workers. In weekly markets, 8. Weekly markets have a large these shop owners store the number of shops selling the things they sell at home. Most same goods which means of them are helped by their family members and hence, there is a competition among do not need to hire workers. them. If some traders want to Owing to these reasons charge a high price, people goods sold in permanent would move to another shop shops are costlier than those where the same thing may be sold in weekly markets. available at cheaper rates, or 6. Goods are produced in where the buyers can bargain factories, on farms and at and bring the price down.

144 n Question Bank Social Science-VII 9. See Answer No. 6 above. stores, stationery, eatables or 10. Aftab is a vegetable wholesale medicines from other shops. trader who purchases in These neighbourhood shops bulk. He gets up at around 2 are very useful. They are o’clock in the morning when near our home and we can vegetables are carried to the go there on any day of the market in trucks, matadors, week. tractor trolleys from both • There are other markets in near and far off farms. the urban area that have Soon the process of auction many shops, popularly begins. Aftab participates called shopping complexes. in this auction and buys • These days, in many urban different vegetables as per areas, we have large multi- the requirement. He has a shop in the market where storeyed air conditioned he stores the vegetables buildings with shops on that he has bought. From different floors, known as there he sells to hawkers malls. and shopkeepers who start • In these urban markets, coming to the market around we get both branded and six in the morning. After they non-branded goods. The purchase, they start their shop owners of shopping shop for the day around ten complexes and malls make in the morning for catering to huge profits. our needs. 2. Goods are produced in factories, on farms and in Long Answer Type Questions homes. But we don’t buy 1. • We come across many these goods directly from the different types of markets factories or from the farm. in our day to day life. We Nor would the producers can begin with a weekly be interested in selling to market which is held on a us small quantities such as specific day of the week. one or two kilos of rice or Weekly markets do not anything else. have permanent shops. There are wholesale traders Traders set up shops for the who establish a link between day and then close them up the producer and the final in the evening. They sell a consumer. These wholesale variety of things at cheaper traders first buy goods in rates. large quantities. Then they sell • There are many shops that these goods to several smaller sell goods and services in traders or retailers from whom our neighbourhoods. We we (consumers) get things buy milk from the dairy, of daily requirement. These groceries from departmental retailers may be traders in

Teacher’s Manual n 145 weekly markets, hawkers in wheels, etc. from various the neighbourhood or shops other factories. Since we are in shopping complexes. It not directly connected with is through these links of these factories, we therefore traders that goods reach to don’t see all the buying faraway places. Here it is and selling that take place worth mentioning that from between one factory and the the factories to the final other factory. What we see is consumers, a chain of markets the car (final product) in the is formed which serves great showroom. The same story purposes. It is through this is applicable to other goods chain that what is produced which may be leather shoes in one place reaches or cloth purses or any other people every where. Also goods. it maintains flow of money 4. People need different types and makes everything from of markets for different types milk to groceries, and from of goods and services. This eatables to medicines, easily choice of theirs depend on accessible to the consumers’ several factors which are reach. A flow chart is given given below: below. (i) Availability: People Factories/farms usually want to visit wholesale traders those markets where they retailers consumers. are sure they will get 3. We all are familiar with weekly things of their choice. If a markets, neighbourhood shops, particular good/service shopping complexes and is not available in a malls because we frequently particular shop they move visit these markets/shops to another. to buy things of our needs. (ii) Convenience: People find But there are also markets it convenient to visit those other than these that we may markets which are closer not be so aware of. This is to their homes or on the because a large number of way of their offices/ goods are bought and sold workplaces. They do not that we don’t use directly usually visit faraway and therefore don’t visit markets. these markets. For example, (iii) Affordability: It is an a farmer uses fertilisers to important factor. People grow crops. He gets these usually visit those shops fertilisers from special shops which offer goods/services in the city and they, in turn on affordable rates. They get them from factories. A don’t go to those shops car factory purchases engine, that sell things too expensive gears, petrol tanks, axles, to suit their pockets.

146 n Question Bank Social Science-VII (iv) Credit/Debit cards: Many (v) Quality: People know people have started which shops are selling using credit/debit cards quality goods/services. while making purchases. Hence, they visit only Having a credit/debit those shops where they card in their pockets can get a product of good they want to enter these quality. They avoid to shops which offer these visit those shops which facilities. make false claims. Chapter A Shirt in the Market 9 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions True/False 1. A system in which the 1. True 2. True 3. False merchant supplies the raw 4. True 5. False material and receives the Rapid-Fire Questions finished product. 1. Businessperson 2. When the amount is gained 2. 70 from earnings after deducting 3. In the weaving industry all the costs. 4. It reduces weavers’ dependence 3. She was a small farmer. No, on the merchant 5. Round seed vessels of cotton she didn’t get a fair price on the cotton. Puzzle Time

4. A person who sells goods CMWEOSMXZOAWW abroad. OEPOWERLOOMHT 5. A mechanised loom powered NREWETUSZXYOR SCXCABMNWEFLA by a line shaft. UHGMVLLRYUAED FARMERLYCECSE Fill in the Blanks ENJRREXPORTER 1. producer 2. cotton RTNKEWRSTIOLI EWSHIRTETUREU 3. local trader 4. cloth NKSTEJHKOOYZN 5. merchant WRETAILENAZHJ GARMENTURXZJM SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 1. (a) buy seeds, fertilisers and 3. (c) cloth pesticides 4. (c) raw materials and markets 2. (b) he made her promise to 5. (d) agree to work even at the do that lowest wages

Teacher’s Manual n 147 Match the following are also dependent on the (i)—(d) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(e) merchants for markets. (iv)—(c) (v)—(b) 8. A variety of sarees, towels, shirting, ladies’ dress Fill in the Blanks material and bedsheets are 1. cotton 2. bales produced in powerlooms. 3. little 4. buttoning 9. The garment exporters cut 5. fair costs. They get the maximum work done by the workers at True/False the lowest possible wages. 1. False 2. True 3. False This way they maximise their 4. False 5. True own profits and also supply Very Short Answer Type Questions garments to foreign buyers at a cheap price. 1. Markets offer people different 10. The government helps the opportunities of buying and weaver’s cooperatives by selling. buying cloth from them at a 2. The bolls which carry the reasonable price. cotton in them, do not burst open all at once, so it takes Short Answer Type Questions several days to harvest the 1. At the beginning of the cotton. cropping season, Swapna had 3. A ginning mill is a factory borrowed money from the where beads are removed trader at a very high interest from cotton bolls. The cotton rate to buy seeds, fertilisers, is pressed into bales to be pesticides for cultivation. sent for spinning into thread. At that time, the local trader 4. Swapna grows cotton on her made Swapna agree to sell all small piece of land. her cotton to him. 5. Swapna had hoped to get a The condition put by the much better price than what trader made Swapna sell the she was actually paid. She cotton to him. Otherwise she had toiled so hard for four would have sold the cotton months to grow the cotton at the Kurnool cotton market but from the trader. This and have earned a fair price. made her disappointed. 2. Merchants: They supply 6. The cloth market of Erode is cloth on order to garment located in Tamil Nadu and manufactures and exporters is one of the largest cloth around the country. They markets in the world. purchase the yarn and give 7. Weavers are poor people. instructions to the weavers They cannot manage raw about the kind of cloth that is materials on their own. to be made. So they depend on the Weavers: They spend long merchants for this. They hours working on looms.

148 n Question Bank Social Science-VII They are assisted by their 5. Most of the workers in the family members. Most garment exporting factory weaving units have about are women. Most of these 2–8 powerlooms on which workers are employed on a the yarn is woven into cloth. temporary basis. This means Exporters: They use the cloth that whenever an employer to make shirts. These shirts feels that a worker is not are then exported to foreign needed, he/she can be asked buyers. to leave. Workers’ wages are 3. Foreign buyers do business fixed according to their skills. strictly on their own terms. The highest paid among the They demand the lowest workers are the tailors who prices from the supplier. get about ` 8,000 per month. In addition, they set high standard for quality of Women are employed as production and timely helpers for thread cutting, delivery. Any defects or buttoning, ironing and delay in delivery is dealt packaging. These jobs have with strictly. The garment the lowest wages. exporters agree on these 6. They would definitely earn demands because they need more. But they are too poor order in bulk. They try their to buy yarn on their own. best to meet the conditions They need loan at reasonable set by these powerful buyers rate of interest, the weavers by cutting costs. will buy yarn at the lowest 4. The putting-out system is no longer helpful for possible price and will sell the weavers. The system cloth at the highest possible increases their dependence on price. the merchant for everything. 7. The putting-out-system is Weaver’s cooperatives play advantageous for the weavers an important role in reducing in the following two ways— their dependence on the (i) The weavers do not have merchant and in earning to spend their money on a higher income for the purchase of yarn. weavers. In this cooperative, the weavers form a group (ii) The problem of selling and take up certain activities the finished cloth is taken collectively. They procure care of. They do not need yarn from the yarn dealer to bother for the sale of and distribute it among the the finished cloth. weavers. The cooperative 8. Larger farmers would also does the marketing. So, sell their cotton in cotton the role of the merchant is market to get a fair price. reduced and weavers get a Their situation is better than fair price on the cloth. Swapna, who is a small

Teacher’s Manual n 149 farmer and borrow money in the manufacture and from the local trader to grow circulation of a shirt prove cotton. The larger farmers are that the opportunities are independent whom the local highly unequal. The foreign trader cannot exploit. business person made huge Long Answer Type Questions profits in the market while the garment exporter made 1. Putting-out-system is a only moderate profits. As far system in which a merchant as the workers at the garment supplies the raw material export factory are concerned, to the weavers and receives their earnings are barely the finished product. For the enough to cover their day-to- weavers, this arrangement day needs. Similarly, we saw seemingly has two advantages. the small cotton farmer and They do not have to spend the weaver at Erode put in their money on purchase of long hours of hard work. But yarn. Also, they don’t have they did not get a fair price to bother for the sale of the in the market for what they finished cloth. produced. The merchants But at the same time this or traders are somewhere system is harmful too. It in between compared to the increases the dependence of weavers, they have earned weavers on the merchants more but it is still much less both for raw materials and than the exporter. Thus, markets. As a result the everyone does not gain merchants become powerful. equally in the market. They give orders for what 3. The cloth market of Erode in is to be made and they pay located is Tamil Nadu. It is a very low price for making a bi-weekly market and one the cloth. The weavers have of the largest cloth markets no way of knowing who in the world. A large variety they are making the cloth of cloths are sold in this for or at what price it will be sold. At the cloth market market. Cloth that is made the merchants sell the cloth by weavers in the villages to the garment factories and around is also brought here earn huge profits. On the for sale. Around the market other hand, the weavers who are offices of cloth merchants work so hard earn very little. who buy this cloth. Other 2. Equality is never seen in traders from many south the market. Some people Indian towns also come to stand to gain in the market purchase cloth in this market. transaction whereas others On market days, weavers do not gain as much, or bring cloth that has been none at all despite their hard made on order from the work. The steps involved merchant. These merchants

150 n Question Bank Social Science-VII supply cloth on order to working on these looms. garment manufacturers A variety of sarees, towels, and exporters around the shirts, ladies’ dress material country. They purchase the and bedsheets are produced yarn and give instructions to in these looms. the weavers about the kind of Picture 3 : The weavers cloth that is to be made. At the live in villages around and cloth market, the merchants take the yarn supplied by sell the cloth to the garment these traders to their homes factories. where the looms are located 4. Picture 1 : A merchant’s shop in sheds adjacent to their in the bazaar has been shown. houses. The weavers then Over the years, these traders bring back the finished cloth have developed extensive to the traders. Here, they can contacts with garment firms around the country from be seen getting ready to go whom they get orders. to the merchant in the town. Picture 2 : This photograph The trader keeps an account shows a powerloom in one of the yarn given and pays home. The weavers and their them money for weaving this families spend long hours into cloth. Chapter Struggles for Equality 10 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions Fill in the Blanks 1. Poverty and lack of resources. 1. agricultural 2. Dalit, Muslim 2. Uttarakhand. 3. 48 4. equal 3. A federation of fisherworker’s True/False cooperatives. 1. True 2. True 3. True 4. Narmada. 4. True SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 3. loans 4. unequal 1. (d) Madhya Pradesh 5. local 2. (a) displaced forest dwellers True/False 3. (c) 1996 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. (b) private contractors 4. True 5. (d) all of the above Fill in the Blanks Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. 1958, 1978 2. fishing 1. It is a condition where all citizens are guaranteed a

Teacher’s Manual n 151 decent standard of living people are poor. In urban without any type of disparity. areas too, bastis in which It is an important aspect of poor people live are often our Constitution. uprooted. Some of them are 2. All adults in India have the relocated to areas outside the equal right to vote during city. Their work as well as elections. So the expression their children’s schooling is ‘power over the ballot box’ severely disrupted. means right to vote. This 2. The Tawa dam which was right has been used by completed in 1978, submerged people to elect or replace large areas of the Satpura their representatives. forest and agricultural land. 3. Some people are known The forest dwellers were and respected because of left with nothing. Some of their fight for equality. the displaced people settled These people may have around the reservoir and stood up against an act of adopted fishing as a means discrimination that they faced of livelihood. In 1994, the or which they witnessed. Madhya Pradesh government 4. Two such examples are—the gave the rights for fishing in Women’s Movement and the Tawa reservoir to private the Tawa Matsya Sangh in contractors. These contractors Madhya Pradesh. drove the local people away 5. The Tawa Matsya Sangh is and got cheap labour from fighting for the rights of the outside. The villagers stood displaced forest dwellers of united and formed Tawa the Satpura forest in Madhya Matsya Sangh to protect their Pradesh. rights. This organisation 6. A dam is built across a river at sites where one can collect organised rallies and a chakka a lot of water. This forms a jam demanding their rights reservoir and as the water to continue fishing for their collects, it submerges vast livelihood. areas of land displacing 3. The Madhya Pradesh govern- thousands of people living in ment responded positively those areas. to their protests organised by the villagers to protect Short Answer Type Questions their rights to livelihood. 1. When dams are built or forest The government created a areas are declared sanctuaries committee to assess the issue. for animals, thousands of The committee recommended people are displaced. Many that fishing rights be granted villages are uprooted and to the villagers for their people are forced to go and livelihood. In 1996, the build new homes, start new government decided to give lives elsewhere. Most of these 152 n Question Bank Social Science-VII the people displaced by the Matsya Sangh. Unity gives Tawa dam the fishing rights strength. The villagers stood for the reservoir. A five- united to protect their right year lease agreement was to livelihood. They organised signed two months later. On rallies and a chakka jam to put January 2, 1997, people from a pressure on the government. 33 villages of Tawa started The government could not fishing in the reservoir. suppress the villagers’ voice 4. The Tawa Matsya Sangh and finally granted fishing (TMS) is a federation of rights to them. fisheworker’s cooperatives. Manpower is the biggest It enabled the fishworkers power in a democracy. Their to increase their earnings voice cannot be silenced. substantially. This was When people stand together because they set up the to fight for an unequal situation, cooperative which would buy no one can suppress them. the catch from them at a fair 6. The factors that make people’s price. The cooperative would lives in India highly unequal then arrange to transport and are— sell this in markets where (i) Poverty they would get a good price. (ii) Lack of resources The fishworkers have now (iii) Discrimination on the begun to earn three times basis of person’s relgion, more than they earned caste and sex. earlier. The TMS has also (iv) Lack of good quality school begun giving them loans for facilities for the poor and repair and the buying of new the underprivileged. nets. (v) Lack of dignity and respect 5. Yes. The large-scale participation for certain communities of the villagers has contributed and groups. to the success of the Tawa WORKSHEET-1 A. Multipe Choice Questions 3. Rosa Parks 4. adults 1. (d) ensure equal rights to True/False African-Americans 2. (b) equality 1. True 2. True 3. False 3. (a) caste 4. False 4. (b) B. R. Ambedkar E. Answer the following questions B. Match the following 1. Caste system is a common (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(b) form of inequality in India. (iv)—(d) Those belonging to upper castes look down upon the C. Fill in the Blanks lower castes. They treat them 1. self respect 2. labour unequally and try to oppress

Teacher’s Manual n 153 them in every possible way. (ii) Through government The community of Dalits is schools/programmes— on the lowest rung. They are The government has also discriminated against and set up several schemes are supposed to do all menial to improve the condition work. As these people are of communities and the victims of poverty they do individuals who have not dare resist against the ill- been treated unequally treatment. for several centuries. 2. Rosa Parks was an African- 5. Both lower and upper caste American who bravely children in the school eat the stood against the system midday meal together. In that denied equality to her many schools, dalit women community. Tired from a have been employed to cook long day at work she refused the meal. to give up her seat on a bus to 6. Discrimination is a deep- a white man on 1 December, rooted evil in our society. 1955. Her refusal that day Even though persons are started a huge agitation aware that discrimination is against the unequal ways in against the law, they continue which African-Americans to treat people unequally were treated. Soon the on the basis of their caste, agitation took the form of a religion, disability, economic movement which came to status and because they are be known as the Civil Rights women. The present attitude Movement. can change only when people 3. Despite this Act, a majority of resolve to treat others and be African-Americans continue treated with dignity. to be among the poorest in 7. (i) The states shall not discriminate against any the country. Most African- citizen on the grounds of American children can only religion, race, caste, sex, afford to attend government place of birth. schools that have fewer (ii) No citizen shall on the facilities and poorly qualified grounds of religion, race, teachers as compared to caste, sex, place of birth be white students who either go subjected to any disability, to private schools or live in liability, restriction or areas where the government condition with regard schools are rated as private to— schools. (a) access to shops, public 4. (i) Through laws—There are restaurants, hotels, and places several laws in India that of public entertainments. protect every person’s (b) the use of wells, tanks, right to be treated equally. bathing ghats, roads and

154 n Question Bank Social Science-VII places of public resort dedicated to the use of the maintained wholly or general public. partly out of state fund or WORKSHEET-2 A. Multipe Choice Questions 2. One evening in 1992, Hakim 1. (d) all of the above. Sheikh accidentally fell of a 2. (a) both (a) & (b) running train and suffered 3. (b) lack of money head injuries. He was in a very serious condition and B. Fill in the Blanks needed immediate treatment. 1. second 2. less He was taken to a government 3. urban 4. quality hospital in Kolkata but the 5. poor hospital refused to admit him because it did not have C. True/False a spare bed. Another hospital 1. False 2. True 3. True did not have the facility or the 4. False 5. True specialised doctors necessary D. Answers the following questions for his treatment. In this way he spent 14 hours in a 1. By health we mean our ability critical state and was taken to to remain free from illness eight different government and injuries. But health hospitals, but none of them is not only about disease admitted him. Finally, he but also we need to think was admitted in a private of other factors that affect hospital, where he received a our health. Clean drinking costly treatment. water and a pollution-free 3. See Short Answer No.5 under environment are essential Summative Assessment. for us because they affect our 4. Aman belonged to a poor health directly. It means we family. So when he caught need these facilities to stay a viral fever, his father took healthy. On the other hand, him to a big government if people do not get adequate hospital. There was a big food to eat or have to live in rush there. They had to wait cramped conditions, they in a long queue at the OPD will be prone to illness. It is counter. Aman was feeling also necessary to be active so sick that he had to lean on and in good spirits. It is not his father all the time. When healthy to be dull, inactive their turn came, the doctor anxious or scared for long examined and asked for a stretches of time. We all need blood test. Then they had to to be without mental strain. go and stand in another long All these aspects of our life queue. People were crowding are a part of health. around in the testing room.

Teacher’s Manual n 155 They got the test results after hotel. They paid ` 500 at the three days and went back to reception counter. When the hospital. they met a doctor, he asked 5. It is a fact that adequate for many tests. After getting healthcare services are not the result of the test, they available to all. There are went back to the doctor who several reasons behind it: prescribed lots of medicines (i) The number of private costing more than `3,500. hospitals are increasing 7. See Answer No.4 under in comparison to Worksheet. public services. These 8. A public healthcare centre private hospitals are takes action to prevent the concentrated in urban spread of diseases such areas and provide very as TB, malaria, jaundice, costly treatment. Many cholera, diarrhoea, etc. The people cannot afford government organises this such a treatment. in best of its capacity. Still it (ii) Barely 20% of the needs people’s cooperation population can afford to make its action more all the medicines that effective. For example, when they require during an taking up a campaign to see illness. Hence, even for that mosquitoes do not breed those whom one might in water coolers, rooftops, not think as being poor, etc. This has to be done for all medical expenses cause houses in the area. Common hardship. people can cooperate by (iii) Women’s health concerns keeping their surrounding are considered to be clean and pollution-free. less important than the 9. All the health centres health of men in the and hospitals run by the family. So when they fall government are linked ill, they are not taken to a together so that they cover doctor promptly. both rural and urban (iv) There are many tribal areas and can also provide areas in our country that treatment to all kinds of have a few health centres problems. At the village and they do not run level health centres, there is properly. Even private usually a nurse or a village health services are not health worker. They are available there. trained in dealing with 6. Ranjan belonged to a well-to- common illnesses and work do family. So when he caught under the supervision of viral fever, his father took doctors at the Primary Health him to a private hospital, Centres. Such a centre, covers which looked like a five star many villages in a rural area.

156 n Question Bank Social Science-VII At the district level, the 11. (i) A large number of doctors District Hospital supervises run their own private all the health centres. Large clinics. cities have many government (ii) In rural areas, there are hospitals and also specialised many Registered Medical government hospital. Practitioners (RMPs). 10. (i) Our taxes enable the Urban areas have a government to provide large number of doctors, many public services many of them providing for our benefit. Some specialised services. services such as defence, police, judicial system, (iii) There are hospitals and highways, etc. benefit all nursing homes that are citizens. These services privately owned. cannot be organised by (iv) There are many labora- people of the country. tories that do tests and (ii) The government carries on offer special facilities such development programmes as X-ray, ultrasound, etc. and services such as education, healthcare, 12. Improvement in water and employment, etc. using the sanitation can control numer- taxes that we pay. ous diseases especially water (iii) Tax money is utilised for borne diseases. relief and rehabilitation Cholera, malaria, jaundice, in case of natural disasters typhoid, diarrhoea, dysentery such as earthquakes, and other diseases could floods, etc. be prevented by special (iv) Space, nuclear, and missile programme are organised methods and also funded from the techniques. Health of people revenues collected as and their standard of living taxes. would be improved. (v) Our taxes enable the Example—Regular checks of government to establish water coolers, roof tops and and run hospitals and wherever the water is stag- health centres throughout nant should be there in every the country so that house. These could prevent everyone including the poor can seek treatment mosquito breeding and could at a low cost. save many lives. WORKSHEET-3 A. Multiple Choice Questions 3. (a) Member of Legislative 1. (b) Chief Minister Assembly 2. (a) Parliament 4. (c) no single party wins majority

Teacher’s Manual n 157 B. Fill in the Blanks 4. The act of making laws on 1. people 2. Governor certain issues takes place in 3. council the Legislative Assembly of 4. Scheduled Castes, Scheduled each state. Tribes 5. The word ‘government’ refers to government departments C. True/False and various ministers who 1. True 2. True 3. True head them. The overall head 4. False is the Chief Minister. This is called the executive part of D. Answer the following questions the government because they 1. The party with the second execute the policies of the highest number of seats government. becomes the opposition party. 6. The Chief Minister is the head Opposition plays the role of the Legislative Assembly. of questioning government Note — the functions of the decisions and actions as Chief Minister is given in the well as raises new issues Short Answer No.8 under for consideration in the Summative Assessment. Assembly. 7. The state legislature 2. An MLA (Member of comprises the Governor Legislative Assembly) is and the state legislatures. elected by the people. He/ In some states there are She then becomes a member two Houses of Legislature. of Legislative Assembly The first House is called the and forms the government Legislative Assembly and together with other MLAs. the other one is known as In this way he represents Legislative Council. These people. Some MLAs have dual states are— Uttar Pradesh, responsibility—one as an MLA Bihar, Maharashtra, Jammu and the other as a minister. & Kashmir and Karnataka. In These ministers are in charge rest of the states there is only of various departments of the one House, i.e. the Legislative government. Assembly. 3. (i) Making arrangements to 8. (i) The legislative assemblies supply drinking water of the states have the to every village through power to frame laws. tankers. The Chief (ii) They have full control Minister promised funds over the executive. for this work. (iii) The executive cannot (ii) Making plan to start impose any tax nor can it a campaign to inform spend public money people about the steps without the sanction of that can be taken to the Legislative Assembly prevent diarrhoea. or the Vidhan Sabha.

158 n Question Bank Social Science-VII (iv) The elected members of take part in the election the Legislative Assembly of the president. WORKSHEET-4 A. Multiple Choice Questions (d) True. It is a fact that the 1. (c) playing with guns work of women is less 2. (a) She would go on a strike valued than that of men. the next day. It is assumed that the 3. (c) Some respect from her work that women do at employer. home is something that 4. (d) childcare centres comes naturally to them. 2. • Invisible— can’t be seen. B. Fill in the Blanks Example— The work 1. value 2. women that women do at home 3. women 4. equal is done so naturally and C. True/False smoothly that no one pays attention to them. 1. False 2. False 3. True • Physically demanding— 4. True making or requiring D. Answers the following questions great efforts. Example—Women’s tasks 1. (a) True, all societies do not include washing clothes, think similarly about the cleaning, sweeping and role that boys and girls carrying loads. These play. tasks require bending, (b) False, our society makes lifting and carrying. clear distinctions between • Time consuming— time boys and girls when they taking. are growing up. Example— Women’s Example— Boys are care-giving tasks, like usually given guns to looking after the family, play with and girls are especially children, the given dolls. Boys are elderly and sick members taught to be rough while are time consuming tasks. girls are taught to be 3. This poster was created by gentle and soft spoken. a women’s group in Bengal. (c) False, women who stay The poster shows how at home do a variety of powerful a woman can be. A works. They look after woman is able to do all kinds the family, especially of work. She can look after children, the elderly her children, cook food, fetch and sick members. Their water, earn money and many work includes cleaning, more tasks that she can do washing clothes, cooking, comfortably. She is in no way etc. inferior to man. In fact, she

Teacher’s Manual n 159 is superior to man because skilfully and efficiently as it has been seen that men girls can. may excel in office work but 6. Wages of domestic workers usually fail to do household are low because their work work skilfully. On the other does not have much value. hand women manage both Another reason is that most house and office with equal domestic workers are women efficiency. and women’s work is usually 4. The safety reason is the most underestimated. important one in this matter. 7. Domestic workers lead a very Also, women and girls seem tough life. Their day usually to be more responsible than begins as early as five in the men and boys. They don’t morning and ends as late believe in loitering here and as twelve at night. Despite the hard work they do, their there and make proper use of employers often do not show their time by staying indoors much respect to their hard especially in the late evening work. or at night. 8. Those who are poor cannot 5. Nothing would happen with lead a life of comfort. They girls because they can prove do hard work from dawn to themselves equally efficient dusk still they are not given within and outside home. much respect. The wealthy, But boys may fall in a tough on the other hand, suppress situation because they cannot them and lead a comfortable manage household chores so life. WORKSHEET-5 A. Multiple Choice Questions can say that he or she has 1. (a) inequality committed a violation. 2. (a) 83.6 2. Solidarity refers to support 3. (b) Sanskrit that one person or group of people give to another B. Fill in the Blanks because they have common 1. challenge 2. 10 opinions, aims, etc. 3. Rashsundari Devi 3. Education empowers women 4. religious in a variety of ways. It enables them to raise their voice C. True/False against injustices committed 1. False 2. True 3. True to them. They can build up 4. False 5. True opinion and be helpful to the nation. Education can D. Answer the following questions create new opportunities for 1. When someone forcefully women. breaks the law or a rule or 4. (i) If I were Xavier, I would openly shows disrespect, we choose History and

160 n Question Bank Social Science-VII Languages because they women. This means that the are my favourite subjects proportion of both men and and I am sure I would be women who are now able to an achiever in future. read and have at least some (ii) Boys experience several amount of schooling has pressures. Their first increased. pressure comes from 7. (i) 52% of the children leave their own parents who school at the elementary want their son to study level. only maths, science and (ii) The highest percentage computer even though of children leaving he is good at some other school at the secondary subjects. At other times, level of education. they are teased and (iii) I think poverty is the bullied, if they do not main reason behind it. behave like other boys. 8. (i) The women’s movement 5. A census is the procedure makes different types of systematically acquiring of efforts to challenge and recording information discrimination. It has led about the members of a given campaigns to pressurise population. It is a regularly the government to pass occurring and official count new laws. As a result, of a particular population. a law was passed in India has a census every 10 2006 to give women years. A census also gathers who face physical and detailed information about mental violence within the people living in India— their homes some legal their age, schooling, what protection. work they do and so on. (ii) Efforts made by the 6. According to the 1961 women’s movement led the census, about 40 per cent of Supreme Court to formulate all boys and men ( 7 years guidelines in 1997 to old and above) were literate protect women against compared to just 15 per cent sexual harassment at the of all girls and women. In workplace and within most recent census of 2001, educational institutions. these figures have grown to (iii) The dowry laws were 76 per cent for boys and men, changed to punish families and 54 per cent for girls and who seek dowry. WORKSHEET-6 A. Multipe Choice Questions 2. (c) Dalit women 1. (b) it is closely linked with 3. (a) censorship business houses 4. (c) reality

Teacher’s Manual n 161 B. Match the following 3. The stories in the two (i)—(c) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) newspapers are not similar. (iv)—(b) However, we can notice some similarities and differences. C. Fill in the Blanks Similarities—Both the reports 1. balanced 2. independent are about the protests due 3. complete 4. focus to the closure of factories. In both the reports, the D. True/False government assures the 1. True 2. True 3. False protestors to relocate the 4. False factories at some other places. Differences—According to E. Answer the following questions the News of India report the 1. Most of the time we see that closure of factories will result the media covers those news in a clean and green city. On which have no association the other hand, the India with the common man’s Daily reports that closure life. The media gives much of factories will result in the importance to fashion shows, loss of livelihood for those film stars, etc. and ignores the people who are living in that poor who struggle so hard area. to sustain their lives. They 4. The media can positively do not highlight common help us by focusing on issues man’s issues such as water that affect our lives. People and electricity. The media were so fond of coca drinks can bring positive changes in that it would have continued society if it is balanced. to be their favourite, had the 2. The most important function media not intervened. Thanks of the media is to decide to the media that drew our what stories to focus on and attention to alarming levels therefore, it has to decide what is newsworthy. By of pesticides in these drinks. focusing on particular issues, They published reports that the media influences our indicated the high level of thoughts, feelings and actions pesticides and thus, made and bring those issues to our us aware of the need to attention. Since it plays such regularly monitor these colas an important role in shaping according to international our thoughts, it is said that quality and safety standards. the media ‘sets the agenda’. They did this despite the By highlighting the alarming government’s resistance by levels of pesticides in coca boldly declaring that colas drinks, the media positively were unsafe. helped us focus on an issue 5. Radio, recorded music, film that affects our lives. and television.

162 n Question Bank Social Science-VII 6. Digital media comprises both important for us to analyse internet and mobile mass each and every news. communication. 10. The media tends to focus on 7. Internet media provides a particular aspect of a story many mass media services because they believe this such as e-mail, websites, makes the story interesting. blogs and internet-based If they want to increase radio and television. public support for an issue, 8. The Internet has proven to they often do this by focusing be very useful and has come on one side of a story. with lots of advantages. 11. When the government (i) It has made it easy for prevents either a news item, people to communicate or scenes from a movie, or with others because it is the lyrics of a song from cheap and convenient. being shared with the larger (ii) It enables us to hold a video chat with someone public, this is referred to as who is in another part of censorship. The government the globe through Skype. utilises this power in the (iii) It helps us in making interest of people at large. online shopping. We can 12. The media can maintain also book railway tickets its credibility by not using or a hotel without going unethical means for gaining anywhere. cheap popularity. It should 9. The factual information that not concentrate on making a news report provides is money. Rather it should give often not complete and can independent and balanced be one-sided. It is, therefore report. WORKSHEET-7 A. Multiple Choice Questions D. Answer the following questions 1. (a) sale of mobile phone 1. A target audience is the 2. (d) all of the above intended audience or 3. (b) fails to differentiate one readership of a publication, product from other similar advertisement, or other products. message. In marketing and 4. (b) commercial advertising advertising, it is a specific B. Fill in the Blanks group of people within the target market at which a 1. social 2. Advertising product or the marketing 3. products 4. consumers message of product is aimed. C. True/False 2. Advertisement tells us how we should live our lives, 1. True 2. True 3. False what we should aspire and 4. True dream for, how we should

Teacher’s Manual n 163 express our love, what it (iii) The result of commercial means to be smart, successful advertising can be and beautiful. relatively well-measurable, 3. (i) Disabled children, and e.g. by finding out the people who cross unmanned sales results of promoted railway crossings. product, while the results (ii) • Freedom is the birth right of social advertising are of disabled children too, difficult to find out. they too have a right to 5. The advertisers claim special education. values for their brand to • The train runs much differentiate it from other faster than us. It is similar products. Values therefore not wise such as treating our guests to cross the railway well and making sure our crossing when it (train) children get nutritious food is running. Just wait till are used by brands for the train has already example ‘Top Taste Daal’ and crossed the track. ‘Best Taste Daal’ create brand 4. Social advertisement is the values. These brand values use of advertising to inform are conveyed through the the public about a social issue use of visuals and words to for example, use of power give us an overall image that saving bulbs, judicious use appeals to us. of natural resources, etc. or 6. When a consumer goes to the to influence their behaviour. market to buy a particular Social advertising campaigns item, he/she is often confused. are often successful in raising It is because he/she finds awareness. many similar products all Differences between social claiming certain special advertising and commercial values. In such a situation the advertising consumers finds it difficult to (i) Social advertising is decide upon a right product associated with the from other similar products. welfare of the society 7. One should keep the following and the people living in points in mind to make one’s it. On the other hand, advertisement good: commercial advertising (i) It should be brief and clear. is directly associated with (ii) It should be well-designed the consumers. and attractive. (ii) While commercial (iii) It should follow the norms advertising agencies let of decency. themselves pay really high (iv) It should not use derogatory sum of money for their words. services, social advertising (v) It should not use vulgar/ is often carried out free. obscene images.

164 n Question Bank Social Science-VII 8. Advertising should not be thing also. It is advertising considered useless. It is that makes us aware of the important to some extent. By new product that has been advertising we come to know recently launched in the about different varieties of a market.

WORKSHEET-8 A. Multipe Choice Questions to do with big business 1. (a) retailer persons. As these are wealthy people with huge capital, 2. (b) buying and selling in they run permanent shops in large quantities shopping complexes or malls 3. (d) contract and make much profit. 4. (a) paying from your bank 3. See Short Ans. No. 2 under account Summative Assessment. B. Match the following 4. Shops located in malls sell branded goods which are (i)—(b) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(a) expensive, often promoted (iv)—(d) by advertising and claims C. Fill in the Blanks of better quality. Since the shopowners have already 1. credit 2. bulk paid a huge amount on the 3. wholesale purchase of branded goods, 4. advertisement they are in no mood to D. True/False entertain bargaining. Also 1. False 2. True 3. True wealthy people usually 4. False 5. True visit these shops who find bargaining below their E. Answer the following questions dignity. The people who 1. • Weekly markets often visit weekly markets are not sell everything that a so rich. They move from one household needs ranging shop to another and keep from vegetables to clothes on bargaining unless the and utensils. shopkeeper brings the price • Many things in weekly down. markets are available at 5. See Long Ans. No. 2 under cheaper rates. Summative Assessment. • Buyers can bargain here. 6. There are different market 2. Usually small traders set up places where people buy and shops in weekly markets. sell a variety of goods and These are poor people who services. All these markets sell items at low profit to are in a specific locality make their two ends meet. and work in a particular Weekly markets have nothing manner and time. However, it is not always necessary

Teacher’s Manual n 165 that one has to go to the complexes spend a lot of market to purchase goods. money to set up the shop. They can place orders for a They also earn unequal variety of things through the amount. The weekly phone or Internet, and the market traders earn little goods are delivered at their profit in comparison to the respective home. They use profit earned by a regular their credit cards to make shop owner in a shopping online purchasing. Thus complex. Similarly, buyers buying and selling takes are differently placed. There place in different ways, not are many people who are necessarily through shops in not able to afford even the the market. cheapest of goods while 7. We don’t see equality in others are busy shopping in marketplaces. The shop malls. owners in weekly markets 8. It is because branded goods are small traders with little are usually of better quality money to run the shop and durable. They are also whereas those in shopping status symbol.

WORKSHEET-9 A. Multiple Choice Questions basis. Since they are not the sole earning members in 1. (a) foreign businessperson their families, they are easily 2. (d) merchants and weavers ready to do the above jobs on 3. (b) merchants very little wages. 4. (b) bi-weekly 2. Farmers have to depend on the local trader for loans not B. Fill in the Blanks only for cultivation, but also 1. yarn 2. small to meet other emergencies such as illnesses, children’s 3. high 4. lowest school fees. Also there are C. True/False times in the year when there 1. False 2. True 3. True is no work and no income for the farmers, so borrowing 4. True 5. False money is the only means of D. Answer the following questions survival for them. The local trader takes advantage of 1. There is a variety of works in their helplessness and earns the Impex garment factory. huge interest. Much of these works are 3. It is usually the rich and associated with thread powerful businesspersons cutting, buttoning, ironing who get the maximum and packaging. Women earnings from the market. can do these jobs with great These are the people who efficiency. Also, they can have money and own the be employed on temporary

166 n Question Bank Social Science-VII factories, the large shops, 8. 1. Swapna sells the cotton to large land holdings, etc. The the trader. poor have to depend on them 3. Trader sells cotton to the for various things. So, the ginning mill. markets work more in favour 9. Ginning mill cleans the of these businesspersons. cotton and makes it into 4. (i) ` 200 (ii) ` 300 bales. (iii) ` 100 (iv) ` 600 7. Spinning mill buys the 5. People who gained: Foreign cotton and sells yarn to the businesspersons, garment yarn dealers. exporters and merchants/ 5. Yarn dealers or merchants traders. give the yarn to the weavers. People who didn’t gain: 8. Weavers return with the Workers in the garment export factory, weavers, and cloth. farmers. 4. Garment exporters buy 6. A chain of markets links the cloth from merchants the producer to the buyer. for making shirts. It is through this chain that 6. The exporter sells shirts to different goods and services the businessperson from reach far away places. When the USA. these goods and services are 2. Customers buy these shirts sold, production activities in a supermarket. are boosted. As a result employment opportunities increase. More and more people are employed. Which ultimately strengthens country’s economic condition. 7. The trader was not a fair 9. Cultivation of cotton requires man. He took advantage of high levels of inputs such as Swapna’s helplessness, gave fertilisers and pesticides and her loan and trapped her in the farmers have to incur his trick. He had made her heavy expenses on account promise to sell all her cotton of these. Big farmers manage to him. So, Swapna had no these expenses comfortably way out except selling her but small farmers need to cotton to him on a very low borrow money. price. WORKSHEET-10 A. Fill in the Blanks C. Answer the following questions 1. equal 1. The Indian Constitution 2. private contractors recognises the equality of 3. 13 4. river all persons. Movements and B. True/False struggles for equality in India continuously refer to the 1. True 2. False 3. True Indian Constitution to make 4. False Teacher’s Manual n 167 their point about equality and Tehri dam in Uttarakhand. justice for all. The fishworkers The old Tehri town and 100 in the TMS hope that the villages, some totally and some provisions of the Constitution partially, were submerged will become a reality through by this dam. Nearly one lakh their participation in this people were displaced. movement. By constantly 6. They form groups and start referring to the Constitution struggles. The beedi workers, they use it as a ‘living fisherfolk, agricultural document’, i.e., something that labourers, slum dwellers are has real meaning in our lives. struggling for justice in their 2. Writers, singers, dancers and own way. There are also many artists have also been very attempts to form cooperatives active in the fight against or other collective ways by inequality. These people which people can have more use their pen, their voice, control over resources. or their ability to dance to 7. The Tawa Matsya Sangh (TMS) draw attention to issues of is a federation of fisheworker’s inequality. Often poems, songs, cooperatives. It enabled the and stories can also inspire us fishworkers to increase their and make us believe strongly earnings substantially. This in an issue and influence our was because they set up the efforts to correct the situation. cooperative which would buy 3. See Ans. No. 1 of this the catch from them at a fair worksheet. price. The cooperative would 4. Some of the issues that pose then arrange to transport and a challenge to the idea of equality in a democracy are— sell this in markets where they • The privatisation of health would get a good price. The services in the country. fishworkers have now begun • The increasing control that to earn three times more than business houses exert on the they earned earlier. The TMS media. has also begun giving them • The low value given to loans for repair and the buying women and their work. of new nets. • The low earnings made by 8. It is a bitter truth. The increasing small farmers. These issues privatisation of health services substantially affect poor and and the neglect of government marginalised communities, hospitals have made it difficult and therefore, concern for most poor people to get economic and social equality good quality healthcare. in the country. These people do not have the 5. This photo highlights the resources to afford expensive submergence caused by the private health services. o o o

168 n Question Bank Social Science-VII