Research Capability of ISS for a Wide Spectrum of Science Disciplines, Including Materials Science
Kenol Jules, ISS Research Integration Office
&
John Love, ISS Materials in the Space Research Integration Office Environment Workshop, Italian Space Agency, Rome May 17, 2016 Research Capability of ISS for a Wide Spectrum of Science Disciplines, Including Materials Science
Agenda:
• High Level Overview of ISS • ISS Material Science Research Internal Capability • High Level facilities and experiments overview Materials in the Space • ISS Material Science Research External Environment Workshop, Capability Italian Space Agency, Rome • High Level facilities and experiments May 17, 2016 overview • Summary/Conclusion International Space Station
Created by a partnership of 5 space agencies
10 years and over 100 missions to assemble
A laboratory for Microgravity research at a scale that has not been achieved before and that no one agency or country could sustain
3 A collaboration of 5 space agencies
4 Global Ground-Based Infrastructure
4 Research Sponsors on ISS
NASA Research CASIS - National Lab Human Exploration Commercial Sector Science Mission Non-profit organizations Space Technology U.S. Government Agencies Russian Research
International Partner Research
Biology and Biotechnology, Earth and Space Science, Educational Activities, Human Research, Physical & Material Sciences, Technology Demonstration International Space Station Key Features
• Sustainable microgravity platform for long term studies • Permanent Crew presence • Access to vacuum of space • External and internal research • Automated, human, and robotic operated research • Exposure to the thermosphere • Earth observations at high altitude and velocity • Habitable environmentally controlled environment • Nearly continuous data and communication link to anywhere in the world • Payload to orbit and return capability • Modularity and maintainability built into the design ensures mission life, allows life extension, vehicle evolution and technology upgrades
7 ISS Internal Payload Research Facilities
EXPRESS MELFI HRF CIR MSG MSRR WORF MARES (x8) (x3) (x2)
2017 2018
=18.25 By 2018
US ISS Racks at Assembly Complete Assembly at Racks ISS US Racks =21.25 Racks FIR MSG/LSG Lite EPRESS Lite (x2) Houston at Night
ISS Internal Materials Facilities Next Topic Why Materials Science Research in a Reduced Gravity Environment?
• Materials science research benefits from a reduced gravity environment by allowing researchers to better isolate chemical and thermal properties of materials from the dominant effects of gravity in an earth laboratory
• This new environment and new understanding will lead (and have led) to improved crystal growth, longer polymer chains and purer alloys, for example.
10 ISS InternalMaterial Science Research Facilities
Facility Primary Objectives Facility Main Use Quick Facts Ownership/Location on Current Name ISS Status ELF The Electrostatic Levitation Furnace (ELF) facility is designed to With this ELF facility, thermophysical • ELF heats up sample from 300- • The ELF facility is levitate/melt/solidify materials by containerless processing properties of high temperature 3000 degrees Celsius located in the JEM techniques using the Electrostatic Levitation method. melts can be measured, and • Uses 4 Semiconductor lasers Multipurpose Small (diode) from four different solidification from deeply Payload Rack directions The Electrostatic Levitation method uses the Coulomb force undercooled melts can be achieved • Measures density, surface (MSPR) in the Kibo between charged samples and electrodes, and it controls the tension and viscosity of high Module sample position by using high speed feedback from the camera temperature materials image. • Synthesis of new materials • JAXA facility • ELF main targets: oxides and insulators • Atmosphere: Ar/N2/N2+Air up to 2 atm • Sample is injected with rod EML The Electromagnetic Levitator (EML) facility is designed for This facility is used for: Meta-stable • Measures surface tension, • This EML is located containerless materials processing in space. States and Phases: e.g. viscosity, melting range, in the ESA EDR investigations of nucleation and fraction solid, specific heat, facility in the heat of fusion, mass density EML facility is made up of 4 inserts installed inside the EDR, solidification kinetics in undercooled Columbus module. and thermal expansion, configured to be used as a facility for Electromagnetic Levitation melts and the developing thermal transport properties • ESA facility of samples. The experiment samples are installed in a dedicated microstructure. Very accurate (total hemispherical emissivity Sample Chamber that is attached to EML. New sample Chambers thermophysical Properties of Liquid and effective thermal are used for each new experiment. Metallic Alloys at high temperatures conductivity), electrical can be measured. conductivity and magnetic susceptibility. • Has four inserts (installed into the EDR) MSRR/MSL The Materials Science Research Rack is used for basic materials Used for many material types, such • Multi-user materials • Located in the US research in microgravity. MSRR can accommodate and support as metals, alloys, polymers, facility Destiny module? diverse Experiment Modules. The materials science laboratory semiconductors, ceramics, crystals, • Provides thermal, • US facility? (MSL), first experiment module developed by ESA, used in the and glasses, can be studied to environmental and • Currently on-orbit? MSRR, can accommodate one Furnace Insert (FIs) at a time for discover new applications for vacuum control & highly • Increments: 19/20- experiment processing. Two ESA-developed FIs are presently existing materials and new or automated 49/50 available: the Low Gradient Furnace (LGF) and the Solidification improved materials • Provides power, data and and Quenching Furnace (SQF). Sample-Cartridge Assemblies video monitoring (SCAs) for science programs like, e.g., CETSOL, MICAST and SETA. • Exchangeable module inserts • Quenching/solidification of metals or alloys • Active isolation (ARIS) ISS InternalMaterial Science Research Facilities
Facility Primary Objectives Facility Main Use Quick Facts Ownership/Location on Current Name ISS Status KOBAIRO The Gradient Heating Furnace (GHF) facility, which is mounted Used for the production of new • Can heat sample up to 600 • Located in the JAXA inside the KOBAIRO Rack, is used to investigate crystal growth of Semiconductor material; high quality degree Celsius with 3 Kibo module semiconductors. This furnace has the capability of directional crystal growth experiments using zones • JAXA facility solidification of samples. It has a maximum heating Range up to unidirectional solidification • Provide/use unidirectional • Currently on-orbit of 600 degree Celsius. solidification for sample • Automatic sample exchange and can accommodate up to 15 samples • Setting various temperature profiles MSG The Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG) is one of the major The MSG supports all key areas of • Large work volume • Located in the science facilities on ISS. It has a large front window and built-in microgravity research as well as • Vacuum, venting & Columbus Module gloves to provide a sealed environment for conducting science other scientific fields. This makes it a nitrogen gas input • US facility and technology experiments. The MSG can support all key areas useful facility for scientists in many • Airlock & decontamination • Currently on-orbit of microgravity research, including materials science research, fields conducting a wide variety of • Work area can be sealed • Increments: 5- as well as other scientific fields. investigations (combustion, fluid • Provide cooling, air flow, 49/50 physics, life sciences, biotechnology, power, data, and materials sciences). camera/video monitoring & commanding EXPRESS EXpedite the PRocessing of Experiments for Space Station Used to support all types of • Provides data, power, • Located throughout RACK (EXPRESS) Racks are multipurpose payload rack systems that investigations on ISS in all science video, commanding, water the USOS support research on ISS. The EXPRESS Racks can support science disciplines. It is a multipurpose and air cooling, nitrogen • US facilities experiments in any discipline by providing structural interfaces, facility. and vacuum exhaust to • Increments: 2- power, data, cooling, water, and other items needed to operate payloads 49/50 science experiments on ISS. • Can accommodate up to 10 small payloads • Can be directly control remotely (from ground) EDR The European Drawer Rack is a multidisciplinary facility that Used to support all types of • Provides power, air & • Located in the supports as many as seven modular Experiment Modules (EMs). investigations on ISS. It is a water cooling, vacuum Columbus module A payload may be composed of several (7) EMs. Each payload multipurpose facility exhaust, vent, nitrogen, • ESA facility has its own cooling, power, and data communications as well as video and high rate data Increments: 16-49/50 vacuum, venting, and nitrogen supply, if required. • Experiments are largely autonomous ISS InternalMaterial Science Research Facilities
ELF KOBAIRO (GHF) EML EDR
GHF
MSRR/MSL EXPRESS Rack MSG ISS Internal Materials Science Experiments Highlights Next Topic ISS Material Science Colloid Assembly
A Panoply of Colloids Experiments from 1995 to present
Completed (shuttle) Completed or current (ISS) Planned (ISS)
InSPACE- InSPACE LMM BCAT BCAT-2 1/2 -3
PACE FIR LMM-
BioPhysics
CVB
- 2
PCS PACE ACE-E LLSI PHaSE
ATD ACE-T
-
LMM 1
ACE-H
- Bio ACE-M CGEL-2
CDOT CGEL CDOT-2 BCAT-3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / C1/KP
LLSI ATD: Laser Light Scattering Instrument ACE: Advanced Colloids Experiment ACE-M (Microscopy) Advanced Technology Development FIR: Fluids Integrated Rack ACE-H (simple Heat) CDOT: Colloidal Disorder/Order Transition CGel: Colloidal Gelation ACE-T (Temperature control) PHaSE: Physics of Hard Spheres Experiment PCS: Physics of Colloids in Space ACE-E (E-field cell) BCAT: Binary Colloidal Alloy Test CVB: Constrained Vapor Bubble BCAT-C1 (Canada - 1) InSPACE: Investigate Structure of Paramagnetic LMM: Light Microscopy Module BCAT-KP (Kinetics Platform) Aggregates from Colloidal Emulsions P-ACE: Pre-Advanced Colloids Experiment Page No. 15 Colloidal Assembly State of the Art
Page No. 16 Advanced Colloid-H2 Experiment
Self-Organization Nanoparticle Haloing (NPH)
Nanoparticle halos: A new colloid stabilization Self-Organizing Morphogenetic Primitives mechanism [Drexel Geometric Biomedical Computing Group] [Tohver et al., PNAS 2001]
Unresolved NPH Questions • Does the Halo exist? • Do nanoparticles and microparticles act individually or as a single unit? • How does the diameter of the Halo change with the addition of nanoparticles? • Will NPH suspensions behave in other gradients as they do under gravity? • How does the Halo form or reform if disturbed? • Can NPH be used to create composite colloidal crystals? • How does nanoparticle charge impact Halo formation? Microgravity justification: • To answer the existing NPH questions, there is a specific need to visualize a NPH suspension • Even with the highest end of currently available technology, particle sizes would be too large to remain in suspension for any significant length of time • The only way to remove this issue is to perform experiments in an environment where gravity is reduced significantly Lock and Key Colloids [Pine, Sacanna, Irvine]
Page No. 17 Advanced Colloids Experiment-H2)
Advanced Colloids Experiment – Heated-2 (ACE H-2) Influence of Gravity on Electrokinetic and Electrochemical Self-Assembly for Future Materials Principal Investigator: Stuart Williams et al., University of Louisville Sponsoring Space Agency: NASA Goals • Dynamically reconfigurable 3D colloidal crystals • How? Nanoparticle haloing (NPH) and colloid electrokinetics • Long term science roadmap initial experiments target 3D nanoparticle haloing Research Summary • This investigation will study Nanoparticle Haloing (NPH) and crystallization to gain insights into the interaction of smaller nanoparticles with larger colloids as a function of particle concentration. • Ultimately, the ability to design colloidal particles with a variety of well- controlled 3-D bonding symmetries opens a wide spectrum of new structures for colloidal self-assembly, beyond particle assemblies whose structures are defined primarily by repulsive interactions and shape. NPH nanoparticle spacing Expected Results Sample module • Fundamental insight will be gained into the interaction of smaller nanoparticles with larger colloids, i.e. the “nanoparticle haloing” (NPH) phenomenon, as a function of particle concentration. • Crystallization behavior of the larger colloids will also be observed whose structure is a function of the size and concentration of nanoparticles. • In the microgravity, we hope to observe unobstructed NPH interactions which would otherwise be significantly hindered by gravity on earth due to sedimentation issues (high density Page No. 18 contrast between particles and fluid). Advanced Colloids Experiment--H2)
How the Field Will Be Advanced: • This work will pursue the fundamental studies of order and particle interactions in nanoparticle haloing and subsequent colloidal structure stability and crystallinity. • Understanding this is needed for technologies that will underlie complex processes like self-assembly and motility. • With understanding comes specificity, control, and reversibility in interactions for materials with submicron-features. Experiment Hardware
LMM experiment implementation hardware example: payload-specific hardware (sample cell with universal sample tray), multi-use payload hardware, FCF Fluids Integrated Rack. Earth Applications: • Ultimately, the ability to design colloidal particles with a variety of well-controlled three-dimensional bonding symmetries opens a wide spectrum of new structures for colloidal self-assembly, beyond particle assemblies whose structures are defined primarily by repulsive interactions and shape. • Such materials might include photonic crystals with programmed distributions of defects. • Optical technology utilizing such materials may offer intriguing solutions to unavoidable heat generation and bandwidth limitations facing the computer industry. Page No. 19 OASIS ISS Investigation
Observation and Analysis of Smectic Islands In Space PI: Noel Clark, University of Colorado Sponsoring Space Agency: NASA
Research Objectives • Studies the unique behavior of liquid crystals in microgravity, including their overall motion and the merging of crystal layers known as smectic islands. • Liquid crystals are used for display screens in televisions and clocks, and they also occur in soaps and in cell membranes. • The experiment allows detailed studies of the behavior of these structures, and how microgravity affects their unique ability to act like both a liquid and a solid crystal. Microscopic detail of Liquid Crystal Domains / islands tethered like necklaces Two views of the OASIS Experiment Module assembly when an external electric field is applied near the very thin film surface. [NASA]
Macro image of liquid crystal bubble
Page No. 20 OASIS - Hardware
Page No. 21 OASIS - Applications
Space Applications: • Future space helmets may use certain types of liquid crystals in small display screens directly applied to the face shield where astronauts can easily view them. • Understanding how liquid crystals behave in microgravity helps researchers to design liquid crystal displays (LCDs) that can perform better in space.
OASIS experiment: Plateau-Rayleigh instability OASIS experiment: island emulsion coarsening
Earth Applications: • Liquid crystals can flow like a liquid, but contain molecules that are arranged in a specific pattern, just like a crystal. • Greater understanding of the physics behind these structures could lead to improved liquid crystal display devices, including devices with improved color contrast and response times. • It could also advance research in high-speed electro-optic devices used to control a light beam. Page No. 22 Different Types of Levitation
Examples of Levitation Applications of Levitation in ISS Research
EML Electrostatic (August 2014))
Levitation
Processing Processing and Analysis Materials of Analysis and Just magic! Containerless ELF (August 2015) Sample of a titanium-zirconium-nickel alloy inside the Electrostatic Levitator vacuum chamber at MSFC
Magnetic OsteoOmics Levitation (June 2016)
Magnetic 3D Cell Culturing
(March 2017) Microgravity Analog Microgravity
[From High Field Magnet Laboratory, [Sculpture by J. Fehr] Radboud University, Nijmegen] Page No. 23 ElectroMagnetic Levitator (EML)
Rationale • Reduce contamination at high temperatures (molten metals react with crucibles and containment vessels) • Microgravity needed to limit effects of buoyancy and sedimentation and to control convection
Goals • Increase the performance of metallic/alloy structures through an understanding of how solidification can be controlled • Develop a database of properties to allow better process modeling
EML sample area schematic [ESA]
Research Objectives • Investigate solidification and microstructural evolution • Evaluate thermophysical properties of highly reactive metals • Investigate undercooled liquid metals to understand metastable phase convection and influence convection on structural changes ElectroMagnetic Levitator (EML) [ESA]
Page No. 24 Note: On-going experiment on ISS EML Batch 1 Experiments
Thermophysical Undercooling Experiments Property Measurement • Evaluate influence of stirring on liquid phase and solidification behavior • Density / thermal expansion • Investigate nucleation and growth kinetics • Viscosity • Monitor metastable phase transformations • Surface tension • Observe demixing and coarsening processes • Heat capacity • Recovery of novel microstructures • Emissivity • Resistivity
EML Experiments • COOLCOP - Undercooling and Demixing of Copper-based Alloys • METCOMP – Metastable Solidification of Composites: Novel Peritectic Structures and In-Situ Composites • NEQUISOL – Non-Equilibrium Solidification, Modeling for Microstructure Engineering of Industrial Alloys • MAGNEPHAS – Study and Modeling of Nucleation and Phase Selection Phenomena in Undercooled Melts: Application to Magnetic Alloys of Industrial Relevance • THERMOLAB, THERMOPROP – High-Precision Thermophysical Property Data of Liquid Metallic Alloys for Modeling of Industrial Solidification Processes • MULTIPHAS – Non-equilibrium Multi-Phase Transformation: Eutectic Solidification, Spinodal Decomposition and Glass Formation • PARSEC – Peritectic Alloy Rapid Solidification with Electromagnetic Convection • ICOPROSOL – Thermophysical Properties and Solidification Behavior of Undercooled Ti-Zr-Ni Liquids Showing an Icosahedral Short-range Order
Page No. 25 EML Batch 1 Experiments
Space Applications: • Industry partners to the projects are seeking to optimize ground processes, and have a direct interest in the knowledge that is gained from the experiments. • This can, in turn, find its way into the development of new light-weight, high- performance structural materials for space applications.
Earth Applications: • Investigations carried out with the ElectroMagnetic Levitator (EML) provide both reference data on thermophysical properties and microstructure formation for the same metallic alloy samples. (The microstructure in an alloy influences its characteristic properties such as strength, flexibility and resistance to fatigue). • This information is of importance for feeding accurate data into current numerical models on one side, and also testing these models aiming to predict the solidification profile and related microstructure formation in the alloy samples. • This applies to structural steels, magnetic materials, intermetallic materials, glass forming metallic alloys, etc. Page No. 26 Electrostatic Levitation Furnace: Interfacial Energy-1 Experiment
Interfacial Phenomena and Thermophysical Properties of High Temperature Fluids – Fundamental Research of Steel Processing Using Electrostatic Levitation Principal Investigator: Masahito Watanabe, Gakushuin University Sponsoring Space Agency: JAXA
• Steel-making and welding processes are improved by reducing inclusions caused by entrapment of slag • This requires clarification of the interfacial phenomena between molten steel and the oxide melts • Obtaining accurate thermophysical properties and mi ,ri calculating interfacial tension is also important for s 12 R improving the reliability of computer models that i R s o simulate liquid mixing o mo ,ro Levitated sample [Watanabe et al.]
• This investigation uses the microgravity environment and containerless processing technology to study the
Core/Shell droplet interface between molten iron and slag formation under • It contributes to materials science and microgravity industrial applications of control conditions [Watanabe et al.] processes for liquid mixing
Page No. 27 Detached Melt and Vapor Growth of InI in SUBSA Hardware
Instrumentation & Experiment Summary Status and Objective: • Project selected in 2014 A series of crystal growth experiments of nuclear radiation • Objective is to utilize the microgravity conditions on the ISS to study material InI will be conducted in the Solidification Using defect generation in InI crystals grown by both melt and vapor Baffles in Sealed Ampoules (SUBSA) furnace in the growth techniques. Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG) on the ISS. Studies • ground-based testing with SUBSA furnace, ampoule development, of defect generation by both melt and vapor growth methods characterization of ground and flight samples, and aligning the will be compared. The SUBSA furnace and associated investigation within the scope of the MaterialsLab initiative. hardware were previously used on the ISS and are now undergoing a refurbishment/recertification process.
Relevance/Impact: • InI shows great promise as an advanced material for nuclear radiation detection at room temperature. Advantages over current materials include larger energy gap (less leakage current), non-toxic, non-hydroscopic, low melting point, and no compositional segregation during growth from the melt. • InI can be used at elevated temperatures, increasing the number of potential industrial applications.
Development Approach: • Extensive ground-based testing is to be conducted in the SUBSA ground unit. Ampoules will be utilized with the same outer dimensions as those used in previous SUBSA ISS experiments • Microgravity crystal growth experiments will vary crucial growth parameters for both melt and vapor growth processes and the results will also be compared to ground-based experiments.
InI single crystal grown by the vertical Bridgman process and sections used for device fabrication
Page No. 28 LMM-The Effect of Macromolecular Transport on Microgravity Protein Crystallization
Objective: Validate the hypothesis that the improved quality of microgravity-grown biological crystals is the result of two macromolecular characteristics that exist in a buoyancy-free, diffusion-dominated solution: 1) Slower crystal growth rates, due to slower protein transport to the growing crystal surface and 2) Predilection of growing crystals to incorporate protein monomers versus higher protein aggregates due to differences in transport rates. Relevance/Impact: A structural understanding of biological macromolecules helps to discern their mechanisms; once that is understood, the mechanism can be aided or, more commonly, impeded through pharmaceutical design. Determining structure is dependent upon X-ray crystallography of well ordered crystals. Growth in microgravity sometimes improves the quality of crystals, and this experiment will help determine the reasons behind this improvement. Instrumentation & Experiment Summary: Development Approach: The Light Microscopy Module will be used to visualize and measure Compare crystal growth rates and incorporation of protein aggregates of crystal growth rates of protein and virus crystals grown in replicate crystals grown on the ground versus those in microgravity. Compare the within optically clear cells of a sample module. Using the planned defect density and crystal quality via fluorescent-based atomic force microscopy and x-ray diffraction quality of crystals grown at different rates confocal laser-scanning fluorescent microscope, the percentage in a 1-g environment, using “Xtal Controller” to precisely control nucleation incorporation of different molecular aggregates into the crystalline lattice and growth rates of crystals. of growing crystals will be measured.
Schedule: Launch SpaceX-10, August 2016.
Page No. 29 MSRR-Multi-Scale Modeling and Experimentation on Liquid Phase Sintering in Gravity and Microgravity Environments
Objective: The proposed fundamental research is aimed at the achievement of two critical goals: (i) the in-depth analysis Instrumentation & Experiment of the liquid phase sintering-induced pore-grain structure Summary evolution by the de-convolution of the impact of gravity and Critical microgravity sintering experiments will be (ii) exploring sintering under microgravity conditions as a performed in the Low Gradient Furnace utilizing promising technique for in-space fabrication and repair. specially designed cartridges with multiple walled design. Experiment samples will be contained in alumina crucibles (a) stacked a quartz ampoule (b) which is evacuated and sealed (see figure on right) a b Relevance/Impact: The anticipated research outcomes will and then inserted into the cartridge. Parallel be relevant to current and future space exploration needs for experimental runs will be conducted under identical conditions, except for the presence of gravity. habitat creation, extraterrestrial exploration, and vehicle repair activities during various NASA missions. Future NASA After the completion of the sintering experiments and the return of the ampoules or missions will require development of processes that permit sample cartridges, the samples will be inspected, subjected to micro-tomography to fabrication and repair of critical components under reduced image pores, and subjected to profile measurement (distortion), density (densification), and microscopy. Cross-sectioned profiles will be imaged, subjected to quantitative gravity conditions. This capability is needed to reduce microscopy for grain size distribution, pore size distribution, porosity location, and other resource requirements and the spare parts inventory while features such as contiguity and connectivity. These experimental results will be compared to model predictions in terms of grain size, pore size, the spatial location of enhancing the probability of mission success. each, while being linked to the model and macroscopic shape distortion.
Schedule: To be launched and operated on ISS in 2017
Page No. 30 ISS External Materials Science Facilities Next Topic External Payload Attach Sites Current and Future External Payloads
SCANTestbed (On Nicer (SpX-11/2017) Orbit) MISSE-FF (SpX-14/2018) TSIS (SpX-14/2018) STP-H6 (SpX-17/2018)
STP-H4 (On Orbit) OPALS (On Orbit) RRM (On Orbit) OCO-3 (SpX-17/2018) LIS on STP-H5 (SpX- MUSES (SpX-11/2017) CATS (On Orbit) 10/2016) SAGE III (SpX-10/2016) ROSA (SpX-11/2017) CREAM (SpX-12/2017) RRM3 (SpX-14/2018) GEDI (Spx-18/2018) RRM3 (SpX-15/2018) RapidSCAT (On Orbit) ECOSTRESS (SpX-15/2018) HDEV (On Orbit) MAXI (On- Orbit) ASIM (SpX-13/2017) CALET (On Orbit) ACES (SpX-13/2017) NREP (On Orbit) SDS (SpX-13/2017) MCE (On Orbit) GEROS (SpX-20/2019) SEDA AP (On Orbit) SOLAR (On Orbit) EFU Adapter 1 (On Orbit) External Sites
The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has demonstrated small satellite deployment from the Japanese Experiment Module "Kibo" of the International Space Station (ISS) in order to enhance the capability of Kibo's utilization and to offer more launch opportunities to small satellites. Materials Science External Research Platforms Next Topic
Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE)
Deployed outside of the International Space Station, was a test bed for materials and coatings to evaluate the effects of atomic oxygen, ultraviolet, direct sunlight, radiation and extremes of heat and cold of the space vacuum environment Materials Science Space Environment Exposure Key Field of View and Orientation Needs For Successful Results • RAM (oriented toward flight direction): for Atomic Oxygen (AO)--Contamination Impact
• Zenith (oriented toward space): for UV and solar impact/degradation assessment (e.g., solar cells research)
• Wake (opposite of RAM): for non-Atomic Oxygen and control samples
• Nadir (oriented toward Earth): for non-Ultra violet (UV) assessment and control samples
• Best sites/mounting attachments: research platforms can’t have structure in front of samples: • Samples must be protected and not in line of sight of contamination sources 36 ISS ExternalMaterial Science Research Facilities (MISSE Series)
Facility Name Primary Objective Main Use Quick Fact Current Status MISSE 1&2 MISSE-1 and 2 passive Experiment containers (PEC) were test Potential use: future spacecraft (optics, • 400 materials and coatings samples beds for materials and coatings to evaluate the effects of sensors, electronics, structural • Originally planned for one year atomic oxygen, micrometeoroid and orbital debris strikes, materials)---improve materials • 35 different investigators ultraviolet radiation and thermal cycling for the development performance, increase useful life and • Period on orbit: August 2001 to August and testing of new materials that will better withstand the reduce future space operations of 2005 (due to the Columbia accident) harsh environment of space. commercial weather, communication • Attached to the ISS US Crew airlock and earth observation satellites (Quest) • Consisted of two PECs • Increments: 3 to 11 MISSE 3&4 MISSE-3 and 4 PEC were test beds that exposed materials and Potential use: knowledge gained was • About 875 samples of various materials (e.g., different types of solar cells to the harsh environment of space. used to design stronger, more durable paint and protective coatings) spacecraft and satellites, next • 40 different investigators generation of EVA suits • Deployed in August 2006 and retrieved in August 2007 • Attached to US Crew Airlock (Quest) • Increments 13, 14 and 15 MISSE 5 MISSE-5 contains three investigations. The first investigation Potential use: Advanced solar cell • 254 thin film samples tested degradation of more than 200 materials (e.g., polymer samples that could be used on future • 39 advanced solar cell samples coatings, solar array blanket material to paints). The Prototype space exploration vehicles, satellites (InGaP/GaAS/Ge, thin film amorphous Si and Communications Satellite-2 (PCSat-2) provided a and communication systems to take us Culn(Ga)Se2 and GaAs cells)* communications system and tested the Amateur Satellite to the Moon, Mars and beyond. Several • Prototype Communications Satellites-2 Service off-the-shelf solution for telemetry command and types of solar technologies were tested (PCSat-2) control. The Forward Technology Solar Cell (FTCSE)tested the for degradation and improved • Deployed in August 2005 to September 2006 performance of 36 current (at that time) and advanced efficiency. Demonstrate an amateur • Attached to ISS P6 handrail generation solar cells for use on future spacecraft Satellite communication system for • Active PEC with data transfer to ground telemetry command and control stations • Increments: 11 to 13 MISSE 6A&B MISSE-6A and 6B assessed the impacts of the space Potential use: to be used in advanced • Over 400 new and affordable materials environment (vacuum, solar radiation, atomic oxygen, reusable launch systems and advanced samples micrometeorites and thermal cycling, etc.) on new advanced spacecraft systems including optics, • Deployed in October 2007 and retrieved in spacecraft materials for long-term exposure and improve sensors, electronics, power, coatings, September 2009 performance (e.g., increase useful life, reduce cost) in the space structural materials and protection for • PECs attached externally to the Columbus environment, and to determine which ones could withstand the the next generation of spacecraft. To module harsh environment of space to be used in the design of future advance the develop of new generation • Increments: 16-19/20 spacecraft. of materials and material technologies for travel beyond low earth orbit
• lnGaP/GaAS/Ge: Indium gallium phosphate/gallium arsenide/Germanium • Amorphous SI/CulnGaSe2: Amorphous Silicon/Copper indium gallium diselenide layer— CulnGaSe2: compound semiconductor material • GaAs: gallium arsenide (compound semiconductor material) ISS ExternalMaterial Science Research Facilities (MISSE Series) Facility Name Primary Objective Main Use Quick Fact Curren t Status MISSE 7 A&B MISSE-7 was a test bed for materials and coatings to assess Potential use: the samples tested have • Over 700 new and affordable materials impacts of the space environment (vacuum, solar radiation, used in advanced reusable launch • Two PECs (A: Zenith/nadir facing; B: atomic oxygen, micrometeorites and thermal cycling, etc.) on systems, advanced spacecraft systems, Ram/Wake or forward/backward) relative to solar cells and candidate spacecraft specimens materials for including solar cells, optics, sensors, ISS orbit long-term exposure to the space environment. The results electronics, power and technologies • Six Spacesuit fabrics was exposed to both Ram obtained provided a better understanding of the durability of associated with mission beyond Earth’s (atomic oxygen bombardment) and Wake various materials when they are exposed to the space orbit (abrasion by lunar dust exposure) environment. MISSE-7 had a suite of experiments that included • Modern multijunction solar cells coatings over 700 new and affordable materials to enhance solar cell tested technology and materials to enable travel beyond low earth • Uplink and downlink commanding capability orbit • Attached to ELC-2/ S3 Truss in November 2009 and returned in June 2011 • Increments: 21/22-27/28 MISSE 8 MISSE-8 tested various materials, solar cells and computing Potential use: Many of the materials • Consisted of one PEC and a small experiment elements on the exterior of the space station. The payload and sensors tested could be used into called ORMatE-III container was mounted so one side faces the Earth/nadir and new spacecraft designs; advanced • PEC was zenith/nadir and ORMatE-III was the other faces space/Zenith. The harsh environment of low- materials tested could be used to ram/wake Earth orbit exposes the materials to a vacuum, atomic oxygen, improve the performance of satellites, • Uplink and downlink commanding capability ultraviolet radiation, direct sunlight and extreme heat and cold. solar cells and other space-based • Attached to ELC-2/ S3 Truss Outboard Zenith Specimens tested were advanced solar cells, spacecraft technology. Missions on other planets site in May 2011 (ORMatE: July 2011) and materials, lightweight computing devices and techniques for have benefitted from MISSE research: a returned in July 2013 long-term exposure to the space environment. Research on static-dissipating paint tested in a • Increments: 27/28-37/38 atomic oxygen oxidation could improve designs of fire- previous MISSE experiment coated retardant and rust-resistant material on Earth. Interactions components of NASA’s Curiosity Mars between various materials and solar ultraviolet radiation could rover. MISSE results could lead to better improve terrestrial structures, such as plastic siding for houses, protective designs for communications for example. and weather satellites. MISSE FF MISSE-FF will provide a commercially available long term multi- Potential use: long term platform for • Contamination protection (close ECs during ISS user State of the Art materials Science research platform with testing and data collection for both vehicle activities) an operational life greater than 10 years on-orbit to support the passive and active material samples in • Attach to ELC-2/ S3 Truss; ECs will be returned need of the commercial community on ISS. It is projected to be the space environment. Passive material to earth for post mission processing operational by 2017. It will host up to 12 modular experiment samples could include: coatings, lenses, • Provide both Ram and Zenith viewing for carriers (EC) to test and perform data collection for both polymers, substrates, composites, metal Atomic Oxygen, UV & Solar samples exposure passive and active material samples in the extreme alloys, for example. Active samples • Design to be installed and sustained environment of low Earth orbit. The new EC concept provides could include: solar cells, thermal robotically the ability to open and close the ECs remotely; to enable control materials, variable emissivity • Temperature data available enabled power and data connections as well as robotic swap devices. All of these materials with • TQCM data (Contamination monitor) out of experiment samples. direct applications to both earth and • Orbital Parameters & Pointing data New EC concept also includes environmental sensors to future missions beyond low earth orbit. • Support both passive & active material monitor temperature, contamination, and includes a camera to samples provide remote sample imaging • Photographs of samples • 10 years operational life • Provide minimally obstructed Wake & Nadir view
TQCM: Thermal Quartz Crystal Microbalance ORMatE-III: Optical Reflector Materials Experiment III ISS ExternalMaterial Science Research Facilities (MISSE Series)
MISSE 1&2 MISSE 6
MISSE 3&4 MISSE 7
MISSE 5 MISSE 8 ISS External Material Science Research Facilities (MISSE FF)
Experiment Carriers Closed Experiment Carriers Open
Camera & Sensors
Motorized Hinge
MISSE FF Major Milestone Schedule: •CDR – April 13, 2016 •Phase 2 PSRP – May 19, 2016 •Test Readiness Review – Nov 2016 •Phase 3 PSRP – Feb 2017 •Facility Flight Ready – Apr 2017 ISS ExternalMaterial Science Research Facilities
Facility Primary Objectives Facility Main Use Quick Facts Ownership/Location on Current Name ISS Status EUTEF The European Technology Exposure Facility (EuTEF) provided Some of the experiments performed • Provided optimum • EuTEF was attached power, data, thermal control to support materials science were: exposure in the ram to the Columbus research exposed to the space environment. It provided a DEBris In-orbit Evaluator (DEBIE-2): (direction of flight) and module Detected micrometeoroid and orbital platform for several types of materials exposed directly to the zenith directions • ESA facility debris space environment. It was mounted externally to the Columbus Dosimetric Telescope (DOSTEL): • Provided power • Increments: 16- module. Nine instrument modules were accommodated and Measured the radiation environment • Provided data 19/20 operated simultaneously. It was elevated for optimum exposure EuTEF Thermometer (EuTEMP): Measured • Provided thermal control in the ram (direction of flight) and Zenith (space) direction. EuTEF's thermal environment Flux(Phi) Probe EXperiment (FIPEX): Detected atomic oxygen Material Exposure and Degradation Experiment (MEDET): Examined material degradation Experiment on Space Tribology Experiment (Tribolab): Served as a testbed for the tribology (study of friction on moving parts) properties of materials EXPOSE The EXPOSE research facility is built with the objective to expose Primary use is for astrobiology • EXPOSE trays designed • ESA facility biological and biochemical sample materials to the open space investigations with the objective to to be exchanged on-orbit • EXPOSE-R was environment. The EXPOSE programme is part of ESA’s research understand better the nature and via EVA mounted on the in Astrobiology, i.e. the study of the origin, evolution and evolution of organic matter present • The EXPOSE core structure Russian Zvezda distribution of life in the Universe. EXPOSE offers one to two in extraterrestrial environments and provides heating systems, module years of exposure with full access to all components of the harsh their potential implications in and temperature and UV • EXPOSE-E was space environment: cosmic radiation, vacuum, full-spectrum astrobiology. sensors and systems for mounted on the solar light including UV-C, freezing/thawing cycles, microgravity. ground telemetry, ESA Columbus-EPS communication and commanding EXHAM Exposed Experiment Handrail Attachment Mechanism (ExHAM) Used to investigate long term space • Can hold up to 7 samples • Located on the is a multi purpose facility for exposure experiments to the space environment exposure effect on on the upper surface and JEM-EF handrail environment. ExHAM and experiment samples are delivered as various materials and to capture fine 13 on the side surfaces • JAXA facility part of cargo aboard ISS supply vehicles and transfer externally particles such as space debris or • Increments: 45/46- through the JEM module Kibo’s airlock. Then, the ExHAM with cosmic dust that continually impacts 49/50 the experiment samples are grappled by the JEMRMS SFA and ISS. Material of life brought from attached to the handrail. After the experiment is completed, the cosmic space to earth can be ExHAM is retrieved from the handrail by the JEMRMS SFA and detected by collecting and analyzing returned to the Kibo’s Pressurized Module (PM). cosmic dust. Nanorack The NanoRacks External Platform is a commercially available Used primarily for biological, sensor, • Compact research • Located on the External multipurpose and multi-users research platform for the testing satellite communications platform fitted for JEM-External Platform of sensors, electronic components and materials science components testing, power systems, versatile use Facility (EF) exposed to space environment. radiation measurements, shielding, • Installed on a payload • US/NanoRacks surface monitoring, robotics, space required basis facility structure, spacecraft materials and • Provides data, • Currently on-orbit thermal management systems commanding, power, • Increments: 43/44- automation & payload 49/50 return ISS ExternalMaterial Science Research Facilities
Facility Primary Objectives Facility Main Use Quick Facts Ownership/Location on Current Name ISS Status ELC The EXpedite the PRocessing of Experiments to Space Station Multi-user external platform that • Provides Zenith (deep • Attached on ISS on (EXPRESS) Logistics Carrier (ELC) is a platform designed to supports research in Earth Science, space), Nadir (Earth) the starboard (S3) support external payloads mounted to the International Space Heliophysics, Astrophysics and Materials viewing with a and port trusses Science, amongst other Station (ISS) starboard (S3) and port trusses (P3) with either deep combination of ram (P3) space or Earth views. Each ELC (four total) can accommodate 12 (forward) and wake (aft) • US facility Flight Releasable Attachment Mechanism (FRAM)-based cargos, pointing • Increments: 10- including two payload attach sites with full avionics • Provides power, Ethernet 49/50 accommodation. A total of eight (8) ELC payloads can be high to low rate data, WiFi operated simultaneously. access (to some sites), commanding and video capability JEM-EF The Japanese Experiment Module - Exposed Facility (JEM-EF) is a Multi-user external facility that • Provides Zenith and Nadir • Attached on ISS on unique platform on the ISS that is located outside of the focuses on Earth Observation, viewing the outside of the Japanese Experiment module (JEM), Kibo (Hope) and is Communication, Astrophysics, • Support up to 10 payloads JEM module (Kibo) continuously exposed to the space environment. Both payload Heliophysics, materials science, simultaneously---with • JAXA facility and payload facility can be transferred there from Kibo through amongst other capability to support • Increments: 19/20- the airlock and using the Kibo Remote Manipulator arm to place payloads mounted on the 49/50 them to the EF. Also, payloads can be attached to the EF handrail robotically without going through the airlock. The JEM-EF • Provides power, high data external platform can hold and operate up to ten (10) payloads rate, video, active cooling simultaneously and commanding • Can return payloads to ground, depending on type Columbus- The Columbus External Payload Facility (Columbus-EPF) is a Multi-user external platform that • Provides four viewing • Located on the EPF multi-user external platform to perform experiments in the supports research in Earth Science, sites: one Nadir, one Columbus vacuum of space. It consists of two identical L-shaped consoles Heliophysics, Astrophysics and Zenith and two starboard starboard cone attached to the starboard cone of the Columbus module in the Materials Science, amongst other (facing right of the • ESA facility zenith and nadir positions, each supporting two payload sites. A Columbus module) • Increments: 16- total of four (4) external payloads can be operated • Provides power, low to 49/50 simultaneously. high rate data, video, commanding (including critical), ISS ExternalMaterial Science Research Facilities
ELC-2 EuTEF Nanorack ELC-1
EXPOSE-R2 JEM-EF ELC-3 ELC-4
EXHAM Columbus-EPF MISSE 7 MISSE 7 ISS External Materials Science experiments Highlights Next Topic JAXA ExHAM-2 Experiment Examples [ Launched 19 August 2015 - Attached outside ISS 11 November 2015 ] Experiment Experiment Name Experiment Description Space Earth Short Name Applications Applications
Spacecraft wiring and tubing must be able to withstand the extreme PEEK and PFA are used in spacecraft because they are PEEK and PFA are commonly used on PEEK Space Environmental temperature fluctuations and radiation hazards of space, but the harsh lightweight and easy to manufacture, but their ability to Earth in a variety of industrial environment of space can degrade these materials, potentially causing withstand the temperature and radiation extremes of applications. PFA is used to distribute Testing of PEEK and PFA damage. Exposed Experiment Handrail Attachment Mechanism- space cannot be studied on the ground. This and store harsh chemicals, and PEEK is sample polyetheretherketone (ExHAM-PEEK) tests two spacecraft wiring and tubing investigation exposes PEEK and PFA samples to the used to replace any metal materials to materials, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and perfluoroalkoxy alkane (PFA), to exterior of the International Space Station (ISS) to study transport liquid. Understanding how study the environment’s long-term effects on their performance. whether they degrade in space. Results from this the materials degrade in harsh investigation contribute to development of improved environments benefits users in the wire insulators and tubing materials for spacecraft and medical, chemical and industrial satellites industries who use these products in a wide range of settings.
The Space Environmental Testing of Lightweight and High-Precision Carbon Lightweight and high-precision CFRP replicated mirrors The next generation of astronomical CFRP Mirror Space Environmental Composite Mirrors (ExHAM-CFRP Mirror) studies the deterioration and the contribute to the development of antennas and and earth observation satellites has long-term effects on Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) replicated mirrors telescopes for the next generation of astronomical and the predicted capability of providing a Testing of Lightweight and when they are exposed to the space environment. earth observation satellites. large amount of scientific information High-Precision Carbon about the earth environment. Composite Mirrors
The Astrobiology Exposure and Micrometeoroid Capture Experiments Space debris is a real, existing threat to a sustainable The origin of terrestrial life is a TANPOPO Astrobiology Exposure and (Tanpopo) is the first astrobiology experiment performed on the International space program. Tanpopo captures sub-milimeter sized fundamental question in science. The Space Station (ISS) Kibo Exposed Facility (EF), to test key questions of the space debris, which are impossible to be observed by results from Tanpopo may be able to Micrometeoroid Capture “panspermia” hypothesis, a theory for the origin of life and their transport remote sensing, in the entire duration of exposure provide important clues to answer Experiments among celestial bodies. In a small pallet called “ExHAM” installed onto the operations of Tanpopo. The aerogel panels are some of major questions, such as handrail of the Kibo EF, blocks of low density-solid material called “aerogel” potentially useful for other particle capture experiments. whether organic compounds were are exposed and later retrieved, that captures impacting solid microparticles, Monitoring the mechanical thermometer can provide a transported from outer space before such as organic-bearing micrometeoroids and possible terrestrial particles in new, economical option of visual monitoring of the origin of terrestrial life, and low Earth orbit, for assessing the possibility of interplanetary transport of life temperature just outside of spacecraft. whether life may migrate through and its precursors. Terrestrial, extremophile microbes, and astronomical interplanetary space. organic compounds are also exposed in space for evaluation of their survival and alterations, and are studied in laboratories upon return to Earth.
The Space Environment Exposure Tests of Functional Thin-Film Devices for Thin-film solar cells are one way to provide a lightweight Functional thin-film devices and thin- Solar Sail Space Environment Solar Sail (ExHAM Solar Sail) investigation examines how space radiation power source for future space missions. But ultraviolet film solar cells have potential earth affects thin-film solar cells and other thin-film devices. These thin films could light, radiation, and extreme temperature changes can applications such as light-weight solar Exposure Tests of be used in a variety of ways in future space missions, including solar sails damage the thin film. Testing thin-film devices in orbit battery charger, solar skin for homes, Functional Thin Film pushed by the solar wind from the sun to move a spacecraft. By exposing thin- helps engineers evaluate their use for future space buildings, and electric vehicles. film solar cells to space, scientists are able to study how they degrade or missions. Four types of thin-film devices will be mounted Evaluating their ability to withstand Devices for Future Solar Sail deform in order to make improved films. to the Exposed Experiment Handhold Attachment the extreme environment of space Mechanism (ExHAM) on the International Space Station, could also lead to new spin-off Mission where they will be exposed to harsh space conditions. technology on Earth. ESA EXPOSE-R2 Experiment Examples [ Launched 24 July 2014 - Attached 18 August 2014 - Returned inside 3 February 2016 ] Experiment Experiment Name Experiment Summary Short Name
BIOMEX Biology and Mars-Experiment The prime objective of BIOMEX is to measure to what extent biomolecules like pigments and cellularcomponents are resistant to and able to maintain their stability underspace and Mars-like conditions. The secondary scientific objective is toanalyse to what extent terrestrial extremophiles are able to survive inspace and which interaction between biological samples and selectedminerals can be observed under space and Mars-like conditions. Theresults will provide new information about extremes that can besustained by the species and about the chances for survival during a‘natural’ trip in space. BOSS Biofilm Organisms Surfacing In their naturalenvironment, most bacteria live on surfaces as slime-encased biofilmsand microbial mat communities (the fossils of the latter represent theearliest Space clear signs of life on Earth). In comparison to theirplanktonic counterparts, sessile bacterial populations are significantlymore resistant to environmental stresses like chemical pollution,antibiotics and predation. The hypothesis will be tested thatbiofilm-forming microbes, embedded in selfproduced extra-polymericsubstances (the ‘EPS matrix’) are more resistant to the environmentalconditions in space and on Mars than planktonic cultures. The BOSSsamples shall be exposed under open space and Mars-like conditions. PSS Photochemistry on the Space Solar ultravioletphotons are a major source of energy to initiate chemical reactions inthe solar system. Many experimental programs on Earth are devoted Station tophotochemical studies of the evolution of organic molecules. However,the solar spectrum below 200 nm is hard to reproduce in the lab,therefore the validity of the on-Earth studies and their applications toextraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experimentsconducted in a space environment have not been carried out. Such studiesare mandatory for understanding the chemical evolution in organic-richastrophysical environments (comets, meteorites, Titan, interstellarmedium) and where organic matter is being looked for (Martian surfaceand subsurface). In P.S.S., a wide range of organic compounds will betested. ISS Materials Science Research Capability Summary
. The International Space Station (ISS) is a state-of-the art multidisciplinary laboratory offering a wide array of capabilities for science and technology research in the spaceflight environment. This unique scientific platform enables researchers from all over the world to conduct innovative experiments that cannot be performed anywhere else. . The ISS provides multiple platforms to conduct experiments in the field of Materials Science, featuring both internal and external research facilities. . External Materials Science facilities on the ISS can be utilized for long-duration applications ranging from testing the stability and durability of materials and devices in the space environment to exposing chemical and biological samples with implications in astrobiology and extraterrestrial environments. . Internal Materials Science facilities onboard the ISS can be employed for investigations with objectives ranging from examining the effects of heat and mass transport on materials processes to the generation of novel materials with applications in various industries. Experiments being implemented on the ISS include measurement of thermophysical properties, directionally solidified alloys, isothermically processed alloys, application of electromagnetic and electrostatic levitation, colloidal engineering, etc. . The ISS welcomes and encourages investigations in the Materials Science discipline with international collaboration/participation
47 Questions? 48 Questions?
Contact Information:
Kenol Jules NASA Johnson Space Center Email: [email protected] Backup Charts
50 Progress ISS Cargo Vehicles Cargo Capacity 2,250 kg
Cargo Capacity ATV (ESA) 5,500 kg
Cygnus (Orbital) Cargo Capacity 2,000 kg
HTV (JAXA) Dragon (SpaceX) Cargo Capacity Cargo Capacity 5,500 kg 3,100 kg ascent Electrostatic Levitation Furnace (ELF)
Electrostatic Levitation Furnace (ELF)
• High temperature melt: chemical reaction in crucibles • Levitation: electromagnetic, electrostatic, etc. • Thermophysical properties: important data for numerical simulation to optimize casting, welding, spray coating, etc. • High temperature melt data are very rare • Oxide samples: hard to levitate in 1G • Levitation in microgravity (ISS)
Electrostatic Levitation Furnace (ELF) [JAXA]
• Levitates a charged sample by Coulomb force - can handle insulators as well as conductors • Melts the sample by semiconductor lasers (4) • Capable of measuring of density, surface Sample cartridge includes electrodes and sample handling mechanism [JAXA] tension, and viscosity of molten samples at high temperatures
Page No. 52 Electrostatic Levitation Furnace
Electrostatic Levitation Furnace (ELF)
Levitation of a sample in the Electrostatic Levitation Furnace (ELF) [JAXA]
Page No. 53 OASIS – Science Background
Soap bubbles [From Causes of Color exhibit] Plateau-Rayleigh instability [From Princeton University]
Soap Film versus Liquid Crystal Film Freely Suspended Liquid Crystal (FSLC) films [From N. Clark et al.] [From N. Clark et al.] Page No. 54 OASIS - Imagery
OASIS Images
Page No. 55 MaterialsLab NRA
MSL/LGF Sample Cartridge Assembly (SCA)
Exploded view of the Microgravity Materials Science Research Rack (MSRR) showing ESA’s Furnace Module Insert and Sample Cartridge Assembly, Two Furnace Inserts (LGF and SQF) at right.
JAXA Electrostatic Pore Formation and Mobility Solidification Using a Baffle in Sealed (PFMI) Ampoules (SUBSA) Levitation Furnace
Expedite the Processing of Experiments to Space Station (EXPRESS)
Observation and Analysis of Smectic Light Microscopy Module (LMM) Coarsening in Solid/Liquid Islands In Space (OASIS) Mixtures (CSLM)
Page No. 56 Materials Science Facilities
Facilities and Hardware Identified
– JAXA Electrostatic Levitation Furnace (ELF)
– ESA Materials Science Laboratory (MSL) Low Gradient Furnace (LGF)
– NASA MSFC MSL/LGF Sample Cartridge Assembly (SCA) – NASA MSFC Expedite the Processing of Experiments to Space Station (EXPRESS) – NASA MSFC Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG) – NASA MSFC Solidification Using Baffles in Sealed Ampoules (SUBSA) – NASA MSFC Pore Formation and Mobility Investigation (PFMI) – NASA MSFC Electrostatic Levitation laboratory (ESL - ground based lab) – NASA MSFC Metallurgical Diagnostic Equipment (ground based lab) – NASA GRC Light Microscopy Module (LMM) – NASA GRC Observation and Analysis of Smectic Islands in Space (OASIS) – NASA GRC Coarsening in Solid Liquid Mixtures (CSLM)
Page No. 57